Progress 09/01/13 to 08/31/15
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audiences are: fruit growers, extension educators, master gardeners, crop consultants, and research and extension specialists across the Upper Midwest. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?This project has allowed fruit growers and extension educators to see exclusion netting installed, and has been demonstrated to fruit extension specialists from Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana, and Illinois via our research plots or through presentations at grower meetings. This project allowed six Minnesota growers of raspberry to observe SWD seasonal phenology and density on their individual farms for the first time. As SWD is still a very new fruit pest to the state of MN, this information is important as these growers were unaware of the impact SWD is having on small fruit crops in Minnesota. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results were disseminated through talks at professional meetings and grower meetings, through our website and extension newsletters. Weekly updates were sent to cooperating growers regarding the status of SWD populations. These data were combined with other SWD monitoring data to provide an estimate of statewide SWD seasonal phenology that was posted on the UMN Fruit-Edge website, the SWD Wisconsin website and the SWD Michigan website. Presentations concerning SWD pest management were given at the 2015 annual meeting of the Minnesota Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association, the Wisconsin Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Conference, and the Great Lakes Expo of Michigan. Lastly, several publications were submitted as journal articles which highlighted the research data. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1 We monitored for spotted wing drosophila (SWD) at a total of 17 raspberry farms (5 in MI, 6 in MN, 6 in WI) from mid-May to November 2014. This included weekly trap catches using yeast-sugar bait and counting all adult males & females at 3 locations on each farm (woods, raspberry, and open areas). We also conducted vegetation surveys at each farm in the adjacent woodlands and collected spray data and damage data from growers through email surveys. Larvae collected from marketable fruit were reared from each farm in early August to confirm infestations were due to SWD. Data collected included total number of adult females & males weekly at each trap location at each of the 17 farms; percent of reared larvae that were SWD (and sex); vegetation data regarding shrub & herbaceous layers of adjacent woodlands; on-farm management data including spray records & damage losses. Trapping is not complete for 2014 at the end of this reporting period so no final statistics or results have been completed by that time. Preliminary statistical analysis suggests the higher amount of woodland area surrounding a farm (at the 1.5km buffer) leads to earlier detection of SWD at that farm. Using the statistical package R, we analyzed the date of first detection for farms in 2013 & 2014 (total n=35) using a linear effects mixed model with state and year as fixed effects and percent woodland area (at 1.5km scale) and amount of woodland edge (at 1.5km scale) surrounding each farm as random effects. These 2 metrics of landscape were not correlated (R=0.21) so both could be included in the model. The output of the model shows that woodland edge is not significant in driving patterns of first detection (p=0.48), however woodland area was found to be significant (p=0.03). This means that on average, farms in heavily wooded landscapes experience SWD earlier in the season. Future analyzes will extend the same linear mixed effects model to other metrics of SWD infestation on the farm such as rate of population growth, peak numbers, and total area under the population curve. We will also expand the model to include abiotic factors. A change in knowledge occurred for involved scientists as we became more aware of phenological patterns at raspberry farms across the Upper Midwest including differences in woodland traps vs. raspberry traps. A change in knowledge occurred for participating growers as they received relatively real-time results about average trap catches at all the farms and their own specific farms. Together, this phenological knowledge will better inform both basic knowledge of SWD populations across the landscape in the Upper Midwest and applied knowledge for growers about when to start monitoring and manage for SWD. Objective 2 In 2014, plots of the primocane-bearing raspberry cultivar 'Heritage' were established at the Rosemount Research and Outreach Center, Rosemount, MN, using dormant plants. On 16 May, a 3 m long double row was planted in each plot with 0.6 m between plants and 1.5 m between rows. In 2015, temporary high tunnel structures were constructed using standard lumber as a base and PVC ribs and purlins for structural support. Final size of structures was 3 m long, 5.2 m wide, and 2.3 m high. Covers and ends were attached to the structures using Wiggle Wire® base and wire. The fine mesh covers and ends were 80-gram insect netting and plastic was 6-mil UV stabilized greenhouse poly film. Covers were installed on top of the tunnel structures on 12 June, prior to SWD activity but ends were not installed until green berries were present on 6 August after SWD activity had begun on 26 June. First flower was recorded 21 Jul. and first ripe fruit was recorded 21 Aug. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Treatments consisted of open plots with no cover that received no insecticide applications, open plots with no cover that received insecticide applications, plots covered with a fine mesh netting on the top and ends, and plots covered with plastic on the top and fine mesh netting ends. Trapping- Traps for monitoring D. suzukii adult activity were placed in three of the open plots that received no insecticide applications. Pherocon® SWD traps were used with a Pherocon® SWD lure over apple cider vinegar with a drop of liquid soap and were checked weekly. Insecticide applications were initiated when the berries in the open plot treatment began to turn from the green color stage to the yellow stage and consisted of 7 alternating applications of Mustang Maxx at 4oz/ac and Delegate WG at 3.9 oz/ac using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a 3-nozzle boom. The boom was 1.5 m wide and applications were made with 233.8 l/ha of water at 242 kPa to both sides of each treated row. Harvest and berry infestation- The same one meter section of row was harvested approximately twice per week and berries from each plot were weighed and rated for the proportion of marketable fruit. Yield between treatments was not significantly different but % marketable fruit was significantly higher in both covered tunnel treatments vs. open plots that were treated or not treated. Berry infestation was also significantly lower in both covered tunnels vs. both open plot treatments. Tunnels covered with plastic had a season average of only 2% of fruit infested. Besides the ability of covered tunnels to provide some exclusion of SWD, the plastic cover also provided for changes in the microclimate that made conditions unfavorable for SWD mating and reproduction. These changes occurred in temperature and relative humidity with the total hours with temperatures above 30°C at 218, 51, and 39 hours for plastic, netting, and open plot treatments, respectively. Similarly, relative humidity was also impacted with total hours with humidity below 40% at 60, 3, and 5 hours for plastic, netting, and open plot treatments, respectively. To understand if insect exclusion netting is a viable option for SWD control, we installed fine netting on three high tunnels at two locations in Michigan. The high tunnels had both summer and fall raspberries. We monitored SWD using homemade traps (32 oz. Deli-cups with ten 3/16"-3/8" holes near the top) using a yeast-sugar mixture with a yellow-sticky card hung from the top. We also collected fruit weekly during harvest and used a salt-test method to count the number of larvae and eggs. In the netted tunnels, SWD was significantly reduced from the open tunnel control. This is shown in SWD catch, and the numbers of eggs and larvae in fruit. SWD was not completely excluded from any of the tunnels but remained lower than the open tunnels at all points throughout the season. Other pests and natural enemies were also reduced in the netted tunnels, compared with the open tunnels. Fruit quality as measured by Brix, size, and color was unaffected by the netting. We conclude that insect exclusion netting can be an important component of the management of insect pests in high tunnel berry production, but it should be combined with other IPM techniques to maintain optimum control. A second year of study has been conducted on combining exclusion netting and insecticide applications to achieve commercially-acceptable control of SWD in raspberries. Consistent results were seen across 2014 and 2015, with the exclusion netting or the insecticide treatments both causing significant reduction of infestation when used alone. When combined, there was further reduction in infestation by SWD indicating that in areas with high pressure from this pest, an integrated approach that combines netting and chemical control may be needed to achieve commercially-acceptable control of this pest.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Asplen MK, Anfora G, Biondi A, Choi D-S, Chu D, Daane KM, Gibert P, Gutierrez AP, Hoelmer KM, Hutchison WD, Isaacs R, Jiang Z-L, K�rp�ti Z, Kimura MT, Pascual M, Philips CP, Plantamp C, Ponti L, V�tek G, Vogt H, Walton VM, Yu Y, Zappal� L, Desneux N (2015). Invasion biology of spotted wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii): a global perspective and future priorities. J Pest Sci. doi:10.1007/s10340-015-0681-z
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Hanson, E., Marks, T., and Isaacs, R. (2015) Organic high tunnel production of raspberries in a humid region. Proceedings of the Rubus-Ribes annual meeting. (accepted).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Walton, V.M., Burrack, H.J., Dalton, D.T., Isaacs, R., Wiman, N. and Ioriatti, C. (2015). Past, present and future Drosophila suzukii distribution, impact and management in United States berry fruits. International Horticultural Society Proceedings. In press.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Evaluation of crop protectants for minimizing SWD infestation in berries. Rufus Isaacs, Steve Van Timmeren, John C. Wise, Hannah Burrack, Cesar Rodriguez-Saona, and Vaughn Walton. WERA-1021 Symposium. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Portland, Oregon. November 16-19, 2014.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Hietala-Henschell, K., Pelton, E., and Gu�dot, C. 2015. Seasonal phenology and winter morph status of spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, in Wisconsin. Entomological Society of Americas 63rd National Conference. November 15-18, 2015. Minneapolis, Minnesota.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Effects of Landscape on Spotted Wing Drosophila. Pelton E., Gratton C., Isaacs R. Van Timmeren S., Blanton A., and Gu�dot C. Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Portland, Oregon. November 16-19, 2014.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Rogers, M. A., E. C. Burkness, and W. D. Hutchison. 2015. Evaluation of covered tunnels for management of Drosophila suzukii in fall-bearing red raspberries. Journal of Pest Science (submitted).
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Pelton E., Gratton C., Isaacs R,, Van Timmeren S., Blanton A., and Gu�dot C. Earlier activity of Drosophila suzukii in high woodland landscapes but relative abundance is unaffected. Journal of Pest Science. Submitted.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
IPM turned upside down, response to Drosophila suzukii, in eastern US berry crops. Isaacs, R., Van Timmeren, S., Wise, J., Cohen, A., Marks, T., Leach, H. and Walton, V. International Plant Protection Congress, Berlin, August 25, 2015. 150 people.
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Progress 09/01/13 to 08/31/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Fruit growers, extension educators, master gardeners, crop consultants, research and extension specialists across Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Changes/Problems: Small scale high tunnels were constructed at the Rosemount Research and Outreach Center at UMORE Park in Rosemount, MN during the summer of 2014. Unfortunately, the harsh winter conditions of 2013 prevented the raspberry bushes planted there from consistently producing quality raspberries. Based on this observation, the high tunnels were removed and stored for the winter. We expect the raspberry bushes there to be fully established in the 2015 season, and plan to reconstruct the tunnels to further investigate physical exclusion netting during the 2015 growing season. The major change to this project was the departure of Mark Asplen, UM Co-PI on this project. The work at UM is still ongoing under Co-PI William Hutchison. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? This project has allowed fruit growers and extension educators to see exclusion netting installed, and has been demonstrated to fruit extension specialists from Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Indiana and Illinois via our research plots or through presentations at grower meetings. This project allowed six Minnesota growers of raspberry to observe SWD seasonal phenology and density on their individual farms for the first time. As SWD is still a very new fruit pest to the state of MN, this information is important as previously, these growers were unaware of the impact SWD is having on small fruit crops in Minnesota. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Through talks at professional meetings and grower meetings, through our website and extension newsletters. Measurement of the visitors to the SWD website revealed that from Jan 1 - Dec 14 2014, there were over 20,000 page views. The three top most visited SWD were the SWD Homepage (12,786 views), SWD Factsheets (3,153 views), and SWD Crop Recommendations (2,600 views). Visitors are from the United States (85% of views), Canada (6%) and the United Kingdom (2%), with Mexico, Europe, and India as other visitors. Reflecting the focus of the project, states with the greatest number of visitors are Michigan (18%), Wisconsin (5%) and Minnesota (4%) Poster presentations and talks at grower meetings; regular email updates to participating growers during the season; end of the season summaries for entire season findings; regular updates on the University of Wisconsin Spotted Wing Drosophila website. Cooperating growers were updated weekly of the status of SWD populations on their individual farms. These data were combined with other SWD monitoring data to provide an estimate of statewide SWD seasonal phenology that was posted on the UMN Fruit-Edge website. Presentations concerning SWD pest management were given at the 2014 annual meeting of the Minnesota Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association as well as the 2014 Minnesota High Tunnel conference. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Complete samples from the 2014 season. Combine samples from all 3 participating states & analyze data to understand the contribution of landscape factors relative to other factors in driving population patterns. Run statistics to correlate larval infestation in fruit with adult trap catches. Send out end of the season summary reports for growers. Present findings at the 2015 Wisconsin Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Grower’s Conference. Improve the exclusion netting and further investigate physical exclusion netting during the 2015 growing season. Present a webinar on SWD management, continue to improve the content on the SWD IPM website.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: How landscape influences the timing and severity of pest infestation by spotted wing drosophila. 1) Major activities completed / experiments conducted; We monitored for SWD at a total of 17 raspberry farms (5 in MI, 6 in MN, 6 in WI) from mid-May to November 2014. This included weekly trap catches using yeast-sugar bait and counting all adult males & females at 3 locations on each farm (woods, raspberry, and open areas). We also conducted vegetation surveys at each farm in the adjacent woodlands and collected spray data and damage data from growers thru email surveys. Larvae collected from marketable fruit were reared from each farm in early August to confirm infestations were due to SWD. 2) Data collected Data collected included total number of adult females & males weekly at each trap location at each of the 17 farms; percent of reared larvae that were SWD (and sex); vegetation data regarding shrub & herbaceous layers of adjacent woodlands; on-farm management data including spray records & damage losses. 3) Summary statistics and discussion of results Trapping is not complete for 2014 at the end of this reporting period so no final statistics or results have been completed by that time. Preliminary statistical analysis suggests the higher amount of woodland area surrounding a farm (at the 1.5km buffer) leads to earlier detection of SWD at that farm. Using the statistical package R, we analyzed the date of first detection for farms in 2013 & 2014 (total n=35) using a linear effects mixed model with state and year as fixed effects and percent woodland area (at 1.5km scale) and amount of woodland edge (at 1.5km scale) surrounding each farm as random effects. These 2 metrics of landscape were not correlated (R=0.21) so both could be included in the model. The output of the model shows that woodland edge is not significant in driving patterns of first detection (p=0.48), however woodland area was found to be significant (p=0.03). This means that on average, farms in heavily wooded landscapes experience SWD earlier in the season. Future analyzes will extend the same linear mixed effects model to other metrics of SWD infestation on the farm such as rate of population growth, peak numbers, and total area under the population curve. We will also expand the model to include abiotic factors. 4) Key outcomes or other accomplishments realized. A change in knowledge occurred for involved scientists as we became more aware of phenological patterns at raspberry farms across the Upper Midwest including differences in woodland traps vs. raspberry traps. A change in knowledge occurred for participating growers as they received relatively real-time results about average trap catches at all the farms and their own specific farms. Together, this phenological knowledge will better inform both basic knowledge of SWD populations across the landscape in the Upper Midwest and applied knowledge for growers about when to start monitoring and manage for SWD. Objective 2: How physical exclusion methods may provide a simple method to control spotted wing drosophila and less costly than current chemical controls. Physical exclusion netting was tested in blueberries using three bush plots in an organic blueberry planting. This was installed prior to first fly activity in June, and we measured weekly in netted and non-netted bushes for fly activity, fruit infestation and quality, temperature, and humidity. We found that the netting completely excluded SWD flies, and none were found inside the netted plots. Fruit infestation measurements reflect the exclusion of SWD from these plots. We also found that the netted bushes have slightly lower temperatures, slightly slower sugar accumulation, and slightly larger berries. None of these fruit parameters was significantly different, indicating that netting did not negatively affect conditions for the fruit’s development in the relatively cool summer of 2014. At a fall red raspberry planting, a replicated factorial trial was conducted with bushes that received insecticides to control SWD, netting to exclude SWD, both of these, or none of them. These treatments were initiated when berries started ripening but had already set some fruit and after the flies began their activity, in mid August. The results indicate that initially the netting reduced infestation more effectively than the insecticides. However, over time the netting’s effectiveness declined, presumably because flies were already established inside. Throughout this experiment, the combination of netting and insecticides provided the best control of SWD. We also installed exclusion netting at three Haygrove high tunnels to learn more about how to do this and whether exclusion could reduce pest pressure from SWD. In this first year, netting was installed in July, just after SWD activity had started. We also did not maintain the door netting effectively, and need to modify this design to maintain a better seal. We are working with the tunnel manufacturer for 2015.
Publications
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