CONFERENCE ON MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES IN ANIMALS

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: AFRI COMPETITIVE GRANT
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1000804
• Grant No.: 2013-67015-21289
• Cumulative Award Amt.: $16,000.00
• Proposal No.: 2013-00904
• Project Start Date: Sep 1, 2013
• Project End Date: Aug 31, 2014
• Grant Year: 2013
• Program Code: [A1211]- Animal Health and Production and Animal Products: Animal Reproduction

Project Director
Kapur, V.

Recipient Organization
PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY
208 MUELLER LABORATORY
UNIVERSITY PARK,PA 16802

Performing Department
Veterinary and Biomedical Scie

Non Technical Summary
The 2013 Mycobacterial Diseases in Animals Conference will addresses scientific questions relating to several major areas of importance to animal biosecurity, food safety, epidemiology, diagnostics, pathogen biology, immunology vaccine development, microbial genome diversity and evolution, pathogenomics and comparative genomics, functional genomics and host-pathogen interactions including those involving animal biosecurity, epidemiological approaches for disease prevention and ensuring animal protection and food safety, biology of host-microbe associations, and the development and delivery of educational and extension programming.

Animal Health Component

50%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

50%

Applied

50%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
311	3410	1100	15%
315	3410	1100	15%
311	3310	1100	15%
315	3310	1100	15%
311	3310	1090	10%
311	3410	1090	10%
311	3310	3020	10%
311	3410	3020	10%

Knowledge Area
311 - Animal Diseases; 315 - Animal Welfare/Well-Being and Protection;

Subject Of Investigation
3310 - Beef cattle, live animal; 3410 - Dairy cattle, live animal;

Field Of Science
1090 - Immunology; 3020 - Education; 1100 - Bacteriology;

Keywords

bovine tuberculosis

diagnostics

johne`s disease

mycobacterium paratuverculosis

vaccine dev.

Goals / Objectives
To provide a platform for dissemination of information and create an environment for fostering the exchange of scientific information and promoting collaboration within the community, we propose a conference on Mycobacterial Diseases in Animals (MDA).

Project Methods
The conference will provide a forum for scientists and students to present at poster sessions so as to encourage deeper discussions and presentations of research in an informal setting to an interested audience. Invited speakers will present the latest research on selected topics including diagnostics, epidemiology, basic biology and pathogenesis, immunology and vaccine production, and education and extension.

Progress 09/01/13 to 08/31/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Research scientists, policy makers, veterinary researchers, stakeholders, and industry leaders. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The conference was organized as 5 plenary sessions and a poster session. Plenary session 1: Epidemiology and transmission of mycobacterial diseases in animals 1.1 Dr. Ynte Schukken (Cornell University): Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in a cohort of dairy cows. 1.2 Dr. Rebecca Smith (Cornell University): Optimizing control of bovine tuberculosis on cattle farms, an economic approach to on-farm outbreak management. 1.3Dr. Yrjo Grohn (Cornell University): Estimating the effectiveness of vaccination against infectious diseases in food animal populations: A Bayesian modeling and simulation approach. Plenary Session 2: Extension/Outreach/Human Disease related to mycobacterial diseases in animals 2.1 Dr. Ernest Hovingh (Penn State): Johne’s & TB Extension & Outreach Challenges & Opportunities 2.2 Ken Olson (AAMD) Johne’s Disease Outreach: Education/Outreach:Develop and deliver education and outreach materials to stakeholders 2.3 Dr. William Chamberlin (St. Vinvent's Healthcare System, Billings, Montana): Evidence continues to accumulate supporting a role for Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis as one of the causes of the Crohn’s Disease Syndrome Plenary Session 3: Diagnosis of mycobacterial diseases of animals 3.1 Dr. Ian Gardner (UPEI): Diagnosis of Mycobacterial diseases of animals: challenges, successes and expectations 3.2 Dr. Suelee Robbe-Austerman (USDA-DBL-NVSL): Diagnostics for Johne’s Disease and Tuberculosis 3.3 Dr. John Bannantine (USDA-ARS): New developments and opportunities in JD diagnostics Plenary Session 4: Biology and pathogenesis of mycobacterial diseases in animals 4.1 Dr. Luiz Bermudez (Oregon State): Biology and Pathogenesis of Mycobacterial Disease in Animals: Overview: Challenges and Opportunities 4.2 Jeroen De Buck (University of Calgary): Paratuberculosis Pathogenesis 4.3 Srinand Sreevatsan (Univ. Minnesota): Population Genomics of Mycobacterium bovis Plenary Session 5: New generations of vaccines for mycobacterial diseases in animals 5.1 Paul Coussens (Michigan State): Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and the bovine immune system Dr. Coussens started off by reviewing the Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection subsections, as early infection, subclinical, and clinical infection 5.2 Adel Talaat (Univ. Wisconsin): Human and Bovine TB Vaccines 5.3 Dr. Murray E. Hines II (University of Georgia): Johne’s disease vaccine efficacy study and validation of a caprine vaccination and challenge model How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The Second Annual Mycobacterial Diseases of Animals Multistate Initiative (MDA) was held in conjunction with the United States Animal Health Association (USAHA) and The American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD) conference on Saturday, October 19, 2013 (7:00 AM to 6:00 PM) in the Sunset Room at the Town and Country Hotel, San Diego, CA. Besides registered participants, the conference drew close to a total of 70 interested researchers, students, and industry participants. Numerous posters and publications (see Products section) were published. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Under this project, a conference on MDA was planned and held in October, 2013. There were five plenary sessions and a poster session, where 13 posters were presented. Forty participants came together for collaboration and education during this event. A website (http://mycobacterialdiseases.org) was developed to allow for easy dissemination of information. Seven major impacts (see below) resulted from these collaborations and about 50 journal articles and other printed materials were published. Investigators have made considerable progress in the following areas: Dr. Grohn leads the epidemiology research group, as they concentrate on the study design of clinical trial of vaccine and the assessment of vaccination effectiveness in farm animal populations against endemic infectious diseases. His research group has also designed a 3-step framework of a Bayesian modeling and simulation approach, and the model was experimented in a simulated case study for a killed whole-cell vaccine against paratuberculosis in dairy herds. Dr. Grohn was able to estimate key model parameters from the longitudinal prevalence data of the whole herd (adult animals) and the control and vaccinated groups in a vaccinated herd. Extension is led by Dr. Ken Olson, as they continue to collaborate with the VBJDCP to address education, share information, and provide tools for producers, other scientists, industry partners, and USDA. Dr. Olson also attends DC meetings with USDA leadership (APHIS, NIFA, ARS,), partner organizations (AVMA, IDFA, NMPF, NASDA, AFBF), and Congressional staff. Furthermore, his efforts concentrate on the awareness of the MDA MI among stakeholders, industry and government leaders. Dr. John Bannatine leads the diagnosis research group as they continue to research on the newly identified MAP specific monoclonal antibody, 17A2 that can for the first time differentiate MAP from other Mycobacterium. JDIP Vaccine development led by Dr. Murray Hines has reached its final stage, and publications are in the process. The data from the vaccine study will be published in the Frontiers in Microbiology Journal. Impacts 1. Application of an established mathematical model of infection in data collection from the longitudinal study done in three states (NY, PA, VT) for approximately 10 years. 2. Implementation of a faster test-and-removal plan with a 2-month testing interval in epidemic disease control of the bTB in cattle herds. 3. Establishment of a Bayesian computation (ABC with an efficient sequential Monte Carlo method) modeling and simulation approach to estimate the effectiveness of vaccination against infectious diseases in food animal populations. 4. Evaluation of vaccine efficacy and development of standard evaluation in the validation of vaccine candidates. 5. Comparison and evaluation of the fully sequenced two USA virulent M. bovis isolates. 6. Establishment of a sample repository from JDIP samples for further testing and evaluation. 7. Evaluation of vaccine candidates against MAP in controlled blinded studies.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2014 Citation: The New Mycobacterial Diseases of Animals (MDA) Multistate Initiative K.E. Olson (1), V. Kapur (2), P. M. Coussens (3) and D. H. Lein (4) 1. Am. Assoc. Mycobacterial Dis.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2014 Citation: Comparison of Prionics� PC-HP and Prionics� PC-HP Peptide Cocktails and Purified Protein Derivatives for Use in the BOVIGAM� and BOVIGAM� 2G Assays.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2014 Citation: In silico epitope analysis of unique and membrane associated proteins from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis for immunogenicity and vaccine evaluation. Perla Carlos-Garc�a (1), Kris Huygen (2), Felipe Ascencio (1), Virgine Roupie (2), Gracia G�mez-Anduro (1), Carlos E. Angulo-Valadez (1). 1. Centro de Investigaciones Biol�gicas del Noroeste, SC. Instituto Polit�cnico Nacional 195,Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, B.C.S. C.P. 23096, M�xico. 2. Scientific Service Immunology, Scientific Institute of Public Health WIV-ISP (Site Ukkel), 642 Engelandstraat, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2014 Citation: Biomarker discovery by gene expression profiling of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infected calves at 3, 6 and 9 months after infection. Jeroen De Buck, Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2014 Citation: Pharmacokinetic of gallium nitrate and gallium maltolate after oral administration in neonatal calves. Marie-Eve Fecteau, Caroline S. Monk, Lawrence R. Bernstein, and Raymond W. Sweeney. University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Bradner, L., et al., Chemical decontamination with N-acetyl-L-cysteine-sodium hydroxide improves recovery of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis organisms from cultured milk. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2013. 51(7):p. 2139-46.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Bradner, L., et al., Optimization of hexadecylpyridinium chloride decontamination for culture of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from milk. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2013. 51(5):p. 1575-7
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Cazer, C.L., et al., Associations between Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antibodies in bulk tank milk, season of sampling and protocols for managing infected cows. BMC veterinary research, 2013. 9:p. 234.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Cho, S., et al., Herd-level risk factors associated with fecal shedding of Shiga toxin-encoding bacteria on dairy farms in Minnesota, USA. The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne, 2013.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: de Silva, K., et al., Can early host responses to mycobacterial infection predict eventual disease outcomes? Preventive veterinary medicine, 2013. 112(3-4):p. 203-12.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: de Silva, K., et al., Apoptosis of lymph node and peripheral blood cells in ovine Johne's disease. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology, 2013. 156(1-2):p. 82-90.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Espejo, L.A., et al., Effect of delayed exposure of cattle to Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis on the development of subclinical and clinical Johne's disease. American journal of veterinary research, 2013. 74(10):p. 1304-10.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Ahlstrom, C., H.W. Barkema, and J. De Buck, Improved Short-Sequence-Repeat Genotyping of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2014. 80(2):p. 534-9.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Bannantine, J.P., et al., How does a Mycobacterium change its spots? Applying molecular tools to track diverse strains of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2013. 57(3):p. 165-73.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Bannantine, J.P., et al., High-impact animal health research conducted at the USDA's National Animal Disease Center. Veterinary Microbiology, 2013. 165(3-4):p. 224-33.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Faisal, S.M., et al., Evaluation of a Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis leuD mutant as a vaccine candidate against challenge in a caprine model. Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI, 2013. 20(4):p. 572-81.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Faisal, S.M., et al., Evaluation of a Salmonella vectored vaccine expressing Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens against challenge in a goat model. PLoS ONE, 2013. 8(8):p. e70171.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Fecteau, M.E., et al., Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis fecal shedding in alpacas presented to veterinary hospitals in the United States. Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2013. 27(5):p. 1228-33.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Fecteau, M.E., et al., Persistence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in soil, crops, and ensiled feed following manure spreading on infected dairy farms. The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne, 2013. 54(11):p. 1083-5.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Gurung, R.B., et al., Antigenicity of recombinant maltose binding protein-Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis fusion proteins with and without factor Xa cleaving. Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI, 2013. 20(12):p. 1817-26.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hughes, V., et al., Interferon gamma responses to proteome-determined specific recombinant proteins: potential as diagnostic markers for ovine Johne's disease. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology, 2013. 155(3):p. 197-204.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Khalifeh, M.S. and J.R. Stabel, Clinical disease upregulates expression of CD40 and CD40 ligand on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI, 2013. 20(8):p. 1274-82.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Knust, B., et al., Evaluation of the effects of a killed whole-cell vaccine against Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in 3 herds of dairy cattle with natural exposure to the organism. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2013. 242(5):p. 663-9.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Koop, G., et al., Risk factors for subclinical intramammary infection in dairy goats in two longitudinal field studies evaluated by Bayesian logistic regression. Preventive veterinary medicine, 2013. 108(4):p. 304-12.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Lee, S.J., et al., The Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis protein MAP1305 modulates dendritic cell-mediated T cell proliferation through Toll-like receptor-4. BMB reports, 2014.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Kuo, C.J., et al., Elastin, a novel extracellular matrix protein adhering to mycobacterial antigen 85 complex. The Journal of biological chemistry, 2013. 288(6):p. 3886-96.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Kupper, J.D., H.R. Brandt, and G. Erhardt, Genetic association between NOD2 polymorphism and infection status by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in German Holstein cattle. Animal genetics, 2013.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Lamont, E.A., W.W. Xu, and S. Sreevatsan, Host-Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis interactome reveals a novel iron assimilation mechanism linked to nitric oxide stress during early infection. BMC Genomics, 2013. 14:p. 694.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Leite, F.L., et al., Comparison of fecal DNA extraction kits for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation: official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc, 2013. 25(1):p. 27-34.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Lu, Z., et al., Invasion and transmission of Salmonella Kentucky in an adult dairy herd using approximate Bayesian computation. BMC veterinary research, 2013. 9(1):p. 245.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Lu, Z., et al., Using vaccination to prevent the invasion of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in dairy herds: a stochastic simulation study. Preventive veterinary medicine, 2013. 110(3-4):p. 335-45.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Magombedze, G., S. Eda, and V.V. Ganusov, Competition for Antigen between Th1 and Th2 Responses Determines the Timing of the Immune Response Switch during Mycobaterium avium Subspecies paratuberulosis Infection in Ruminants. PLoS computational biology, 2014. 10(1):p. e1003414.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Rosa, F.B., et al., Pathology in practice. Johne's disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2013. 242(12):p. 1655-7.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Malley, T.J., et al., Implementation of statistical tools to support identification and management of persistent Listeria monocytogenes contamination in smoked fish processing plants. Journal of Food Protection, 2013. 76(5):p. 796-811
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Malone, A.N., et al., Early Weight Development of Goats Experimentally Infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. PLoS ONE, 2013. 8(12):p. e84049.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Plain, K.M., et al., High-Throughput Direct Faecal PCR Assay to detect Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in sheep and cattle. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2013.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: McNamara, M., et al., Surface-exposed proteins of pathogenic mycobacteria and the role of cu-zn superoxide dismutase in macrophages and neutrophil survival. Proteome science, 2013. 11(1):p. 45.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Mortier, R.A., et al., Evaluation of age-dependent susceptibility in calves infected with two doses of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis using pathology and tissue culture. Veterinary research, 2013. 44:p. 94.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Pithua, P., et al., Is an individual calving pen better than a group calving pen for preventing transmission of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in calves? Results from a field trial. Research in veterinary science, 2013. 95(2):p. 398-404.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Rose, S.J. and L.E. Bermudez, Mycobacterium avium Biofilm Attenuates Mononuclear Phagocyte Function by Triggering Hyperstimulation and Apoptosis during Early Infection. Infection and Immunity, 2014. 82(1):p. 405-12.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Salgado, M., et al., Evaluation of PMS-PCR technology for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis directly from bovine fecal specimens. Veterinary Microbiology, 2013. 167(3-4):p. 725-8.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Schwabenlander, M.D., et al., A case of chronic wasting disease in a captive red deer (Cervus elaphus). Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc, 2013. 25(5):p. 573-6.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Silva, C.A., et al., Interaction of Mycobacterium leprae with human airway epithelial cells: adherence, entry, survival, and identification of potential adhesins by surface proteome analysis. Infection and Immunity, 2013. 81(7):p. 2645-59.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Smith, R.L., et al., Development of a model to simulate infection dynamics of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle herds in the United States. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2013. 243(3):p. 411-23.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Smith, R.L., et al., Minimization of bovine tuberculosis control costs in US dairy herds. Preventive veterinary medicine, 2013. 112(3-4):p. 266-75.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Sorge, U.S., S. Kurnick, and S. Sreevatsan, Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the saliva of dairy cows: a pilot study. Veterinary Microbiology, 2013. 164(3-4):p. 383-6.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Souza, C., et al., Mannosylated lipoarabinomannans from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis alters the inflammatory response by bovine macrophages and suppresses killing of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium organisms. PLoS ONE, 2013. 8(9):p. e75924.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Stabel, J.R., et al., Disparate host immunity to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens in calves inoculated with M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, M. avium subsp. avium, M. kansasii, and M. bovis. Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI, 2013. 20(6):p. 848-57.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Strawn, L.K., et al., Risk factors associated with Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes contamination of produce fields. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2013. 79(24):p. 7618-27.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Strawn, L.K., et al., Landscape and meteorological factors affecting prevalence of three food-borne pathogens in fruit and vegetable farms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2013. 79(2):p. 588-600.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Stringer, L.A., et al., Bayesian estimation of the sensitivity and specificity of individual fecal culture and Paralisa to detect Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in young farmed deer. Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc, 2013. 25(6):p. 759-64.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Thirunavukkarasu, S., et al., In vivo and in vitro expression pattern of Toll-like receptors in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology, 2013. 156(1-2):p. 20-31.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Volkova, V.V., et al., Modelling dynamics of plasmid-gene mediated antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria using stochastic differential equations. Scientific reports, 2013. 3:p. 2463.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Wadhwa, A., et al., Use of ethanol extract of Mycobacterium bovis for detection of specific antibodies in sera of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) with bovine tuberculosis. BMC veterinary research, 2013. 9(1):p. 256.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Wang, J., et al., Proteomic analysis and immune properties of exosomes released by macrophages infected with Mycobacterium avium. Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur, 2013.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Whittington, R.J., et al., Development and validation of a liquid medium (M7H9C) for routine culture of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis to replace modified Bactec 12B medium. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2013. 51(12):p. 3993-4000.
• Type: Websites Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: http://mycobacterialdiseases.org/mdacap/aboutmdacap.html