Progress 09/01/13 to 08/31/19
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project is Deaf and hard of hearing teenagers (14-18 years old). During this reporting period, deaf teenagers enrolled in the deaf schools in the states of California, Oregon, Utah, and Washington were reached. In addition, completed food safety education program was disseminated to the schools of deaf education nationwide. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?One master's and one doctoral students were trained to conduct studies with human subjects while they were conducting research in this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Printed and electronic copies of all education materials including manual, lesson plan, and other materials for activity were printed and mailed to public/state schools for the Deaf in all 50 states. In addition, video was also made available online (YouTube) to reach broader audience. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?While this project is completed and expired, the research team is planned to reach out to partner institutions for follow-up. The PD will also be made available for further comments and communication with the deaf community as well as the public to ensure maximum and prolonged impact of this food safety education program.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
During the last and final project year, we completed production of video and accompanying education materials. In particular, the video was edited to be a total of 38 min 05 sec in length with six parts. The entire video segments were recorded in American Sign Language (ASL) and closed-captioned with an option to be on or off from the frame they are playing in YouTube. It should be noted that all characters appeared in the video are deaf and/or hard of hearing as the use of deaf and/or hard-of-hearing actors/actresses (i.e. native ASL users) was identified as most critical to maintain cultural sensitivity from both the surveys and in-depth interviews. In its content, measures to address concerns regarding fresh produce safety and food allergy were emphasized in addition to standard/traditional food safety. A corresponding written manual was developed to complement the video's educational material. In addition, a teacher's guide was prepared along with activities to enhance students' learning. To achieve Objective 4, completed food safety education program was implemented in classroom settings in collaboration with the partner institutions in Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Utah - i.e. teachers in each school adopted this program and implemented in their classrooms. A total of 45 students participated from these four schools for implementation and evaluation. The participants received pre-test and the education with culturally sensitive safety education material developed for the target population. Since the implementation was done during the regular classroom hours, the intended food safety education was implemented over two separate days (classroom hours to meet the bell schedule). Results showed that the knowledge in food safety improved after implementation of food safety education program. In addition, students responded that their attitude and behavior toward handwashing improved. It may be noted that the results were varied depend on the location/school as the method of delivery by the classroom teacher was not exactly the same. Nonetheless, students appreciated the food safety education program over existing or previously encountered food safety related instruction as it was truly culturally appropriate and easy to understand. All teachers agreed that the effectiveness of food safety education program and willing to adopt as their regular classroom content. Printed and electronic copies of all education materials including manual, lesson plan, and other materials for activity were printed and mailed to public/state schools for the Deaf in all 50 states. In addition, video was also made available online (YouTube) to reach broader audience.
Publications
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Progress 09/01/17 to 08/31/18
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project is Deaf and hard of hearing teenagers (14-18 years old). During this reporting period, deaf teenagers enrolled in the deaf schools in the states of California, Utah, and Texas were reached. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?
Nothing Reported
How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The education materials will be introduced to the partnering institutions for testing with the target audience, teenagers between 14-18 years of age, in the deaf and hard of hearing school setting. Potential sites have been identified in Arizona, California, Oregon, Texas, Utah, and Washington. Participant will complete both pre- and post-test instruments. The purpose is to create a culturally appropriate food safety education program for this target audience to improve overall food safety education and provide participants with food safety related job skills to assist in their transition to life post-secondary education.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Because of the information gathered from the surveys, in-depth interviews, and Delphi Focus Group sessions (Objectives 1 and 2), team members began collaborating with the UI Video Production Center to develop culturally sensitive scripts and storyboards using ASL. Videos and still photographs were taken in Texas, California, and Utah using both educational and commercial sites. The scripts follow the FDA's 2017 Food Code to achieve 5 core videos: Introduction to Food Safety, Personal Hygiene, Food Handling, Temperature, and Cleaning and Sanitizing. An additional fun video was created to further emphasis the importance of handwashing using the GolGermTM product. One retail facility in Texas, owned and operated by a deaf family, employs only deaf and hearing-impaired individuals on their staff, serving both the hearing and deaf community. Employees participated as actors demonstrating behaviors including proper handwashing, the use of a three-compartment sink for manual ware-washing, and cleaning and storage of produce items as well as other food safety techniques. The use of deaf and hard of hearing actors was identified as being important to maintain cultural sensitivity from both the surveys and in-depth interviews. Instructors and students from the California School of the Deaf participated in demonstrating the importance of handwashing using GloGermTM to simulate germs in the kitchen environment. The footage was taken at the school in the student kitchen used for training students. A well-known deaf chef participated in editing the script and acting portions of the script for the video product to provide an introduction and conclusion to each video part. Finally, additional video footage and photographs were taken at the Utah School for the Deaf and Blind outside of Ogden, Utah, with the assistance of instructors, staff, students, and members of the local community as actors. Editing of the videos into 6 short segments began and is on-going. Closed captioning, another important element identified during Objectives 1 and 2 will also be incorporated. A corresponding written manual is being developed simultaneously to complement the video's educational material.
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Progress 09/01/16 to 08/31/17
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project is Deaf and hard of hearing teenagers (14-18 years old). During this reporting period, deaf teenagers enrolled in the deaf schools in the states of Arizona, California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington were reached. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?PD (Ryu) and a collaborator (Ball) attended the Council for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing meeting in Boise, Idaho, and introduced the project and discussed collaboration. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Based on the results of the in-depth interviews, Delphi focus group with deaf education experts will be conducted and analyzed. During the Delphi focus group, it is our goal to develop new culturally sensitive signs for "foodborne illness" and "food safety" to be included in ASL to achieve better communication and education for the Deaf and hard of hearing population. Such culturally sensitive signs will be introduced in the education program, including training videos, to allow penetration among the target population, which in turn to bring national attention and maximize the impact of the education program to be developed in this project. The results from the in-depth interview, including the gap in/among food safety knowledge, attitude, and practice will also be addressed during the focus group of deaf education experts. Beginning January 2018, the educational curriculum will be developed in collaboration with stakeholder groups including schools of Deaf culinary and career skills programs, national food safety education programs, and restaurants with experience training Deaf employees. Once completed, the education program will be introduced to the partner institution's curriculum followed by evaluation. The purpose is to create a culturally appropriate food safety education program for this target audience to improve overall food safety education and provide participants with food safety related job skills to assist in their transition to life post-secondary education.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
We completed individual in-depth interview with Deaf and hard of hearing students to assess understanding of food safety concepts asked in the survey, attitudes towards food safety, perceived risk of getting food borne illness, perceived control in preventing food borne illness, food safety practices intentions, behaviors, and perceived norms. The interviews conducted in American Sign Language (ASL), each lasted 25-30 minutes, were video recorded and transcribed. We are now analyzing the data with emphasis on the barriers in learning food safety concepts and changing attitudes and practices towards food safety. Preliminary results showed that there is a lack of understanding in food safety concept partly due to inadequate or insufficient education. It was also found that appropriate signs for "foodborne illness" or "food safety" do not exist in ASL. Since the standard educational program and instruction for the Deaf and hard of hearing in the U.S. mainly rely on ASL, appropriate signs to define key concepts such as foodborne illness or food safety may be consideredcriticalin developing a culturally sensitive and effective food safety training program.
Publications
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Progress 09/01/15 to 08/31/16
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project is Deaf and hard of hearing teenagers (14-18 years old). During this reporting period, deaf teenagers enrolled in the deaf schools in the states of California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington were reached. Changes/Problems:One year no-cost extension was granted. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?PD (Ryu) and his graduate research assistant (Hunter) attended International Association for Food Protection (IAFP) Annual Meeting (7/31 - 8/3/16) held in St. Louis, MO, to give an invited oral presentation on the progress of this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?An oral presentation on the progress of this project was made during the IAFP Annual Meeting. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The final in-depth interviews and Delphi focus group with deaf education experts will be completed and analyzed by November 2016. Based on the survey, interviews, focus groups, and literature review a culturally sensitive education strategy will be finalized by December 2016 (Objective 2). Beginning January 2017, the educational curriculum will be developed in collaboration with stakeholder groups including schools of Deaf culinary and career skills programs, national food safety education programs, and restaurants with experience training Deaf employees. The purpose is to create a culturally appropriate food safety education program for this target audience to improve overall food safety education and provide participants with food safety related job skills to assist in their transition to life post-secondary education.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
After the development of an in-depth interview guide created to explore survey results, comprehension of food safety concepts, food safety behaviors, attitudes, and practices the interviews were piloted in both online and in-person sessions lasting 25-30 minutes. The interviews conducted in ASL were video recorded and transcribed. The interview questions were evaluated using a rubric for evaluating the quality and clarity of the interview guide based on interview technique best practices. Then, modifications were made to the final in-depth interviews included a more structured approach to assess understanding of food safety concepts asked in the survey, attitudes towards food safety, perceived risk of getting food borne illness, perceived control in preventing food borne illness, food safety practices intentions, behaviors, and perceived norms. The final in-depth interview is completed with emphasis to explore common food safety education concepts such as the FoodSafety.gov 4 steps to food safety program as well as ASL signs for food safety and other common terminology used in food safety education. These in-depth interviews conducted in ASL were videotaped and being transcribed for the data analyses. In addition, following the focus group studies conducted on July 26, 2015 at the International Association of Food Protection in Portland Oregon with a total of 15 food safety experts, another focus group guide is under development to identify culturally sensitive education strategies targeting deaf teenagers. The results from the in-depth interview, including the gap in/among food safety knowledge, attitude, and practice will also be addressed during the focus group of deaf education experts.
Publications
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Progress 09/01/14 to 08/31/15
Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project is Deaf and hard of hearing teenagers (14-18 years old). During this reporting period, deaf teenagers enrolled in the deaf schools in the states of Arizona, California, Idaho, Oregon, Texas, and Washington were reached. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?PD (Ryu) and his graduate research assistant attended the NIFA Project Directors' meeting (7/24/15) and International Association for Food Protection (IAFP) Annual Meeting (7/25 - 7/28/15) held in Portland, OR. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?A poster presentation on the pilot survey was made during the IAFP Annual Meeting. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?The final in-depth interviews and Delphi focus group with deaf education experts will be completed and analyzed by November 2015. Based on the survey, interviews, focus groups, and literature review a culturally sensitive education strategy will be finalized by December 2015 (Objective 2). Beginning January 2016, the educational curriculum will be developed in collaboration with stakeholder groups including schools of Deaf culinary and career skills programs, national food safety education programs, and restaurants with experience training Deaf employees. The purpose is to create a culturally appropriate food safety education program for this target audience to improve overall food safety education and provide participants with food safety related job skills to assist in their transition to life post-secondary education.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
As outlined in Objectives 1 Evaluation of knowledge, attitudes, and handling practices towards fresh and fresh-cut produce, the development of the national survey instrument ( modified from the pilot survey instrument) was completed in a print and online format with American Sign Language (ASL) translations . Survey participant recruitment occurred through outreach to Schools for the Deaf in all schools with 100+ students in grades 9-12. Participating schools and participants were from the following states California, Connecticut, Idaho, Indiana, Oregon, North Carolina, Maryland, Massachusetts, Texas, and Washington. A website (www.foodsafetysurvey.org) containing project information, parent or guardian information/consent forms, and ASL translation videos was developed and promoted in recruitment efforts. The survey was administered either on paper with accompanying ASL translations DVD or online (Qualtrics) with embedded ASL videos. A total of 298 participants completed the survey. Statistical analysis of the survey revealed a Cronbach's alpha score of 0.761 for the hand washing behaviors section indicating the internal reliability of the survey instrument was adequate in capturing the hand washing behavior constructs. The final survey was shortened and modified to improve readability, visual appeal, decrease fatigue, and address specific food safety knowledge, attitude, behavior, and perceived risk constructs. After the development of an In-depth interview guide created to explore survey results, comprehension of food safety concepts, food safety behaviors, attitudes, and practices the interviews were piloted in both online and in-person sessions lasting 25-30 minutes. The interviews were video recorded. Transcriptions of both the translated interview and participant ASL were completed. The interview questions were evaluated using a rubric for evaluating the quality and clarity of the interview guide based on interview technique best practices. The interview sessions were analyzed and coded using both exploratory techniques and a-priori coding scheme based on food safety constructs of the survey. Modifications to the final in-depth interviews included a more structured approach to assess understanding of food safety concepts asked in the survey, attitudes towards food safety, perceived risk of getting food borne illness, perceived control in preventing food borne illness, food safety practices intentions, behaviors, and perceived norms. The final interview guide is designed to explore more of the awareness and understanding of common food safety education concepts such as the FoodSafety.gov 4 steps to food safety program as well as ASL signs for food safety and other common terminology used in food safety education. These concepts replace more general questions regarding survey structure and the dissemination of the curriculum. A focus group guide was developed to explore the key food safety concepts critical for inclusion in the food safety curriculum with emphasis on tailoring the messages to the target population of Deaf teenagers. Two focus groups were conducted on July 26, 2015 at the International Association of Food Protection in Portland Oregon. The 15 participants, 5 male- 10 females work in a variety of setting from the USDA food safety programing to industry food safety education and consumer food safety extension programs. 40% (n= 6) reported working in extension and 60% (n=8) work directly with consumer food safety education. The average work experience in food safety was 10-15 years. Focus group participants were asked to rank the importance of both general food safety education (4 steps to food safety) and fresh produce safety (Produce Pro) in terms impact on reducing risk for food borne illness. Additionally the focus group explored barriers to communicating food safety concepts, strategies for teaching food safety concepts effectively, consensus on critical consumer food safety behaviors, and a concise definition for food safety that might be adapted into the food safety education curriculum. The focus groups were videotaped. The focus group sessions were transcribed and exploratory coding technique was applied in addition to the a-priori coding scheme established in the focus group guide.
Publications
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Progress 09/01/13 to 08/31/14
Outputs
Target Audience: The target audience for this project is Deaf and hard of hearing teenagers (14-18 years old). During this reporting period, deaf teenagers enrolled in the deaf schools in the states of Arizona, California, Idaho, Oregon, Texas, and Washington were reached. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? One graduate student attended the Tools for Change conference in Idaho spring of March 2014. This conference is for transitioning youth with disabilities and the people who support them in this transition to post-secondary school life. This opportunity was in collaboration with the University of Idaho’s Center for Disabilities and Human Development. The same graduate student is being trained in qualitative research methods to develop the in-depth interview (Objective 1) and focus group questions (Objective 2). In addition, PD (Ryu) attended the NIFA Project Directors’ meeting (5/7 - 5/8/14, Washington, DC). How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Once we complete Objective 1 by concluding the national survey and in-depth interviews, Delphi focus group studies will be conducted to develop a culturally sensitive education strategy (Objective 2). The purpose is to create a culturally appropriate food safety education program for this target audience to improve overall food safety education and provide participants with food safety related job skills to assist in their transition to life post-secondary education.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
As outlined in Objective 1, Evaluation of knowledge, attitudes, and handling practices towards fresh and fresh-cut produce, the development of the national survey instrument was completed in a print and online format with American Sign Language (ASL) translations in May 2014. The project team identified key food safety knowledge and behaviors required to reduce the risk of foodborne illness. These factors were grouped into the following construct areas: General Food safety attitude and knowledge, Frequency of food preparation specifically fresh produce, Food handling practices, Hand washing knowledge and practices corresponding to key food safety recommendations (WHO, USDA, and FDA). Additionally the pilot survey contained questions measuring factors influencing hand washing frequency and familiarity with common food safety related words and phrases. Statistical analysis of the pilot survey revealed a Cronbach’s alpha score of 0.697 overall, the internal reliability of the survey instrument was adequate to conclude it captured the constructs consistently throughout the survey. Evaluation of the pilot survey results and feedback lead to the revision of the survey instrument, which was completed by September 2014. Video ASL translations of the final survey instrument will be included in a DVD accompanying the survey (Objective 1). The survey was shortened and modified to improve readability, visual appeal, decrease fatigue, and address specific food safety knowledge, attitude, and behavior constructs more efficiently with improved internal reliability. Recruitment for administration of the national survey is completed. Schools in California, Idaho, Indiana, Maryland, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, and Washington have agreed to administer the surveys to students. Completion of the national survey is expected by late November to early December 2014. Data from the pilot survey responses inform the development of the national survey and the in-depth interview questions as well as the development of food safety education approaches.
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