Progress 11/13/13 to 09/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:University and United States Department of agriculture scientists, university extension specialists, county and multi-county extension agents, agricultural consultants, producers Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Crop consultants, extension specialists, extension agents, postdocs, and graduate students participated in the planning and conduct of field demonstrations, extension publications, trainings, and grower meetings. University researchers, United States Department of Agriculture researchers, postdocs, students, and extension specialists collaborated in the planning and conduct of field experiments, developing and presenting papers at professional society meetings, writing journal articles, and writing grants. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?By refereed journal articles, trade journal articles, fact sheets, field demonstrations, trainings, presentations at professional society meetings, websites, social media, field consultations, and phone consultations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Research is in progress to evaluate tomato cultivars and advanced breeding lines for resistance to tospoviruses. Research is underway to evaluate the potential to increase beneficial organisms in vegetables. Research is underway to evaluate plant volatiles, thrips, and minute pirate bug semiochemicals as a means to increase management efforts against thrips and tospoviruses in vegetable crops.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Florida is the second largest strawberry producer in the United States with approximately 10,000 acres harvested annually and currently valued at $400 millionUS. Flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) are pests of numerous fruit and vegetable crops and can cause direct injury by feeding on and reproducing in the flowers and fruits. Frankliniella occidentalis and F. bispinosa injury to strawberry is not clearly understood, and characterization varies widely among strawberry producing areas due to conflicting results. Densities of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 or 32 adult females were confined on strawberry plants with one flower for 2, 5, or 10 days. Strawberry injury was characterized and quantified after 21 days. Densities as low as two adult Frankliniella occidentalis females per flower caused significant increases in cat-facing and decreases in fruit size and fruit set. Frankliniella bispinosa did not cause significant injury or reduced fruit set, even at thrips densities as high as 32 adults per flower. Fruits and vegetables are frequently attacked by Corynothrips stenopterus Giard and redbanded thrips Selenothrips rubrocinctus Williams, respectively. Most farmers who grow these crops apply synthetic insecticides on a calendar basis, but there are no well-established studies on the effectiveness or toxicity of different chemical insecticides on these species of thrips. In order to develop an integrated pest management plan for these two thrips species, the present study was undertaken. The objective was to determine the toxicity of eight insecticides with different modes of action that are used in the control of other thrips species. Commercial formulations of Chlorfenapyr, Imidacloprid, Chlorpyrifos, Spinosad, Malathion, Thiamethoxam, Spinetoram, and α-Cypermethrin were evaluated on adults of both thrips species under laboratory conditions. Probit analyses showed that Spinetoram, Spinosad and Chlorfenapyr were the most effective against both thrips species with median lethal dosages of 50% below 1μg/ml for both species: 0.12, 0.08, and 0.21 μg/ml for C. stenopterus, and 6 x 10-3, 0.06, and 0.53 μg/ml for S. rubrocinctus. The other five insecticides tested indicated that C. stenopterus had a higher susceptibility than S. rubrocinctus. Among all the insecticides tested, Malathion was the least efficacious against both thrips species. The mortality rate in the control treatments never exceeded 10%. This study suggests that Spinetoram, Spinosad and Chlorfenapyr are the most efficacious insecticides for the control of both thrips species. A push-pull strategy for reducing populations of the thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), F. bispinosa (Morgan), and F. tritici (Fitch) in tomato was evaluated. Push components consisted of ultraviolet (UV)-reflective mulch and foliar applications of kaolin and the pull component consisted of the companion plant Bidens alba (L.). Replicated field experiments were conducted in 2011 and 2012. Adult and larval thrips were reduced by UV-reflective mulch during early and mid-flowering of tomato. Spray applications of kaolin were effective in reducing adult and larval thrips during early, mid-, and late-flowering. The pull effects of the B. alba companion plants were additive and sometimes synergistic with the push effects of UV-reflective mulch and kaolin in reducing the adult males of each thrips species and the females of F. bispinosa. The strategy was not effective in reducing the adult females of F. tritici and F. occidentalis. In addition to attracting the Frankliniella species adults, the companion plants were hosts for the thrips predator Orius insidiosus (Say). The companion plants combined with UV-reflective mulch and kaolin proved effective as a push-pull system for suppressing flower thrips, including F. occidentalis which is a serious pest of tomato worldwide.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Adkins, S., Baker, C.A., Warfield, C.Y., Estévez de Jensen, C., Badillo-Vargas, I., Webster, C.G., Frantz, G., Mellinger, H. C., Funderburk, J.E. and Naidu, R. Viruses of ornamentals emerging in Florida and the Caribbean region. Acta Horticulturae 1193: 17-20.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Walter, N. T., V. O. Adeleye, P. K. Muthomi, R. J. Ortiz Rojas, I. Strzyzewski, J. Funderburk, and X. Martini. Toxicity of different insecticides against two thrips pests of concern in Central America. Florida Entomologist 101: 627-633.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Tyler-Julian, K., J. Funderburk, M. Srivastava, S. Olson, and S. Adkins. Evaluation of a push-pull system for the management of Frankliniella species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in tomato. Insects 9(4), 187 doi:10.3390/insects9040187
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Cluever, J.D., H. A. Smith, J. E. Funderburk, and G. Frantz. western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet ENY883.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Funderburk, J., S. Adkins, J. Freeman, S. Hutton, P. Stansly, H. Smith, E. McAvoy, C. Snodgrass, M. Paret, and N. Leppla. Managing thrips and tospoviruses in tomato. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Fact Sheet ENY859.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Cluever, J. D., H. A. smith, J. E. Funderburk, and G. Frantz. Thrips in Florida strawberry crops. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet ENY883.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Funderburk, J., S. Retiz, P. Stansly, J. Freeman, C. Miller, G. McAvoy, A. Whiddon, O. Demirozer, G. Nuessley, and Norm Leppla. Managing thrips in pepper and eggplant. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service Fact Sheet ENY658.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Funderburk, J. Integrated pest management programs for thrips and tospoviruses in horticultural crops. International Congress on Phytosanitation in Horticultural Crops. Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Funderburk, J. Principles of IPM and study case. University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service In-service Training, Quincy, Florida.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Strzyzewski, I., J. Renkema, J. Funderburk, and X. Martini. Adding flowering plants on strawberry field edges to enhance natural enemies and pollinators and improve pest control and fruit quality. Florida Entomological Society meeting, St. Augustine, Florida.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Larrel, P., R. Ripa, J. Funderburk, and E. Lopez. Population abundance, spatial distribution, and a binomial sampling plan for Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in avocado. Florida Entomologist 101: 166-171.
|
Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:University and United States Department of Agriculture scientists, university extension specialists, county and multi-county extension agents, agricultural consultants, producers Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Crop consultants, extension specialists, extension agents, postdocs, and graduate students participated in the planning and conduct of field demonstrations, extension publications, trainings, and grower meetings. University researchers, USDA researchers, postdocs, students, and extension specialists collaborated in the planning and conduct of field experiments, developing and presenting papers at professional society meetings, writing journal articles and writing grants. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Br refereed journal articles, trade journal articles, fact sheets, field demonstrations, trainings, presentations at professional society meetings, websites, social media, field consultations, and phone consultations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Research is in progress to evaluate tomato cultivasrs and advanced breeding lines for resistance to tospoviruses. Research is being conducted to develop economic injury levels and management tactics for thrips in strawberries. Research was begun to evaluate the potential to increase beneficial organisms in strawberries and blueberry landscapes in Florida. Research is underway to evaluate plant volatiles, thrips, and minute pirate bug semiochemicals as means to increase management efforts against thrips and tospoviruses in vegetable crops.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The African thrips Ceratothripoides brunneus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was discovered in Florida for the first time from North America, collected from flowers of Asystasia gangetica (Acanthaceae) in Miami-Dade County, Florida. The affinity of Ceratothripoides brunneus for solanaceous plants in other regions of the world suggests that future detection in Florida in commerical pepper, tomato, and eggplant production areas is likely. Surveys reveal that Tomato chlorotic spot virus, a recent invasion, has become the predominant tospovirus infecting fruiting vegetables in southern Florida. Sweet basil, purslane, and protulaca were identified during this reporting period as additional natural hosts for this tospovirus. The economic impact of the greenhouse thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), has increased on avocados as a consequence of the high value of the crop and the increased injury to the fruit surface. The population dynamics, phenology, and patterns of aggregation of H. haemorrhoidalis was determined with the objective of rationalizing the use of pesticides using a therapeutic control approach. New colonies developed on the leaves and small fruits, reaching greatest numbers at the beginning of the winter months. Immature stages were greater in number than the adults during most of the production season. The spatial distribution was calculated using Taylor's power law, showing an aggregated pattern with indices of 1.46 and 1.53 on leaves and fruits, respectively. Pooled data were used to describe the relationship between population density and the proportion of infested leaves and fruit. In the case of a density of about two thrips per leaf or fruit, the proportion of infested samples was 0.8. Sample size curves were generated as a function of mean density of thrips with about twenty presence/absence samples needed to estimate densities of 0.5 thrips or more at a precision level of 25%.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Raid, R. N., J. R. Allingham, J. E. Funderburk, T. Skarlinsky, S. F. Hutton, W. W. Turechek and S. Adkins. 2017. First Report of Tomato chlorotic spot virus in Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum) and Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) in Florida. Plant Health Progress 18: 126-128 doi:10.1094/PHP-04-17-0027-BR.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Skarlinsky, T., J. Funderburk, and F. Soto-Adames. 2017. Ceratothripoides brunneus Bagnal (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) recorded from Florida. Florida Entomologist 100: 495-497.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Skarlinsky, T., P. Rugman-Jones, J. Funderburk, R. Stouthamer, and C. Sanabria Ujueta. 2017. Adult identity crisis in Leucothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) associated with the tropical ornamental plant Codiaeum variegatum. Florida Entomologist 100: 509-514.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Est�vez de Jensen, C., I. E. Badillo-Vargas, G. Frantz, H. C. Mellinger, W. W. Turechek, S. F. Hutton, J. E. Funderburk, R. A. Naidu, and Scott Adkins. 2017. First report of Tomato chlorotic spot virus in non-solanaceous weeds Erect Spiderling (Boerhavia erecta) and Asian Spiderflower (Cleome viscosa), and Sweet Chili Pepper (Capsicum chinense) in Puerto Rico. Plant Health Progress 18: 17-18. doi:10.1094/PHP-12-16-0072-BR .
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Wente, R. L., S. F. Hutton, S. Adkins, W. Turechek, and J. Funderburk. 2017. Tospovirus-resistant tomato varieties for southern Florida. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Document HS1311.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Sprague, D. and J. Funderburk. 2017. Entomopathogenic nematodes of thrips Thripinema spp. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Document EENY 681.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Funderburk, J. 2017. Challenges and opportunities in the management of thrips and tospoviruses. Meeting of the Southeastern Branch of the Entomological Society of America, Memphis, Tennessee.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Funderburk, J. 2017. Managing thrips in organic strawberry. Organic strawberry growers meeting. Balm, Florida.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Renkema, J., S. Devkota, B. Panthi, O. Liburd, and J. Funderburk. 2017. Insecticide rotations for thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) management in Florida strawberry. Entomological Society of America. Denver, Colorado.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Adkins, S., S. F. Hutton, C. E. de Jensen, J. E. Funderburk, and W. W. Turechek. 2017. Current status of Tomato chlorotic spot virus in Florida and the Caribbean. American Phytopathological Society, San Antonio, Texas.
|
Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:University and United States Department of Agriculture scientists, university extension specialists, county and multi-county extension agents, agricultural consultants, vegetable producers Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Crop consultants, extension specialists, extension agents, postdocs, and graduate students participated directly in the planning and conduct of field demonstrations, extension publications, trainings, and grower meetings. University researchers, USDA researchers, posdocs, students, and extension specialists collaborated in the planning and conduct of field experiments, developing and presenting papers at professional society meetings, writing journal articles and writing grants. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?By refereed journal articles, trade journal articles, fact sheets, field demonstrations, trainings, presentations at professional society meetings, websites, social media, field consultations, email consultations, and phone consultations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Research is in progress to evaluate tomato cultivars and advanced breeding lines for resistance to tospoviruses. Research is being concluded to develop economic injury levels and management tactics for thrips in strawberries. Research was begun to evaluate the potential to increase beneficial organisms in the strawberry and blueberry farmscape of central Florida. Research is planned to evaluate plant volatiles, and thrips and minute pirate bug semiochemicals as means to increase management efforts against thrips and tospoviruses in vegetable crops.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Environmental factors are hypothesized to account for spatial and temporal differences in Florida in the abundance and distribution of the native thrips species, Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan) and the invasive Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Laboratory experiments were conducted at a constant temperature of 23 ± 1°C to investigate the effects of humidity on the fecundity and egg incubation of F. bispinosa and F. occidentalis. Adult thrips were allowed to oviposit on green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pods. Eggs were maintained at relative humidity treatment levels of 40 ± 5, 55 ± 5, 70 ± 5, and 80 ± 5%. Fecundity and time of egg hatch was determined every 12 and 24 h, respectively. Results showed that F. bispinosa had a higher fecundity and a lower time to egg hatch compared with F. occidentalis at higher humidity levels. These results partially explained patterns of abundance and distribution of F. bispinosa and F. occidentalis in Florida. When relative humidity were high in summer and fall, populations of F. bispinosa were abundant and populations of F. occidentalis were very low. Management strategies for F. bispinosa and F. occidentalis can be improved to accommodate the biological differences. Frequent US port of entry quarantine interceptions of unidentifiable larval Leucothrips species in association with Codiaeum variegatum ornamental plants from Costa Rica, initiated research to determine if these thrips were an invasive threat to USA agriculture. Larval and adult Leucothrips were collected from the new growth leaves of C. variegatum and other plants in Florida and Costa Rica. There were no morphological differences among adult specimens from different hosts in Florida and Costa Rica; all identified as L. furcatus by comparison with type specimens. However, morphological differences in larvae associated with these adult specimens, were evident. DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit one (COI), and two regions of the nuclear ribosomal cistron (rRNA) (the complete internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and a section of the 28S large subunit rRNA) were used to verify that larvae and adults collected together were the same species. The molecular data revealed species level divergence congruent with larval morphological differences. Feeding by Frankliniella (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) thrips causes economic damage to strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duchesne; Rosales: Rosaceae) crops in Florida and in other production regions worldwide. Resistance to spinosyn insecticides, particularly in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a major concern for strawberry and other crops. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of 6 insecticide programs on the numbers and species composition of thrips attacking strawberry on a season-long basis in Florida. Five insecticide programs included spinetoram applied once, twice, or 3 times in the rotation, alternated with acetamiprid, cyantraniliprole (Cyazypyr®), novaluron, sulfoxaflor, and/or tolfenpyrad. Also included in the treatments were bifenthrin and a non-treated check. Thrips densities were sampled weekly in flowers, and in both flowers and fruits, 2 d after treatment applications. The primary thrips species recovered from strawberry flowers and fruit was Frankliniella bispinosa Morgan. Other species included F. occidentalis, Frankliniella schultzei (Trybom), Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood, Scolothrips spp., Thrips spp. (all Thripidae), and Haplothrips gowdeyi (Franklin) (Phlaeothripidae), Frankliniella bispinosa was controlled by all insecticide programs. Numbers of F. occidentalis thrips were not reduced by any spinetoram-based rotation relative to the control in either year. Repeated applications of bifenthrin increased numbers of F. occidentalis thrips relative to the control each year, and increased numbers of F. schultzei thrips relative to the control in 2014. The thrips predator Orius sp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) was not observed in the bifenthrin treatment and was rare in other treatments. Insecticide rotations in Florida strawberry appear to shift the species composition from F. bispinosa to F. occidentalis and other insecticide-tolerant species including F. schultzei. Thrips damage to strawberries may be due to the species that is least susceptible to control rather than the species that is most abundant early in the cropping season. However, the relative importance of various stages or species has yet to be critically determined.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Skarlinsky, T., and J. Funderburk. 2016. A key to some Frankliniella (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) larvae found in Florida with descriptions of the first instar of select species. Florida Entomologist 99: 463-470.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Garrick, T. A., O. E. Liburd, and J. Funderburk. 2016. Effect of humidity on fecundity and egg incubation of Frankliniella bispinosa and Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Florida Entomologist 99: 505-508.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Cluever, J. D., H. A. Smith, J. E. Funderburk, G. Frantz, C. A. Nagle, and J. L. Capinera. 2016. Effects of insecticide rotations on density and species composition of thrips (Thysanoptera) in strawberry. Florida Entomologist 99: 203-209.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Badillo-Vargas, I. E., C. A. Baker, W. W. Turechek, G. Frantz, H. C. Mellinger, J. E. Funderburk, and S. Adkins. 2016. Genomic and biological characterization of Tomato necrotic streak virus, a novel subgroup 2 ilarvirus infecting tomato in Florida. Plant Disease 100: 1046-1053.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Castillo-Carillo, C., J. Funderburk, and W. Snyder. 2016. Thrips collected from Solanum dulcamara (Solanales: Solanaceae) in Washington and Idaho. Florida Entomologist 99: 306-307.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Funderburk, J., G. Frantz, C. Mellinger, K. Tyler-Julian, and M. Srivastava. 2016. Biotic resistance limits the invasiveness of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Insect Science 23: 175-182.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Hutton, S. F., S. Adkins, J. E. Funderburk, and W. Turechek. 2016. Tospo-resistant variety outlook for South Florida. Florida Tomato Proceedings, University of Florida IFAS Extension Publication pp. 6-7.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Funderburk, J., N. Casusa, N. Leppla, M. Donahoe. 2016. Management of cotton insects. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, EDIS ENY-886.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Strzyzewski, I., J. Funderburk, H. Smith, and J. Renkema. 2016. Injury of Frankliniella species to strawberry. International Congress of Entomology, Orlando, Florida.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Sprague, D., and J. Funderburk. 2016. Resistance in Frankliniella thrips to spinosyn and neonicotinoid insecticides. International Congress of Entomology, Orlando, Florida.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Funderburk J. 2016. Managing thrips and thrips-vectored viruses in Florida crops. Certified Crop Advisor Training. Gainesville, Florida.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Funderburk, J., and S. Adkins. 2016. Management of thrips and tospoviruses in fruiting vegetables. Palm Beach County Extension meeting.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Sprague, D., and J. Funderburk. 2016. Resistance monitoring program for thrips in Florida. Palm Beach County Extension meeting.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Sprague, D., and J. Funderburk. 2016. Resistance monitoring program for thrips in Hendry County Extension meeting.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Funderburk, J., and S. Adkins. 2016. Management of thrips and tospoviruses in fruiting vegetables. Hendry County Extension meeting.
|
Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:University and United States Department of Agriculture scientists, university extension specialists, county and multi-county extension agents, agricultural consultants, vegetable producers Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Crop consultants, extension specialists, extension agents, postdocs, and graduate students participated directly in the planning and conduct of field demonstrations, extension publications, in-service trainings, and vegetable grower meetings. University researchers, USDA researchers, postdocs, students, and extension specialists collaborated in the planning and conduct of field experiments, developing and presenting papers at professional society meetings, writing journal articles and writing grants. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?By refereed journal articles, trade journal articles, fact sheets, field demonstrations, in-service trainings, presentations at professional society meetings and commodity meetings, websites, social media, field consultations, email consultations, and phone consultations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Experiments will be continued to develop an integrated pest management approach for thrips in strawberries. This includes research to develop scouting methods, ultraviolet-reflective technologies, conventional insecticides, organic insecticides, and natural enemies. A graduate student is continuing experiments to develop economic thresholds for different species of thrips in conventional, upick, and organic strawberries. The population dynamics of thrips and their natural enemies in strawberry fields and weeds around strawberry farms is being determined at several locations in Florida. Cooperating are university researchers at multiple locations, usda researchers, extension specialists, extension agents, crop consultants, postdocs, and students. This project if funded by a Specialty Crop Block Grant and by private industry. Research is continuing on a novel ilarvirus to determine insect vectors and modes of transmission. Research is planned to evaluate tomato cultivars and advanced breeding lines for resistance to the tospovirus, Tomato chlorotic spot virus.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Genomic and biological characterization of Tomato necrotic streak virus (TomNSV), a 23 recently described ilarvirus infecting tomato in Florida, was completed. The full genome 24 sequence revealed that TomNSV is a novel subgroup 2 ilarvirus with considerably less identity 25 to other previously reported subgroup 1 tomato-infecting ilarviruses including Tobacco streak 26 virus, Parietaria mottle virus and Tomato necrotic spot virus. In a host range experiment, 27 TomNSV infected members of the Solanaceae and Chenopodiaceae plant families, but did not 28 infect Helianthus annuus or Phaseolus vulgaris. In tomato plants, virus moved downwards to 29 the roots from the initial point of infection and then upwards from the roots to tissues of active 30 growth such as fruits, flowers, and young leaves where symptoms were produced. Thus, young 31 leaves, fruits, and flowers are ideal for sampling for TomNSV. The transmission rate by seeds 32 collected from infected tomato was determined to be 0.33%. Collectively, the results of these 33 experiments indicated that TomNSV is the causal agent of the necrotic streak disease of tomato 34 observed in Florida since 2013. Crapemyrtle is a common landscape planting that is a resource subsidy for beneficial insects. Field studies were conducted to determine the influence of crapemyrtle flower color on the population abundances and predator-prey dynamics of the herbivorous Frankliniella species and the predator Orius insidiosus. Adults and immatures of predator and prey were highly anthophilous, preferring white 'Acoma' flowers compared with lavender 'Apalachee', red 'Carolina Beauty', and pink 'Choctaw'. The predator was aggregated with its prey in a density-dependent manner: the adults by preferring the crapemyrtle clones also preferred by the thrips and the nymphs by direct tracking or as a function of increased prey and fecundity. Acoma was best for preference and buildup of O. insidiosus populations, and it was the only clone where there was no buildup in thrips populations. Two species of Karnyothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaoethripidae), predators of small insects, were common in Tillandsia usneoides, an epiphyte on the crapemyrtle. Crapemyrtle is a bridge to enhance populations of O. insidiosus during summer months when there are few other hosts in the southern USA. The spread of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), has resulted in the world-wide destabilization of established integrated pest management programs for many crops. It is hypothesized that frequent exposure to insecticides in intensive agriculture selected for resistant populations, which allowed invasive populations in the eastern USA to overcome biotic resistance from the native community of species. Research conducted in Florida to understand the role of biotic factors in limiting the abundance of the western flower thrips is reviewed. Orius spp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) are effective predators that suppress populations of thrips on crop and non-crop hosts in southern and northern Florida. Orius are more effective predators of the western flower thrips than the native flower thrips, F. tritici (Fitch) and F. bispinosa (Morgan). The native species are competitors of the western flower thrips. Excessive fertilization and the use of broad-spectrum insecticides in crop fields further enhances populations of the western flower thrips. Interactions with native species clearly limit the abundance of western flower thrips in Florida, but populations are abundant in fertilized crop fields where application of insecticides excludes predators and competitor species. The western flower thrips is an invasive thrips pest of tomatoes in the southeastern United States. This species causes crop loss to farmers by injuring fruits and vectoring Tomato spotted wilt virus. Previous attempts to control this species using calendar applications of broad-spectrum insecticides were ineffective. A new method of managing various pest insects in various crop systems has been developed: the push-pull or stimulo-deterrent method. The current study tested various combinations of ultraviolet-reflective and black mulches, applications of kaolin clay, and companion plantings of Spanish needle (Bidens alba) for thrips management in tomatoes in North Florida for two growing seasons. Kaolin clay, ultraviolet reflective mulch and companion plantings all reduced the numbers of thrips on the tomato plants. The companion plants attracted higher numbers of a thrips predator (minute pirate bug, Orius insidiosus) to the field than the tomato crop alone. Additionally, ultraviolet-reflective mulch and companion plantings reduced the incidence of Tomato spotted wilt virus in the field. The results of the study show that these combinations can be successfully used in a push-pull method of thrips and thrips-vectored disease management in tomatoes. Spanish moss, Tillandsia usneoides (L.) (Poales: Bromeliaceae), is widely distributed in the southeastern United States. A diversity of arthropod species from numerous taxa are known to inhabit this common epiphytic plant. Thysanoptera species inhabiting Spanish moss were sampled monthly over the course of a year from trees in 4 different genera and included 10 species of thrips from 8 genera and 3 families represented. Breeding populations of predatory Karnyothrips (Phlaeothripidae) were common in Spanish moss during all months of the year. The adults of 2 phytophagous species of Frankliniella (Thripidae) were common in the spring months, but only a few larvae were collected over the course of the year. The adults of other species collected were: Heterothrips quercicola J. C. Crawford (Heterothripidae); Chilothrips pini Hood, Neohydatothrips variabilis (Beach), and Selenothrips rubrocinctus (Giard) (Thripidae); and Hoplandrothrips pergandei Hinds and Liothrips ocellatus Hood (Phlaeothripidae). Although a diverse group of phytophagous thrips species inhabited Spanish moss, there was little evidence that it was a host. It may simply have been a temporary shelter with no other biologicalsignificance. The predatory thrips were abundant probably feeding on the diverse group of small arthropods that inhabit Spanish moss.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Adkins, S., C. G. Webster, H. C. Mellinger, G. Frantz, W. W. Turechek, E. McAvoy, S. R. Reitz, and J. E. Funderburk. 2015. Detection and characterization of tomato viruses: A case study of emerging tospoviruses in Florida. Acta Horticulturae 1069: 83-85.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Demirozer, O., K. Tyler-Julian, and J. Funderburk. 2015. Seasonal abundance of Thysanoptera species in Tillandsia usneoides (Poales: Bromeliaceae). Florida Entomologist 98: 179-1181.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Rocha, F. H., F. Infante, A. Castillo, G. Ibarro-Nunez, A. Goldarazena, and J. E. Funderburk. 2015. Natural enemies of the Frankliniella species complex (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Insect Science 15: 114; DOI: 10.1093/jiseasa/iev096.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Jeyaprakash, A., C. A. Baker, T. S. Schubert, I. E. Badillo-Vargas, P. D. Roberts, J. E. Funderburk, and S. Adkins. 2015. First report of Squash vine yellowing virus in watermelon in Guatemala. Plant Health Progress 16(3): 113-114. doi: 10.1094/PHP-BR-15-0019.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Badillo-Vargas, I., N. Roe, J. E. Funderburk, and S. Adkins. 2015. First report of Tomato chlorotic spot virus in scarlet eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum) and American black nightshade (Solanum americanum) in the United States. Plant Disease 99(10):1450.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Funderburk, J., G. Frantz, C. Mellinger, K. Tyler-Julian, and M. Srivastava. 2015. Biotic resistance limits the invasiveness of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Insect Science, published online http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.lp.hscl.ufl.edu/doi/10.1111/1744-7917.12250/full
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Webster, C. G., G. Frantz, S. R. Reitz, J. E. Funderburk, H. C. Mellinger, E. McAvoy, W. W. Turechek, S. H. Marshall, Y. Tantiwanich, M. T. McGrath, M. L. Daughtrey, and S. Adkins. 2015. Emergence of Groundnut ringspot virus and Tomato chlorotic spot virus in Vegetables in Florida and the Southeastern United States. Phytopathology 105: 388-398.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Funderburk, C., Funderburk, J., Tyler-Julian, K., Srivistava, M., Knox, G., Andersen, P. and Adkins, S. 2015. Population dynamics of Frankliniella bispinosa (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and the predator Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) as influenced by flower color of Lagerstroemia (Lythraceae). Environmental Entomology 44: 668-679.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Dickey AM, Kumar V, Hoddle MS, Funderburk JE, Morgan JK, Jara-Cavieres A, et al. 2015. The Scirtothrips dorsalis Species Complex: Endemism and Invasion in a Global Pest. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0123747. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123747
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Adkins S, Baker CA, Badillo-Vargas IE, Frantz G, Mellinger HC, Roe N, Funderburk JE, 2015. Necrotic streak disease of tomato in Florida caused by a new ilarvirus species related to Tulare apple mosaic virus. New Disease Reports 31: 16. [http://dx.doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2015.031.016]
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Tyler-Julian, K., J.E. Funderburk, S.M. Olson, M.L. Paret, C. G. Webster, and S. Adkins. 2015. A stimulo-deterrent method of thrips and Tomato spotted wilt virus management in tomatoes. Acta Horticulturae 1069: 251-258.
|
Progress 11/13/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: university and usda research scientists, university extension specialists, county and multi-county extension agents, agricultural consultants, vegetable producers Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Crop consultants, extension specialists, extension agents. postdocs, and graduate students participated directly in the planning and conduct of field demonstrations, extension publications, in-service trainings, and vegetable grower meetings. University researchers, USDA researchers, postdocs, students, and extension specialists collaborated in the planning and conduct of field and laboratory experiments, developing and presenting presentations at professional society meetings, writing journal articles and book chapters, and preparing grants. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? By refereed journal articles, trade journal articles, fact sheets, field demonstrations, in-service trainings, presentations at professional society meetings and commodity meetings, websites, social media, field consultations, email consultations, and phone consultations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Experiments will be conducted to develop an integrated pest management approach for thrips in strawberries. Under evaluation are scouting, ultraviolet-reflective technologies, conventional insecticides, organic insecticides, and natural enemies. A graduate student is conducting experiments to develop economic thresholds for different species of thrips in conventional, organic, and u-pick strawberries. The population dynamics of thrips and their natural enemies in strawberry and weeds around strawberry fields will be determined on conventional, organic, and u-pick strawberry farms at several locations in Florida. Cooperating will be other university researchers at multiple locations, usda researchers, extension specialists, extension agents, crop consultants, postdocs, and students. This project is funded by a Specialty Crop Block Grant and by private industry. Virtually nothing is known abouta not-yet-named novel tomato virus and significant knowledge gaps in the biology of Tobacco streak virus exist, which limit our abilities to develop effective management for these related viruses.Experiments will be conductedto fill these knowledge gaps to develop diagnostic tests, identify affected specialty crops, determine insect vectors and mode of transmission, characterize spatial/temporal dynamics of viruses and vectors by field surveys, and evaluate control measures for virus management. This project is funded by a Specialty Crop Block Grant.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Two Asian species of Thripidae were reported breeding in northern Florida on kudzu (Pueraria lobata), Salpingothrips aimotofus Kudo in the shoots, and Megalurothrips distalis Karny in the flowers, the latter being a new record for North America. A push-pull strategy for managing Frankliniella bispinosa thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in pepper was evaluated in southern Florida in 2011 and 2012. Push components of ultraviolet (UV)-reflective mulch and foliar applications of kaolin and the pull component of companion plantings of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) were evaluated alone and in combination in replicated field experiments. Populations of thrips were abundant in the flowers of pepper and sunflower both years. Weekly applications of kaolin reduced thrips populations in pepper throughout flowering on the standard black mulch and the UV-reflective mulch. Yield was increased by kaolin application on both mulch types. UV-reflective mulch reduced thrips and increased yield of large fruits compared to black mulch. Kaolin application reduced populations of Orius insidiosus and O. pumilio (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae).These thrips predators were not much affected by mulch treatment. Companion plantings of sunflowers altered the abundances of thrips in the pepper flowers but populations of Orius were not altered. The symbiosis of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can improve crop growth by enhancing nutrient uptake and by increasing the plant's tolerance to certain pests. Pest populations also can be affected, but the effects of mycorrhizal colonization of plant hosts on species of thrips are unknown. We inoculated two-week-old bell pepper seedling roots with a commercial mycorrhizal mixture of Glomus species (Glomales: Zygomycotina) and evaluated the effects eight weeks later on the bell pepper pest, western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)). Females that were 10-days-old after adult emergence significantly preferred plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizae compared to non-inoculated plants in a laboratory choice experiment. Their numbers were greater on inoculated plants 48 hours after release into cages containing inoculated and non-inoculated plants. A no-choice laboratory experiment compared performance of F. occidentalis on non-inoculated and inoculated bell pepper plants. Twelve days after females that were 10-days-old after adult emergence were released into cages containing individual plants, there were greater total thrips (larvae, pupae, and adults) on treated plants, and the difference in numbers compared to untreated plants was significant. We conclude that adults preferred and performed better on pepper plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Further testing over a range of plant host fertility levels is needed to evaluate the potential for increased pest damage from F. occidentalis on crops growing in mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Additional interactions with other microorganisms and natural enemies are possible under field conditions. Insects evolve resistance which constrains the sustainable use of insecticides. Spinosyns, a class of envrionment-friendly macrolide insecticide, is not an exception. The mode of inheritance and the mechanisms of resistance to spinosad (the most common spinosyn insecticide) in Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips, WFT) were investigated in this study. Resistance (170,000-fold) was autosomal and completely recessive. Recent studies showed that deletion of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α6 subunit gene resulted in strains of Drosophila melanogaster, Plutella xylostella and Bactrocera dorsalis which are resistant to spinosad, indicating that nAChRα6 subunit may be important for the toxic action of this insecticide. Conversely, a G275E mutation in F. occidentalis was recently proposed as the mechanism of resistance to spinosad. We cloned and characterized the nAChRα6 subunit of F.occidentalis from three susceptible and two spinosad resistant strains from China and the USA. The Foα6 cDNA is 1873-bp and the open reading frame is 1458-bp which encodes 485 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 53.49-kDa, the 5' and 3' UTRs are 121 and 294-bp, respectively. There was no difference in the cDNA sequence between the resistant and susceptible thrips suggesting the G275E mutation does not confer resistance in these populations. Ten isoforms of Foα6, arising from alternative splicing, were isolated, but did not differ between the spinosad-susceptible and resistant strains. Quantitative real time PCR analysis showed Foα6 was highly expressed in the first instar nymph, pupa and adult, and the expression level were 3.67, 2.47, 1.38 times higher than that of the second instar nymph. The expression level was not significantly different between the susceptible and resistant strains. These results indicate that Foα6 is not involved in resistance to spinosad in F. occidentalis from China and the USA. Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) and Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) are two emerging tospoviruses in Florida. In a survey of the southeastern U.S., GRSV and TCSV were frequently detected in solanaceous crops and weeds with tospovirus-like symptoms in south Florida, and occurred sympatrically with Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in tomato and pepper in south Florida. TSWV was the only tospovirus detected in other survey locations, with the exceptions of GRSV from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in South Carolina and New York, both of which are first reports. Impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were the only non-solanaceous GRSV and/or TCSV hosts identified in experimental host range studies. Little genetic diversity was observed in GRSV and TCSV sequences, likely due to the recent introductions of both viruses. All GRSV isolates characterized were reassortants and had the same genotype. In laboratory transmission studies, Frankliniella schultzei was a more efficient vector of GRSV than F. occidentalis. TCSV was acquired more efficiently than GRSV by F. occidentalis but, once acquired, transmission frequencies were similar. Further spread of GRSV and TCSV in the U.S. is possible and detection of mixed infections highlights the opportunity for additional reassortment of tospovirus genomic RNAs.
Publications
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Funderburk, J., S. Adkins, J. Freeman, P. Stansly, H. Smith, G. McAvoy, O. Demirozer, C. Snodgrass, M. Paret, and N. Leppla. 2014 (revised). Managing thrips and tospoviruses in tomato. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Document ENY 859 available at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu .
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Funderburk, J., H. Denmark, and T. Fasulo. 2014 (revised). Leaf-gall thrips of Ficus, Gynaikothrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) ENY324 Featured Creature University of Florida IFAS Cooperative Extension Service Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. 5 pp.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Funderburk, J., S. R. Reitz, P. A. Stansly, J. H. Freeman, E. McAvoy, A. J. Whiddon, G. S. Nuessly, and N. C. Leppla. 2014 (revised). Managing thrips in pepper and eggplant. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Document ENY 658 available at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Funderburk, J., M. Srivastava, and R. Hochmuth. 2014. Western flower thrips develop resistance in North Florida. Panhandle Agriculture.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Funderburk, J., and M. Srivastava. Western flower thrips developing resistance. Southeast Farm Press.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Webster, C. G., G. Frantz, S. R. Reitz, J. E. Funderburk, H. C. Mellinger, E. M. McAvoy, W. W. Turechek, Y. Tantiwanich, S. H. Marshall, M. T. McGrath, M. L. Daughtrey, and S. Adkins. 2014. Emergence of Groundnut ringspot virus and Tomato chlorotic spot virus in Florida and the southeastern US. Phytopathology http://apsjournals.apsnet.org.lp.hscl.ufl.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1094/PHYTO-06-14-0172-R
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Tyler-Julian, K., J. Funderburk, G. Frantz, and C. Mellinger. 2014. Evaluation of a push-pull system for the management of Frankliniella bispinosa (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in bell peppers. Environmental Entomology 43: 1364-1378.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Infante, F., J. de Leon, J. Valle-Mora, and J. E. Funderburk. 2014. Toxicity of insecticides to Frankliniella invasor (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) under laboratory conditions. Florida Entomologist 97: 626-630.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Srivistava, M., J. Funderburk, O. Demirozer, S. Olson, and S. Reitz. 2014. Impacts on natural enemies and competitor thrips of insecticides against Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in fruiting vegetables. Florida Entomologist 97: 337-348.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Demirozer, O., K. Tyler-Julian, and J. Funderburk. 2014. Association of pepper with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influences Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) preference and performance. Journal of Entomological Science 49: 156-165.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Hou, W., Q. Liu, Q. Wu, K. san Miguel, J. Funderburk, and J. Scott. 2014. The ?6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit of Frankliniella occidentalis is not involved in resistance to spinosad. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 111: 60-67.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Tyler-Julian, K., J. Funderburk, and L. A. Mound. 2014. Megalurothrips distalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) breeding in the flowers of kudzu in Florida. Florida Entomologist 97: 835-840.
|
|