RESEARCH AND ACTION FOR EMPOWERING RESIDENTS OF FOOD DESERTS

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: EVANS-ALLEN
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1000106
• Project Start Date: Oct 1, 2013
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2016
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
NORTH CAROLINA A&T STATE UNIV
1601 EAST MARKET STREET
GREENSBORO,NC 27411

Performing Department
AGRIBUSINESS, APPLIED ECONOMICS, AND AGRISCIENCE EDUCATIO

Non Technical Summary
Food deserts are poor urban areas where residents are not able to buy affordable healthy food. Because food deserts are characterized by the absence of full service supermarkets that offer a wide variety of affordable healthy food, convenience stores that offer mostly unhealthy food choices, poverty and many residents without transportation to access healthier food choices outside their neighborhood, living in food deserts predisposes residents to deleterious health outcomes. Given the estimated health care cost of diet related diseases associated with unhealthy eating habits and the lack of research on food deserts in the U.S., the USDA identified research on food deserts and its impact on populations as a priority. To address this research need and the problem of access to healthy foods, the project will employ listening sessions and surveys to collect data that will define the relationship between personal characteristics, social and cultural factors and the structure of the food desert environment that affect access and choice. This knowledge will be used to design and implement a nutrition education program that will equip residents to make healthier food choices, adopt healthier eating habits and wiser shopping behaviors. Additionally, through the development of community-based production units with community partnership, the project will increase residents' access to fresh fruits and vegetables. The project will solicit community input and provide community feedback through a series of community forums. The potential benefits of this project include, residents having increased access to fresh fruits and vegetables, residents with knowledge of how to make healthier food choices and wiser shopping decisions, increased intake of fruits and vegetables, knowledge of the impact of food deserts on food choice and buying behavior and over the long run a reduction in diet related diseases.

Animal Health Component

25%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

75%

Applied

25%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
803	6050	3080	100%

Knowledge Area
803 - Sociological and Technological Change Affecting Individuals, Families, and Communities;

Subject Of Investigation
6050 - Communities, areas, and regions;

Field Of Science
3080 - Sociology;

Keywords

food desert

high tunnel

food choices

nutrition education

Goals / Objectives
The overall goal of this proposal is to engage residents of 12 minority communities of District 2 in eastern Greensboro in an action research project to modify the food desert environment to produce desirable health outcomes for residents. To accomplish the aforementioned goal the project will pursue the following specific objectives: Investigate the influence of personal, social and cultural factors, and the structure of food deserts on eating habits and buying behavior of residents in food deserts with the intention of improving heath related outcomes. Develop a nutrition education intervention program geared to using the information from objective one to train selected residents in making healthy choices, shopping wisely and incorporating healthy nutritious food in their daily diets. Work with community residents to establish community-based production units employing semi-intensive technologies (high tunnels).

Project Methods
The project will design a and implement a nutrition education program for training residents to adopt healthy eating habits and shopping behavior and develop community-based production units to increase access to fruits and vegetables. The project will employ an action research approach, which includes community residents as partners in the research process. This approach assumes that residents have unique knowledge of their situation which is useful in designing solutions to their problems. The focus of this approach is on generating knowledge about and understanding of the urban food desert and then using this knowledge and understanding to create the desired change. listening sessions will be designed to collect rich data on residents' personal characteristics, buying behavior, eating habits, their perception of the food desert environment, that is, the structure of the food environment -restaurants , gas stations corner convenience stores and the impact these have on the ability of food desert residence to make healthy food purchases. Data will also be collected on attitudes toward healthy eating and USDA recommendations for daily food nutrient intake, the impact of advertisement and the influence of culture on eating habits and ways of meal preparation. The rich background data from listening sessions will enable researchers to interpret and gain a deeper understanding of survey results from a larger sample of the study population. These listening sessions allow researchers to assess the salience, relevance and understanding of concepts, and clarify concepts, which facilitates the development of a more valid and reliable questionnaire for the survey of a random sample drawn from the general population. Option Finder an audience response system will be used in listening sessions to collect unfiltered data, anonymously, as participants respond to interactive questions created on the fly. This means questions and issues can be generated in real time by the participants themselves. Participants can be polled on each question and the result displayed immediately, allowing participants to give feedback. Option Finder supports qualitative and quantitative techniques that will be used to analyze data from listening sessions. Experts in the field will review the questionnaire for content validity and hold-out sample will be used to pretest the questionnaire, adjustments will be made as needed. Researchers will use an established sampling protocol to generate a sample size that ensures adequate statistical power. Data will be analyzed using qualitative decision-making models such as Analytic Hierarchy Process. AHP will provide insights into relationships among preference criteria residents use to choose among alternatives. We will also apply Fuzzy Pair-wise Comparisons, to define dimensions of food purchase behavior and explain dietary choices. Researchers will use a food frequency questionnaire to collect pretest data or baseline data on food intake (including fruit and vegetable) and posttest data to track changes in intake during and following the nutrition education intervention program. Researchers will conduct both formative and summative evaluation. Researchers will use a Gantt chart to identify and track the implementation of project activities. Data will be collected on timeliness of implementation and the response of participants to project activities and participation rates in training activities. For summative evaluation, data will be collected on changes in pattern of food intake, changes in participants' knowledge and attitude toward healthy eating and food buying habits, the production and sale of fruits and vegetables form production units.

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Residents of the 12 underserved communities of District 2 in northeast Greensboro, Greensboro City Council, members of Concerned citizens of North East Greensboro, Citizens for Environmental and Economic Justice, Renaissance Community Co-op, the Redevelopment Commission of the City of Greensboro, The City of Council of Greensboro, the City of Greensboro and Cooperative Extension are the target audience for this research. Changes/Problems:The project will establish only 2 high tunnels out of the three originally planned. This may affect the overall sustainability of the project. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The project provided opportunities for the project director to participate in regional conferences and research training and project management for two students, one of whom completed his master's degree and thesis. The project director attended a three-day training course in project management. The project director worked with our extension collaborator provided training opportunities in techniques for managing the high tunnel production system. The project provided training for members of the executive committee in the development of a marketing plan and production operations plan for managing and scheduling production to meet the needs of the community and generate revenue to sustain the high tunnel system. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results and information about the contribution of the project in improving access to fresh fruits and vegetables were disseminated through regular community meetings convened by our community partners -CCNEG and the Citizens for Environmental and Economic Justice (CEEJ). The project director attends regular monthly meetings of CCNEG Executive Planning Committee. Project results were also disseminated through conference presentations, nutrition education workshops and published articles. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In the next period: The project will install and bring into production another high tunnel The project will conduct a 32 nutrition education workshops sessions for 80 participants Provide assistance and research training for three students Provide training in high tunnel production management to 20 community members Complete a parking lot and paved access to the urban farm Conduct a large sample survey to collect data on the connection among of food-related values, food-related lifestyle and food-related behavior in the community of food desert residence. Track the intake of vegetables by community members in the project area. Conduct an experiment to determine the impact of high-low goal and single digit goal on vegetable intake among participants in the nutrition education workshop. Continue to provide management and marketing training for the marketing committee members.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Key accomplishments include the installation and bringing into production one high tunnel. The project produced a small crop of cucumbers and established the entire tunnel with a leafy cool season vegetables: spinach, Chinese cabbage, brown leaf lettuce and butter leaf lettuce. The project developed a marketing plan and established a marketing/distribution channel through the community grocery store and a supermarket chain. The project worked with the City Council of Greensboro to develop engineering plans to construct a parking lot and paved access to the high tunnel. One of two students supported by the project completed his thesis: Exploration of the Relationship Among Food-related Values, Food -related Lifestyle and Food-related Behavior- A Basis for Changing Dietary Habits of Food Desert Residents. Key Impacts resulting from the above accomplishments include: The community now has the capacity and skill to produce fresh vegetables using high tunnel technology The community now has regular access to affordable fresh fruits and vegetables The community through CCNEG has a production plan and a marketing plan to operate the urban farm sustainably. Over the long term it is likely that significantly more community members will increase their intake of fresh vegetables, which will result in the improvement of overall health status of community members in the study area.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2017 Citation: Terrence Thomas and Cihat Gunden. (2017). Leveraging the relationship among food- related Values, food-related lifestyle and food-related behavior to create change in dietary habits of food desert residents. Agro FOOD Industry Hi Tech.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Terrence Thomas, Cihat Gunden and Bulent Miran (2016). Exploring the Relevance of Food-Related Values, Food-Related Lifestyle and Food-Related Behavior for Leveraging Change in Dietary Habits of Food Desert Residents. Faculty of Agricultural Economic Conference, 25-27 May, 2016, Suleyman Demirel University, Ispata, Turkey.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Terrence Thomas, Cihat Gunden, Befikadu Legesse. Food-related Values, Food-related Lifestyle and Food-related behavior: A Basis for Driving Change in Dietary Behavior. Southern Rural Sociological Association Annual Conference, Mobil Alabama, February 4-7, 2017.

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience for this project was residents of the 12 underserved communities of District 2 in Northeast Greensboro, the Greensboro City Council, members of Concerned Citizens of North East Greensboro(CCNEG), Citizens for Environmental and Economic Justice (CEEJ), the Renaissance Community Co-op, the Redevelopment Commission of the City of Greensboro, the City of Greensboro and Cooperative Extension at N.C. A&T. Changes/Problems:Budget cuts affected the implementation of the project. For example, three high tunnels were approved for installation but only two were installed. The reduction in the number of high tunnels affects the ability of the urban farm to earn revenue to sustain the project as well as the ability to carry out good cultivation practices. Initially, the project was delayed because of an impasse with the previous collaborating community group Eastern Development Growth Enterprise (EDGE). What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Provided opportunity for the PI to participate in regional conferences: Southern Association of Agricultural Scientists and the Southern Rural Sociological Association. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The project results were disseminated at regular monthly community meetings, at regional conferences, at board meetings of community groups and through the publication of scholarly articles. In addition, the project received generous publicity in the city's major newspaper, the Greensboro News & Record, as well as garnering local television news coverage. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Acquired two plots of land to establish the urban farm: one from the City of Greensboro at 2199 White Street, Greensboro, NC 27407 and the other from the City of Greensboro Redevelopment Commission at 2110 Philips Avenue, Greensboro NC 27405. Won a contribution of more than $9,000 in water services from the City of Greensboro and a $20,000 small project to upgrade landscaping and establish a parking lot at the Phillips Avenue site. Completed two surveys: (1) food-related value, food-related lifestyle and food-related behavior and (2) food purchase behavior and eating habits of food desert residents. ` Established a marketing relationship with Eastern Carolina Organics Completed the training of 74 participants in 32 interactive workshop sessions Installed two 30'x90' high tunnels at the Phillips Avenue site and produced a crop of tomatoes, leafy greens and cucumbers Key outcomes and findings: change in knowledge These findings are based on an effective sample size of 120 people. Analysis of the data on food-related values reveal that the data can be summarized using just two distinct dimensions: social values (fairness and tradition) and personal values (nutrition and naturalness). There is a significant difference between the dimensions. From respondents' point of view, personal values are more important than social values (Wilcoxon signed rank test; z=-3.91, p<.001). Cluster analysis revealed that residents can be divided into three distinct segments based on their food-related values (using personal and social values as clustering variables). Segments I, II and III. Based on Rokeach's classification scheme, segments were labeled as segment (I) Self-centered consumers (13.3%), segment (II) (Society- and self-centered consumers (two in one consumers) (31.7%) and (III) diverse consumers (Moderately self- and society-centered consumers) (55.0%). In the society and self-centered segments, where social values are a little bit more important than personal values, these residents accord importance to freshness and health, and product information on food labels. For self-centered residents, snacking is not a part of their lifestyle. Also, they give less importance to eating out than the other segments. Seeking price/quality relation is a feature of lifestyle for residents in all segments. Considering food-related behavior of food-desert residents by segments, the society-and-self-centeredresidents more frequently shop at supermarkets than the other segments. Self-centered residents more frequently eat out, eat lean meat and fast food than the other groups. Diverse residents use ready-prepared dishes, and snacks instead of traditional dinner prepared from scratch more frequently than the other segments; and eat lean meat least. This knowledge makes it possible to customize training to the needs of residents in each segment. For example, workshops should focus on addressing the habits of self-centered residents' eating out and eating fast food. Change in condition The project inspired City to amend a land-development ordinance to accommodate development of urban farms within city limits. The project also leveraged City support to address food deserts in the city's jurisdiction. The project established an urban farm (installation of two high tunnels) resulting in the production of and increased community access to vegetables. The urban farm supplies vegetables to the Renaissance Grocery Coop Store, which recently opened in the heart of the community.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Terrence Thomas, Cihat Gunden, Befikadu Legesse. (2017). Co-creation of knowledge an Instrument for Building Intellectual, Political and Community Capital, ARD, Atlanta, February.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2017 Citation: Terrence Thomas, Cihat Gunden, Befikadu Legesse. (2017). Food-related Values, Food-related Lifestyle and Food-related behavior: A Basis for Driving Change in Dietary Behavior. Southern Rural Sociological Association Annual Conference, Mobile, Alabama, February
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Terrence Thomas, Cihat Gunden, and Bulent Miran. (2016). Exploring the Relevance of Food-Related Values, Food-Related Lifestyle and Food-Related Behavior for Leveraging Change in Dietary Habits of Food Desert Residents. Annual Conference Southern Rural Sociological Association, San Antonio Texas, February
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2016 Citation: Terrence Thomas, Cihat Gunden. and Bulent Miran. (2016). Consumer Purchase Decision: Impact of Relative Thinking. Annual Conference Southern Rural Sociological Association, San Antonio Texas, February

Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience included residents of the 12 underserved communities of District 2 in Northeast Greensboro, Greensboro City Council, members of Concerned Citizens of North East Greensboro, Citizens for Environmental and Economic Justice, Renaissance Community Co-op, the Redevelopment Commission of the City of Greensboro, the Cottage Grove Initiative of South English Street all underserved communities of Greensboro and Cooperative Extension. Changes/Problems:Delay in implementation of the project resulted from an impasse between the original community partner, Eastern Development Growth Enterprise (EDGE) and the university and the termination of the university's relationship with EDGE, time lost in finding a new partner, negotiating a new partnership agreement and rebuilding community trust and commitment to the project, identify and develop plans for a new site. The community has reaffirmed support for the project and the project is enjoying excellent and productive working relationship with our new partner, Concerned Citizens of Northeast Greensboro (CCNEG). Budget cuts may mean significantly reducing the number of nutrition education workshop sessions, number of production units established and number of residents trained and our ability to track the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The PIs have undertaken intensive individual study in consumer behavior and relevant areas of behavioral economic with the intension of advancing expertise that will prove useful in developing strategies for influencing and sustaining positive behavioral change in dietary and lifestyle choices among residents in the study area. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results were disseminated through conferences, publications, and community-based listening sessions in the project area and briefing meeting with Greensboro City Council officials, members of the city's redevelopment commission and meetings with CCNEG Executive Planning Committee. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Researchers plan to do the following over the next reporting cycle: Establish urban farms--install two high tunnels, train at least 50 residents in the operation of high tunnel and container gardening, produce and distribute fresh fruits and vegetables; Continue to conduct nutrition education workshops for participants Identify and train three young men and women to operate high tunnel as a commercial unit Track residents' consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables Establish a website for the project that will provide interactive independent learning and a place for residents to share information about healthy eating, shopping habits and lifestyle Conduct a large scale survey of residents in study area on food related lifestyle, values and behavior.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Findings: 44 workshop participants completed the survey on food-related behavior, food-related lifestyle and food-related values. Regarding food related lifestyle over 70% completely agree that taste, quality, value for money and product information is important to them. Even though product information is important over a half of them read food labels very infrequently. With respect to food related behavior only about half of those surveyed report eating fruit every day and green salad 3-4 times weekly, but very few eat fast foods regularly. Regarding food related values, most respondents view taste, price, safety, convenience and nutrition to be very important. Surprisingly, almost all respondents do not view tradition as an important factor. Activities completed include: Execution of a partnership agreement with Concerned Citizens of North East Greensboro (CCNEG). Execution of two lease agreements, (1) between the City of Greensboro and CCNEG for property at 2199 White Street and (2) lease agreement between the Redevelopment Commission of Greensboro and CCNEG for property at 2110 Philips Avenue/1305 Lombardy Street for developing the urban farm. Seventy participants were trained over 16 weeks in 32 two hour workshop sessions. Two listening sessions were conducted. The first was to brief and prepare potential participants on the purpose of the workshop and the second to collect rich data on participant's post workshop opinion on whether the workshops were effective in causing them to adopt new health and dietary related behaviors. Conducted a telephone survey of workshop participants using a modified food related values, food related lifestyle and food related behavior instruments. Change in Knowledge: As a result of increased knowledge of: the role of the macro food nutrients in preparing a balanced diet; the effect of unhealthy eating habits on their health status especially on diabetes and blood pressure; how to read and interpret food labels and meal planning techniques workshop participants have reported making healthier dietary choices and making wiser shopping decisions. This reported change in behavior is largely supported by vegetable and fruit purchases made by participants as revealed on food shopping receipts. Change in action: As a result of knowledge gained from workshop sessions, many participants have demonstrated the ability to read food labels. For example participants are able to calculate the number of tea spoons of sugar in a serving of orange juice or popular sports drinks using the listed grams of sugar per serving. Based on this skill, participants report excluding highly sugary drinks from their diets and many participants report using less sugar in their morning coffee. Participants have adopted the technique of reducing portion size and using meal planning more aggressively to control diabetes and blood pressure and some have even reported losing weight. A progressive change in the amount of vegetables potentially included in the diet was observed based on data collected from participants shopping receipts over the period of the workshop. Participants have requested that project continue to offer residents the opportunity to attend nutrition education workshops indefinitely. Change in condition: The project has inspired the City of Greensboro to make resources available to for developing urban farms and other groups around the city are planning to adopt our model to address the adverse effect of food deserts on the dietary habits of residents. The Cottage Grove Initiative is one example of a group working on the south side of the city to improve health and economic status using the fresh, local and equitable food production as a creative platform for neighborhood revitalization. Many workshop participants have requested hands-on training in container production of fresh fruits and vegetables and many others have expressed a keen interest in having access to workshop lessons online and the ability to share experience, exchange recipes and ideas concerning health, fitness and ways of doing things that work. In the next year the project will bring into production at least one high tunnel at the Philips Avenue site with plans for two more if the budget shortfall is restored. The vegetables produced at the urban farm will be made available to residents in the project area at an affordable price and the project will develop a methodology for tracking the purchase and consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables of residents in the study area. The project will also provide hands-on training at the urban farm site for residents in the study area. The project will also conduct a large scale survey of residents in the project area to explore how food related values, food-related lifestyle and food-related behavior can be used to leverage change in dietary habits of food desert residents.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Terrence Thomas, Cihat Gunden, and Bulent Miran. Understanding Consumers Attitudes Toward Fruits and Vegetable Attributes: A Multi-Method Approach. Journal of Nutritional Therapeutics, 2015, 4, 000-000.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Terrence Thomas and Cihat Gunden Collaboration: Investigating the Convergence Between Theory and Practice. Journal of Business and Economics (In press, accepted for publication)
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Terrence Thomas and Cihat Gunden. Drivers of Collaborative Action: The Case of Community-based Organizations. Eight Global Studies Conference: Power and Participation in the Age of Big Data. Imperial College, London, July 20-21, 2015. (Published abstract).
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Terrence Thomas, Cihat Gunden, and Bulent Miran Exploring the Relevance of Food-Related Values, Food-Related Lifestyle and Food-Related Behavior for Leveraging Change in Dietary Habits of Food Desert Residents. Annual Conference Southern Rural Sociological Association, San Antonio Texas, February 2016.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Submitted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Terrence Thomas, Cihat Gunden, and Bulent Miran. Consumer Purchase Decision: Impact of Relative Thinking. Annual Conference Southern Rural Sociological Association, San Antonio Texas, February 2016.

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: Underserved minority communities of Eastern Greensboro, North Carolina, Greensboro City Council, Concerned Citizens of Northeast Greensboro (CCNG) and Citizens for Environmental and Economic Justice (CEEJ) comprise the target audience. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Professional Development activities: The PI engaged in individual study and consultation with Dr. Cihat Gunden in the application of food related values and life style and the application of persuasion science to behavior change related to the adoption of healthy eating and shopping habits. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The researcher engaged community leaders and partners in several meetings to keep them informed of developments and findings. The PI made presentations to a conference of the Southern Rural Sociological Association. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? The following will take place over the next reporting period: Continue work on investigating the influence of personal, social and cultural factors, and the structure of food deserts on eating habits and buying behavior of residents in food deserts. Continue work on developing a nutrition education intervention program and conduct worhshops to train selected residents in making healthy choices, shopping wisely and incorporating healthy nutritious food in their daily diets. Contine work with community residents to establish community-based production units employing semi-intensive technologies (high tunnels).

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Major findings-change in knowledge: Results of multidimensional scaling of residents' interests in increasing intake of low fat, low sodium foods, fiber and fruits and vegetables and limiting portion size produced a perceptual map that indicates intervention programs to improve the adoption of healthy eating habits should focus on low fat, low sodium, fiber intake and limiting portions size together as a group. Separate programs should be developed for increasing intake of fruits and intake of vegetables. Change in Condition: The project enabled a change in the land development policy of the city of Greensboro, N.C. which makes it possible for any competent party to develop an urban farm within the city's jurisdiction to provide for the needs of food desert residents. The project's partnership with the city of Greensboro inspired the city to commit to taking action to eliminate food deserts in Greensboro. As a result of presentations and listening sessions, community-based organizations, including Citizens for Environmental and Economic Justice (CEEJ) and Concerned Citizens of North East Greensboro (CCNG), have resolved to support the project, and have mobilized their members and the broader community to support the project. The project received approval for establishing the urban farm that will include high tunnels for engaging the community in producing fruits and vegetables for community consumption. But an impasse between N.C. A&T and the former community partner Eastern Development Growth Enterprise (EDGE) has resulted in a delay in implementing project objectives. N.C. A&T has terminated its relationship with EDGE, and is in the process of forging a new partnership with CEEJ and CCNG, and both groups have given their unwavering commitment and support for the project. Since the project relies heavily on community participation for success, project activities that called for community engagement such as workshops and training sessions were halted temporarily to allow for rebuilding community trust.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Terrence Thomas, Cihat Gunden (2015). A Multidimensional Perspective on the Attitude of Food Desert Residents toward Healthy Eating Habits and Shopping for Healthy Foods. Annual Conference Southern Rural Sociological Association. Atlanta GA, February 2-5, 2015.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Terrence Thomas; Cihat Gunden (2015) Engaging Community-based Organizations: Building Capacity and Co-creation of Knowledge. Annual Conference Southern Rural Sociological Association.Atlanta GA, February 2-5, 2015.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2014 Citation: Cihat Gunden1, Terrence Thomas & Bulent Miran(2014) Understanding Consumers Attitudes Toward Fruits and Vegetable Attributes a Multi-method Analytic Approach. 25th International Scientific Experts Congress on Agriculture and Food Industry, �e?me-?zmir/Turkey. September 25-27 2014.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Terrence Thomas; Cihat Gunden (2015). Drivers of Collaborative Action: The Case of Community-based Organizations Studies Conference, London, UK. July 20-21, 2015.