LEGUMES FOR A CHANGING WORLD: FORAGES, RANGELAND, GRASSLAND RESTORATION, BIOENERGY AND LOW-INPUT CROPPING SYSTEMS

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 1000023
• Project Start Date: May 30, 2013
• Project End Date: May 21, 2018
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
750 AGRONOMY RD STE 2701
COLLEGE STATION,TX 77843-0001

Performing Department
Stephenville-TAMU Agr Res Cntr

Non Technical Summary
Legumes have always been important components of agricultural systems where their contributions are myriad. They provide humans food (pulses and vegetables), forage for ruminants, ecosystem plant diversity, fuels (wood or cellulosic bioenergy), cover crops, green manure, and many other essential services. Cultivated forages and rangelands are important components of agricultural production in north-central Texas and similar low-rainfall regions of the southeastern USA. Forages are utilized for traditional animal husbandry such as wildlife, cattle production, small ruminant feed, dairy silage, or commercialization of hay and silage. In operations catering to urban centers, the uses are less traditional, including natural ecosystems restoration, wildlife habitat and feed and even ornamental gardening. Forage species are also used to address environmental concerns such as soil bioremediation, soil conservation, green manures, renewable biofuels and landscape restoration. Current growth areas for legumes in north-central Texas include low-input forage systems, soil conservation, right-of-way restoration, ruminant nutrition and health, locally grown dairy forage, and wildlife. In addition, growth potential exists for expanded use of cultivated forages in biomass (bioenergy) as well as soil conservation and phytoremediation (riparian buffers and fallow cropland). The inexorable attrition of row-cropping in the Cross Timbers, caused by soil exhaustion and inappropriate climate, may also contribute to increased pasture and forage acreage in the near future. As the cost of nitrogen fertilizer and fuels continue to rise, the use of legumes as self-regenerating, inexpensive sources of nitrogen in crop rotations and as green manures becomes more attractive. This research program at Stephenville will focus on the multiple uses of herbaceous, brushy and arboreal legumes through a diverse program. The common thread will be increased inclusion of legumes. Legumes make ecological and environmental sense for pasture, rangeland or roadside revegetation, soil conservation, ruminant nutrition, or natural ecosystems regeneration in north-central Texas. This is not an easy prospect in a culture that is not accustomed to managing for legumes and in a climate that has both hot dry summer conditions and freezing winters. Land managers, even when they care, are not always sure which introduced or native species to plant and how to manage those pastures and rangelands. Identifying adapted species for multiple uses, whether native, naturalized or introduced germplasm, and understanding the physiological adaptations that will enhance their success in production systems is imperative to their increased use, these tasks are not easy when grasses are far more aggressive and persistent than legumes. Knowledge arising from the Stephenville research program will provide north-central Texas and similar regions around the globe with as many answers to these questions as possible.

Animal Health Component

90%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

10%

Applied

90%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
121	0799	1070	15%
204	1610	1070	15%
204	1649	1070	25%
205	1610	1070	10%
205	1649	1070	15%
213	0799	1070	10%
313	3820	1070	10%

Knowledge Area
204 - Plant Product Quality and Utility (Preharvest); 205 - Plant Management Systems; 313 - Internal Parasites in Animals; 213 - Weeds Affecting Plants; 121 - Management of Range Resources;

Subject Of Investigation
0799 - Rangelands and grasslands, general; 1649 - Forage legumes, general/other; 3820 - Goats, meat, and mohair; 1610 - Pasture;

Field Of Science
1070 - Ecology;

Keywords

legumes

forages

cellulosic bioenergy

ruminants

goats

condensed tannins

gastro-intestinal parasites

rangeland & pasture

Goals / Objectives
Identify ecological adaptations and develop management guidelines for native, naturalized and introduced leguminous forages. Native legumes will be primarily warm-season species with good adaptation to local conditions. Research will focus on antiquality factors, establishment techniques and management that enhance persistence. These include Strophostyles, Acacia, Desmanthus and Desmodium genera. The introduction of legumes from similar climatic regions of the world will focus on adaptability to local climate, edaphic conditions, pests/diseases, and production systems. These include mostly perennial coolseason grasses, annual cool-season legumes, and warm-season legumes. 2. Develop forage systems that provide forage for the dairy, beef, wildlife and goat industries and production of biofuel. Develop cool- and warm-season forage systems incorporating legumes that provide maximum quality forage for lactating dairy cows. Develop cool- and warm-season perennial or selfreseeding forage systems that provide maximum quality and quantity of forage for beef, goats and wildlife through the integration of leguminous germplasm. 3. Identify herbaceous legumes high in condensed tannins and evaluate their potential for bypass protein and gastro-intestinal nematode suppression in goats. Collection and agronomic characterization of native, naturalized and introduced leguminous germplasm for condensed tannins. Determine physiological conditions that enhance condensed tannin content in legumes. Develop legumes that can be commercialized for protein bypass and gastro-intestinal nematode suppression in goats.

Project Methods
be local but with wider applicability. Objective 1. (Identify legumes with forage and seed yield.) The focus will be on warm-season forage legume evaluation. Seeds of promising species will be collected from rangeland, grasslands, woodland, pasture and roadside areas. These will be tested for required scarification and germination potential. They will then go through a series of evaluations, along with promising introduced species, to test for adaptation to different soils, need for specific Rhizobium inoculation, productivity and tolerance to shade, grass competition and defoliation. Plot samples will be characterized, in the laboratory, for nutritive value (fiber, N, in sacco disappearance, etc.) as well as anti-quality (lignin, CT etc.) factors. The most promising entries will then be tested in paddocks for palatability and animal gains (quality) under grazing/browsing of the appropriate herbivores. Entries that survive all these stages and can produce marketable seed will then be tested on-farm and, if successful, germplasm disseminated to producers, extension agents and seed companies for wider utilization. The focus will broaden from the current work with Texas native Strophostyles, Acacia, Desmanthus and Desmodium genera. Objective 2. (Develop grass-legume management systems.) Legume-based pasture systems for dairy, beef, goats and white-tailed deer will focus on complementing the low quality range and grass pasture forages that currently predominate. Foci will be establishment, yields, seed production, reseeding capability and persistence under low-input systems. Native and introduced warm-season legumes will be studied for their potential in range reseeding, prairie restoration as well as animal husbandry. Genera with potential include Strophostyles, Acacia, Lespedeza, Desmanthus and Desmodium species. Introduced legumes will be aimed at wildlife food plots, hay production and domesticated animal husbandry. Grasses will focus on low-input natives such as switchgrass, bluestems, and others, both on their own as well as in legume/grass mixtures for cellulosic bioenergy production. Again, establishment, yields throughout the season (especially late summer), persistence and competitiveness with grasses will be the selection criteria. Objective 3. (Fully harness legume condensed tannins.) Warm-season legumes, mostly native but possibly also introduced, that are high in CT have been identified. The following species are already being characterized: Acacia angustissima var hirta, Desmanthus leptolobus, Desmodium paniculatum, and Lespedeza stuevei. Growing conditions and phenotypic characteristics that foster increased CT will be studied. The interaction of CT and rumen micro-flora, especially with regards to digestion and rumen methane emissions, will be examined. The effect of leguminous CT on GIN populations and the fecal ecosystem will be of particular interest in both domesticated and native ruminants.

Progress 05/30/13 to 05/21/18

Outputs
Target Audience:The target audience was a broad range of land owners and managers that included traditional an newly formed groups. Mostly this audience is interested in animal production such as wildlife, cattle and small ruminants. A significant number, however, are interested simply in natural resource conservation. Legumes for feeding and protecting these groups will be studied. Some are interested exclusively in production and profit but this group is waning. These are being replaced by a target audience which includes non-traditional groups interested in bioenergy feedstock, environmental restoration, and simple quality of life (aesthetics is an example). Changes/Problems:Our species focus was necessarily flexible and has expanded to include native grasses and forbs other than legumes. These were studied not just for ruminant production but also for greassland restoration and roadside revegetation with environmental benefits. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Information has been used by state and federal agencies to train their personnel. It has also been used in classroom and field instruction for students and landowners/managers. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results were disseminated through refereed publications, online web pages, popular articles & interviews, extension outreach, classroom interaction, and on-farm demonstrations. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1. We identified, published and disseminated ecological adaptations and develop management guidelines for native, naturalized and introduced leguminous forages. These were based on anti-quality factors, establishment techniques and management that enhance persistence. These focused on Strophostyles, Acacia, Lespedeza, Leucaena, Desmanthus and Desmodium genera. The introduction of legumes from similar climatic regions of the world focused on adaptability to local climate, edaphic conditions, pests/diseases, and production systems. These were primarily annual cool-season from the Mediterranean region and warm-season legumes from the tropics. 2. We fine-tuned forage systems that provide forage for the dairy, beef, wildlife and goat industries and production of biofuel. These focused on cool- and warm-season forage systems incorporating legumes that provide maximum quality forage and improved utilization of cultivated and rangeland grasses by ruminants. 3. We identified, quantified and qualified herbaceous legume condensed tannins and evaluated their potential for bypass protein, rumen-methane mitigation and gastro-intestinal nematode suppression in goats. These included native, naturalized and introduced leguminous germplasm for which we determined physiological conditions that enhance condensed tannin content in legumes. These efforts resulted in native and introduced legumes that can be commercialized for protein bypass and gastro-intestinal nematode suppression in small and large ruminants, both domesticated and native.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Martinez, A.R., A.D. Falk, J.P. Muir, F.S. Smith, and K.A. Pawelek 2017. Effects of Mob Grazing on Native and Non-Native Grass Species. Texas Section Range Meeting, 11-13 October, 2017 San Angelo, Texas. Mata, G. Jr., A.D. Falk, J.P. Muir, F.S. Smith, and K.A. Pawelek 2017. Evaluation of 4 Different Bermudagrass Removal Techniques. Texas Section Range Meeting, 11-13 October, 2017 San Angelo, Texas. Herzberger, L, J.R. Shipman, and J.P. Muir. 2017. Converting Bermudagrass to Native Prairies in the Cross Timbers and Blackland Prairie. Proc. Texas Chapter Society of Range Management, 11-13 October, 2017 San Angelo, TX. Jessup, R.W., Y. Xu, J.L. Foster Malone, and J.P. Muir. 2017. Value-Added Bioproducts: Biorefining Perennial Grass Biofuel Feedstocks. Proc. American Society of Agronomy/Crop Science Society of America & Soil Science Society of America. 22-25 Oct 2017, Tampa FL. Poster 113 Abstract 109252. https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2017am/webprogram/Paper109252.html
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Apolin�rio, V.X.O., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., M.A. Lira, A.C.L. Mello, M.V.F. Santos, J. P. Muir and S. Oliveira de Amorim. 2017. Nitrogen and grazing affect napier grass leaf litter biomass and decomposition. Agron. J. 109:2982-2987. Garcia, E.M., N. Cherry, B.D. Lambert, J.P. Muir, M.A. Nazareno, and J.I. Arroquy. 2017. Exploring the biological activity of condensed tannins and nutritional value of native tree and shrub leaves of the Argentinean Dry Chaco. J. Sci. Food Agric. 97:5021-5027. Oliveira, O.F., J.P. Muir, N.M. Cherry, B.D. Lambert, H. Ramirez, and M. Ferreira dos Santos. 2017. Does initial body condition affect wether kid feed intake and performance when fed alfalfa or Lespedeza cuneata L.? Small Ruminant Research 154:98-104. Whitney, T.R., J. L. Glasscock, J. P. Muir, W. C. Stewart, and E. J. Scholljegerdes. 2017. Substituting ground woody plants for cottonseed hulls in lamb feedlot diets: growth performance, blood serum chemistry, and rumen fluid parameters1. J Anim. Sci. 95:4150-4163. Dubeux, J.C.B., Jr., J.P. Muir, V.X.O. Apolin�rio, P.K. Ramachandran Nair, M.A. Lira, and L.E. Sollenberger. 2017. Tree legumes: an underexploited resource in warm-climate silvopastures. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 46:689-703. Tedeschi, L., M.A. Fonseca, J.P. Muir, D.P. Poppi, G.E. Carstens, J.P. Angerer, D.G. Fox. 2017. A Glimpse of the Future in Animal Nutrition Science. 2. Current and future solutions. Past and Future Challenges. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 46:452-469. Tedeschi, L., A.K. de Almeida, A.S. Atzori, J.P. Muir, M.A. Fonseca and A. Cannas. 2017. A Glimpse of the Future in Animal Nutrition Science. 1. Past and Future Challenges. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 46:438-451. Foster, J.L., J.P. Muir, J.R. Bow, and E. Valencia. 2017. Biomass and nitrogen content of annual warm-season legumes grown in a semi-arid environment. Biomass and Bioenergy 106:38-42. Lingbeek, B., C. Higgins, J.P. Muir, D. Kattes, and T. Schwertner. Arthropod diversity and assemblage structure response to deforestation and desertification in the Sahel region of western Senegal. Global Ecology and Conservation 11:165-176. Muir, J. P., T. H. Terrill, J. A. Mosjidis, J.-M. Luginbuhl, J.E. Miller, and J.M. Burke. 2017. Season progression, ontogenesis and environment affect Lespedeza cuneata herbage condensed tannin, fiber and crude protein content. Crop Science 57:515-524. Naumann, H.D., C. Cooper, J.R. Bow, and J.P. Muir. 2017. Condensed tannin characteristics of Limpopo, South Africa arboreal species retaining leaves in the dry season. African J. of Ecology 55:168-175. Muir, J.P., J.L. Foster, and J.R. Bow. 2016. Establishment-year native perennial bunchgrass biomass yields. Crop Science 56:2827-2832.

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Land managers in Texas and surrounding states. In particular, those seeking to produce domesticated animals (beef and dairy cattle, sheep and goats) and wildife for aesthetic, cultural or agricultural purposes. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?We trained international (Brazilian, Argentine and Polish) students as well as US students in agronomic and rangeland field and laboratory techniques focused on forage characterization and domestication. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been posted online, in the classroom, at state, national and international scientific conferences and through international refereed journal articles. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue to pursue our objectives as outlined in this project.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? In northeastern Brazil and the southern Great Plains of North America, we identified ecological adaptations and management details for native rangeland plants. These contributed to furthering our knowledge of how to harness these for agricultural and environmental purposes in both regions. We did this through further germplasm collection and evaluation as well as field, greenhouse and laboratory characterization. In particular, we continued to focus on condensed tannins in legumes and other browse that contribute to ruminant ecosystems.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Muir, J.P., Tedeschi, L.O., Dubeux, Jr., J.C.B., Peters, M. and Burkart S. 2016. Enhancing food security in Latin America with forage legumes. Proc. XXV Congresso da Associa��o Latino-Americana de Produ��o Animal. Recife, Brazil 7-11 November, 2016.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: L.C. Nuti, Muir, J.P., Duffus, E.A., Jung, Y., James, A.A., and Cherry, N.M. 2016. Cutting interval and water application influence yields and condensed tannin content. Abstract 646 Animal Science Annual meeting abstracts. J. Anim. Sci. 01/2016 94 (supplement 5)
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Adams, R.P., Skopec, M.M. and Muir J.P. 2016. Comparison of leaf terpenoids and tannins in Juniperus osteosperma from woodrat (Neotoma stephensi) browed and not-browsed trees. Phytologia 98:17-25.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Blackmon, T.K., Muir J.P., Wittie R.D., Kattes D.H., and Lambert B.D. 2016. Legume nitrogen and phenolic concentration comparisons between simulated and insect herbivory. J. Plant Interactions 11:61-66.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Faria de Oliveira, O., Ferreira dos Santos M.V. , M. Vieira da Cunha, Dubeux, Jr. J.C. B., Muir J.P., de Mello A.C.L., Lira Andrade M.A., and de Barros F.N.P. 2016. Botanical composition of Caatinga rangeland and diets selected by grazing sheep. Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 4:7181.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Muir, J.P., Foster J.L., and Bow J.R. 2016. Establishment-year native perennial bunchgrass biomass yields. Crop Science 56:2827-2832.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Apolin�rio, V.X.O., Dubeux, Jr.J.C.B., Mellow A.C.L., Vendramini J.M.B., Lira M.A., Santos M.V.F., and Muir J.P. 2016. Decomposition of arboreal legume fractions in a silvopastoral system. Crop Sci. 56:1356-1363.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Howard, K., Schwertner, T.W., Monadjem,A. and Muir J.P. 2016. Habitat selection of the Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus in Agroecosystems of Swaziland. Ostrich 87:155-159.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Muir, J.P., Foster, J.L., Butler, T.J. and Jessup R.W. 2016. Cellulosic feedstock vs. Forage. Proc. American Society of Agronomy/Crop Science Society of America & Soil Science Society of America. 6-9 Nov 2016, Phoenix AZ. Abstract 99333. https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2016am/webprogram/Paper99333.html
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Apolinario, V.X.O., Lira, M.D.A.,Dubeux, Jr., J.C.B., Sampaio, E.V.S.B., de Amorim, S.O., Silva N.G.M., and Muir, J.P. 2016. Arboreal legume litter nutritent contribution to a tropical silvopasture. Agronomy J. 108:2478-2484.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Dubeux, J.C.B., Jr., Sollenberger, L.E., Muir, J.P., Tedeschi, L.O., do Santos, M.V.F., da Cunha, M.V., de Mello, A.C.L., and DiLorenzo, N. 2016. Sustainable intensification of livestock production on pastures. Proc. XXV Congresso da Associa��o Latino-Americana de Produ��o Animal. Recife, Brazil 7-11 November, 2016.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: T.R. Whitney and Muir, J.P. 2016. Effects of using ground redberry juniper and urea in supplements fed to Rambouillet ewe lambs on growth, blood serum and fecal N. American Society Animal Science Annual meeting abstract 1675. J Anim. Sci. 01/2016 94 (supplement5)
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Farthing, T., Muir, J.P., Cawthon, D., and Murray, D. 2016. Coastal Bermudagrass Suppression in Texas Grasslands for Native Bird Habitat Restoration. Proc. VI North American Ornithological Conference, 16-20 August, 2016. Wash. D.C. Page 279. http://naoc2016.com/NAOC-Media-Kit/Abstract_Book.pdf
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Cooper, C.E., Moore, G.W., Muir, J.P., and Morgan, C.L.S. 2016. Burn severity and soil type affect oak growth and nutritive value. Proc. American Society of Agronomy/Crop Science Society of America & Soil Science Society of America. 6-9 Nov 2016, Phoenix AZ. Abstract 100818 https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2016am/webprogram/Paper100818.html
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Muir, J.P., Terrill, T.H., Mosjidis, J.A, Luginbuhl, J.-M., Miller, J.E., and Burke, J.M. 2016. Harvest Regimens and Locations Change Sericea Lespedeza Condensed Tannin Content. Proc. American Society of Agronomy/Crop Science Society of America & Soil Science Society of America. 6-9 Nov 2016, Phoenix AZ. Abstract 99316. https://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2016am/webprogram/Paper99316.html
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Norris, A., Miller, M.S., Muir, J.P., Harp, R.M., and Kinman, L.A. 2016. Autumn and Winter Dynamics of White-tailed Deer Browse Nutritive Values in the Southern Cross Timbers and Prairies Proc. 70th Southern Pasture and Forage Crop Improvement Conference. 2 to 4 May, 2016 Monroe LA. P. 18. http://agrilifecdn.tamu.edu/spfcic/files/2015/04/Proceedings-70th-SPFCIC.pdf
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Muir, J.P., Terrill, T.H., Mosjidis, J.A., Luginbuhl, J-M., Miller, J.E. and Burke J.M. 2016. Harvest regimens to maximize sericea lespedeza crude protein and condensed tannins. Proc. 70th Southern Pasture and Forage Crop Improvement Conference. 2 to 4 May, 2016 Monroe LA. P. 17. http://agrilifecdn.tamu.edu/spfcic/files/2015/04/Proceedings-70th-SPFCIC.pdf
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Norris, A., Miller, M., and Muir, J.P. 2016. Autumn and winter dynamics of white-tailed deer browse nutritive values in the southern Cross Timbers. Society for Range Management Annual meetings, Corpus Christi TX, 31 January-2 February.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: De Oliverira, O.F., Ferreira dos Santos, M.V., Dubuex Junior, J.C., Muir, J.P., da Cunha, M.V., Cherry, N., Tedeschi, L.O., and Crossland, W. 2016. Methane suppression and larval migration inhibition by Bauhinia cheilantha submitted to sheep grazing at three different levels of forage allowances. P 372 Proc. 10th Int. Grassland/Int. Rangeland Congress, Saskatoon, Canada, 29 June-5 July.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ferreira dos Santos, M.V., de Queiroz, I.V., Dubuex Junior, J.C., Muir, J.P., Lira, C.C., de Souza, T.C. and Simoes, D. E. 2016. Crude protein and phenol precipitated protein from Desmanthus pernambucanus (L.) Thellung submitted to different harvesting regimes. P. 375 Proc. Int. Grassland/Int. Rangeland Congress, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, 29 June-5 July.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Fagundes, G.M., Modesto, E. C., Saldanha, T., Moreira da Fonseca, C. E., Muir, J. P., Carneiro de Souza, J. V., Barros da Silva, V. A., Martins da Silva, R., Barbosa da Silva, J. and da Silva Bueno, I. C. 2016. Effect of Flavonoid Compounds from Flemingia Macrophylla on Milk Composition of Lactating Goat in the Tropics. IN C. A. Combs (Ed.). Tannins: Biochemistry, Food Sources and Nutritional Properties. Nova Science Publishers Hauppauge NY, USA.

Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:The taerget audience include urban and rural landowners interested in improving their management of grasslands and woodlands. These include environmental issues, wildlife, leisure, and ruminant meat production. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?We trained numerous graduate students at Tarleton State University, Texas A&M University and Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. We likewise trained and instructed undergraduates at Tarleton State University in our labs and fields as paid interns. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results have been disseminated via scientific publications and presentations at conferences in Texas, the USA and across the world. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We plan on continuing our efforts in research, graduate and undergraduate instruction, and dissemination of those efforts through scientific publications and conference papers.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? We made progress in developing guidelines for legume forages, and undertook further research to expand these goals. We passed this information on to the scientific communities and to landowners in the southeastern USA to increase resilience of wildlife and domesticated animal production systems. We furthered our knowledge of condensed tannins and their role in ruminant ecosystems.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Muir, J.P., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., J.L. Foster, and W.D. Pitman. 2014. The future of warm-season, tropical, and sub-tropical forage legumes in sustainable pastures and rangelands. African Journal Range and Forage Science. 31:187-198.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Muir, J.P., T.H. Terrill, K.R. Nagender, and J.R. Bow. 2014. Environment, Harvest Regimen and Ontogeny change Lespedeza cuneata condensed tannin and nitrogen. Crop Sci. 54:2903-2909.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Faria de Oliveira, O., R.L.C. Ferreira, A.C.S. de Almeida, M.V.F dos Santos, J.P. Muir, M.V. da Cunha, M. De A. Lira. 2015. Seasonal and rainfall gradient effects on condensed tannin concentrations of woody rangeland species. Ci�ncias Agr�ria 10:165-169
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Apolin�rio, V.X.O., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., M.A. Lira, Rinaldo L.C. Ferreira, A.C.L. Mello, M.V.F. Santos,, E.V.S.S.B. Sampaio, and J.P. Muir. 2015. Tree legumes provide marketable wood and add nitrogen in warm-climate silvopasture systems. Agronomy Journal 107:1915-1921.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Tedeschi, L., J.P. Muir, D.G. Riley, and D.G. Fox. 2015. The role of ruminant animals in sustainable livestock intensification programs. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 22:452-465.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Muir, J.P., W.D. Pitman, J.L. Foster and J.C. Dubeux, Jr. 2015. Sustainable intensification of cultivated pastures using multiple herbivore species. African Journal Range and Forage Science. 32:97-112.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Stewart, W.C., T.R. Whitney, E.J. Scholljegerdes, H.D. Naumann, N.M. Cherry, J.P. Muir, B.D. Lambert, J.W. Walker, R.P. Adams, K.D. Welch, D.R. Gardner, and R.E. Estell. 2015. Effects of Juniperus species and stage of maturity on nutritional, in vitro digestive and plant secondary compound characteristics. J. Animal Science 93:4034-4047.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Dubeux Jr., J.C.B., J.P. Muir, P.K.R. Nair, L.E. Sollenberger, H.M.S. Silva, A.C.L. Mello. 2015. The advantages and challenges of integrating tree legumes into pastoral systems. In : A.R. Evangelista, C.L.S. Avila, D.R. Casagrande, M.A.S. Lara, T.F. Bernardes (eds.), International Conference on Forages in Warm Climates, Lavras, MG. Lavras, UFLA, 2015. p.141-164.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Tedeschi, L.O., J.P. Muir, D.G. Riley, and D.G. Fox. 2015. Future implications for animal production: a perspective on sustainable livestock intensification. Proc. 52nd Annual Meeting Brazilian Society of Animal Science, Belo Horizonte, MG 19-23 July.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Muir, J.P., and B.D. Lambert. 2014. Agricultural and natural resource researchers: impartial keepers of the farm gate? pp. 22-23. Proc. V International Scientific Symposium for PhD Students and Students of Agricultural Colleges. Bydgoszcz - Inowroc?aw, Poland. 18-20 September. University of Technology & Life Sciences, Bydgoszcz Poland.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: J. L. Glasscock, T. R. Whitney, J. R. Roper, A. R. Holmes, S. G. Marrs, N. M. Cherry, J. P. Muir, W. C. Stewart, and E. J. Scholljegerdes. 2015. Effects of using ground woody plants in kid goat feedlot diets on growth performance. Proc. Western Section, American Society of Animal Science 66
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Muir, J.P., W.D. Pitman, J.C. Dubeux, Jr., and M.V. Ferreira dos Santos. 2015. Domestication of novel herbaceous pulses from the Americas. Proc. V Eucarpia International Symposium on Protein Crops. Pontevedra, Spain. 4-7 May 2015. Pages 73-74. Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria, Spain. https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7qFBy8Fr2u0Ql9GUWd5NlhVWVk/view
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Naumann, H.D., B.W Lambert, S. Armstrong, L.O. Tedeschi, J.P. Muir, and M. Ellersieck. 2015. Effect of replacing alfalfa with panicled-tick clover or sericea lespedeza in corn-alfalfa based substrates on in vitro ruminal methane production. J. Dairy Sci. 98:3980-3987.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Bueno, I.C.S., R.A. Brandi, R. Franolin, G. Benetel, G.M. Fagundes, A.L. Abdalla, H. Louvandini, and J.P. Muir. 2015. In vitro methane production and tolerance to condensed tannins in five ruminant species. Anim. Feed Sci. & Tech. 205:1-9.

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: The target audience is a broad amalgam of land owners and managers that includes traditional an newly formed groups. Mostly this audience is interested in animal production such as wildlife, cattle and small ruminants. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? We trained 11 graduate students and 3 undergraduates at Tarleton State, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Braziland Texas A&M University. In addition,numerous students, visitors and interns were trained. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results were disseminated through publications and oral presentations. Germplasm was also shared with seed companies and land-managers such as farmers and NRCS personnel. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We will continue current field and lab research, analysis of data, publication of results and dissemination of information to colleagues and end-users.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Research and development of native and introduced legume germplasm was advanced through field collections, plot research and publication of results. Forage and revegetation systems were researched and refined for roadside revegetation, small ruminants and wildlife. Laboratory and field studies of legumes and other forbs containing condensed tannins were carried out and data analyzed.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Adams, R.P., M.M. Skopec, and J.P. Muir. 2014. Comparison of leaf terpenoids and tannins in Juniperus monosperma from woodrat (Neotoma stephensi) browsed and non-browsed trees. Phytologia 96:63-70.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Tedeschi, L.O., C.A. Ram�rez-Restrepo, and J.P. Muir. 2014. Developing conceptual models of possible benefits of condensed tannins for ruminant production. Animal 8:1095-1105.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Ziehr, R.D., G.L. Rea, J.L. Douglas, K.E. Spaeth, G.L. Peacock, and J.P. Muir. 2014. Ontogenesis and nutritive value of warm-season perennial bunchgrass. Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 2:188-196.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Silva, J.B., G.M. Fagundes, J.P.G. Soares, A.H. Fonseca and J.P. Muir. 2014. A comparative study of production performance and animal health practices in organic and conventional dairy systems. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 46:1287-1295.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Dubeux Jr., C.B. , M. de A. Lira, M.V.F. dos Santos, J.P. Muir, D.A.G.M. de Barros, M.A. da Silva, V.I. Teixeira. 2014. Soil characteristics under legume and non-legume tree canopies in signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.) pastures. African Journal of Range & forage Science 31:37-42.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Cooper, C.M., H.D. Naumann, B.D. Lambert, D. Kattes, and J.P. Muir. 2014. Legume protein precipitable phenolic and nutrient concentrations responses to defoliation and ontogeny. J. Plant Interactions 9:468-477.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Whitney, T.R., C. J. Lupton, J. P. Muir, R. P. Adams, and W. C. Stewart. 2014. Effects of using ground redberry juniper and dried distillers grains with solubles in lamb feedlot diets: Growth, blood serum, and wool characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 92:1-15.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Apolin�rio, V.X.O., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., A.C.L. Mellow, J.M.B. Vendramini, M.A. Lira, M.V.F. Santos and J.P. Muir. 2014. Litter decomposition of signalgrass grazed with different stocking rates and nitrogen fertilizer levels. Agronomy Journal 106:1-6.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Fagundes, G.M., E.C. Modesto, C.E.M. Fonseca, H.R.P. Lima, and J.P. Muir. 2014. Intake, digestibility and milk yield by goats fed different levels of Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merrill with or without polyethylene glycol. Small Ruminant Research 116:88-93.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Naumann, H.D., Armstrong, S.A., Lambert, B.D., Muir, J.P., Tedeschi, L.O. and Kothmann, M.M. 2014. Effect of molecular weight and concentration of legume condensed tannins on in vitro larval migration inhibition of Haemonchus contortus. J. Vet. Parasitol. 199: 93-98.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Naumann, H.D., Hagerman, A.E., Lambert, B.D., Muir, J.P., Tedeschi, L.O. and Kothmann, M.M. 2013. Molecular weight and protein-precipitating ability of condensed tannins from warm-season perennial legumes. J. Plant Interact. 9:212-219.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Wambui, C., J.P. Muir, J. Githiori, and B. D. Lambert. 2013. In vitro dry matter disappearance of Kenyan browse using rumen from goats ingesting grass versus browse. African Journal Range and Forage Science 30:155-160.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Casey, E. and J.P. Muir. 2013. Domesticating native herbaceous legumes for the Great Plains, USA. Proc. IV International Scientific Symposium for PhD Students and Students of Agricultural Colleges. Bydgoszcz, Poland. 14-17 September. University of Technology & Life Sciences, Bydgoszcz Poland.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Naumann, H.D., Cherry, N.M., Tedeschi, L.O., Muir, J.P., and Lambert, B.D. 2014. A conceptual model of protein-precipitable polyphenols (condensed tannins on protein binding and protein digestions in ruminants. Proc. of the Joint Annual Meeting of the ADSA, AMPA, ASAS, CSAS and WSASAS. July 20-24. Kansas City, MO. J. Anim. Sci Vol. 92, E-Suppl. 2/J. Dairy Sci. Vol. 97, E-Suppl. 1.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Cooper, C.E., H.D. Naumann, B.D. Lambert and J.P. Muir. 2014. Leaf Nitrogen and Protein Precipitating Phenolic Concentration Responses to Insect Herbivory Proc. ASA Southern Regional Branch, Dallas TX 2-4 February 2014. Poster 12.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Casey, E. and J.P. Muir. 2014. Seedbed preparation in rhizoma peanut live mulch for millet and sorghum. Proc. ASA Southern Regional Branch, Dallas TX 2-4 February 2014.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Blackmon, T., D.H. Kattes, J.P. Muir, and B.D. Lambert. 2014. Forage legume condensed tannins have a role in integrated pest management. Proc. ASA Southern Regional Branch, Dallas TX 2-4 February 2014.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Lambert, B.D., and J.P. Muir. 2013. 5. Lambert, B.D. and J.P. Muir. 2013. Agricultural and rural development research for a new generation. pp. 20-22. Proc. IV International Scientific Symposium for PhD Students and Students of Agricultural Colleges. Bydgoszcz, Poland. 14-17 September. University of Technology & Life Sciences, Bydgoszcz Poland.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Casey, E. and J.P. Muir. 2014. Rhizoma peanut living mulch in cereal grain production. Southern SAWGs 23rd Annual Practical Tools and Solutions for Sustaining Family Farms Conference. 17-18 January, 2014 Mobile AL.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Blackmon, T., D.H. Kattes, J.P. Muir, and B.D. Lambert. 2014. Utilizing forage legume condensed tannins for fly management in manure. Southern SAWGs 23rd Annual Practical Tools and Solutions for Sustaining Family Farms Conference. 17-18 January, 2014 Mobile AL.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Naumann, H.D., Tedeschi, L.O., Hagerman, A.E., Lambert, B.D. and Muir, J.P. 2013. Dose-response effect of prairie acacia condensed tannins on ruminal methanogenesis: structure-activity relationships. Proc. International Annual Meetings of the ASA, CSSA, and SSSA. 2013 Nov 3-6. Tampa, FL.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Cooper, C.E., Naumann, H.D., Muir, J.P. and Lambert, B.D. 2013. Nitrogen Concentrations differ in legumes depending on defoliation and ontogenesis. Proc. International Annual Meetings of the ASA, CSSA, and SSSA. 2013 Nov 3-6. Tampa, FL.

Progress 05/30/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: The target audience is a broad amalgam of land owners and managers that include traditional an newly formed groups. Mostly this audience is interested in animal production such as wildlife, cattle and small ruminants. Legumes for feeding and protecting these groups will be studied. Some are interested in production and profit but this group is waning. These will be replaced by a target audience which includes non-traditional groups interested in bioenergy feedstock, environmental restoration, and simple quality of life (aesthetics is an example). Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? We trained 7 graduate students and 3 undergraduates at Tarleton State and Texas A&M University. In addition, a newly hired field technician was trained as were numerous students, visitors and interns. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results were disseminated through publications and oral presentations. Germplasm was also shared with seed companies and land-managers such as farmers and NRCS personnel. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We plan on continuing current field and laboratory research, analysis of data, publication of results and divulgation to the scientific and end-user communities. We will do this through our own research and education (Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University and Tarleton State University) as well as through state, federal and international partners.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1. Research and development of native and introduced legume germplasm was advanced through field collections, plot research and publication of results. 2. Forage and revegetation systems were researched and refined for roadside revegetation, small ruminants and wildlife. 3. Laboratory and field studies of legumes and other forbs containing condensed tannins were carried out and data analyzed.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Naumann, H.D., Hagerman, A.E., Lambert, B.D., Muir, J.P., and Tedeschi, L.O. 2013. Does Total Condensed Tannin Concentration Predict Protein-Precipitating Ability of Condensed Tannins From Warm-Season Perennial Legumes? Proc. 110th Annual Meeting of the Southern Association of Agricultural Scientists. 2013 Feb 2-5. Orlando, Florida. Abstract 76892 p 56. Poster 22. http://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2013srb/webprogram/Paper76892.html
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Casey, E. and J.P. Muir. 2013. Domesticating native herbaceous legumes for the Great Plains, USA. Bydgoszcz International student research conference
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hagerman, A.E., S. Masih, H.D. Naumann, J.P. Muir and L.O. Tedeschi. 2013. Acacia proanthocyanidins as inhibitors of ruminal methane production: structure-function relationships. International Society Chemical Ecology, Melbourne Australia.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Naumann, H.D., Tedeschi, L.O., Hagerman, A.E., Lambert, B.D. and Muir, J.P. 2013. Methane emission and protein-precipitating ability of condensed tannins from warm-season perennial legumes. Proc. 4th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. Wageningen Academic Publishers
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: M�rcia Virginia Ferreira dos Santos, Osniel Faria de Oliveira, Hiran Marcelo Siqueira da Silva, James Pierre Muir, M�rcio Vieira da Cunha, Jos� Carlos Batista Dubeux J�nior, M�rio de Andrade Lira. 2013. Caracteriza��o da Vegeta��o Espont�nea em Diferentes Zonas Fisiogr�ficas de Pernambuco, Brasil. Proc. XXII International Grassland Congress, 15-19 Sept. Sydney Australia
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Muir, J.P., J.C. Dubeux, Jr., M.V. Ferreira dos Santos, I.C. Maposse, W.D. Pitman and T.J. Butler. 2013. Challenges to domesticating native forage legumes. Proc. XXII International Grassland Congress, 15-19 Sept. Sydney Australia
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Armstrong, S.A., D.R. Klein, T.R. Whitney, C.B. Scott, J.P. Muir, B.D. Lambert and T.M. Craig. 2013. Effect of using redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchotii) to reduce Haemonchus contortus in vitro motility and increase ivermectin efficacy. Vet. Parasit. 197:271-276
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Adams, R.P., C.A. Taylor, T.R. Whitney, W.C. Stewart and J.P. Muir. 2013. Goats and deer do not use terpenoids to select or avoid browsing on Juniperus pinchotii Sudw. Phytologia 95:238-245
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Dou, F., F.M. Hons, W.R. Ocumpaugh, J.C. Read, M.A. Hussey, and J.P. Muir. 2013. Soil organic carbon pools under switchgrass grown as a bioenergy crop compared to other conventional crops. Pedosphere 23:409-416
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Naumann, H.D., Muir, J.P., Lambert, B.D., Tedeschi, L.O. and Kothmann, M.M. 2013.Condensed tannins in the ruminant environment: A perspective on biological activity. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 1:8-20. http://www.wynoacademicjournals.org/Condensed%20Tannis.pdf
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Butler, T.J., J.P. Muir, C. Huo, and J.A. Gurestsky. 2013. Switchgrass biomass production with nitrogen fertilizer or over-seeded with cool-season legumes. Bioenergy Research 6:44-52
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Lambert, B.D. and J.P. Muir. 2013. Agricultural and rural development research for a new generation. Bydgozcz International Student Research Conference, Poland
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Armstrong, S.A., Naumann, H.D., Lambert, B.D., Muir, J.P. 2013. Effect of six condensed tannin containing plants on the third larval stage of Haemonchus contortus in an in vitro system. Proc. of the Joint Annual Meeting of the ADSA, AMPA, ASAS, CSAS and WSASAS. 2013 July 8-12. Indianapolis, IN. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 91, E-Suppl. 2.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Armstrong, S.A., Naumann, H.D., Lambert, B.D., Muir, J.P. 2013. A modified method for larval migration inhibition. Proc. Of the Joint Annual Meeting of the ADSA, AMPA, ASAS, CSAS and WSASAS. 2013 July 8-12. Indianapolis, IN. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 91, E-Suppl. 2
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Cooper, C.E., Naumann, H.D., Lambert, B.D., Muir, J.P. 2013. Protein precipitating phenolics change with herbivory and seed dispersal. Proc. of the Joint Annual Meeting of the ADSA, AMPA, ASAS, CSAS and WSASAS. 2013 July 8-12. Indianapolis, IN. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 91, E-Suppl. 2.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Muir, J.P., A.M. Lee, B.D. Lambert, J. Lloyd-Reilley, H. Naumann and J.R. Bow. 2013. Dry matter, carbon and nitrogen accumulation of four native perennial North American grasses. Crop Science 53:1799-1807
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Ara�jo Costa, H.H., M. C. Pinheiro Rog�rio, and J.P. Muir, A. Azevedo Alves, D. Barcelos Galvani, R.C. Fernandes Franco Pompeu, A. Vieira Landim, M.S. de Souza Carneiro, W.�. Campos. 2013. Nutritional evaluation of lamb diets in a tropical setting formulated according to NRC (1985) and NRC (2007) specifications. Small Ruminant Research 113:20-29
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Cooper, C., H.D. Naumann, B.D. Lambert and J.P. Muir. 2013. Protein affinity of protein precipitating phenolics in leaves changes with repeated defoliation and ontogenesis of two legumes. Proceedings Southern Pastures and Forage Improvement Conference, 21-23 April, Tyler Texas
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Naumann, H.D., Tedeschi, L.O., Muir, J.P., Lambert, B.D. and Kothmann, M.M. 2013. Effect of molecular weight of condensed tannins from warm-season perennial legumes on ruminal methane production in vitro. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 50:154-162
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Apolin�rio, V.X.O., J.C.B. Dubeux, Jr., A.C.L. Mello, J.M.B. Vendramini, M. A. Lira, M.V.F. Santos, and J.P. Muir. 2013. Dynamics of signal grass pasture leaf litter under varying nitrogen fertilizer and stocking rates. Agronomy Journal 105:999-1004
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Naumann, H.D., J.P. Muir et al. 2013. Molecular weight of legume condensed tannins does not correlate with biological activity. Proc. of the Joint Annual Meeting of the ADSA, AMPA, ASAS, CSAS and WSASAS. 2013 July 8-12. Indianapolis, IN. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 91, E-Suppl. 2.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Naumann, H.D., J.P. Muir et al. 2013. Protein-binding capacity of protein-precipitable phenolics from ten warm-season perennial forage legumes. Proc. of the Joint Annual Meeting of the ADSA, AMPA, ASAS, CSAS and WSASAS. 2013 July 8-12. Indianapolis, IN. J. Anim. Sci. Vol. 91, E-Suppl. 2.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: McCraw, M.A., A. Falk, F.S. Smith, J.P. Muir, and J.R. Bow. 2013. Early Successional Native Plant Materials for Rangeland Restoration in Central Texas. Proceedings Rangeland Society of America Annual Meetings, Stillwater OK.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Cooper, C., B.D. Lambert, and J.P. Muir. 2013. Effect of Simulated Herbivory On Protein Precipitable Phenolic Concentration of Desmodium Paniculatum. Proc. 110th Annual Meeting of the Southern Association of Agricultural Scientists. 2013 Feb 2-5. Orlando, Florida. 77073 p 56. Poster 31. http://scisoc.confex.com/scisoc/2013srb/webprogram/Session11087.html