Progress 11/02/20 to 12/13/21
Outputs
PROGRESS REPORT Objectives (from AD-416): Objective 1: Conduct integrative taxonomic research on adult and immature moths that incorporate morphological and molecular data to describe species and inform their phylogeny and classification. [NP304, C1, PS1A; C2, PS2B and 2C; C3, PS3A and 3B; C4 PS4A and 4B] Subobjective 1.1: Conduct integrative taxonomic research of spilomeline genera (Pyraloidea or snout moths). Subobjective 1.2: Conduct integrative taxonomic research of gelechiine genera (Gelechioidea: Gelechiidae or twirler moths). Subobjective 1.3: Conduct integrative taxonomic research of select noctuid genera with a focus on those bearing on the origins of grass-, fern-, and fruit-feeding Noctuoidea. Objective 2: Manage and enhance through fieldwork major segments of the U. S. National Insect Collection to be used for morphological and molecular research by U.S. scientists and stakeholders worldwide; mine the associated distributional and biological data for comprehensive databases, and provide rapid authoritative identifications, especially of potentially threatening insect pests. [NP304, C1, PS1A; C2, PS2B and 2C; C3, PS3A and 3B; C4 PS4A and 4B] Objective 3: Provide expert/authoritative identifications for early detection of potentially invasive or novel pests intercepted by APHIS or Department of Homeland Security personnel at U.S. ports, and generate research associated with specimens submitted by ARS researchers for biological control research with U.S. state departments of agriculture and U.S. university scientists. [NP304, C1, PS1A; C2, PS2B; C3, PS3A and 3B; C4 PS4A and 4B] Approach (from AD-416): Moth taxa from the Western Hemisphere were selected to fill a knowledge gap about phylogeny, taxonomy, and natural history and selected based on availability of material, the need for revisionary work, and/or relevance to American agriculture or natural resources. The following are the focus of research: in the Pyraloidea (Subobjective 1.1) Ategumia, Desmia, Diaphania, Eulepte, Herpetogramma, Omiodes, Patania; in the Gelechioidea (Subobjective 1.2) genera within and putatively near the Recurvaria-group (Gelechiinae: Litini); in the Noctuoidea (Subobjective 1.3) fern-feeding Argyrosticta in relation to Callopistria, boundaries and composition of the Eriopinae, and erebid litter moths (Herminiinae). Material for comparative study of molecular, morphological, and ecological variation will be mainly from the National Museum of Natural History collection and specimens with primary life history data and CO1 DNA barcodes from the Area de Conservacíon de Guanacaste Costa Rican project. Additional material will be sought from other insect collections, such as the Canadian National Collection (Ontario), The Natural History Museum (London), the Museum national d⿿histoire Naturelle (Paris), and the Museum für Naturkunde (Berlin). Type specimens of each species, including the type species for each genus, will be examined. Fieldwork for newly collected samples is planned for the United States or countries in the Western Hemisphere. Selected larvae of interest will be reared to adult and larval feeding behaviors documented. Taxon sampling will include ten specimens with multiple males and females per species, or as much as is available, and examined to acquire morphological character data with various stereomicroscopes, compound microscopes, scanning electron microscope, and/or a laser scanner. Digital images will be captured using a Visionary Digital BK imaging station to illustrate morphological features. In Gelechioidea, genitalia will be modeled in 3D using Blender to illustrate the highly complex structures. Various types of characters (i.e., integrative taxonomy), such as morphology, biology, geospatial, chronological, and molecular data for phylogenetic analyses will accompany revisionary papers as tests of monophyly and other evolutionary hypotheses, and as summaries of relevant character state distributions and character state changes. Molecular data, specifically CO1 DNA barcodes obtained via Sanger sequencing, will be used to (1) complement ecological and morphological data in the resolution of species-level problems for which morphology is ambiguous or inadequate, and (2) associate the sexes of sexually dimorphic species and associate larvae with adults. Next generation sequencing or a range of nuclear loci for Sanger sequencing will be used for higher level phylogenetic questions. In each of the noctuid groups, the phylogenetic structure developed in this work will be used to map foodplant and diet breadth data to test hypotheses about the number of origins of feeding syndromes (e.g., grass- and fern- feeding). Phylogenetic programs, such as the Tree analysis using New Technology (TNT), will be used to analyze the data. This is the final report for the project 8042-22000-314-00D which terminated December 13, 2021. Planned research was completed prior to redirection to project 8042-22000-317-00D. Progress was made on all three Objectives and their subobjectives, all of which fall under National Program 304, Crop Protection and Quarantine, Component 1, Systematics and Identification, especially Problem Statement 1A where efforts focus on the identification and relationships of insects that are pests or potential pests of the Nation⿿s crops and natural ecosystems, as well as exotic insects that could be used as enemies or that show potential as biological control agents of invasive plants. This report documents progress for Project Number 8042-22000-314-00D Systematics of Hyper-Diverse Moth Superfamilies, with an Emphasis on Agricultural Pests, Invasive Species, Biological Control Agents, and Food Security. This project began recently, in October 2020, and this progress report covers the last two months of the project. We discovered errors in the currently accepted biomechanical model for frass ejection in leaf-tier moths, explored the diversity of leaf-tier moth larvae with morphology that might be associated with frass ejection, and devised a new biomechanical model for frass ejection to test. We described taro snout moth larvae for the first time that bore internally and described the external effects on taro plants for use by taro farmers. We compiled and prepared 190 specimens of Herminiinae and Pastona for DNA barcoding, including 95 historical specimens for Next Generation Sequencing, oversaw curation of Old World Notodontidae, and initiated a 2- year phylogenetic project on Prominent Moths with an incoming postdoctoral fellow. Our subobjectives of Objective 1 are closely tied to our Objective 2, to manage and enhance with fieldwork the U.S. National Insect Collection that we utilize for our research and identifications. The National Collections are also heavily utilized for Objective 3, to provide authoritative identifications to ARS researchers conducting research on moth pests or biological control of noxious weeds, and to APHIS and Homeland Security personnel for detection of invasive and novel pests, i. e., the box tree moth new to the U.S. (including negative records) and new Texas county records of the invasive cactus moth. During this two- month period we provided over 364 urgent identifications submitted by U.S. ports for rapid identification and action on their part. Some identifications were based on actual specimens, but the majority were based on digital images of specimens due to the pandemic.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Solis, M.A., Scheffer, S.J., Lewis, M.L., Rendon, P. 2021. Diatraea postlineella Schaus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) from Guatemala; molecular identity and host plant. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 123(3):638-651. https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.123.3.637.
- Stonis, J.R., Diskus, A., Remeikis, A., Fernandez-Alonso, J.L., Baryshnikova, S., Solis, M.A. 2021. Documenting leaf-mining trumpet moths (Tischeriidae): new Neotropical Coptotriche and Astrotischeria species, with notes on Sapindaceae as a host-plant family. Zootaxa. 5047(3):300-320. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.4.
- Dobrynina, V., Stonis, J.R., Diskus, A., Solis, M.A., Baryshnikova, S., Shin, Y. 2022. Global Nepticulidae, Opostegidae, and Tischeriidae (Lepidoptera): temporal dynamics of species descriptions and their authors. Zootaxa. 5099 (4):450-474. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5099.4.2.
- Vargas, H., Solis, M.A., Vargas-Ortiz, M. 2022. The South American Rheumaptera mochica (Dognin, 1904) (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae), illuminated after more than a century of anonymity. ZooKeys. 1085:129-143. https://doi.org/10.3897/Zookeys.1085.76868.
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Progress 10/01/20 to 09/30/21
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Objective 1: Conduct integrative taxonomic research on adult and immature moths that incorporate morphological and molecular data to describe species and inform their phylogeny and classification. [NP304, C1, PS1A; C2, PS2B and 2C; C3, PS3A and 3B; C4 PS4A and 4B] Subobjective 1.1: Conduct integrative taxonomic research of spilomeline genera (Pyraloidea or snout moths). Subobjective 1.2: Conduct integrative taxonomic research of gelechiine genera (Gelechioidea: Gelechiidae or twirler moths). Subobjective 1.3: Conduct integrative taxonomic research of select noctuid genera with a focus on those bearing on the origins of grass-, fern-, and fruit-feeding Noctuoidea. Objective 2: Manage and enhance through fieldwork major segments of the U. S. National Insect Collection to be used for morphological and molecular research by U.S. scientists and stakeholders worldwide; mine the associated distributional and biological data for comprehensive databases, and provide rapid authoritative identifications, especially of potentially threatening insect pests. [NP304, C1, PS1A; C2, PS2B and 2C; C3, PS3A and 3B; C4 PS4A and 4B] Objective 3: Provide expert/authoritative identifications for early detection of potentially invasive or novel pests intercepted by APHIS or Department of Homeland Security personnel at U.S. ports, and generate research associated with specimens submitted by ARS researchers for biological control research with U.S. state departments of agriculture and U.S. university scientists. [NP304, C1, PS1A; C2, PS2B; C3, PS3A and 3B; C4 PS4A and 4B] Approach (from AD-416): Moth taxa from the Western Hemisphere were selected to fill a knowledge gap about phylogeny, taxonomy, and natural history and selected based on availability of material, the need for revisionary work, and/or relevance to American agriculture or natural resources. The following are the focus of research: in the Pyraloidea (Subobjective 1.1) Ategumia, Desmia, Diaphania, Eulepte, Herpetogramma, Omiodes, Patania; in the Gelechioidea (Subobjective 1.2) genera within and putatively near the Recurvaria-group (Gelechiinae: Litini); in the Noctuoidea (Subobjective 1.3) fern-feeding Argyrosticta in relation to Callopistria, boundaries and composition of the Eriopinae, and erebid litter moths (Herminiinae). Material for comparative study of molecular, morphological, and ecological variation will be mainly from the National Museum of Natural History collection and specimens with primary life history data and CO1 DNA barcodes from the Area de Conservac�on de Guanacaste Costa Rican project. Additional material will be sought from other insect collections, such as the Canadian National Collection (Ontario), The Natural History Museum (London), the Museum national d�histoire Naturelle (Paris), and the Museum f�r Naturkunde (Berlin). Type specimens of each species, including the type species for each genus, will be examined. Fieldwork for newly collected samples is planned for the United States or countries in the Western Hemisphere. Selected larvae of interest will be reared to adult and larval feeding behaviors documented. Taxon sampling will include ten specimens with multiple males and females per species, or as much as is available, and examined to acquire morphological character data with various stereomicroscopes, compound microscopes, scanning electron microscope, and/or a laser scanner. Digital images will be captured using a Visionary Digital BK imaging station to illustrate morphological features. In Gelechioidea, genitalia will be modeled in 3D using Blender to illustrate the highly complex structures. Various types of characters (i.e., integrative taxonomy), such as morphology, biology, geospatial, chronological, and molecular data for phylogenetic analyses will accompany revisionary papers as tests of monophyly and other evolutionary hypotheses, and as summaries of relevant character state distributions and character state changes. Molecular data, specifically CO1 DNA barcodes obtained via Sanger sequencing, will be used to (1) complement ecological and morphological data in the resolution of species-level problems for which morphology is ambiguous or inadequate, and (2) associate the sexes of sexually dimorphic species and associate larvae with adults. Next generation sequencing or a range of nuclear loci for Sanger sequencing will be used for higher level phylogenetic questions. In each of the noctuid groups, the phylogenetic structure developed in this work will be used to map foodplant and diet breadth data to test hypotheses about the number of origins of feeding syndromes (e.g., grass- and fern- feeding). Phylogenetic programs, such as the Tree analysis using New Technology (TNT), will be used to analyze the data. Progress was made on all three objectives and their subobjectives, all of which fall under National Program 304, Crop Protection and Quarantine, Component 1, Systematics and Identification, especially Problem Statement 1A where efforts focus on the identification and relationships of insects that are pests or potential pests of the Nation�s crops and natural ecosystems, as well as exotic insects that could be used as enemies or that show potential as biological control agents of invasive plants. This report documents progress for Project Number 8042-22000-314-00D Systematics of Hyper-Diverse Moth Superfamilies, with an Emphasis on Agricultural Pests, Invasive Species, Biological Control Agents, and Food Security. This project began recently, in October 2020, and this progress report covers the first seven months. We identified new species and clarified the identity and relationships of moths feeding on a wide diversity of plants to provide new knowledge and a framework for communication worldwide. Many of our study organisms are pests or potential pests of economically important crops, and many are potential invasive species that are important to quarantine at U.S. ports. These included the tomato pinworm, one of the most destructive pests of tomato and potato in the World, and a stem-boring moth with potential impact on the biological control of downy rose myrtle, an invasive plant in Florida and Hawaii. We also completed a phylogenomic study of the pest genus Spodoptera, one of the most devastating and economically important groups of moths. We discovered two groups with different larval feeding morphologies and a more recent origin of the genus than previously thought. At the higher taxonomic level within the family Noctuidae, we generated and analyzed data for species in 341 genera representing 20 out of 21 subfamilies and used phylogenetic analyses to clarify subfamily boundaries, and described two new subfamilies. Other research included the first report of moths damaging macadamia in Guatemala; the first documentation of widespread fern-feeding in litter moths, the taxonomy and descriptions of two new species of a complex of Neotropical moths believed to be fern-feeders a new species with larvae that feed on saltmarsh cordgrass and have a significant impact on detritus production and altering organic matter flow between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; a new species from Colombia whose larvae feed on sugarcane processed into brown sugar loaf for human consumption and is most closely related to another serious pest of sugarcane in the Western Hemisphere; the rediscovery of a moth species in over a hundred years during surveys for biological control agents against skunk vine, with the first description of adult internal morphology and food plant; and taxonomy and descriptions of new species and their previously unknown hostplants in various leaf-mining moth families from South America. We also contributed to studies of insects important to biological control; for example, we identified moth species where the larvae are hosts to parasitic wasps of importance to biological control in one of the most novel taxonomic revisions microparasitic wasps. We helped produce an updated and annotated checklist of twirler moths of Panama, adding 11 species to the known diversity of the country. Our subobjectives of Objective 1 are closely tied to our Objective 2, to manage and enhance with fieldwork the U.S. National Insect Collection that we utilize for our research and identifications. The National Collections are also heavily used for Objective 3, to provide authoritative identifications to ARS researchers researching moth pests or biological control of noxious weeds, and to APHIS and Homeland Security personnel for detection of invasive and novel pests. In 2020- 2021 we provided 1,793 URGENT identifications of 4054 submitted by U.S. ports for rapid identification and action on their part. Some identifications were based on actual specimens, but the majority were based on digital images of specimens due to the pandemic. Record of Any Impact of Maximized Teleworking Requirement: The laboratory�s maximized telework had a significant negative impact because access to specimen material that forms the basis of our research was effectively cut off, as was the use of research facilities such as the molecular lab where primary data are generated, and research travel for fieldwork and visits to other museum needed to complete specific projects was eliminated. A major collection that was scheduled to be accessioned was postponed. With respect to the toll on individual employees and their specific projects, non-research responsibilities were inflated for essential employees designated to report for work in person, which included absorbing significant responsibilities for coordinating daily URGENT identifications from U.S. ports for the entire Systematic Entomology Lab. ACCOMPLISHMENTS 01 The True Identity of the Tomato Pinworm. The tomato pinworm is a moth native to Central and South America, but it is an invasive pest, a constant threat to U.S. tomato and potato crops, and can cause up to 100% crop loss. It has many common names used around the world, such as the tomato leaf miner and South American tomato moth. Just as confusing, the scientific name of the tomato pinworm and the species most closely related to it, its identity and classification, were also unclear. An ARS researcher located at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, collaborated with a researcher from the University of Panama to conduct the first modern comparative analysis, which led to its true identity and best classification of the species. Complex ideas, like a species� identity, are easier to relate when they are categorized and have standard terminology. This knowledge will enhance communication about the tomato pinworm for everyone. Knowing the other species on the tomato pinworm�s family tree will help us understand the evolution of pest species and predict new pest species based on relatedness. 02 Phylogenomics of the Armyworms (Spodoptera). The noctuid genus Spodoptera includes species that pose some of the world�s greatest threats to agriculture, among them the Fall Armyworm, which has crossed and overtaken three continents in the last five years. An ARS researcher located at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, in collaboration with researchers from France, Kenya, UK, and Australia, used the technique of genome skimming to generate mitogenomic data for 14 species and combined these with nuclear data to produce a backbone phylogeny for the genus and an updated phylogenetic framework for the genus. Our analyses recovered two ecologically diverse clades for the first time, corresponding to larval feeding morphology. Dating analyses indicated a more recent origin than previously thought for Spodoptera.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Stonis, J.R., Diskus, A., Fernandez-Alonso, J.L., Remeikis, A., Solis, M.A. 2021. New leaf-mining Nepticulidae: potential pests of aromatic Lamiaceae plants from equatorial Andes. Zootaxa. 4926(3):363-382. https://doi.org/10. 11646/zootaxa.4926.3.3.
- Stonis, J.R., Diskus, A., Solis, M.A., Monro, A.K. 2021. Diagnostics of Manitisheria gen. nov., an Old-World genus of leaf-mining Tischeriidae, composed of new species and species formerly in Tischeria Zeller. Zootaxa. 4964(2):251-287. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4964.2.2.
- Metz, M., Hallwachs, W., Janzen, D.H. 2020. Four new gelechioid species to honor Costa Rica's conservation of wild biodiversity (Lepidoptera). Zootaxa. 4810(1):45-64.
- Lopez-Guillen, G., Gomez Ruiz, J., Brown, J., Cruz-Lopez, L., Metz, M., Solis, M.A. 2021. First records of Lepidoptera damaging Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae) fruits in Guatemala. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 123(2):341-349. https://doi.org/10. 4289/0013-8797.123.2.341.
- Irwin, M.E., Winterton, S.L., Metz, M. 2020. New stiletto flies from New Caledonia (Therevidae: Agapophytinae). ZooKeys. 984:83-132.
- Sharkey, M.J., Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W., Chapman, E., Smith, M.A., Dapkey, T., Brown, A., Ratnasungham, S., Naik, S., Manjunath, R., Perez, K. , Milton, M., Hebert, P., Shaw, S., Kittel, R.N., Solis, M.A., Metz, M., Goldstein, P.Z., Brown, J.W., Quicke, D., Van Achterberg, C., Brown, B.V., Burns, J. 2020. Minimalist revision and description of 411 new species in 11 subfamilies of Costa Rican braconid parasitic wasps, including host records. ZooKeys. 4810(1):45-64. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4810.1.2.
- Metz, M., Mcevoy, F. 2020. Niditinea sabroskyi Metz and Davis (Lepidoptera: Tineidae: Tineinae) from tree swallow nests on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 122(4):1019-1021.
- Corro Chang, P., Metz, M. 2021. Classification of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae: Gelechiinae: Gnorimoschemini) based on cladistic analysis of morphology. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 123(1):41-54. https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.123.1.41.
- Corro Chang, P., Bidzilya, O., Metz, M., Landry, J., Heppner, J. 2021. Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) of Panam�: new records and an annotated checklist of species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 123(1):55-74. https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.123.1.55.
- Stonis, J.R., Diskus, A., Remeikis, A., Solis, M.A., Katinas, L. 2020. Exotic Neotropical Tischeriidae (Lepidoptera) and their host plants. ZooKeys. 970:117-158.
- Solis, M.A., Pratt, P.D., Makinson, J., Purcell, M.F., Rayamajhi, M.B., Mattison, E.D., Mally, R. 2020. Archernis humilis (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) rediscovered feeding on skunk vine (Paederia foetida L.) in southeast Asia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 122(3):732-749. https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.122.3.732.
- Goldstein, P.Z. 2021. Three new species in the Rejectaria niciasalis Walker group (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Herminiinae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 123(2):300-313. https://doi.org/10. 4289/0013-8797.123.2.300.
- Goldstein, P.Z., Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W. 2021. A novel origin of pteridivory among the New World Noctuoidea: Fern-feeding litter moths (Erebidae: Herminiinae). ZooKeys. 123(2):314-333. https://doi.org/10.4289/ 0013-8797.123.2.314.
- Keegan, K., Rota, J., Zahiri, R., Wahlberg, N., Schmidt, C., Lafontaine, D. , Goldstein, P.Z., Wagner, D. 2021. Towards a Stable Global Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) Taxonomy. Systematic Entomology. 5(3):1-24. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/isd/ixab005.
- Kergoat, G., Goldstein, P.Z., Le Ru, B., Meagher, R., Zilli, A., Mitchell, A., Clamens, A., Barbut, J., Gimenez, S., Negre, N., D'Alencon, E., Nam, K. 2021. A novel reference dated phylogeny for the genus Spodoptera Guen�e (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Noctuinae): new insights into the evolution of a pest-rich genus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 161:107161.
- Solis, M.A., Canepuccia, A.D., Farina, J.L., Iribame, O.O. 2020. A new species of Haimbachia Dyar (Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Crambinae) feeding on Spartina Schreb. (Spartinaceae) from Argentina. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 122(4):916-928.
- Solis, M.A., Osoria-Mejia, P., Sarmiento-Naizaque, Z., Barreto-Triana, N. 2020. A new species of Eoreuma Ely (Crambidae: Crambinae) feeding on sugarcane from Colombia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 122(2):471-481.
- Solis, M.A., Philips-Rodriguez, E. 2021. Hidden Jewel: Cryptocosma Lederer (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae), its transfer to the Glaphyriinae, and the synonymy of Guyanymphula Heppner. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 123(1):217-229. https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797. 123.1.217.
- Lue, C., Buffington, M.L., Scheffer, S.J., Lewis, M.L., Driskell, A., Jandova, A., Kimura, M., Carton, Y., Kula, R.R., Schlenke, T., Mateos, M., Govind, S., Varaldi, J., Guerrieri, E., Giorgini, M., Wang, X., Hoelmer, K. A., Daane, K., Abram, P., Pardikes, N., Brown, J., Thierry, M., Poirie, M., Goldstein, P.Z., Miller, S., Jiggins, F., Tracey, A., Davis, J.S., Wertheim, B., Lewis, O.T., Leips, J., Lindsey, A., Staniczenko, P., Hrcek, J. 2021. DROP: Molecular voucher database for identification of Drosophila parasitoids. Molecular Ecology. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998. 13435.
- Stonis, J., Remeikis, A., Diskus, A., Svetlana, B., Solis, M.A. 2021. What are the smallest moths (Lepidoptera) in the world?. European Journal of Taxonomy. 4942(2):296-289. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4942.2.8.
- Stonis, J., Remeikis, A., Solis, M.A., Karsholt, O. 2021. Diagnostics and updated catalogue of Oriental Pseudopostega (Opostegidae), including the matrona species group with a new, extralimital species discovered in the Mediterranean. Zootaxa. 4933 (3):341-360. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa. 4933.3.3.
- Stonis, J.R., Solis, M.A. 2020. Dishkeya gen. nov., a New-World endemic genus of leaf-mining Tischeriidae, transferred from Tischeria Zeller. Biologija. 66(3):123-135.
- Wineriter-Wright, S., Smith, M., Metz, M., Makinson, J., Bradley, B., Purcell, M., Pratt, P.D. 2020. The biology of Casmara subagronoma (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), a stem boring moth of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae): descriptions of the previously unknown adult female and immature stages, and its potential as a biologic. Insects. 11(10):653. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11100653.
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