Progress 05/06/19 to 05/05/24
Outputs
PROGRESS REPORT Objectives (from AD-416): The U.S. has tremendous capacity for meeting the domestic demand for seafood by expanding aquaculture in federal waters and land-based recirculating systems. As the largest importer of seafood products, expanding domestic production will reduce our reliance on imports and the trade deficit. This project will support the U.S. aquaculture industry by developing technologies that will ensure a steady supply of warm water marine fish seedstocks that are optimized for commercial production. 1. Develop year-round spawning strategies for captive broodstock and larviculture methods for seed production of marine finfish. 2. Develop methods for genetic improvement of warm water marine finfish for optimum production efficiency. 3. Increase understanding of fish physiology and enhance production efficiency through improved management strategies. Approach (from AD-416): Aquaculture producers need access to seedstocks that are available year- round and optimized for the production environment. Research is needed to develop seedstocks that are bred for maximum production efficiency and have minimal impacts on the environment and native populations. Research in the disciplines of genetics, fish health, nutrition, reproductive biology, and physiology will contribute to the development of seedstocks that meet these criteria. This is a report of Five years (FY2020-FY2024) of progress of a multi- year USDA-ARS collaborative research partnership with Florida Atlantic University⿿s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute (HBOI). The project began during the 2nd year of a standard USDA project planning cycle. There is no existing standard 5-year plan. During these initial years while the project is being ⿿stood up, annually prioritized experiments were determined in consultation with industry stakeholders and USDA-ARS. This allowed the project to rapidly respond to stakeholders⿿ immediate and evolving priority needs. Key accomplishments during the five years of the project included successfully reconditioning office workspace to house USDA-ARS scientists and staff on the HBOI campus under lease agreement 57-6034-19-027. Extensive renovations and upgrades to labs and fish husbandry areas for USDA and HBOI scientists were done to provide an environment suitable to conduct experiments. Broodstocks of Florida Pompano (HBOI), Red Drum (HBOI and MOTE Marine Lab) , Almaco jack (U. Miami), California Yellowtail Jack (HSWRI) and Atlantic croaker (HBOI) including both hatchery-reared, and wild-caught fish were established, and a draft genome of Florida Pompano was sequenced and the protein coding gene set (a.k.a., Transcriptome) was completed. In addition, the nutritional requirements of Florida Pompano broodstock was determined. The growth, survival, and health of Florida Pompano larvae raised in decreasing salinity was demonstrated, and the nutritional value of new feed ingredients for Florida Pompano and Red Drum including byproducts of clam processing, hemp, and black soldier fly meals was determined. Whole wheat grain as a good source of carbohydrates for farm raised Florida Pompano was also determined, and reduced live feed requirements for Florida Pompano by up to 80% of prior levels with new experimental larval diets. Scientists also established that the wild population of Florida Pompano off the Atlantic Coast of FL and the Gulf Coast of FL are genetically similar suggesting they are one population. Scientists developed a Rapid Disease Diagnostic Tool for Marine Fish and demonstrated algae oil in fish diets as a viable alternative to fish oil. The scientists produced an industry requested publication on the status of U.S. Marine finfish aquaculture. the publication at: https:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/17497345/2021/52/3. Research established methods for the successful out of season spawning of Yellowtail broodstock and demonstrated the effects of copper sulfate on the microorganisms within a tank following treatment with copper sulfate. Further work established an appropriate substitution of fish meal by black soldier fly meal (BSFM) for Red Drum. Successful and consistent egg quality production from California Yellowtail (S. dorsalis) and that they selectively retain essential lipids from their diets after just 10 to 19 days of feeding was established, and extended out-of-season spawning techniques and methods for larval rearing of the species by 5 months. Researchers at HBOI-FAU partnered with local fish farms in Florida to address the knowledge gap around live feed substitution in larvae. The objective of this collaboration was to test the potential of a novel commercial compounded diet to replace and eliminate the need for rotifers and/or Artemia as live feeds for early feeding of Florida Pompano. The diets are designed to reduce the need for rotifers and Artemia by at least 50%. Hatching success was estimated at each farm (~72% to 96%, depending on the farm. A control group and 3 live feed replacement levels of replacement were tested. 18 days following hatch (18 DPH), the control group showed the highest weight gain followed by the 50% for rotifers and Artemia group. At 29 DPH, the control group also showed the highest weight gain. Fatty acid results showed a relatively similar pattern among all the groups. However, the essential fatty acid DHA was highest in the 80% replacement of Artemia at 18 DPH. Replacing live feeds with formulated diets allows the production of high-quality Florida Pompano. Researchers at HBOI-FAU collaborated with ARS researchers to test the resilience of seedstock to extreme low oxygen levels. Fertilized eggs of Florida Pompano and Red Drum were incubated in two different dissolved oxygen (DO) levels; severe (20% DO saturation), moderate (50% DO saturation and normal (100% DO saturation). Eggs and larvae were sampled at 24-hours post-fertilization to assess performance. Florida Pompano embryos were susceptible to moderate levels of oxygen, leading to low hatching and performance. Red Drum embryos exhibited a higher tolerance to low oxygen conditions, with performance effected only at the lowest oxygen levels (20% DO saturation). This is relevant for stakeholders to understand how closely they should monitor oxygen levels in incubation tanks, with implications for environmental monitoring for wild populations. Researchers at HBOI-FAU, USDA-ARS, and Purdue University also examined molecular responses of Florida Pompano larvae maintained under different salinity conditions, as low as 5 parts per thousand. Tissue samples were collected for evaluating potential effects on molecular changes. Researchers at HBOI- FAU and USDA-ARS in collaboration with the University of Maine, Orono conducted a 10-week feeding trial on juvenile Florida Pompano to evaluate the effects of different dietary carbohydrate sources on growth, health parameters, and carbohydrate utilization in Florida Pompano. An adequate carbohydrate source would increase protein and lipid efficiency, reducing feed cost and ammonia release to the environment. Five diets with the same protein, lipid, and energy contents were fed to Florida Pompano. Results indicated that whole wheat grain resulted in optimal growth and efficiency in juvenile Florida Pompano. Fish fed whole wheat grain flour also maintained an adequate health status. Gene expression, including pathways for carbohydrate utilization and microbial communities were affected. This study indicated that whole wheat grain flour is the most suitable dietary carbohydrate source for Florida Pompano. Researchers at HBOI-FAU and USDA-ARS in collaboration with Stratium, LLC, the Florida Costal Conservation Association and Duke Energy Crystal River Mariculture Center assessed the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with black soldier fly meal (BSFM) in diets of juvenile Red Drum. Five diets with the same protein and lipid levels containing different black soldier fly meal (BSFM) inclusions were evaluated and the best growth, feed conversion efficiency and health status were in fish fed with the diet at 25% BSFM. The palatability of BSFM indicated it was an acceptable fish meal replacement in Red Drum diets up to a 25% inclusion. Researchers at HBOI-FAU, USDA-ARS, in collaboration with Auburn University conducted a series of growth trials to compare a high soy-low animal meal diet to a commercial feed formulation, to evaluate the efficacy of new soy-products in diets for the Florida Pompano. In addition, the requirement for methionine, an essential amino acid for fish was determined. Three trials were performed to better understand how soy processed in different ways impacts the growth, feed efficiency, and health of Florida Pompano. Higher levels of soy are possible than previously thought with no signs of effects on health status. Researchers at HBOI-FAU, USDA-ARS, in collaboration with Florida A&M University evaluated diets with graded hemp meal with 5, 10 and 15% inclusions with and without taurine supplements in Florida Pompano and Red Drum. Hemp meal had no adverse effect on either species, and survival was high. Growth of both Pompano and Red drum was affected by replacing fishmeal with hemp. For Florida Pompano and Red Drum, 5% hemp meal diet supplemented with taurine presents a nutritional balance. Researchers at HBOI-FAU, USDA-ARS in collaboration with Mote Marine Lab (MOTE) evaluated the link between the diet of Red Drum broodstock and the quality of their eggs and larvae. Eggs and larvae were collected from a series of 12 mass spawning events across 3 broodstock populations over an 8-month period. Comparisons are being made against those eggs collected from spawning wild females. Researchers at HBOI-FAU, USDA-ARS in collaboration with Hubbs Sea World Research Institute (HSWRI) evaluated the dietary impact on egg quality in California Yellowtail broodstock showing that overall fatty acids from two experimental diets with differing fat profiles were fully incorporated in the eggs 9 days following the diet switch. Researchers at HBOI-FAU, USDA-ARS in collaboration with HSWRI refined out- of-season spawning techniques for California Yellowtail. The spawning season was extended, doubling the spawns from 34 in 2023 to 76 in 2024. Swim bladder inflation trials were conducted that showed that surface access was necessary. HBOI-FAU and USDA-ARS researchers in collaboration with Aquaco Farm (Fort Pierce, FL) collected genetic samples from 56 wild broodfish and nearly 1, 000 captive-bred offspring for bioinformatics analysis. Aquaco assigns offspring to a uniquely coded tracked cohorts with known parents and spawn dates. They regularly conduct size gradings on each cohort through grow-out and cull smaller fish. We collected samples of both sizes at each culling event to track separate cohorts from hatch to harvest. Length and weight were also recorded for each size class. A subset of samples representing five cohorts are being used to discover single sites on genes linked to growth for marker-assisted selection. ACCOMPLISHMENTS 01 Black soldier fly meal is a partial substitute for fish meal. Fish meal is a principal feed ingredient in diets for species like Red Drum; however, use of fish meal is increasingly environmentally and economically unsustainable requiring alternative substitutes. ARS researchers in Fort Pierce, Florida established an appropriate substitution level of a novel feed ingredient (black soldier fly meal) by evaluating growth, animal efficiency, diet acceptance, and indicators of fish health in Red Drum. This accomplishment establishes the suitability of black soldier fly as a fish feed ingredient drawing much interest from insect growers, fish feed manufacturers, and fish farmers. The industry is using the data to seek Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of black soldier fly meal as an approved feed ingredient in fish feeds. 02 California Yellowtail broodstock research. Seedstock (e.g, larvae) have long been a bottleneck in successful aquaculture operations, and the production of quality seedstock is known to hinge on broodstock nutrition and transfer of nutrients to the eggs. ARS Researchers at Fort Pierce, Florida, in collaboration with Researchers at Hubbs Sea World Research Institute in San Diego, California demonstrated successful and consistent egg quality production from California Yellowtail (Seriola dorsalis) following the feeding of different broodstock diets. Seriola dorsalis eggs can selectively retain essential lipids from their diets during periods of dietary deficiencies and that overall fatty acids from diets are incorporated into eggs after just 10 to 19 days of feeding, resulting in hardier, more robust seedstock. This accomplishment assists producers in determining the optimal timing for transitioning from a regular diet to a more specialized spawning diet to improve egg quality to meet the growing demand in the US marine aquaculture industry. 03 California Yellowtail year-round spawning. A consistent year-round supply of seedstock (e.g, juveniles) has long been a bottleneck in successful aquaculture operations, resulting in insufficiency of juveniles for restocking to maintain farm operations at an economical scale. ARS Researchers at Fort Pierce, Florida, in collaboration with Researchers at Hubbs Sea World Research Institute in San Diego, California. Established out-of-season spawning techniques and methods for larval rearing for California Yellowtail, where the spawning season was extended by 5 months. As California Yellowtail this accomplishment provides another tool to increase farm management practices by giving consistent access to high quality seedstock year-round. This provides consumers, grain growers, feed manufacturers, and fish farmers greater access to markets. 04 Florida Pompano Culture Manual published as part of outreach efforts. Outreach to all stakeholders, wherever it lies on the value chain, is an imperative function to provide stakeholders with timely information to improve profitability of their industry. A workshop on all aspects of the culture of Florida Pompano was held on the campus of Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Fort Pierce, Florida, hosted by Researchers from FAU-HBOI, USDA-ARS and others to provide recent and timely information to stakeholders, across representing multiple stakeholder groups. A product of this workshop was a manual titled, Cultural Manual for the Florida Pompano Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766), covering all aspects of Florida Pompano culture. This product is anticipated to increase the probable success of not only Florida Pompano, but other US marine finfish producers as well.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Chin, L., Mejri, S., Wills, P., Stuart, K., Drawbridge, M. 2023. Influence of broodstock nutrition on egg quality and fatty acid composition in California Yellowtail. North American Journal of Aquaculture. 86:3-16. https://doi.org/10.1002/naaq.10318.
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Progress 10/01/22 to 09/30/23
Outputs
PROGRESS REPORT Objectives (from AD-416): The U.S. has tremendous capacity for meeting the domestic demand for seafood by expanding aquaculture in federal waters and land-based recirculating systems. As the largest importer of seafood products, expanding domestic production will reduce our reliance on imports and the trade deficit. This project will support the U.S. aquaculture industry by developing technologies that will ensure a steady supply of warm water marine fish seedstocks that are optimized for commercial production. 1. Develop year-round spawning strategies for captive broodstock and larviculture methods for seed production of marine finfish. 2. Develop methods for genetic improvement of warm water marine finfish for optimum production efficiency. 3. Increase understanding of fish physiology and enhance production efficiency through improved management strategies. Approach (from AD-416): Aquaculture producers need access to seedstocks that are available year- round and optimized for the production environment. Research is needed to develop seedstocks that are bred for maximum production efficiency and have minimal impacts on the environment and native populations. Research in the disciplines of genetics, fish health, nutrition, reproductive biology, and physiology will contribute to the development of seedstocks that meet these criteria. Researchers at Florida Atlantic University (FAU) and Fort Pierce, Florida in collaboration with Purdue University studied immune response of juvenile Florida pompano in varying salinity (8, 12, 20, and 28 ppt) for 15 days to the pathogen Vibrio sp. Health measures included individual photographs, morphometrics, gill arches for histology, water samples and skin swabs for verification of Vibrio, and tissue samples for transcriptomic and fatty acid analysis. Results showed no effect of low salinity on pompano juveniles⿿ overall health, suggesting the safety and economic benefits of rearing pompano at low salinity. Maintaining marine salinities within inland recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) requires large amounts of salt that increases costs. An on-farm study previously done explored this issue in larvae, but this additional study was conducted to focus on the effects of salinity on immune function and pathogen susceptibility. A manuscript is currently in preparation with anticipated Summer 2023 submission. Researchers and partner fish farms, LAB and Proaquatix, tested commercial live feed replacement diets at differing substitution levels to reduce the need for rotifers and Artemia for larval pompano. This will enhance efficiency and reliability of hatchery and early nursery phases. Live feeds are expensive for marine fish hatchery production. INVE Natura pRo (<100um & 100/250 um) and ExL (200/400 um & 300/600 um) are designed to reduce the need for rotifers and Artemia by at least 50%. We tested three treatments with a control, rearing fish until 3 days post hatch (dph) in quadruplicate on two farms. Experimental treatments replaced 50% and 80% of rotifers and Artemia, and 80% of Artemia. Our results show the potential of INVE as a replacement for live feed, we found that survival, length and weight were comparable in fish from all the treatments to the control. This live feed replacement will allow for an option for hatcheries if one or more of their live feed culture fails during a hatchery run. Elimination of Artemia will reduce exposure to potential pathogens such as Vibrio that is found in Artemia cysts. FAU and ARS Fort Pierce, Florida in collaboration with the University of Maine-Orono conducted a 10-week feeding trial with juvenile pompano to determine adequate dietary carbohydrate sources for optimal growth. Five diets differing in carbohydrate sources were tested (whole wheat grain flour, whole corn grain flour, wheat starch, corn starch, and dextrinized cornstarch). Results showed that whole wheat grain flour is the best carbohydrate source for pompano showing the highest weight gain and feed efficiency among other optimal health status parameters. These results are of high importance when formulating a well-balanced diet that will provide the energy requirements with carbohydrates that spare the use of protein for growth. Researchers in collaboration with River Road Research- Noco assessed the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with black soldier fly meal (BSFM) in red drum juveniles. BSFM is a protein source that is gaining attention in aquaculture for its sustainable production and well- balanced amino acid profile. Five diets differing in FM replacement (25, 50, 75 and 100%) were tested to evaluate growth. Results showed that fish fed with a 50% BSFM diet presented no difference from the controls fed 100% FM diet. These results highlight the possibility of replacing up to 50% of the fish meal which will reduce production feeding costs. In collaboration with Auburn University we studied species-specific feed formulations for pompano, by evaluating the use of specialty soybean meal to replace animal proteins (AP). Comparison of soy-based feed (8% poultry meal, 10% corn protein concentrate, 55% soybean meal) to a commercial feed was done in two different systems with 6 replicates of each diet in small (800 L) and large (3000 L) tanks for 8 weeks. Final weight, percent weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) for fish reared on the experimental feed were generally poorer than that of fish reared on the commercial feed, respectively. A similar response was observed in the large tank system (3,000 L). In both cases, performance was poorer, but not significantly (P < 0.05), in fish fed the experimental diet compared to the commercial feed. This would indicate that although we were close in performance, optimization of diets with low levels of AP and high levels of plant proteins is still needed. Collaboration with Florida A&M University we studied growth effects of replacing FM at varying levels of hemp seed meal (HSM) (5, 10 and 15%) with or without taurine supplementation in pompano and red drum. The HSM is a by-product from hemp processing, is 30 ⿿ 40% protein and high in polyunsaturated fats, serves as potential feed ingredients. This study showed that HSM had no adverse effect on either species, with the survival ranging from 85 ⿿ 100% for pompano and 90 -100% for red drum. The growth of both species was significantly affected by replacing FM with HSM, with respect to the control diet. Increased levels of HSM without taurine supplementation reduced fish weights. However, fish fed with HSM diets supplemented with taurine presented the highest weight gain. Five percent HSM diet supplemented with taurine presented an optimal nutritional balance for both species. Objectives. 1 and 3. We studied optimizing egg quality in pompano broodstock for consistent and high-quality seed stock production. A mix of 40 wild caught and F1 generation pompano broodstock were divided into 4 tanks in 2 RASs. Three different treatments of cut-bait diet, commercial feed Breed-M, and an Ulva based diet with a 10% fish meal substitution were fed 4 times a day at 10% of fish body weight. Egg and larvae samples were collected for biometrics and biochemistry twice a day prior to complete yolk absorption and once a day until weaning onto a microparticulate diet. Yolk reserves were used differently between offspring of parents fed cut bait diet those fed pelleted diet. Larvae from pellet fed brooders had faster growth and more consistent fatty acid (FA) composition. Similar effects were noted with Almaco Jack broodstock collaborating with Mote Marine Laboratory. We evaluated cut bait and pelleted broodstock diets for egg and larvae quality. Offspring showed better growth and more consistent composition in essential FA. These experiments are still ongoing with other commercial diets to be trialed. Results were presented at Aquaculture America 2023 in New Orleans, with pompano results being part of a masters student thesis. Studies show that eggs are influenced by broodstock diet but there is no information on the timeline of nutrient incorporation. In collaboration with Hubbs Sea World, have built on findings for California yellowtail broodstock diet⿿s impact on egg quality to study the duration required for broodstock to transfer dietary nutrients to eggs. Nine California yellowtail females were fed alternating diets of commercial pellet and cut bait. Each diet was switched every 6 weeks within the 24-week spawning season. Egg biochemical and biometric data were analyzed for differences in diet type and spawn period. Parameters (i.e., fertilization rate) stayed consistent but egg FA composition was affected by diet and spawn period. Egg FAs showed that pelleted diet FAs were incorporated in 10 days, but cut-bait FAs took 20 days. Analysis using egg:diet ratio found that only arachidonic acid satisfied requirements for eggs while eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and essential FA precursors, linoleic acid and a-linolenic acid, were not met. Known incorporation rates will allow informed feeding planning when testing new feeds or supplements. These results will transition producers from cut- bait to pelleted diets. Objective 2. Researchers initiated a genome based selective breeding for pompano. A transcriptome for Florida Pompano was completed based on whole- body juveniles and skeletal muscle transcripts. The transcriptome and whole-genome assembly allows for gene prediction and identifying non- coding sequences useful as markers. The final set of predicted protein- coding genes was 26,891. Ortholog analysis of the six related fish species identified 13,088 orthologs, with 259 genes unique to Florida pompano. This information will be used as a tool to identify genes associated with traits of interest to commercial aquaculture (e.g., growth, disease resistance, and fecundity). The genomes of two closely related species, permit and palometa, were sequenced, assembled, and annotated to compare with growth genes to pompano. This showed eight species-specific growth genes in the pompano and one in palometa. The unique pompano growth genes were TGFBR3, IHH, NDRG4, MTPN, Smad4, SGMS1, and ZRANB3. Permit and pompano each had one species-specific orthogroup containing two genes. This information allows investigating why permit is 10x larger than pompano and will be used in a marker assisted selective breeding program. Objective 3. We established a Fish Health & Pathology Lab suitable for isolation, cultivation, and identification of common BSL-2 disease microorganisms in marine warm water finfish. We designed and began setting up a disease challenge lab for pathogen/parasite inoculation and observation. This facility will consist of two 40 ft insulated shipping containers with environmental control. One will house 12 individual RAS for challenge studies while the other will house a bench lab. The containers are set and connected to electricity and running water. Ongoing facility updates: Structural renovation of greenhouses is complete. Rebuilding of grow out systems inside is ongoing. Larviculture lab has been built and temperature control heating and cooling systems are complete. Tanks will be set in place next. ACCOMPLISHMENTS 01 Whole wheat grain is a good source of carbohydrates for farm raised Florida Pompano. Several carbohydrate sources were tested in feeds for Florida Pompano by researchers at Fort Pierce, Florida. Whole wheat grain was the best carbohydrate option of those tested, for Florida pompano feed formulation. It resulted in better growth performance in Florida pompano juveniles, showed excellent growth, feed intake, and feed efficiency than other sources of carbohydrates tested. Carbohydrates are the cheapest dietary energy and adequate dietary inclusion can reduce protein and lipid use for energy. This ultimately reduces feed cost and waste ammonia release to the environment. Therefore, the benefits include lowering feed costs without affecting the nutritional balance of feed and will contribute to the economic sustainability of aquaculture operations. 02 Florida Pompano protein coding gene set (a.k.a., Transcriptome) was completed. The researchers at Fort Pierce, Florida, fully identified a full set of protein coding genes in Florida Pompano and closely related Permit, and Palometa. This established data set will allow for the identification of novel genes associated with traits of interest that can be used in a selective breeding program. This allows researchers to identify the variation in the growth genes between these three species to look for a genetic linkage between the different sizes for these three related species. Benefits to fish farmers include identifying genes associated with growth that can be used in a selective breeding program. This will allow for the selection of fish who reach market size faster and with less size variation resulting in increased yield and profits for farmers. 03 Hosted an industry/stakeholder informational workshop. To ensure U.S. marine finfish aquaculture industry and taxpayer interests are met, it is essential to inform interested parties on programmatic progress and seek input on future programmatic direction. ARS researchers in Fort Pierce, Florida, in coordination with the U.S. Warm Water Marine Finfish Aquaculture Advisory Committee, hosted a workshop to disseminate programmatic progress and seek input for future programmatic direction. The workshop successfully encouraged the ongoing dialogue between project researchers, industry, and other stakeholders. The documented outcomes were productive and instrumental in underscoring ongoing stakeholders⿿ needs and refining new industry challenges. The benefits to industry and the U.S. consumer are a very directed and focused effort to increase production efficiencies and a better tasting product brought to market safer, faster, and more economically.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Bradshaw, D., Perricone, C.S., King, L., Allmon, E.B., Sepulveda Soledad, M., Willis, P.S., Riche, M., Kirchoff, N., Mejri, S. 2023. Commercial production of Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) larvae at low salinity induces variable changes in whole-larvae microbial diversity, gene expression and gill histopathology. Frontiers in Marine Science. 10:1158446. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1158446.
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Progress 10/01/21 to 09/30/22
Outputs
PROGRESS REPORT Objectives (from AD-416): The U.S. has tremendous capacity for meeting the domestic demand for seafood by expanding aquaculture in federal waters and land-based recirculating systems. As the largest importer of seafood products, expanding domestic production will reduce our reliance on imports and the trade deficit. This project will support the U.S. aquaculture industry by developing technologies that will ensure a steady supply of warm water marine fish seedstocks that are optimized for commercial production. 1. Develop year-round spawning strategies for captive broodstock and larviculture methods for seed production of marine finfish. 2. Develop methods for genetic improvement of warm water marine finfish for optimum production efficiency. 3. Increase understanding of fish physiology and enhance production efficiency through improved management strategies. Approach (from AD-416): Aquaculture producers need access to seedstocks that are available year- round and optimized for the production environment. Research is needed to develop seedstocks that are bred for maximum production efficiency and have minimal impacts on the environment and native populations. Research in the disciplines of genetics, fish health, nutrition, reproductive biology, and physiology will contribute to the development of seedstocks that meet these criteria. This is a report on the first three years (FY2020-2022) progress of a multi-year USDA-ARS collaborative research partnership with Florida Atlantic University⿿s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute (HBOI). The project began during the 2nd year of a standard USDA project planning cycle. There is no existing standard 5-year plan. A 5-year plan is scheduled after the first 4 years of the project. During these initial 4 project years annually prioritized experiments are being determined in consultation with industry stakeholders and USDA-ARS. In support of objective 1, researchers at HBOI-FAU partnered with local fish farms in Florida, to address the knowledge gaps regarding the impact of low salinity on Florida pompano larval health and well-being. An experiment was completed with larval Florida pompano reared in 3 different salinities (10, 20, and 30 ppt), to determine the optimal salinity for culturing fingerlings from hatch to weaning under commercial production settings. Results indicated Florida pompano reared in a salinity as low as 10 ppt remained healthy with normal growth and physiological development. Raising Florida pompano under low salinity has several benefits, including the reduced reliance upon coastal properties for the siting of production facilities that could alternatively be constructed inland close to market centers reducing the carbon footprint and providing local jobs. In addition, this would reduce the expenses associated with buying artificial seawater. These efforts resulted in two peer-reviewed manuscripts, one on physiology (biometrics, biochemistry, and general transcriptomics), and the other on immunology (gill structure, microbial communities, and immune genes). HBOI researchers partnered with local Florida fish farms to establish the effect of early weaning (transitioning to prepared diets) on improving production, survival, and growth of Florida pompano under current commercial hatchery production protocols. In 2020-2021, Researchers at HBOI evaluated three commercially available domestic diets (Bio-Oregon, Zeigler starter, and Otohime) on Florida pompano larval growth and survival. Only the Otohime fed fish resulted in satisfactory production performance. A subsequent investigation was conducted to demonstrate early weaning under commercial conditions using Otohime and two additional commercial diets (Love larvae, and INVE Natura) which exhibit better performance in marine fish larvae reared overseas. Performance was investigated from hatchery all the way through to grow- out to market. In addition to growth and survival, weaning diet effects on the fish gut microbiome was also determined. Reducing the time from hatch to feeding a prepared diet (weaning) results in a significant cost savings for a hatchery producer. Samples of fish for weights, length, biochemistry, bone and cartilage form and structure, as well as the microbial community are currently being analyzed. Researchers at HBOI in collaboration with Sea Watch International, Ltd. conducted a 12-week feeding trial on juvenile Florida pompano to assess the suitability of clam meal as a substitute for fish meal in Florida pompano diets. Clam meal was added at 10, 20, or 30% of the diet. The effect of clam meal on growth, efficiency parameters, body composition, health parameters, and gut microbiome were investigated. Juvenile Florida pompano fed 10 and 20% clam meal had a higher weight gain, protein retention, as well as a better oxidative stress response than the pompano fed the fish meal diet. Additionally, there was no impact on the microbial diversity of the gut. The results demonstrate that clam meal has comparable performance and health benefits as observed in the pompano fed the fish meal diet, indicating clam meal is a suitable replacement for fish meal. These efforts resulted in a peer-reviewed manuscript. In addition, a report is in preparation for submission to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) for approval as a new animal feed ingredient for marine fish diets. In support of objectives 1 and 3, researchers at HBOI, in collaboration with Mote Marine laboratory have been establishing the dietary impacts on egg and larval quality and survival to determine an ideal maturation diet for Florida pompano broodstock. Broodstock at HBOI were conditioned on a traditional cut bait diet and were spawned in December 2021, and again in February 2022 to obtain baseline data on the spawn quality of the broodstock. The broodstock is currently in conditioning cycle and will be fed two more maturation diets; Breed-M and an Ulva-based pelleted diet, after which spawning will occur to determine the effects of these diets on egg and larval quality. In collaboration with Hubbs Sea World Research Institute in California, and Mote Marine Laboratory, California yellowtail and Almaco Jack broodstock diets were evaluated to determine the best diet for developing high quality eggs and larvae. Fecundity, hatch success, and survival were positively correlated to dietary treatments for both species. In California yellowtail, two commercial diets (Breed-M and Bio-Oregon), met the essential fatty acids requirements when compared to the traditional cut bait diet. A feeding experiment with Almaco Jack, evaluated different types of cut bait diets. Most of the cut bait diets had sufficient amounts of the essential fatty acid DHA, but were deficient in the essential fatty acids EPA and ARA. The results of these experiments suggest that commercial diets are a better option for a consistent good quality eggs and larvae. This accomplishment allows farmers to reduce feed cost and increase biosecurity by reducing the use of cut-bait for broodstock feed. A manuscript regarding these efforts is in preparation for submission to the peer-reviewed North American Journal of Aquaculture. Researchers at HBOI in collaboration with Hubbs Sea World Research Institute completed a successful out of season conditioning program for California yellowtail. This accomplishment allows for out of season spawning to support egg and larval supplies year-round. In support of objective 2, researchers at HBOI are establishing a selective breeding program for Florida pompano. To support this program, it is essential to document the genetic variation within the wild population. Fin clip samples from 32 West Coast Florida pompano were collected to determine the genetic variation between the Florida East Coast and West Coast strains. The sequencing results established that a significant number of gene flow occurs between both East and West coast strains, suggesting that they form a single population. Results were presented at the World Aquaculture Society 2022 Conference, March 2022 in San Diego, California. Further analyses are being conducted to identify any genetic variation that may occur within protein coding genes. In addition, this same approach was applied to red drum. Fin clips samples from 42 red drum were collected from Florida East and West Coast locations. In support of objectives 2 and 3, researchers at HBOI documented the use of copper treatments in marine food fish reared in recirculating aquaculture systems. Chelated copper and copper sulfate are used to prevent parasitic infections and excessive algal growth. However, copper treatments result in an increase in metal resistant bacteria, associated with antibiotic resistant bacteria. The differences were established between the microbial communities and genes associated with resistance (antibiotic, metal, and biocides) between bacterial films taken before copper treatment and up to 50 days after chelated copper treatment was halted. It was documented there was an increase in the diversity and abundance of antibiotic and metal resistance genes. This suggests that bacterial film in the tank could be a reservoir for resistance genes and a risk to fish health. Researchers at HBOI in collaboration with the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain initiated a histology Atlas for Florida pompano to develop a comprehensive baseline of normal organ and tissue development from hatching to 95 days post hatch. A clear-staining technique that allows visualization of the cartilage and skeletal system development has been developed. Histological examination of the tissues is ongoing for inclusion in the Atlas. In addition, to inform marine finfish culturists of potential pathogens and to identify current gaps in the development of diagnostic tools and available treatments, a 130-page book was prepared. The document features aspects of the pathology, prevention, and treatment for 45 diseases or health-related conditions of three marine farmed finfish belonging to the families Carangidae (pompanos, Trachinotus spp.; yellowtails, Seriola spp.) and Sciaenidae (red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus). It describes more than 60 causative agents (viruses, bacteria, and parasites), as well as geographical distribution and specific hosts affected. Researchers in collaboration with local fish farmers are developing a noninvasive environmental DNA (eDNA) method for monitoring fish health. eDNA is used to screen for common disease-causing microorganisms including the dinoflagellate parasite Amyloodinium ocellatum and for pathogenic Vibrio species such as V. anguillarum. In-field methods for rapid pathogen/parasite detection and microbiological surveillance are being developed for use in an aquaculture farm setting to help farmers reduce disease related mortalities. The results will lead to the development of a noninvasive eDNA tool that will be available to marine aquaculture farmers nationwide. ACCOMPLISHMENTS 01 Clam meal economical feed component for farm-raised Florida pompano. Clam processing by-product represents expensive and environmentally challenging disposal problems for the clam processing industry. Researchers in Fort Pierce, FL, in collaboration with Sea Watch International established that clam meal can be used as a suitable substitute for other more expensive and less sustainable fish meal ingredients in fish feed fed to farm-raised Florida pompano. This clam meal promotes growth, health, and well-being in farm raised Florida pompano as well as high quality fish meal. This processing waste-stream could be used at rates as high as 20% of the complete diet. This accomplishment represents a more sustainable fish feed, a potential feed cost reduction, in addition to potential new revenue stream for an additional industrial manufacturing process. 02 Advances in Yellowtail jack spawning and diet promote this U.S. industry. The Yellowtail jack is a U.S. consumer favorite, and there are ongoing efforts to establish offshore net-pen farms for their production in U.S. waters. However, year-round production of juveniles to stock these farms, as well as safe and efficient diets for feeding spawning fish to produce efficient, hardy, and robust juveniles remain challenges to the industry. Researchers in Fort Pierce, FL in collaboration with researchers from Hubbs Sea World Research Institute in California have established methods for the successful out of season spawning of Yellowtail broodstock. In addition, it was demonstrated that commercially available diets can be used to produce high egg and larval quality and quantities to make the U.S. industry competitive. This accomplishment benefits consumers and Yellowtail producers alike by providing a more steady, consistent supply of high-quality product year-round. 03 Increased knowledge of microbiome changes following copper sulfate treatment improve aquaculture production safety. Copper sulfate is used by farmers for the treatment of parasitic infections and excessive algal growth. However, previous indications in other settings suggest that the film of microbes in aquaculture systems can exhibit an increase in the number of microbial metal and antibiotic resistant genes following treatment with copper sulfate. Researchers in Fort Pierce, FL, evaluated the effects of copper sulfate on microbes within a tank following completion of the treatment regimen and documented an increase in the types and numbers of metal and antibiotic resistant genes over time. This accomplishment provides U.S. fish farmers with improved guidelines for copper sulfate use that will result in a safer and healthier stock, while reducing risk to the environment of developing metal and antibiotic resistant genes. 04 Quantification of Florida Pompano population genetics promotes improved broodstocks. Selective breeding programs with terrestrial livestock and a limited number of farm-raised fish species indicate it is possible to identify genes encoding beneficial production traits that can be selected for in the parental stock and result in faster and more efficient growth, greater disease resistance or higher quality products. In selecting the parental broodstock, it is essential to understand the genetic makeup of the parents to maximize the diversity in the gene pool, but not contaminate the existing gene pool. Researchers at HBOI have established that the wild populations of Florida Pompano off the Atlantic/East Coast of FL and the Gulf/West Coast of Florida are genetically similar suggesting they are one population. This accomplishment provides a greater understanding of the genetic variation found in the wild and is important when collecting individuals for a broodstock that will result in juvenile fish with faster growth and a higher quality product to supply to U.S. consumers.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Habte-Tsion, H., Riche, M., Mejri, S., Bradshaw, D., Wills, P.S., Myers, J. J., Perricone, C. 2022. The effects of fish meal substitution by clam meal on the growth and health of Florida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus). Scientific Reports. 12, 7696. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11675-x.
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Progress 10/01/20 to 09/30/21
Outputs
PROGRESS REPORT Objectives (from AD-416): The U.S. has tremendous capacity for meeting the domestic demand for seafood by expanding aquaculture in federal waters and land-based recirculating systems. As the largest importer of seafood products, expanding domestic production will reduce our reliance on imports and the trade deficit. This project will support the U.S. aquaculture industry by developing technologies that will ensure a steady supply of warm water marine fish seedstocks that are optimized for commercial production. 1. Develop year-round spawning strategies for captive broodstock and larviculture methods for seed production of marine finfish. 2. Develop methods for genetic improvement of warm water marine finfish for optimum production efficiency. 3. Increase understanding of fish physiology and enhance production efficiency through improved management strategies. Approach (from AD-416): Aquaculture producers need access to seedstocks that are available year- round and optimized for the production environment. Research is needed to develop seedstocks that are bred for maximum production efficiency and have minimal impacts on the environment and native populations. Research in the disciplines of genetics, fish health, nutrition, reproductive biology, and physiology will contribute to the development of seedstocks that meet these criteria. This is a report of the 2nd year (FY2021) progress of a multi-year USDA- ARS collaborative research partnership with Florida Atlantic University⿿s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute (HBOI). The project began during the 2nd year of a standard USDA project planning cycle. There is no existing standard 5-year plan. A 5-year plan will be established ⿿on cycle after the first 4 years of the project. During these initial 4 years while the project is being ⿿stood up, annually prioritized experiments are being determined in consultation with industry stakeholders and USDA-ARS. For Oobjective 1, researchers at HBOI partnered with local fish farms to complete a study of the tolerance of larval pompano in salinities lower than seawater. Microbiological samples of water revealed that several micro-organism species known to negatively impact marine fish, including Florida pompano and red drum, were in greater abundance at lower salinity. Examination of fish tissues is underway to determine if stress, due to pathogen exposure, is increased at the lower salinities. The results also suggest the micro-organisms are influenced by the feeding schedule; these results will lead to better feeding strategies. Biochemical analyses of recently hatched pompano (from hatch to 24 days after hatch [DAH]) were also conducted. There were no differences in larval health from below normal to normal salinity. Changes in the fish were related to developmental changes (i.e., age DAH) rather than salinity. The relationship between health of Florida pompano larvae (from 1 to 24 DAH) and salinity were principally seen in the gill tissues. The preliminary results show changes (e.g., epithelial lifting, or mucous cell hyperplasia) that are likely associated with stress at low salinity. Three trials were conducted by ARS researchers in Fort Pierce, Florida, to evaluate clam and hemp processing by-products as ingredients for marine fish diets. An initial study, at the request of industry partners, ARS researchers in Fort Pierce, Florida, evaluated the availability of nutrients from these products to marine fish. Both products indicated the nutrients were highly available to the fish. Both by-product meals were studied for suitability as new fish feed ingredients. Clam by-product meal at 20% of the diet was achieved without loss in growth while maintaining the health and well-being of juvenile pompano. A report is being generated to submit to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) for approval as a new animal feed ingredient for marine fish diets. Hemp protein was investigated by ARS researchers in Fort Pierce, Florida, to determine its effects on growth and performance in marine fish. Results indicate that formulation of diets meet the nutritional requirements for the economical production of Florida pompano and red drum are possible. Final recommendations on dietary safety levels are underway by collaborative researchers at Florida A&M University. Dissemination to the marine fish aquaculture community will be presented in February 2022. Almaco Jack juveniles were transported to the University of Miami (UM) to study energetic needs for normal development. Following acclimation, the fish were tested to determine if they had functional swim bladders; required for normal development. Those that did were used to study their energetic needs. Oxygen use while swimming in a range of temperatures encountered by Almaco Jacks in both ocean- and land-based aquaculture was examined. The data is being analyzed, by researchers at UM. This research is invaluable for marine fish producers facing uncertainties of climate change. A Mississippi student was recruited to study nutrient use during pompano early development. Pompano broodstock were acquired in August 2020, quarantined, and given 6 months to achieve final reproductive status. Broodstock were fed defined diets to understand what determines reproductive quality and success. They are being conditioned for spawning to see these dietary effects. This study will determine the amount of time needed to change the composition of eggs for improvements. Greater reproductive success will increase the efficiency of producing seedstock for marine fish farms. For Objectives 1 and 3, in collaboration with Mote Marine Laboratory (MML), Sarasota, Florida, Almaco Jack broodstock ovaries were sampled to determine the reproductive status and egg composition. The fish were fed only threadfin herring for 35 days. This pre-experimental phase demonstrated the dietary effect on egg composition prior to feeding 2 commercial pelleted diets. Eggs from multiple spawning events were sampled to document fish egg and oil droplet shape and diameter to see the amount of time needed to favorably change egg composition after a diet change. A 30 m3 broodstock tank at the UM, is being equipped with a RAS to house Almaco Jack broodstock. Broodstock have been attained and once mature, will be induced to spawn using environmental conditioning techniques for defining reproductive success studies. This broodstock population at UM provides information to marine fish farmers for Almaco Jack production in the U.S. Researchers at HBOI along with Hubbs Sea World Research Institute evaluated broodstock diets to determine the best one for developing high quality eggs and better development of California yellowtail larvae. A freshly thawed squid/sardine mixture and two different commercial pelleted broodstock diets were fed to determine the specific nutritional needs of California yellowtail to enhanced health and well-being of juvenile fish. Biochemical analysis to determine nutrient content of the diets and their suitability for enhancing egg development, larval health, and survival was completed. Nutrients captured in the eggs were compared to those present in the diet during the 6 month reproductive season. Nutrient profiles were more variable in eggs from the squid/sardine diet than from the two pelleted feeds. The squid/sardine diet contained more required dietary fatty acids than the two pelleted diets. This information helps larval fish producers to design feeding strategies that will increase the efficiency of producing seedstock marine fish. For Objective 2, a new method was developed by ARS researchers in Fort Pierce, Florida, to identify the genetic variations in wild populations of Florida Pompano. This method allows for genetic sequencing at a fraction of the cost of other methods and will allow selecting parents with desirable production traits (e.g., growth and disease resistance). This will be used to develop a genetics-based selective breeding program for improved seedstock. The genomes of two species closely related to Florida pompano (Permit and Palometa) have been determined. These species coexist in similar locations as the Florida Pompano and have similar diets but grow at different rates. Permit are up to 10x heavier than Florida pompano, but Palometa are only 1/6th their weight. This genetic information allows for the identification of growth related genes desired for a genome-informed selective breeding program. In collaboration with Purdue University, RNA from 3 DAH Florida pompano, with either ⿿normal or abnormally curved spines are being evaluated by ARS researchers in Fort Pierce, Florida, to determine the effects of water salinity on development. The Florida pompano gene information has been referenced to the genome of the golden pompano with > 84% success. The golden pompano genome however does not yet have a full reference set available through existing genetic databases hindering our understanding of the differences. ARS researchers in Fort Pierce, Florida, are obtaining similar or better success with Greater Amberjack. A fish bioinformatics lab for Objectives 1, 2 and 3 was outfitted at HBOI. This lab provides tools to evaluate enhanced survival, faster growth, efficiency, and well-being of seedstock for farm productivity. Standard operating procedures for the isolation and identification of the viruses, bacteria, and parasites that affect pompano were developed. Disease organisms identified as a major risk by the marine fish farmers are the focus. New techniques for early diagnosis, novel therapeutics, and control methods for diseases are under development. This includes the cause, spread, and pathology of bacteria, viruses, and parasites that affect the health status of tropical and subtropical warm water marine fish such as Florida pompano, red drum, and Almaco jack, among the many species of interest for culture by U.S. fish farmers. This information will serve as a background reference for the development of standard operating procedures that will be used by new and future fish farms. Record of Any Impact of Maximized Teleworking Requirement: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic there have been some impacts on the ability to complete tasks during the project year but due to access to vaccinations not to the degree seen during 2020. Restructuring of the animal husbandry research space was slowed due to the reduced ability of contract workers from meeting with research staff or to effectively provide for needed work as some key individuals were sick with COVID-19. Research staff were on an essential worker basis and reduced staffing due to staggered scheduling and social distancing measures in the labs have reduced their ability to efficiently take on additional tasks until high vaccination rates among staff was complete. ACCOMPLISHMENTS 01 Demonstrated growth, survival, and health of Florida Pompano larvae raised in decreasing salinity. Production of juvenile fish used for stocking marine finfish farms has been restricted to coastal lands, unless large additions of salt are used, which can be costly to both the farmer and the environment. ARS researchers in Fort Pierce, Florida, in collaboration with local fish farmers determined the growth, survival, health and well-being of early-life stage Florida pompano raised in lower salinity than found in the ocean. After evaluating the effects of lower salinity on the bacterial composition, fish health, stress, and well-being, it was determined that the salt in the environment can be reduced by half without any effects on growth or well-being of the fish. This accomplishment demonstrates Florida pompano, and likely other highly prized marine fish can be reared in a lower salinity than originally believed. The benefits include opportunities for a greater number of U.S. marine finfish farmers, and a potential cost savings for producing these juveniles, especially in areas without direct seashore access. 02 Established high-quality reproductive stocks of high-value warm water marine finfish. To support the expanding warm water marine finfish aquaculture industry, prospective farmers require a steady, consistent supply of high-quality animals. ARS researchers in Fort Pierce, Florida, have established a Florida pompano reproductive stock to produce a steady, high-quality source of fish for these farms by defining and improving the production of high-quality eggs and juveniles to support the industry. A consortium of like-minded researchers from Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida; the University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida; Hubbs Sea World, San Diego, California; and Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, established methods for identifying attributes to increase survival, faster growth, and well- being of early-stage Almaco Jack, Florida pompano and other closely related species highly prized by U.S. consumers. This includes understanding the effects of temperature and oxygen availability on the energy needs of the fish during production, under both current and potential climate change conditions. Benefits to marine finfish producers and consumers are better production efficiencies and a better tasting product brought to market safer, faster, and more economically. 03 Determined nutritional value of new feed ingredients for Florida Pompano. Cost and ecological sustainability of feeds for farm raised fish dictate the success or failure of fish farms, therefore finding new and less expensive ingredients, such as leftover products from making other useful goods, is essential. ARS researchers in both Fort Pierce and Tallahassee, Florida, have determined the availability of nutrients to Florida pompano from the parts of clams not used for human consumption, and from production of hemp fibers for the textile industry. Both products indicate the growth-promoting and healthy nutrients in them are highly available to Florida pompano suggesting they should make very good supplements to marine finfish feeds. These efforts created nutrient availability values provided to fish feed manufacturers to develop and market more sustainable fish feeds. Benefits from this research include information for fish farmers and feed manufacturers to produce more sustainable fish feeds, and potential new revenue streams for two additional industrial manufacturing processes. 04 Demonstrated algae oil in fish diets as a viable alternative to fish oil. Due to economic and sustainability issues, associated with expensive and diminishing supplies of fish oil used in feeds for farmed fish, alternatives are in high demand. Vegetable oils associated with agriculturally based products (e.g., corn, soy, olive, canola, etc.,) do not contain the right components to meet marine finfish needs (especially those that normally eat fish) for normal growth and well- being or provide the heart healthy nutrients needed by American consumers. ARS researchers in Fort Pierce, Florida, along with other partners demonstrated that oils from algae, processed under the right conditions can fulfil that need. The right algae, produced under the right conditions, can produce the same oil products that result in highly desired marine fish that are fed fish oil diets. Benefits to the American consumer include a safer, better tasting product with all the heart-healthy components consumers seek. 05 Hosted an industry/stakeholder informational workshop. To ensure U.S. marine finfish aquaculture industry and taxpayer interests are met, it is essential to inform interested parties on programmatic progress and seek input on future programmatic direction. ARS researchers in Fort Pierce, Florida, in coordination with the U.S. Warm Water Marine Finfish Aquaculture Advisory Committee, hosted a workshop to disseminate programmatic progress and seek input for future programmatic direction. The workshop successfully encouraged the ongoing dialogue between project researchers, industry, and other stakeholders. The documented outcomes were productive and instrumental in underscoring ongoing stakeholders needs and refining new industry challenges. The benefits to industry and the U.S. consumer are a very directed and focused effort to increase production efficiencies and a better tasting product brought to market safer, faster, and more economically. 06 Produced an industry requested publication on the status of U.S. Marine finfish aquaculture. Over 85% of the seafood Americans eat is imported, half is produced through foreign aquaculture; therefore, expanding aquaculture in the U.S. would reduce our $16.8 billion seafood trade deficit. Following a series of workshops, surveys, and presentations by the foremost experts in the U.S. a publication on the status of readiness for numerous species and priorities for removing barriers to commercialization were collated, written, and edited by ARS researchers in Fort Pierce, Florida, to spur domestic growth in marine finfish aquaculture. The articles provide up-to-date scientific and technical knowledge needed to sustainably produce safe and nutritious fish that will lead to the creation of new economic opportunities through aquaculture in rural, urban, coastal, and inland communities. The benefits to U.S. Marine finfish aquaculture are innumerable and can be found in the publication at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/ 17497345/2021/52/3
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Mejri, S., Riche, M., Wills, P., Tremblay, R., Audet, C. 2021. Essential fatty acid requirements in tropical and cold-water marine fish larvae and juveniles. Frontiers in Marine Science. 8:680003. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fmars.2021.680003.
- Rexroad Jr, C.E., Rust, M.B., Riche, M., Wills, P., Davis, M. 2021. Opportunities for US Marine Finfish Aquaculture. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12791.
- Weirich, C., Riley, K., Riche, M., Main, K.L., Wills, P.S., Illan, G., Cerino, D.S., Pfeiffer, T.J. 2021. The status of Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus as a commercially ready species for U.S. Marine Aquaculture. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 52(3):731-763. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12809.
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Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): The U.S. has tremendous capacity for meeting the domestic demand for seafood by expanding aquaculture in federal waters and land-based recirculating systems. As the largest importer of seafood products, expanding domestic production will reduce our reliance on imports and the trade deficit. This project will support the U.S. aquaculture industry by developing technologies that will ensure a steady supply of warm water marine fish seedstocks that are optimized for commercial production. 1. Develop year-round spawning strategies for captive broodstock and larviculture methods for seed production of marine finfish. 2. Develop methods for genetic improvement of warm water marine finfish for optimum production efficiency. 3. Increase understanding of fish physiology and enhance production efficiency through improved management strategies. Approach (from AD-416): Aquaculture producers need access to seedstocks that are available year- round and optimized for the production environment. Research is needed to develop seedstocks that are bred for maximum production efficiency and have minimal impacts on the environment and native populations. Research in the disciplines of genetics, fish health, nutrition, reproductive biology, and physiology will contribute to the development of seedstocks that meet these criteria. This report reflects the work done during the first year of a multi-year USDA-ARS collaborative research partnership with Florida Atlantic University�s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. This project began during the second year of a standard USDA project planning cycle so there is no standard five-year plan. A five-year plan will be established �on cycle� after the first four years of the project. During these initial four years while the project is being ramped up, annually prioritized experimentation is being determined in consultation with industry stakeholders and USDA-ARS. During this first year we successfully completed reconditioning of the workspace in the campus building designated HB-36 in the Aquaculture Park at Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. This workspace will allow for office capacity to meet the needs of the USDA-ARS scientists and staff who will be assigned to the project in the coming years as the project continues to ramp up. This reconditioning occurred as per the lease agreement. Objective 1 Progress: Initial broodstocks of Florida pompano, including both hatchery reared and wild caught South Atlantic Coast Florida pompano, were established. An F1 hatchery stock of Florida West Coast Red Drum are on site at Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute (HBOI). These broodstocks are currently being conditioned for spawning as the initial step to develop year-round spawning strategies for captive broodstock and larviculture methods for seed production of marine finfish. Establishing year-round spawning and efficient larviculture production will ensure steady supplies of warm water marine fish seedstocks to support commercial marine finfish production and growth of the industry. In support of Objective 1 and 3, HBOI scientists in collaboration with Proaquatix fish farm completed an experiment to understand the nutritional requirements of Florida pompano broodstock. The patterns of use and conservation of lipid components and other nutrients in eggs and larvae during early development were identified. This is an effective method to establish nutritional requirements of warm water marine fish broodstock. The results establish partial dietary lipid and protein requirements for improving spawning and the production of high quality eggs in Florida pompano. Further research on broodstock nutrient requirements and on-farm validation will provide feed manufacturers with the framework for producing high quality broodstock diets to support and contribute to the marine finfish value chain. Resulting diets will increase efficiency and profitability of marine finfish hatcheries. In support of Objectives 1 and 2, a quantitative PCR (qPCR) test was developed to target a common aquaculture parasite Amyloodinium ocellatum that causes skin disease in Florida Pompano. Outbreaks can lead to substantial fish losses and reduce product quality among consumers. Using environmental DNA (eDNA), this qPCR test will serve as a model for the development of additional eDNA monitoring techniques and enable rapid and early detection of disease before it spreads and leads to decreased production and economic losses. In direct support of Objective 2, a draft genome of the Florida pompano was sequenced and assembled using a hybrid sequencing and assembly method. This genetically important information will be used to develop a genetics-informed selective breeding program. It has been well demonstrated in terrestrial plants and terrestrial livestock that through selective breeding programs traits of interest such as increased growth rate, increased disease resistance, increased efficiency, and improved product quality lead to genetically improved strains that increase on- farm production and profits for farmers. Team members completed training in bioinformatics and utilization of cloud computing tools to facilitate further development of this genomic tool to support the selective breeding program. Accomplishments 01 Completion of a draft genome of Florida pompano. A hurdle in implementing a genetics-informed selective breeding program for many aquaculture species, particularly warm water marine finfish, is the lack of available genetic information. As with most warm water marine finfish, the whole genome of the Florida pompano had not previously been fully sequenced and assembled. Utilizing a hybrid sequencing method and a novel bioinformatics workflow, a complete draft genome of the Florida pompano was established by researchers at Ft. Pierce, Florida. This draft genome will allow ongoing research to identify genes associated with traits of interest in aquaculture, such as increased growth rate, increased disease resistance, and decreased inbreeding. Such traits, along with others can be actively selected for in a breeding program. Implementing a genetics-based selective breeding program allows for development of genetically improved strains of Florida pompano leading to enhanced on-farm production and greater profits for farmers. 02 Nutritional requirements of Florida pompano broodstock. The lack of optimal diets for broodstock (especially during the spawning season) continues to present an obstacle to commercial production and industry growth. Broodstock nutritional status is a powerful determinant of egg quality and successful development of both eggs and larvae. Quality broodstock diets increase reproductive success and seedstock quality increasing hatchery success, on-farm efficiencies, and farmer profitability. Understanding the nutritional status of the females during spawning overcomes this obstacle. Comprehensive and quantitative lipid analysis (lipidomics) were employed by researchers at Ft. Pierce, Florida, to determine different egg and larval lipid compositions. This baseline dataset was developed to characterize quantitative and qualitative lipid requirements for both larval development and successful reproduction of Florida pompano. Hatchery managers and marine finfish producers will benefit from efficiencies associated with meeting optimum nutritional needs for reproduction and successful seedstock production. 03 Development of a rapid disease diagnostic tool for marine fish. A principal challenge to the marine finfish aquaculture industry is the inability to detect disease outbreaks and administer an appropriate remedy in a timely manner. Identifying the presence of disease causing organisms prior to a systemic outbreak increases the potential for limiting costly mortality events. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is a noninvasive and highly accurate method for capturing the footprint of an array of disease-causing organisms at very low concentrations. Researchers at Ft. Pierce, Florida, developed a sensitive and specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) test that can detect a single copy of a genetic marker associated with the disease causing organism Amyloodinium ocellatum from the culture water, giving rapid and accurate same-day results. This qPCR test, currently undergoing validation, will provide a much needed �toolbox� for routine health monitoring and disease diagnostics on commercial aquaculture farms.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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