Progress 03/08/13 to 02/28/18
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Objectives of this research project are:(1) Efficiently and effectively conserve, backup, regenerate and evaluate tropical/subtropical fruit and nut genetic resources and distribute samples and associated information worldwide; (2) Strategically expand and improve current tropical/ subtropical fruit and nut germplasm collections through international exchanges; (3) Strengthen the genebank�s genetic marker analytical capacity to minimize inefficiencies in sample handling and to contribute more extensively to the multi-site NPGS tropical/subtropical crop genetic characterization program; and (4) Develop a �quarantine-safe� germplasm transfer system modeled after the ongoing transfer and back-up of the NPGS avocado collection in Miami to the NPGS genebank in Hilo as a means of protecting it from laurel wilt disease. Approach (from AD-416): 1) The curator and five staff continue management of the 14 designated clonal germplasm collections (app 1000 accessions) in 33 field acres, greenhouse & a tissue culture laboratory. C. papaya and Vasconcellea spp. seeds are regenerated every 4 years in PRSV-free fields and in greenhouses using controlled pollination. Cleaned seeds are stored at 4 C and storage units monitored electronically via a security company. A senior staff and the curator are on call for temperature alarm calls. Descriptors will be collected on plant and fruit morphologies and stored in a local database. Passport, inventory and descriptors information are periodically loaded onto the Germplasm Resource Information Network (GRIN) . Survey of existing U.S. collections of tropical fruit genetic resources will be conducted; (2) Curator and scientists will work with Tropical/ Subtropical Crop Germplasm Committee (CGC) members and the Plant Exchange Office to identify and collect germplasm already in the U.S. from University research collections and botanical gardens. Unit scientists will cultivate and establish working relationships with scientists in some Pacific Rim countries including the Philippines, Oceania, Vietnam and Thailand through participation in international germplasm conferences and meetings to identify potential resources of Sapindaceae (Litchi and rambutan relatives), Burseraceae (Canarium or pili nut relatives) and Moraceae (Artocarpus or breadfruit relatives). Information on NPGS germplasm policies, quarantine procedures and standard Material Transfer Agreements (MTA) will be collated and made available to cooperators to facilitate and encourage germplasm exchanges; (3) The research horticulturist will work with ARS scientists in Florida, Puerto Rico, and Mississippi to develop and apply SSR or SNP molecular marker technology for Litchi sp. (litchi), Ananas sp. (pineapple), Carica sp. (papaya), and related species (Vasconcellea and Jacaratia). Crop specific markers will be input into GRIN-Global with links to genetic observations. Thirty SSR molecular markers have been developed for Carica and will be compared to the newly developed SNP markers; and (4) The Hilo unit will follow a strict process in moving disease-free scionwood, after a designated quarantine period of visual inspection and testing for laurel wilt and ASBVd, from the Fort Detrick, MD quarantine facility to establish a NPGS avocado germplasm back-up in Hawaii. The scion will be grafted in Hilo onto clean rootstocks and confined in a quarantine facility for 4 to 6 months under supervision of the unit plant pathologist. Plants free from Laurel Wilt and ASBVd will be moved to a holding greenhouse for additional observations for four to six months before transplanting into larger containers and placing on elevated benches in the avocado germplasm screenhouse. Scion will be harvested from the germplasm collection for distribution or evaluation research. This project has completed the designated five-year term and has been replaced by a new project, 2040-2100-016-00D, "Management, Characterization, and Evaluation of Pacific Tropical and Subtropical Fruit and Nut Genetic Resources and Associated Information". For additional information, see the report for the new project. This project is relevant to the NP301 Action Plan, Component 2: Crop Genetic and Genomic Resources and Information Management; Problem Statement 2B: Plant and Microbial genetic resource and information management, contributing to the NP 301 Action plan anticipated Products: Priority genetic resources and associated knowledge safeguarded in state-of-the-art genebanks and databases. Overall, all objectives have been met. Objective 1. Efficiently and effectively conserve, backup, regenerate and evaluate tropical/subtropical fruit and nut genetic resources and distribute samples and associated information worldwide. Over the entire project period, maintained thirteen designated clonal germplasm collections with over 1200 accessions representing sixty-one genus and 145 species in thirty-three acres of fields, six greenhouses and a tissue culture laboratory. Forty-five accessions of papaya and Vasconcellea have been regenerated, 6760 grams (gm) of seed, from Hilo, Paauilo, and Lalamilo fields. Forty-eight accessions of guava seed were collected (673 gm). In vitro back-up of breadfruit (20), Vasconcellea (11), pineapple (25), ginger (3) starfruit, litchi (2), macadamia (4), guava (3) and passiflora were initiated. Working closely with the USDA-ARS germplasm repository in Miami, Florida, transfer continued of the avocado to Hilo through Fort Detrick, Maryland, with eighty-one accessions successfully introduced. Working closely with the USDA-ARS, germplasm repositories in Puerto Rico and Miami, transfer of the cacao germplasm continued with fifty-six accessions introduced. Field trials of cacao are being established to evaluate select varieties. Observations have been collected for pineapple plant (9604), flower (2852) and fruit (3708), titratable acid (447), longan fruit (380), peach palm fruit (85), litchi fruit (5580), papaya fruit (450), breadfruit fruit (464), breadfruit plant (672), pili nut (1284), guava fruit (290), rambutan fruit (240), litchi and longan flower (462). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) Global allows researchers to search characterization records, accession and history information available globally within the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) and cooperators� collections for specific traits. In GRIN Global, seventy-two cooperators, 279 orders, 2419 order items, sixty-seven accessions, 153 inventories, twelve narratives, 171 observations, thirty-nine pathological descriptors, 418 pathological new records were entered. Twenty-four environments, 7527 observations, seventeen accessions, and ninety-one inventory existing records were updated. Two hundred thirty-four requests were filled with 1929 items. Different propagation methods are being explored for breadfruit and once established will be used to expand our collection from the accessions at the National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kahanu, Maui. Tissue cultured pineapple plants are being tested for pineapple mealybug wilt viruses in preparation of being sent to the National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation (NLGRP) in Ft. Collins, Colorado, for development of cryogenic storage, seeds of eight papaya accessions have already been sent. Rejuvenation of guava, rambutan, and breadfruit plantings are substantially complete. Air-layers of older trees are field planted or potted for back-up. In addition, cacao, breadfruit, guava, macadamia, rambutan, litchi, longan, and starfruit are pruned for size control and to stimulate new growth. One thousand four hundred and thirty-five pineapples replanted. The Vasconcellea collection is rejuvenated, twelve accessions representing nine species were moved to a different greenhouse to avoid infection by various viruses. Peach palm planting was thinned of eighty trees to stimulate new growth from the roots of the old tall trees. We have also contributed to the multi-site NPGS tropical/subtropical genetic characterization program by working in cooperation with the curator at the Puerto Rico germplasm repository to place rare bananas from the Pacific and Hawaiian Islands into tissue culture for virus indexing and preservation. Morphological/molecular identification and/or etiology of more than 50 diseased samples from various germplasm crops, including avocado, guava, lychee, macadamia,rambutan and longan were determined and information on diagnosis and management was incorporated into the repository management program. Objective 2. To strategically expand and improve current tropical/ subtropical fruit and nut germplasm collections through international exchanges. We introduced 65 plant accessions from the U.S. and 8 foreign accessions to the collection. We continue to work with USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and the Hawaii Department of Agriculture to update our protocols and provide current information to requestors of our germplasm material and ensure material is successfully delivered. Utilizing the collections at the University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR) Waiakea and Kainaliu Experiment Stations, we have introduced new macadamia, and avocado accessions to our collection. Additional accessions have been received from local sources, Puerto Rico or the U.S. mainland. Accession information is being updated in GRIN-Global to enhance collaboration with international partners. Objective 3. To strengthen the genebank�s genetic marker analytical capacity to minimize inefficiencies in sample handling and to contribute more extensively to the multi-site NPGS tropical/subtropical crop genetic characterization program. We collected and provided descriptor data to researchers for development of genetic markers for our papaya (Carica)/ Vasconcellea, longan (Dimocarpus), macadamia (Macadamia), rambutan and pulasan (Nephelium) and pineapple (Ananas) collections. This research has resulted in numerous publications on characterization of our pineapple and longan collection, as well as providing basic information on papaya sex linked genes. Objective 4. For the development of a �quarantine-safe� germplasm transfer system modeled after the ongoing transfer and back-up of the NPGS avocado collection in Miami to the NPGS in Hilo. Laurel wilt and Avocado Sun-Blotch Viroid (ASBVd) are of economic importance for the common avocado. The Hilo germplasm repository is serving as a backup for Miami�s avocado collection. ASBVd and laurel wilt (Raffaelea lauricola) testing protocols were established at the NPGS-Hilo. Testing for ASBVd (RT-PCR) and laurel wilt (PCR) was performed on more than 200 samples from the Hilo quarantine shade house and field samples from Hawaii Island. Thus far, all samples on the repository and neighboring University of Hawaii at Manoa avocado fields are negative for both pathogens. Improved methods for ASBVd testing established by the Miami repository were adopted by the Hilo repository and has allowed for quicker transfer of material to Hilo. Accomplishments 01 Preserving, distributing and expanding lines of tropical fruit and nut trees. ARS scientists in Hilo, Hawaii, collect, maintain, and distribute 13 designated tropical fruit and nut crop germplasm accessions in fields, greenhouses, and tissue culture. One macadamia, one peach palm (9 plants), one breadfruit, one new pili nut, one rambutan, and seven avocado accessions have been added to the collection. Forty requests for 359 items were filled. Requests included samples for genetic characterization studies for papaya and relatives, rambutan and relative, and macadamia, or for disease screening of pineapple. Foreign requests were filled for papaya seeds to Pakistan and guava seeds to Zimbabwe. This project contributed to positive economic and environmental impact worldwide by providing a reliable and sustainable resource of plant germplasm for research and crop production and provides critical plant genetic resources for fundamental knowledge in plant science. 02 Protecting avocado. Laurel wilt and Avocado Sun-Blotch Viroid (ASBVd) are of economic importance for the common avocado. ARS researchers in Hilo, Hawaii, have been worked collaboratively with ARS researchers in Miami, Florida, and Fort Detrick, Maryland, to develop a �quarantine- safe� germplasm transfer system to back-up the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) avocado collection in Miami. Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) and laurel wilt (Raffaelea lauricola) testing protocols were established at the Hilo repository and samples from neighboring University of Hawaii at Manoa avocado fields in Hilo and local avocado collection sites in Kona tested negative for both diseases. All avocado plants transferred from Miami to Hilo continually tested negative. This collaborative project safeguards avocado genetic resources and is a model for �quarantine-safe� transfer of plant germplasm in the U.S.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Vanburen, R., Man Wai, C., Zhang, J., Han, J., Arro, J., Lin, Z., Liao, Z., Yu, Q., Wang, M., Zee, F., Moore, R.C., Charlesworth, D., Ming, R. 2016. Extremely low nucleotide diversity in the X-linked region of papaya caused by a strong selective sweep. Genome Biology. 17:230.
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Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Objectives of this research project are:(1) Efficiently and effectively conserve, backup, regenerate and evaluate tropical/subtropical fruit and nut genetic resources and distribute samples and associated information worldwide; (2) Strategically expand and improve current tropical/ subtropical fruit and nut germplasm collections through international exchanges; (3) Strengthen the genebank�s genetic marker analytical capacity to minimize inefficiencies in sample handling and to contribute more extensively to the multi-site NPGS tropical/subtropical crop genetic characterization program; and (4) Develop a �quarantine-safe� germplasm transfer system modeled after the ongoing transfer and back-up of the NPGS avocado collection in Miami to the NPGS genebank in Hilo as a means of protecting it from laurel wilt disease. Approach (from AD-416): 1) The curator and five staff continue management of the 14 designated clonal germplasm collections (app 1000 accessions) in 33 field acres, greenhouse & a tissue culture laboratory. C. papaya and Vasconcellea spp. seeds are regenerated every 4 years in PRSV-free fields and in greenhouses using controlled pollination. Cleaned seeds are stored at 4 C and storage units monitored electronically via a security company. A senior staff and the curator are on call for temperature alarm calls. Descriptors will be collected on plant and fruit morphologies and stored in a local database. Passport, inventory and descriptors information are periodically loaded onto the Germplasm Resource Information Network (GRIN) . Survey of existing U.S. collections of tropical fruit genetic resources will be conducted; (2) Curator and scientists will work with Tropical/ Subtropical Crop Germplasm Committee (CGC) members and the Plant Exchange Office to identify and collect germplasm already in the U.S. from University research collections and botanical gardens. Unit scientists will cultivate and establish working relationships with scientists in some Pacific Rim countries including the Philippines, Oceania, Vietnam and Thailand through participation in international germplasm conferences and meetings to identify potential resources of Sapindaceae (Litchi and rambutan relatives), Burseraceae (Canarium or pili nut relatives) and Moraceae (Artocarpus or breadfruit relatives). Information on NPGS germplasm policies, quarantine procedures and standard Material Transfer Agreements (MTA) will be collated and made available to cooperators to facilitate and encourage germplasm exchanges; (3) The research horticulturist will work with ARS scientists in Florida, Puerto Rico, and Mississippi to develop and apply SSR or SNP molecular marker technology for Litchi sp. (litchi), Ananas sp. (pineapple), Carica sp. (papaya), and related species (Vasconcellea and Jacaratia). Crop specific markers will be input into GRIN-Global with links to genetic observations. Thirty SSR molecular markers have been developed for Carica and will be compared to the newly developed SNP markers; and (4) The Hilo unit will follow a strict process in moving disease-free scionwood, after a designated quarantine period of visual inspection and testing for laurel wilt and ASBVd, from the Fort Detrick, MD quarantine facility to establish a NPGS avocado germplasm back-up in Hawaii. The scion will be grafted in Hilo onto clean rootstocks and confined in a quarantine facility for 4 to 6 months under supervision of the unit plant pathologist. Plants free from Laurel Wilt and ASBVd will be moved to a holding greenhouse for additional observations for four to six months before transplanting into larger containers and placing on elevated benches in the avocado germplasm screenhouse. Scion will be harvested from the germplasm collection for distribution or evaluation research. Progress has been made on all four objectives of this project. Objective 1: Efficiently and effectively conserve, backup, regenerate and evaluate tropical/subtropical fruit and nut genetic resources and distribute samples and associated information worldwide. We maintain thirteen designated clonal germplasm collections with 1,022 accessions representing 61 genera and 145 species in 33 acres of fields, greenhouses and a tissue culture laboratory. We have 35 accessions of papaya (26 accessions planted in Hilo, 8 in Paauilo, 1 in Lalamilo) planted for seed regeneration. There were 286 papaya trees field planted. We harvested and stored 1,369 grams of papaya seed from fields and 156 grams (Vasconcellea sp.) from greenhouses, removed 853 grams of old seed from refrigerators and updated our inventory. The rejuvenation of our guava, rambutan, and breadfruit plantings are in progress, new trees are being air-layered and planted to replace old larger trees, with 6 trees being orchard planted. In addition; cacao, guava, starfruit, macadamia, rambutan and pulasan accessions were pruned for size control and to stimulate new growth and 104 pineapples were replanted. The peach palm orchard was thinned, removing 80 trees to stimulate new sprouts from the roots of the older tall trees. Younger, vigorously growing plants are often easier to maintain and record observations. As a backup to the field and greenhouse collections, pineapple (8), breadfruit (16), ginger (3), macadamia (4), and guava (3) accessions were initiated into tissue culture. The protocol to cryopreserve the pineapple (Ananas) collection has been successfully developed by our ARS collaborators at the National Laboratory for Genetic Resource Preservation (NLGRP), Fort Collins, Colorado. Plantlets are being grown and virus tested in Hilo before sending for cryopreservation. Papaya (Carica) and Vasconcellea seeds are also being prepared to send to NLGRP for cryopreservation. We continue to serve as a backup for the ARS germplasm repositories in Miami, Florida, and Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. This year, 7 new accessions of avocado were introduced to Hilo from Miami, Florida, through Fort Detrick, Maryland; scions were tested for both Avocado Sun Blotch Viroid and Laurel Wilt Disease in Miami, Fort Detrick and Hilo. Once cleared through the self-imposed quarantine, avocado accessions are maintained as duplicate plantings in the greenhouse in two gallon pots and in the field. This new protocol reduces the pot size from twenty- to two-gallon, therefore 48 accessions were grafted onto rootstock in the smaller pots. To date, 70 avocado accessions have been backed-up from the Miami collection to protect from Laurel Wilt Disease. Additional local avocado varieties have also been planted in the field as a source of rootstock material. Characterization and distribution of germplasm was recorded in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) Global system which allows characterization/accession/history information to be available globally. Researchers are able to search the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) collections (and other cooperator�s collections) for specific traits. For our primary crops we entered 9 cooperators, 75 orders, 520 order items, 37 accessions, 42 inventory, 9 observations, 12 narrative, one environment and one voucher into GRIN. We collected observations on 9 pineapple fruit (198 observations), 133 pineapple flowers (532 observations), 23 pineapple plants (322 observations), 38 titratable acid, 7 litchi and longan flowers (462 observations), and 14 pili nut fruit harvest (84 observations). We filled 41 requests for 351 items. Three of those requests were to foreign researchers (13 macadamias to India, 12 papayas to Mexico and 119 pineapple leaf samples to China) and 5 requests were for molecular studies. Objective 2: Strategically expand and improve current tropical/ subtropical fruit and nut germplasm collections through international exchanges. We introduced 19 accessions from the U.S. to our collection. We continue to update protocols and work with the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service to provide current information to requestors of our germplasm material and ensure material is successfully delivered to the requestors. Rooting of soft wood guava cuttings experiment is progressing. Propagation of breadfruit via cuttings is also progressing with positive results on several accessions. Objective 3: Strengthen the genebank�s genetic marker analytical capacity to minimize inefficiencies in sample handling and to contribute more extensively to the multi-site NPGS tropical/subtropical crop genetic characterization program. We provided samples and worked cooperatively to develop and publish molecular markers to characterize the pineapple collection. Objective 4: Development of a �quarantine-safe� germplasm transfer system modeled after the ongoing transfer and back-up of the NPGS avocado collection in Miami to the NPGS in Hilo. Avocado plants transferred from Miami, Florida, to Hilo, Hawaii, continue to test negative for the presence of Laurel Wilt and Avocado Sun Blotch. Avocado Sun Blotch has also not been found in samples collected from avocado trees in Hilo and Kona, Hawaii. A sample was received from a homeowner who suspected Laurel Wilt but this sample was not found to contain the Raffaelea lauricola causal agent. We received training from personnel at the Miami repository to molecularly detect Avocado Sun Blotch, and are now able to test locally rather than collect material and send to Miami for testing. Accomplishments 01 Preserving and distributing tropical fruit and nut trees. ARS scientists in Hilo, Hawaii, collect, maintain and distribute 13 designated tropical fruit and nut crop germplasm accessions. Over the last year, we collected over 1,598 observations on plants, flowers and fruits and distributed 351 propagules of plant material from our germplasm collections. We continue to collaborate and serve as a backup for the avocado (15 trees field planted) and cacao collections (16 field planted) in Miami, Florida, and Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. The project contributes to positive economic and environmental impact worldwide by providing a reliable and sustainable resource of plant germplasm for research and crop production.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Objectives of this research project are:(1) Efficiently and effectively conserve, backup, regenerate and evaluate tropical/subtropical fruit and nut genetic resources and distribute samples and associated information worldwide; (2) Strategically expand and improve current tropical/ subtropical fruit and nut germplasm collections through international exchanges; (3) Strengthen the genebank�s genetic marker analytical capacity to minimize inefficiencies in sample handling and to contribute more extensively to the multi-site NPGS tropical/subtropical crop genetic characterization program; and (4) Develop a �quarantine-safe� germplasm transfer system modeled after the ongoing transfer and back-up of the NPGS avocado collection in Miami to the NPGS genebank in Hilo as a means of protecting it from laurel wilt disease. Approach (from AD-416): 1) The curator and five staff continue management of the 14 designated clonal germplasm collections (app 1000 accessions) in 33 field acres, greenhouse & a tissue culture laboratory. C. papaya and Vasconcellea spp. seeds are regenerated every 4 years in PRSV-free fields and in greenhouses using controlled pollination. Cleaned seeds are stored at 4 C and storage units monitored electronically via a security company. A senior staff and the curator are on call for temperature alarm calls. Descriptors will be collected on plant and fruit morphologies and stored in a local database. Passport, inventory and descriptors information are periodically loaded onto the Germplasm Resource Information Network (GRIN) . Survey of existing U.S. collections of tropical fruit genetic resources will be conducted; (2) Curator and scientists will work with Tropical/ Subtropical Crop Germplasm Committee (CGC) members and the Plant Exchange Office to identify and collect germplasm already in the U.S. from University research collections and botanical gardens. Unit scientists will cultivate and establish working relationships with scientists in some Pacific Rim countries including the Philippines, Oceania, Vietnam and Thailand through participation in international germplasm conferences and meetings to identify potential resources of Sapindaceae (Litchi and rambutan relatives), Burseraceae (Canarium or pili nut relatives) and Moraceae (Artocarpus or breadfruit relatives). Information on NPGS germplasm policies, quarantine procedures and standard Material Transfer Agreements (MTA) will be collated and made available to cooperators to facilitate and encourage germplasm exchanges; (3) The research horticulturist will work with ARS scientists in Florida, Puerto Rico, and Mississippi to develop and apply SSR or SNP molecular marker technology for Litchi sp. (litchi), Ananas sp. (pineapple), Carica sp. (papaya), and related species (Vasconcellea and Jacaratia). Crop specific markers will be input into GRIN-Global with links to genetic observations. Thirty SSR molecular markers have been developed for Carica and will be compared to the newly developed SNP markers; and (4) The Hilo unit will follow a strict process in moving disease-free scionwood, after a designated quarantine period of visual inspection and testing for laurel wilt and ASBVd, from the Fort Detrick, MD quarantine facility to establish a NPGS avocado germplasm back-up in Hawaii. The scion will be grafted in Hilo onto clean rootstocks and confined in a quarantine facility for 4 to 6 months under supervision of the unit plant pathologist. Plants free from Laurel Wilt and ASBVd will be moved to a holding greenhouse for additional observations for four to six months before transplanting into larger containers and placing on elevated benches in the avocado germplasm screenhouse. Scion will be harvested from the germplasm collection for distribution or evaluation research. Progress has been made on all four objectives of 2040-21000-014-00, Pacific Tropical/Subtropical Fruit and Nut Genetic Resource Management and Sustainable Production Systems. Under objective one, we maintain 13 designated clonal germplasm collections with 1,003 accessions representing 61 genus and 145 species in 33 acres of fields, greenhouses and a tissue culture laboratory. We have 17 accessions of papaya (11 accessions planted in Hilo, five in Paauilo, one in Lalamilo) planted for seed regeneration. We harvested and stored 1,797 grams of papaya seed, removed 7,402 grams or 16.32 lbs of old seed from refrigerators and updated our inventory. We also collected and stored 700 grams of guava seed, removed old seed and updated inventory. The rejuvenation of our guava, rambutan, and breadfruit plantings are in progress, new trees are being air-layered and planted to replace old larger trees. In addition, cacao, guava and starfruit accessions were pruned for size control and to stimulate new growth and 451 pineapples were replanted. Younger, vigorously growing plants are often easier to propagate for order requests. The Vasconcellea collection is being rejuvenated, 12 accessions, 160 plants, representing nine species were planted in a different greenhouse to avoid infection by various viruses. As a backup to the field and greenhouse collections, Vasconcellea (6), pineapple (8), breadfruit (4), ginger (3) and one litchi accessions were initiated into tissue culture. The protocol to cryopreserve the pineapple (Ananas) collection has been successfully developed by our ARS collaborators at the National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation, Fort Collins, Colorado. We also continue to serve as a backup for the ARS germplasm repositories in Miami, Florida, and Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. This year, 17 new accessions of avocado were introduced to Hilo from Miami, Florida, through Fort Detrick, Maryland, after scions were tested for both Avocado Sun Blotch Viroid and Laurel Wilt disease in Miami, Fort Detrick and Hilo. Once cleared through the self-imposed quarantine, avocado accessions are maintained as duplicate plantings in the greenhouse in 20 gallon pots and in the field. To date, 45 avocado accessions have been backed-up from the Miami collection to protect from Laurel Wilt Disease. Additional local avocado varieties have also been planted in the field as a source of rootstock material. In addition, 19 accessions of cacao were introduced from the Puerto Rico germplasm repository as backup and for local cacao field trials. Characterization and distribution of germplasm was recorded in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) Global system which allows characterization/accession/history information to be available globally. Researchers are able to search the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) collections (and other cooperator�s collections) for specific traits. For our primary crops we entered 26 cooperator, 44 orders, 640 order items, and 25 accessions into GRIN. We collected observations on 66 pineapple fruit (1,452 observations), 173 pineapple flowers (692 observations), 178 pineapple plants (2,492 observations), 119 titratable acid, four breadfruit accessions (320 observations), six breadfruit plants (630 observations), two pili nut accessions (600 observations), rambutan fruit (240 observations), and longan fruit (190 observations). We filled 56 requests for 230 items. Objective 2. To strategically expand and improve current tropical/ subtropical fruit and nut germplasm collections through international exchanges, we have introduced four accessions from the U.S. and five foreign accessions to our collection. We continue to update protocols and work with the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) to provide current information to requestors of our germplasm material and ensure material is successfully delivered to the requestors. Objective 3. To strengthen our genetic marker analytical capacity to minimize inefficiencies in sample handling, we worked cooperatively to develop and publish molecular markers to characterize the pineapple collection. We have also contributed to the multi-site NPGS tropical/ subtropical genetic characterization program by working in cooperation with the curator at the Mayaguez, Puerto Rico germplasm repository to place rare bananas from the Pacific and Hawaiian islands into tissue culture for virus indexing and preservation. Objective 4. Avocado plants transferred from Miami, Florida, to Hilo, Hawaii, continue to test negative for the presence of Laurel Wilt and Avocado Sun Blotch. Avocado Sun Blotch has also not been found in samples collected from avocado trees in Hilo and Kona, Hawaii. We are working with personnel at the Miami repository to cross train technicians on a more sensitive protocol for detection of Avocado Sun Blotch. Accomplishments 01 Preserving and distributing tropical fruit and nut trees. ARS scientists in Hilo, Hawaii, collect, maintain and distribute 13 designated tropical fruit and nut crop germplasm accessions. Over the last year, we collected over 6,600 observations on plants, flowers and fruits and distributed 230 propagules of plant material from our germplasm collections. We continue to collaborate and serve as a backup for the avocado and cacao collections in Miami, Florida, and Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. The project contributes to positive economic and environmental impact worldwide by providing a reliable and sustainable resource of plant germplasm for research and crop production. 02 Molecular characterization of pineapple (Ananas) collection. Pineapple (Ananas) represents the third most important tropical crop after banana and mango. ARS scientists in Hilo, Hawaii, and Beltsville, Maryland, collaborated on developing single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to characterize the pineapple collection. These SNP markers provide a robust and universal method to characterize pineapple accession and are important in determining the diversity of the collection. Information from this study will improve the efficiency of the repository by identifying potential redundancies and gaps to help prioritize future collections. The markers will also serve as a foundation to identify new genes to assist pineapple breeding and evaluation for important agricultural traits.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Keith, L.M., Sugiyama, L.S., Matsumoto Brower, T.K., Nagao, M.A. 2016. Disease management strategy for macadamia quick decline. Acta Horticulturae. 1109:237-242.
- Zhou, L., Matsumoto Brower, T.K., Tan, H., Meinhardt, L.W., Mischke, B.S., Wang, B., Zhang, D. 2015. Developing Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers for the identification of pineapple (Ananas comosus) germplasm. Horticulture Research. 2:15056.
- Souza, F.V., Ergun, K., Vieria De Jesus, L., De Souza, E.H., Amorim, V., Skogerboe, D.M., Matsumoto Brower, T.K., Alves, A.A., Ledo, C., Jenderek, M.M. 2015. Droplet-vitrification and morphohistological studies of cryopreserved shoot tips of cultivated and wild pineapple genotypes. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. doi:10.1007/s11240-015-0899-8.
- Vanburen, R., Zeng, F., Chen, C., Zhang, J., Wai, C., Han, J., Aryal, R., Gschwend, A., Wang, J., Na, J., Huang, L., Zhang, L., Miao, W., Guo, J., Arro, J., Guyot, R., Moore, R., Wang, M., Zee, F.T., Charlesworth, D., Moore, P., Yu, Q., Ming, R. 2015. Origin and domestication of papaya Yh chromosome. Genome Research. 25:524-533.
- Ming, R., Vanburen, R., Yai, C., Tang, H., Schatz, M., Bowers, J., Lyons, E., Wang, M., Chen, J., Biggers, E., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Zhang, L., Miao, W., Zhang, J., Ye, Z., Miao, C., Lin, Z., Wang, H., Zhou, H., Yim, W., Priest, H., Zheng, C., Woodhouse, M., Edger, P., Guyot, R., Guo, H., Guo, H., Zheng, G., Singh, R., Sharma, A., Min, X., Zheng, Y., Lee, H., Gurtowski, J., Sedlazeck, F., Harkess, A., Mckain, M., Liao, Z., Fang, J., Liu, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, Q., Hu, W., Qin, Y., Wang, K., Chen, L., Shirley, N., Lin, Y., Liu, L., Hernandez, A., Wright, C., Bulone, V., Tuskan, G., Heath, K., Zee, F.T., Moore, P., Sunkar, R., Leebens-Mack, J., Mockler, T., Bennetzen, J., Freeling, M., Sankoff, D., Paterson, A., Zhu, X., Yang, X., Smith, J., Cushman, J., Paull, R., Yu, Q. 2015. The pineapple genome and the evolution of CAM photosynthesis. Nature Genetics. 47: 1435-1442.
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Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Objectives of this research project are:(1) Efficiently and effectively conserve, backup, regenerate and evaluate tropical/subtropical fruit and nut genetic resources and distribute samples and associated information worldwide; (2) Strategically expand and improve current tropical/ subtropical fruit and nut germplasm collections through international exchanges; (3) Strengthen the genebank�s genetic marker analytical capacity to minimize inefficiencies in sample handling and to contribute more extensively to the multi-site NPGS tropical/subtropical crop genetic characterization program; and (4) Develop a �quarantine-safe� germplasm transfer system modeled after the ongoing transfer and back-up of the NPGS avocado collection in Miami to the NPGS genebank in Hilo as a means of protecting it from laurel wilt disease. Approach (from AD-416): 1) The curator and five staff continue management of the 14 designated clonal germplasm collections (app 1000 accessions) in 33 field acres, greenhouse & a tissue culture laboratory. C. papaya and Vasconcellea spp. seeds are regenerated every 4 years in PRSV-free fields and in greenhouses using controlled pollination. Cleaned seeds are stored at 4 C and storage units monitored electronically via a security company. A senior staff and the curator are on call for temperature alarm calls. Descriptors will be collected on plant and fruit morphologies and stored in a local database. Passport, inventory and descriptors information are periodically loaded onto the Germplasm Resource Information Network (GRIN) . Survey of existing U.S. collections of tropical fruit genetic resources will be conducted; (2) Curator and scientists will work with Tropical/ Subtropical Crop Germplasm Committee (CGC) members and the Plant Exchange Office to identify and collect germplasm already in the U.S. from University research collections and botanical gardens. Unit scientists will cultivate and establish working relationships with scientists in some Pacific Rim countries including the Philippines, Oceania, Vietnam and Thailand through participation in international germplasm conferences and meetings to identify potential resources of Sapindaceae (Litchi and rambutan relatives), Burseraceae (Canarium or pili nut relatives) and Moraceae (Artocarpus or breadfruit relatives). Information on NPGS germplasm policies, quarantine procedures and standard Material Transfer Agreements (MTA) will be collated and made available to cooperators to facilitate and encourage germplasm exchanges; (3) The research horticulturist will work with ARS scientists in Florida, Puerto Rico, and Mississippi to develop and apply SSR or SNP molecular marker technology for Litchi sp. (litchi), Ananas sp. (pineapple), Carica sp. (papaya), and related species (Vasconcellea and Jacaratia). Crop specific markers will be input into GRIN-Global with links to genetic observations. Thirty SSR molecular markers have been developed for Carica and will be compared to the newly developed SNP markers; and (4) The Hilo unit will follow a strict process in moving disease-free scionwood, after a designated quarantine period of visual inspection and testing for laurel wilt and ASBVd, from the Fort Detrick, MD quarantine facility to establish a NPGS avocado germplasm back-up in Hawaii. The scion will be grafted in Hilo onto clean rootstocks and confined in a quarantine facility for 4 to 6 months under supervision of the unit plant pathologist. Plants free from Laurel Wilt and ASBVd will be moved to a holding greenhouse for additional observations for four to six months before transplanting into larger containers and placing on elevated benches in the avocado germplasm screenhouse. Scion will be harvested from the germplasm collection for distribution or evaluation research. Progress has been made on all four objectives of this project. Objective 1: We maintain 13 designated clonal germplasm collections with 1,028 accessions representing 61 genus and 145 species in 33 acres of fields, greenhouses and a tissue culture laboratory. We have 16 accessions of papaya for regeneration planted in the field, we harvested and stored 3581 grams of papaya seed from 20 accessions. We collected and stored 400 grams of guava seed (44 accessions). To create a clonal backup of the field collection, Artocarpus (5), Vasconcellea (5), Ananas (9), one Camellia, one Averrhoa, one Litchi and one Passiflora accessions were initiated into tissue culture. Working closely with the USDA, ARS tropical germplasm repositories in Miami and Puerto Rico, we are continuing transfer of the USDA National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) avocado germplasm from Miami to Hilo through Fort Detrick, with 20 accessions coming in this year. We continue to serve as a backup for the core Theobroma cacao collection and introduced 10 accessions within this year. Preservation of the collection is the first part of the equation, then there is the task of characterization of the collections to link physical traits to genes, and identifying traits of interest. For the first time, the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) system allows researchers to search characterization records, accession and history information available globally within the NPGS system collections (and other cooperator�s collections) for specific traits. We entered 13 photos, 11 cooperators, 21 orders, 102 order items, 2 accessions, updated 23 environments, and 7527 observations in GRIN. We collected observations on 63 pineapple fruit (1386 observations), 246 pineapple flowers (984 observations), 178 pineapple plants (2492 observations), 9 breadfruit (144 observations), 2 breadfruit plants (42 observations), 2 papaya fruit (300 observations), 2 pili nut (600 observations), 2 guava (290 observations). We filled 57 requests for 654 items. Included in the requests were samples sent for genetic characterization for our longan collection (44), rambutan and pulasan (102), and pineapple (177 and 97 samples to two researchers) and 37 papaya and Vasconcellea samples. Objective 2: We added 45 accessions to the collection, three from Malaysia. Following Hawaii Department of Agriculture guidelines to import restricted species into the state, 10 new accessions were added to revitalize our Passiflora collection that was decimated by virus. We implemented a self-quarantine system for the Passiflora germplasm by placing new introductions directly into tissue culture. Once the quarantine period is complete and plants are tested for virus, the plants will be grown in the greenhouse for observations and collection of new seeds for cuttings for requests. The original plants will remain in culture to protect them from viruses and other disease and contain accession with weedy characteristics. Two accessions of breadfruit were acquired with one being a re-introduction and the other a new accession. We also received, 8 Ecuadorian cacao clones from Puerto Rico, 2 accessions from Hawaii Agriculture Research Center (HARC) and 20 avocado from Miami through Fort Detrick. Objective 3: We sent materials to three researchers for development of genetic markers for our papaya (Carica)/Vasconcellea, longan (Dimocarpus), rambutan and pulasan Nephelium and pineapple (Ananas) collections. The samples are being used to molecularly characterize the genetic diversity and identify potential gaps in the collection. Objective 4: All avocado plants received from Fort Detrick have been tested for Laurel Wilt and with no evidence of the pathogen detected. Laurel Wilt pathogen was not found in a survey of avocado plants around the Waiakea station in Hilo. We are working with ARS researchers in Miami to screen the plants for the Avocado Sun Blotch Viroid before plants are released from quarantine. Accomplishments 01 Preserving and distributing tropical fruit and nut trees. ARS scientists in Hilo, Hawaii, collect, maintain and distribute 13 designated tropical fruit and nut crop germplasm accesions. Over the last year, we collected over 6,000 observations on plant, flowers and fruits and distributed plant material for 654 requests from our germplasm collections. We continue to collaborate and serve as a backup for the avocado and cacao collections in Miami and Puerto Rico. The project contributes to positive economic and environmental impact worldwide by providing a reliable and sustainable resource of plant germplasm for research and crop production. 02 Characterizing tropical fruit and nut germplasm. Molecular evaluation of the genetic resource is important in determining the diversity of the collection. The same plant may have different varietal names in the different region that it is grown. ARS scientists in Hilo, Hawaii, have conducted preliminary molecular analysis of the breadfruit (Artocarpus), guava (Psidium) and longan (Dimocarpus) collection at the repository in Hilo. This will be the foundation to identify potential redundancies and gaps to prioritize future collection of germplasm accessions.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Zerega, N., Wiesner-Hanks, T., Ragone, D., Irish, B.M., Scheffler, B.E., Simpson, S.A., Zee, F.T. 2015. Diversity of the breadfruit complex (Artocarpus, Moraceae): Genetic characterization of critical germplasm. Tree Genetics and Genomes. doi: 10.1007/s11295-014-0824-2.
- Keith, L.M., Matsumoto Brower, T.K., Suzuki, J.Y., Follett, P.A., Zee, F.T. 2015. Screening for powdery mildew resistance in ohelo berry germplasm in Hawaii. Pacific Agriculture and Natural Resources. 1:1-9.
- Hummer, K.E., Durst, R., Zee, F.T. 2013. Phytochemicals in fruits of Hawaiian wild cranberry relatives. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6453.
- Sitther, V., Zhang, D., Harris, D., Zee, F.T., Yadav, A., Meinhardt, L.W., Dhekney, S. 2014. Genetic characterization of guava (psidium guajava l.) Germplasm in the United States using microsatellite markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. DOI: 10.1007/s10722-014-0078-5.
- Wang, B., Tan, H., Fang, W., Meinhardt, L.W., Mischke, B.S., Matsumoto Brower, T.K., Zhang, D. 2015. Developing Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers from transcriptome sequences for the identification of longan (Dimocarpus longan) germplasm. Horticulture Research. DOI:10.1038/ hortres.2014.65.
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Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Objectives of this research project are:(1) Efficiently and effectively conserve, backup, regenerate and evaluate tropical/subtropical fruit and nut genetic resources and distribute samples and associated information worldwide; (2) Strategically expand and improve current tropical/ subtropical fruit and nut germplasm collections through international exchanges; (3) Strengthen the genebank�s genetic marker analytical capacity to minimize inefficiencies in sample handling and to contribute more extensively to the multi-site NPGS tropical/subtropical crop genetic characterization program; and (4) Develop a �quarantine-safe� germplasm transfer system modeled after the ongoing transfer and back-up of the NPGS avocado collection in Miami to the NPGS genebank in Hilo as a means of protecting it from laurel wilt disease. Approach (from AD-416): 1) The curator and five staff continue management of the 14 designated clonal germplasm collections (app 1000 accessions) in 33 field acres, greenhouse & a tissue culture laboratory. C. papaya and Vasconcellea spp. seeds are regenerated every 4 years in PRSV-free fields and in greenhouses using controlled pollination. Cleaned seeds are stored at 4 C and storage units monitored electronically via a security company. A senior staff and the curator are on call for temperature alarm calls. Descriptors will be collected on plant and fruit morphologies and stored in a local database. Passport, inventory and descriptors information are periodically loaded onto the Germplasm Resource Information Network (GRIN) . Survey of existing U.S. collections of tropical fruit genetic resources will be conducted; (2) Curator and scientists will work with Tropical/ Subtropical Crop Germplasm Committee (CGC) members and the Plant Exchange Office to identify and collect germplasm already in the U.S. from University research collections and botanical gardens. Unit scientists will cultivate and establish working relationships with scientists in some Pacific Rim countries including the Philippines, Oceania, Vietnam and Thailand through participation in international germplasm conferences and meetings to identify potential resources of Sapindaceae (Litchi and rambutan relatives), Burseraceae (Canarium or pili nut relatives) and Moraceae (Artocarpus or breadfruit relatives). Information on NPGS germplasm policies, quarantine procedures and standard Material Transfer Agreements (MTA) will be collated and made available to cooperators to facilitate and encourage germplasm exchanges; (3) The research horticulturist will work with ARS scientists in Florida, Puerto Rico, and Mississippi to develop and apply SSR or SNP molecular marker technology for Litchi sp. (litchi), Ananas sp. (pineapple), Carica sp. (papaya), and related species (Vasconcellea and Jacaratia). Crop specific markers will be input into GRIN-Global with links to genetic observations. Thirty SSR molecular markers have been developed for Carica and will be compared to the newly developed SNP markers; and (4) The Hilo unit will follow a strict process in moving disease-free scionwood, after a designated quarantine period of visual inspection and testing for laurel wilt and ASBVd, from the Fort Detrick, MD quarantine facility to establish a NPGS avocado germplasm back-up in Hawaii. The scion will be grafted in Hilo onto clean rootstocks and confined in a quarantine facility for 4 to 6 months under supervision of the unit plant pathologist. Plants free from Laurel Wilt and ASBVd will be moved to a holding greenhouse for additional observations for four to six months before transplanting into larger containers and placing on elevated benches in the avocado germplasm screenhouse. Scion will be harvested from the germplasm collection for distribution or evaluation research. Progress has been made on all four objectives from 5320-21000-014-00D, "Pacific Tropical/Subtropical Fruit and Nut Genetic Resource Management and Sustainable Production Systems". Under objective 1, we maintain 13 designated clonal germplasm collections with over 1000 accessions grown on 30 field acres, greenhouses and a tissue culture laboratory. Working closely with the USDA, ARS tropical germplasm repositories in Miami and Puerto Rico, we are continuing transfer of the USDA National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) avocado germplasm from Miami to Hilo through Fort Detrick and maintaining 29 selected cacao, Theobroma cacao, accessions from Miami and Puerto Rico. We are currently assisting Miami with field trial evaluations of select cacao varieties on Hawaii Island. These cacao varieties will be tested in field trials on Hawaii Island, Oahu and Puerto Rico. Over the last year we have collected observations from the Ananas (pineapple) collection (3486 plant observations from 249 accessions; 544 flower observations from 136 accessions, and 1474 fruit observations from 67 Ananas accessions); 1 Dimocarpus (longan) accession (190 fruit observations); 2 Bactris (peach palm) accessions (85 fruit observations); 18 Litchi (lychee) accessions (5580 fruit observations) and 1 Carica (papaya) accession (150 fruit observations). Over the last year, five hundred eight (508) requests were filled for Carica/ Vasconcellea - papaya (205), Ananas - pineapple (105), Psidium � guava (48), Artocarpus � breadfruit (16), Macadamia (15), Litchi � lychee (13), Mapighia � acerola (13), Averrhoa � starfruit (7), Canarium � pili nut (6), Dimocarpus � longan (6), Bactris - peach palm (5), Nephelium � rambutan (3), and others (66). We have surveyed the collection at the University of Hawaii College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Waiakea and Kainaliu Experiment Stations. At the Waiakea station, 15 macadamia accessions, not currently in the Hilo collection, have been identified and requested. This scion material will be girdled as grafting material once the rootstocks reach the appropriate size. In addition, 15 assorted accessions i.e. Eugenia, Feijoa, Averrhoa, Canarium, Dimocarpus, Theobroma cacao, Artocarpus and Litchi have been identified and collected. At the Kainaliu station, eight accessions, i.e. Litchi, Dimocarpus, Feijoa, and Psidium have been identified. Different propagation methods for Artocarpus are currently being explored, since once established these methods will be used to expand our Artocarpus collection from the accessions at the National Tropical Botanical Garden, Kahanu, Maui. Numerous gaps in our collection also have been identified at Fairchild Garden, Florida. The cost of shipment and the importation requirements are currently being investigated. Tissue cultured pineapple plants are being tested for pineapple mealybug wilt viruses and are being propagated to send to Fort Collins for the development of cryogenic storage protocols. Under objective 2, we are continuing our efforts to increase stakeholder contacts to obtain new accessions for our collection. We have established a framework for a protocol to facilitate compliance with import regulations and preparation and shipment of accessions to the repository. In addition, we are working closely with the National Germplasm Resources team to effectively update information on our collection in the internationsl Germplasm Resource information System (GRIN-Global) which should enhance collaboration with international partners. Under objective 3, we are optimizing the process to develop molecular markers for our Carica (papaya) collection. During the seed regeneration process, we are actively collecting plant material for molecular analysis. Under objective 4, thirty three (33) avocado accessions with no visible laurel wilt and tested free of Avocado Sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) were transferred to Hilo from Miami through Fort Detrick. Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) and laurel wilt (Raffaelea lauricola) testing protocols have also been established at the NPGS-Hilo. Plants are tested for ASBVd and laurel wilt prior to release from quarantine in Hilo. After quarantine and screening these trees are transplanted into larger containers and maintained in a screenhouse. To determine if Avocado Sunblotch and laurel wilt is already present in Hawaii, testing was completed on 11 field samples from Hawaii Island (5 from Hilo and 6 from Kona). All samples tested negative for both diseases by RT-PCR and PCR detection assays for ASBVd and R. lauricola, respectively. Accomplishments 01 Collect, maintain and distribute 13 designated tropical fruit and nut crop germplasm. ARS scientists in Hilo, Hawaii, provide long-term management of 1,000 living accessions of tropical fruit and nuts on 30 field acres, screenhouses, greenhouses, seed storage and tissue cultures. Over the last year, we collected over 11,000 observations on plant, flowers and fruits and distributed plant material for five hundred eight (508) requests from our germplasm collections. We continue to collaborate and serve as a backup for the avocado and cacao collections in Miami and Puerto Rico. The project contributes to positive economic and environmental impact worldwide by providing a reliable and sustainable resource of plant germplasm for research and utilization.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Heller, W.P., Z. Ying, T.L. Davenport, L.M. Keith, T.K. Matsumoto. 2014. Identification of members of the Dimocarpus longan Flowering Locus T gene family with divergent functions in flowering. Tropical Plant Biology. 7(1) :19-29.
- Keith, L.M., Zee, F.T. 2010. Guava diseases in Hawaii and the characterization of Pestalotiopsis spp. affecting guava. Acta Horticulturae. 849:269-275.
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Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Objectives of this research project are:(1) Efficiently and effectively conserve, backup, regenerate and evaluate tropical/subtropical fruit and nut genetic resources and distribute samples and associated information worldwide; (2) Strategically expand and improve current tropical/ subtropical fruit and nut germplasm collections through international exchanges; (3) Strengthen the genebank�s genetic marker analytical capacity to minimize inefficiencies in sample handling and to contribute more extensively to the multi-site NPGS tropical/subtropical crop genetic characterization program; and (4) Develop a �quarantine-safe� germplasm transfer system modeled after the ongoing transfer and back-up of the NPGS avocado collection in Miami to the NPGS genebank in Hilo as a means of protecting it from laurel wilt disease. Approach (from AD-416): 1) The curator and five staff continue management of the 14 designated clonal germplasm collections (app 1000 accessions) in 33 field acres, greenhouse & a tissue culture laboratory. C. papaya and Vasconcellea spp. seeds are regenerated every 4 years in PRSV-free fields and in greenhouses using controlled pollination. Cleaned seeds are stored at 4 C and storage units monitored electronically via a security company. A senior staff and the curator are on call for temperature alarm calls. Descriptors will be collected on plant and fruit morphologies and stored in a local database. Passport, inventory and descriptors information are periodically loaded onto the Germplasm Resource Information Network (GRIN) . Survey of existing U.S. collections of tropical fruit genetic resources will be conducted; (2) Curator and scientists will work with Tropical/ Subtropical Crop Germplasm Committee (CGC) members and the Plant Exchange Office to identify and collect germplasm already in the U.S. from University research collections and botanical gardens. Unit scientists will cultivate and establish working relationships with scientists in some Pacific Rim countries including the Philippines, Oceania, Vietnam and Thailand through participation in international germplasm conferences and meetings to identify potential resources of Sapindaceae (Litchi and rambutan relatives), Burseraceae (Canarium or pili nut relatives) and Moraceae (Artocarpus or breadfruit relatives). Information on NPGS germplasm policies, quarantine procedures and standard Material Transfer Agreements (MTA) will be collated and made available to cooperators to facilitate and encourage germplasm exchanges; (3) The research horticulturist will work with ARS scientists in Florida, Puerto Rico, and Mississippi to develop and apply SSR or SNP molecular marker technology for Litchi sp. (litchi), Ananas sp. (pineapple), Carica sp. (papaya), and related species (Vasconcellea and Jacaratia). Crop specific markers will be input into GRIN-Global with links to genetic observations. Thirty SSR molecular markers have been developed for Carica and will be compared to the newly developed SNP markers; and (4) The Hilo unit will follow a strict process in moving disease-free scionwood, after a designated quarantine period of visual inspection and testing for laurel wilt and ASBVd, from the Fort Detrick, MD quarantine facility to establish a NPGS avocado germplasm back-up in Hawaii. The scion will be grafted in Hilo onto clean rootstocks and confined in a quarantine facility for 4 to 6 months under supervision of the unit plant pathologist. Plants free from Laurel Wilt and ASBVd will be moved to a holding greenhouse for additional observations for four to six months before transplanting into larger containers and placing on elevated benches in the avocado germplasm screenhouse. Scion will be harvested from the germplasm collection for distribution or evaluation research. This report documents progress for this new project which started March 6, 2013, and continues the research from Project 5320-21000-012-00D, "Pacific Fruit Genetic Resource Management and Sustainable Production Systems". Progress has been made on three of the four objectives which fall under National Program 301, Component 2: Crop Genetic and Genomic Resources and Information Management; Problem Statement 2B: Plant and Microbial genetic resource and information management. Under Objective 1, we conducted daily maintenance of current collection of 1000+ accessions. Tissue cultured Ananas comosus accessions tested free of internal bacteria contamination in Hilo, Hawaii, and were provided to Fort Collins, Colorado, for cryogenic storage protocol development. The papaya seed storage units and alarm system of the unit were upgraded. Under Objective 2, we visited abandoned macadamia selection plots in the University of Hawaii to identify potentially useful germplasm. International germplasm contacts in Australia, China and Japan were maintained and expanded. The updated Plant Germplasm Operations Committe (PGOC) operation manual was studied and a simplified quick reference to germplasm exchange procedures for unit reference was drafted. Under Objective 4, quarantine transfer of the USDA, ARS, National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) avocado collection from Miami, Florida, to Hilo, Hawaii, to protect it from the laurel wilt disease was continued. Twenty-three accessions from the initial transfer are planted in larger containers in the isolated screenhouse as a base collection, and additional support for screenhouse space for the avocado project has been secured. Reviewed the Avocado Sunblotch Viroid (ASBVd) test kit quality to assure quarantine security. ASBVd testing protocols have been established at the ARS Tropical Plant Genetic Resources and Disease Research Unit (TPGRDR), Hilo, Hawaii. Testing of avocado backup samples from Miami, Florida, has commenced. Avocado rootstocks are ready for 10 additional disease free accessions to be transferred from Fort Detrick, Maryland.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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