Progress 04/20/10 to 12/27/10
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Objective 1: Develop new knowledge of life history, behavior, genetics, physiology, and ecology of codling moth (CM), leafrollers, pear psylla, cherry fruit fly, apple maggot, secondary pests, and their natural enemies that provide opportunities for new and improved biorational management of tree fruit insect pests. Objective 2: Develop monitoring methods and techniques that provide information to growers on the presence and threat level from pear psylla and CM. Objective 3: Develop biorational and sustainable methods for control of CM, leafrollers, pear psylla, and fruit fly pests of tree fruits. Objective 4: Develop and refine postharvest treatments for quarantine and phytosanitation pests to maintain or increase domestic and foreign markets of deciduous tree fruit. Objective 5: Develop and evaluate multicomponent systems approaches where accumulative effects of different processes suitable for commercial operations reduce or eliminate postharvest arthropod insects. Approach (from AD-416) Objective 1: Determine foods used by fruit flies in nature. Determine local movement patterns of fruit flies. Evaluate nutritional requirements of fruit flies. Characterize pear psylla behavioral responses to psylla and pear odors. Determine impact of insecticides on codling moth development by looking at mating and oviposition following exposures. Anthocorid predators of psylla will be studied to determine behavioral, morphological, and molecular differences among species. Monoclonal antibodies and PCR techniques will be used to identify pear psylla consumed by predators. New methods for moving and stabilizing genes will be evaluated for use against codling moth. Objective 2: Formulations and chemicals for feeding attractant and kairomone lures will be tested for fruit flies. Arena and flight tunnel assays, GC-EAD and GC-MS will be used to isolate and identify new kairomonal attractants and pheromones for psylla and codling moth. Objective 3: New formulations will be developed for virus and nematode pathogens of insects. Baits and insecticides will be modified and formulated for killing fruit flies. Dispensers, formulations, and strategies for codling moth mating disruption will be evaluated. Objective 4: Basic and applied studies will be conducted to determine the efficacy of postharvest treatments to control various arthropod pests on temperate tree fruits. Tests will be conducted on the most susceptible and resistant life stages. Treatments will be deemed suitable if they provide control with acceptable fruit quality. Phytotoxic effects of insect control treatments will be measured in collaboration with other research facilities. Objective 5: The cumulative impact of pest management, harvesting, sorting, culling, detection, packing, and storage operations on postharvest pests will be assessed. These processes include, but are not limited to, field control, host status, commodity sorting and culling, pest detection and computerized selection, inspection, baths and packing lines and storage conditions. Postharvest treatments will be added during the postharvest process. This project continued research and replaced project #5352-22000-017-00D "Management of Insect Pests of Temperate Tree Fruit Crops", which ended May, 2010. Details of progress relating to the milestones and objectives can be found in the FY2010 Annual Report for #5352-22000-017-00D. Per 10/25/10 NP304 OSQR certification memo, D. Knowles, Scientific Quality Review Officer, effective 12/28/2010, this project was replaced by #5352-22000-021-00D, 'Biorational Management of Insect Pests of Temperate Tree Fruits'. Effective 2/9/2011, due to Strategic Plan (STP) code modifications, project #5352-22000-021-00D was renumbered to 5352-22430-001-00D. Details of progress relating to the milestones and objectives can be found in the 2011 Annual Report for #5352-22430-001-00D, "Biorational management of Insect Pests of Temperate Tree Fruits". Research determined the fate of codling moth larvae in apples under laboratory conditions similar to tropical climates. It was determined that codling moth exposed to a 12:12 L:D photoperiod did not complete diapauses and codling moth, therefore, would pose little threat to importing countries in tropical regions. Trials determined efficacy of a temperature and atmospheric gas (CATTS) treatment, within a pallet configured quarantine chamber, to control oriental fruit moth. Treatments successful in killing all moth larvae in nectarines were, however, detrimental to fruit quality. We evaluated attract-and-kill systems for codling moth, lures for pear psylla and codling moth, and a trap for pest wasps, and compared pheromone and blacklight for trapping spotted cutworm moths. Effects of a cover crop in orchards on movement and feeding by natural enemies of pest insects were assessed. Movement was monitored by marking insects in the cover crop and collecting marked insects from the tree. Gut contents of predators were examined to confirm that predators had fed on the target pest. More effective monitoring and management capabilities for apple and pear growers were developed. Gene transcripts encoding proteins with known roles in sex pheromone production and detection, egg formation and development, and response to physiological stresses were cloned. We evaluated two methods used at packinghouses to detect cherry fruit fly larvae inside crushed cherries. The use of body structures was used to reliably separate apple maggot and snowberry maggot flies. We tested insecticides in baits to reduce egg laying by cherry fruit flies, tested insecticides and chilling to kill fly larvae inside cherries, and determined the use of domestic and wild cherries by cherry fruit flies and its implications on fly population levels. We determined that a virus isolated from the Pandemis leafroller can kill young larvae rapidly, but may take as long as three weeks to kill older larvae. The main value of the virus to growers is its ability to remain in the environment and recycle through Pandemis caterpillar populations. Accomplishments 01 Fate of codling moth in apples exported to tropical countries. Codling moth is a major quarantine pest in apples destined for Asian-Pacific markets, such as Taiwan and Thailand. The potential for establishment of this pest in tropical latitudes was not known. ARS researchers at Wapato WA, found that 30% of codling moth larvae exited the fruit to form cocoo and that those not subjected to chilling at 10 degrees C did not emerge from dormancy, within the 6 month test. Of the 30% that survived to make cocoons, and then were chilled at 10 degrees C for greater than 2 weeks, only 0.025% emerged. This new information will be used in revised pest risk analysis models to improve trade of apples to Asian-Pacific countri 02 Commercialization of controlled atmosphere temperature treatment system (CATTS). The potential presence of codling moth or oriental fruit moth i peaches and nectarines exported to several countries has caused the imposition of quarantine restrictions against these pests. CATTS treatments have been developed to kill these internal feeding pests without causing loss of commodity quality. ARS researchers at Wapato, WA determined that CATTS quarantine treatments of palletized boxes of commercial nectarines and peaches require longer treatment times than unpacked bins of fruit. Extended treatment times may result in additiona phytotoxicity to the fruit, reducing market quality and export value. Treatment of palletized fruit is not recommended at this time. 03 Evaluation of brown sugar and hot water methods for detecting cherry fru fly larvae in cherries. Packinghouses in the Pacific Northwest of the U use two methods to detect infestations by cherry fruit fly larvae in cherries destined for export, but no evaluations of these methods have been conducted. ARS researchers at Wapato, WA, conducted a study to determine the efficacy of the brown sugar flotation and hot water method for detecting larvae in cherries. It was determined that the brown sugar method resulted in 97% detection of larvae whereas the hot water method resulted in 84% detection. The work shows that the brown sugar method ma be more reliable for detection, but that improvements in the method shou be pursued to further increase the efficacy of this method so that it ca be used to maintain export markets.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Zack, R.S., Strenge, D., Landolt, P.J., Looney, C. 2010. European Earwig, Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) at the Hanford Reach National Monument, Washington State. Western North American Naturalist. 70(4):441-445.
- Yee, W.L., Goughnour, R.B. 2011. Mating frequencies and production of hybrids by Rhagoletis pomonella and R. zephyria (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the laboratory. The Canadian Entomologist. 143:92-90.
- Jones, V.P., Steffan, S.A., Wiman, N.G., Horton, D.R., Miliczky, E., Zhang, Q., Baker, C.C. 2010. Evaluation of herbivore-induced plant volatiles for monitoring lacewings in Washington apple orchards. Biological Control. 56:98-105.
- Yee, W.L., Thistlewood, H.M., Klaus, M.W. 2010. Infestation of apricot by Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Washington state and British Columbia. Pan-Pacific Entomologist. 86:100-103.
- Johnson, S.A., Neven, L.G. 2011. Heated controlled atmosphere postharvest treatments for Macchiademus diplopterus (Distant)(Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) and Phlyctinus callosus (Schoenherr)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 104(2): 398-404.
- Knight, A.L., Light, D.M., Trimble, R.M. 2011. Identifying (E)-4,8- dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene plus acetic acid as a new lure for male and female codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Environmental Entomology. 40(2):420-430.
- Sial, A.A., Brunner, J.F., Garczynski, S.F. 2011. Biochemical characterization of chlorantraniliprole and spinetoram resistance in laboratory-selected obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris)(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae). Journal of Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 99:274-279.
- Landolt, P.J., Adams, T., Zack, R.S., Crabo, L. 2011. A diversity of moths (Lepidoptera) trapped with two feeding attractants. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 104(3): 498-506.
- Guedot, C.N., Horton, D.R., Landolt, P.J. 2011. Response of summerform pear psylla (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) to male- and female-produced odors. The Canadian Entomologist. 143:245-253.
- Yee, W.L. 2011. Evaluation of yellow rectangle traps coated with hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive and sticky gel against Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera:Tephritidae) and the possible influence of yellow colors on captures. Journal of Economic Entomology. 104(3):909-919; doi:10. 1603/EC10327.
- Munyaneza, J.E. 2010. Emerging leafhopper-transmitted phytoplasma diseases of potato. Southwestern Entomologist. 35(3):451-456.
- Hansen, J.D., Lewis, L.R. 2011. Before harvest survival of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in artificially infested sweet cherries. Crop Protection. 30:1223-1226.
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Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Objective 1: Develop new knowledge of life history, behavior, genetics, physiology, and ecology of codling moth (CM), leafrollers, pear psylla, cherry fruit fly, apple maggot, secondary pests, and their natural enemies that provide opportunities for new and improved biorational management of tree fruit insect pests. Objective 2: Develop monitoring methods and techniques that provide information to growers on the presence and threat level from pear psylla and CM. Objective 3: Develop biorational and sustainable methods for control of CM, leafrollers, pear psylla, and fruit fly pests of tree fruits. Objective 4: Develop and refine postharvest treatments for quarantine and phytosanitation pests to maintain or increase domestic and foreign markets of deciduous tree fruit. Objective 5: Develop and evaluate multicomponent systems approaches where accumulative effects of different processes suitable for commercial operations reduce or eliminate postharvest arthropod insects. Approach (from AD-416) Objective 1: Determine foods used by fruit flies in nature. Determine local movement patterns of fruit flies. Evaluate nutritional requirements of fruit flies. Characterize pear psylla behavioral responses to psylla and pear odors. Determine impact of insecticides on codling moth development by looking at mating and oviposition following exposures. Anthocorid predators of psylla will be studied to determine behavioral, morphological, and molecular differences among species. Monoclonal antibodies and PCR techniques will be used to identify pear psylla consumed by predators. New methods for moving and stabilizing genes will be evaluated for use against codling moth. Objective 2: Formulations and chemicals for feeding attractant and kairomone lures will be tested for fruit flies. Arena and flight tunnel assays, GC-EAD and GC-MS will be used to isolate and identify new kairomonal attractants and pheromones for psylla and codling moth. Objective 3: New formulations will be developed for virus and nematode pathogens of insects. Baits and insecticides will be modified and formulated for killing fruit flies. Dispensers, formulations, and strategies for codling moth mating disruption will be evaluated. Objective 4: Basic and applied studies will be conducted to determine the efficacy of postharvest treatments to control various arthropod pests on temperate tree fruits. Tests will be conducted on the most susceptible and resistant life stages. Treatments will be deemed suitable if they provide control with acceptable fruit quality. Phytotoxic effects of insect control treatments will be measured in collaboration with other research facilities. Objective 5: The cumulative impact of pest management, harvesting, sorting, culling, detection, packing, and storage operations on postharvest pests will be assessed. These processes include, but are not limited to, field control, host status, commodity sorting and culling, pest detection and computerized selection, inspection, baths and packing lines and storage conditions. Postharvest treatments will be added during the postharvest process. Replacing 5352-22000-017-00D (4/10). This project continues research and replaces project #5352-22000-017-00D 'Management of Insect Pests of Temperate Tree Fruit Crops', which ended May 2010. Details of progress relating to the milestones and objectives can be found in the 2009 Annual Report for 5352-22000-017-00D.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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