Progress 10/01/19 to 09/30/20
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Legacy effects from one disturbance may influence successional pathways by amplifying or buffering forest regeneration after the next disturbance. We assessed vegetation and tree regeneration in non-serotinous Sierra lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. murrayana) stands after a 1984 wildfire which burned with variable severity and again after a high-severity subsequent fire in 2012. The legacy effects of the 1984 fire were amplified; seedlings and saplings were abundant in areas initially burned at low severity despite high reburn severity, but regeneration was low in areas twice burned at high severity. Our results suggest that the severity of the 1984 fire may have influenced post-2012 tree regeneration by creating variable fuel loading, which may have affected soils, litter cover and shade after the 2012 fire and therefore affected seedling establishment and survival. A canopy seed bank of unburnt cones from trees killed by the 2012 fire potentially contributed to a strong effect of prior burn severity on regeneration after the 2012 fire despite a lack of serotinous or resprouting tree species, although the influence of this canopy seedbank was likely limited to the year following the fire. PARTICIPANTS: Drury, Stacy; Knapp, Eric; Chen, Shyh-Chin; Riggan, Philip; Weise, David R. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences for these projects include other researchers/scientists, resource managers involved in restoring degraded ecosystems and habitats of significance to American Indian tribes, land managers, resource specialists, BAER Team PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: This problem area was terminated in FY19 so no report was given. It was reactivated in order to report FY20 accomplishments.
Impacts
These results suggest that a low- to moderate-severity fire increases forest resilience relative to a high-severity fire even when the next fire burns at high severity.
Publications
- Harris, Lucas B.; Drury, Stacy A.; Taylor, Alan H. 2020. Strong legacy effects of prior burn severity on forest resilience to a high-severity fire. Ecosystems. 113: 11770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-020-00548-x.
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Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Continued the study of fire regime shifts in the period from 1600 till present day triggered by the socioecological transitions and modulated by fire-climate interaction. A new analysis of fire history sampling sites in the Sierra Nevada, led by collaborator Alan Taylor (Penn State), demonstrated how socioecological shifts over time influenced fuels and drove fire-climate relationships. Prior to 1775, frequent fire, including fire ignited by Native American populations, reduced fuels to such an extent that fire activity was fuel limited and less strongly driven by climate. With the loss of Native burning, fire activity initially increased and became more strongly climate related as fuel continuity increased. Modern day fire suppression reduced the influence of climate on fire activity. However, the relationship between climate and fire activity has strengthened again after the mid 1980⿿s as a result of climatic warming and earlier snowmelt.Partnering with Humboldt State University, we evaluated the influence of forest densification, in the absence of fire, on allocation of metabolic resources towards growth and resin defenses against bark beetles in sugar pine. Growth rates increased and resin duct size decreased over time. Growth was associated with higher winter temperatures and less competition from surrounding trees and resin duct size was negatively associated with drought and competition.Species distribution modeling (SDM) was used to project changes in habitat suitability for 44 taxa (species or subspecies) of plants from baseline conditions (1950-1981) to mid-21st century using 5 climate projections from global circulation models representing a range of possible future climate scenarios. The plant species modeled are useful for habitat restoration in southern California shrub or scrub plant communities after mechanical disturbance or too-frequent fire.Methods were explored to more accurately estimate spatial distributions of fuel loads in southern California chaparral thereby improving understanding of wildfire behavior and ecological processes such as postfire recovery. Imagery with ultra-high spatial resolution, collected from a light sport aircraft, were used to develop and test remote-sensing methods to upscale field estimates of shrubland fuel load to broader-scale biomass estimates. Study results showed a strong relationship by shrub-type functional groups between image-derived shrub cover and field-measured fuel loads in three even-age stands that had developed 7, 28, and 68 years since the last stand-consuming fire. The relationship between development of annual biomass, estimated using shrub growth rings, and metrics of seasonal growth derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spectral vegetation indices was examined in a limited area of southern California chaparral to evaluate the potential for mapping biomass at larger spatial extents. Metrics of seasonal growth were tested using six SVIs. Several combinations of the seasonal growth metric and an SVI exhibited a strong or very strong relationship with annual biomass. Additional research is required to determine which of these metrics and SVIs are the most promising for mapping early post-fire biomass accumulation in chaparral at regional scales.An experimental product for assessing drought effects on forest water stress using Modis imagery was developed and demonstrated in a project for the Western Wildlands Environmental Threat Assessment Center. A series of metrics comparing growth-season maximum Normalized Difference Vegetation Index with statistical distributions of that value from the Modis record are automated and displayed for the western United States on the web site (https://usda-drought.appspot.com/). Research incorporating tribal/Indigenous knowledge resulted in improved understanding of values affected by climate and wildland fire effects. PARTICIPANTS: Program Employees Include: Beyers, Jan (Research Ecologist); Drury, Stacy (Research Ecologist); Knapp, Eric (Research Ecologist); Lake, Frank (Research Ecologist); Chen, Shyh-Chin (Research Meteorologist); Riggan, Philip (Research Ecologist); Weise, David R. (Research Forester); Abbott, Celeste ⿿ Biologist; Alves, Therese M. (Biologist); Carlson, Bob (Forestry Technician); Corcoran, Bonni (Biological Science Technician); Lydersen, Jamie (Biological Science Technician. Accepted a position with UC Berkeley in July 2017); Oxford, Michael (Forestry Technician); Uzoh, Fabian (Mathematical Statistician); Wohlgemuth, Peter (Hydrologist); Tissell, Robert (Information Technology Specialist); Benoit, John (Information Technology Specialist); Burke, Gloria (Forestry Technician); Chong, Joey (Physical Science Technician); Lockwood, Robert (Ecologist) Research Collaborators Include: Brandon Collins, Haignanosh Preisler, Matt Jolly, Hann-Ming Henry Juang, Jun Wang, Arthur Miller, Jack Ritchie, Wilfrid Schroeder, Lynn Wolden, Janice Coen, Nancy Grulke, John Litton, Chris Lippett, Doug Stow, Kellie Uyeda, Ron Grush, Morgan Varner, Carl Seielstad, Tom Fletcher, Shankar Mahalingam, Babak Shotorban, Marko Princevac, Wayne Miller, Robert Yokelson, Timothy J. Johnson, David Cocker, Heejung Jung, Akua-Asa-Awuku, Seyedehsan Hosseini, Christian Bartolome, Dallan Prince, Selina Dover, Trevor Maynard, Sheryl Akagi, Ian Burling, Jon Keeley, WeiMin Hao, Kari Norgaard, Arlee Montalvo, Erin Riordan. Partner Organizations: FS-RMRS, FS-PNW, FS-SRS, FS-Region 5, FS- Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, FS-Western Wildland Environmental Threat Assessment Center, FS- Remote Sensing Applications Center, FS- San Dimas Technology and Development Center National Center for Environmental Prediction/NOAA, CalFire, University of Maryland, University of Montana, Brigham Young University, University of California Los Angeles, University of California Riverside, University of California- San Diego, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Cal Poly University ⿿ San Luis Obispo, University of California ⿿ Berkeley, National Center for Atmospheric Research, San Diego State University, University of New Mexico, Mississippi State University, Grush Engineering, Department of Defense, DOD/DOE/EPA Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, USGS, FS-National Infrared Operations Program, Brazilian Ministry of the Environment, Department of Ecology at University of Brasilia, NASA Ames Research Center, San Diego County Fire Authority, Orange County Fire Authority, University of Oregon, Riverside-Corona Resource Conservation District. TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences for these projects include other researchers/scientists, resource managers involved in restoring degraded ecosystems and habitats of significance to American Indian tribes, land managers, resource specialists, BAER Team
Impacts
The study on long-term fire and climate change has an implication on better understanding the future changes, in the face of climate change, on the socio-ecological aspects of fire in California.The findings on the incorporation of tribal/Indigenous knowledge into research improved the understanding of tribal resource values affected by climate and wildland fire effects or related disturbances. In addition the techniques used and other products (presentations, workshops and report) above contributed to an outcome/impact. Understanding the inter-annual variation of the fire climate is crucial in predicting fire danger. The result of this project is to provide the community an experimental fire danger seasonal forecast system with an uncertainty range. We also strive to infer these predicted indices to projected fire frequencies and fire sizes for the upcoming season. This predictive capability is extremely important to our operational partners, such as Southern California GACC, in planning the fire-fighting resources for the upcoming season. The community can also be benefitted by having fire danger warnings with sufficient long lead.The ground-breaking study by Taylor et al. (with PSW co-author Skinner) illustrated how humans have and can amplify or buffer fire-climate relationships. With the current high fuel loads and high fuel continuity, warming temperatures pose a real challenge for fire managers. Reducing fuels and breaking up fuel continuity (as was accomplished historically by Native American patch burning) would lower the impact of climatic factors on future fire behavior whereas continuing to accumulate fuels will result in ecosystems more vulnerable to climatically induced changes to fire behavior.The study of growth and resin production in sugar pine illustrated how higher competition with forest densification in the absence of fire as well as warming temperatures could change the allocation of resources within trees, increasing their susceptibility to bark beetle attack.The results of the species distribution modeling, when used with other information, will help land managers select appropriate plant material for restoration projects in southern California. Taxa that are projected to maintain habitat suitability under the range of possible future climates may be good choices for re-establishing native vegetation where it has been removed by disturbance.
Publications
- Schmidt, Ian T.; O'Leary, John F.; Stow, Douglas A.; Uyeda, Kellie A.; Riggan, Phillip J. 2016. Use of ultra-high spatial resolution aerial imagery in the estimation of chaparral wildfire fuel loads. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 188(12): 697.
- Slack, Andrew; Kane, Jeffrey; Knapp, Eric; Sherriff, Rosemary 2017. Contrasting impacts of climate and competition on large sugar pine growth and defense in a fire-excluded forest of the Central Sierra Nevada. Forests. 8(7): 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8070244.
- Taylor, A.H., V. Trouet, C.N. Skinner, and S. Stephens. 2016. Sociological transitions trigger fire regime shifts and modulate fire-climate interactions in the Sierra Nevada, USA, 1600-2015 CE
- Uyeda, Kellie A.; Stow, Douglas A.; Roberts, Dar A.; Riggan, Philip J. 2017. Combining ground-based measurements and MODIS-based spectral vegetation indices to track biomass accumulation in post-fire chaparral. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 38(3): 728-741.
- Vinyeta, K., Lake, F.K., and Norgaard, K.M. 2016. Chapter Three: Vulnerabilities of Traditional Foods and Cultural Use Species in Norgaard (ed.) Karuk Tribe Climate Vulnerability Assessment: Assessing Vulnerabilities from the Increased Frequency of High Severity Fire. Karuk Department of Natural Resources, Page: 65-133
- Yocom Kent, Larissa L.; Fulé, Peter Z.; Brown, Peter M.; Cerano-Paredes, Julián; Cornejo-Oviedo, Eladio; Cortés Montaño, Citlali; Drury, Stacy A.; Falk, Donald A.; Meunier, Jed; Poulos, Helen M.; Skinner, Carl N.; Stephens, Scott L.; Villanueva-Díaz, José 2017. Climate drives fire synchrony but local factors control fire regime change in northern Mexico. Ecosphere. 8(3): e01709. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1709.
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Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Continue the study on the fire regime shifts in the period from 1600 till present day triggered by the socio-ecological transitions and modulated by fire-climate interaction Research in incorporating tribal/Indigenous knowledge results an improved understanding of tribal resource values affected by climate and wildland fire effects or related disturbances. Techniques on knowledge system integration between western academic and traditional indigenous knowledge systems to describe and identify climate and wildland fire related threats and stressors were utilized. To better project the fire danger for the upcoming season, scientists at PSW have begun an ambitious effort to develop a fire danger prediction system over California at time scales up to a season. The work is divided into two parts. The first part of the work involves using downscaled surface meteorological variables from NCEP reanalysis during the period from 1982 thru 2007 for computing the fire danger indices of National Fire Danger Rating System. Examining this long-term time series of indices, in conjunction with the observed fire records, the statistical characteristics of fire regimes in association with the indices can be analyzed and identified. The second part of the work is to develop seasonal fire danger forecasts using the downscaled NCEP ensemble global climate predictions over U.S. We intend to perform 30-member ensemble forecast runs each month to form a probability forecast. This type of dynamically downscaled regional fire danger forecast is not available elsewhere in the nation. It requires amble computation, and we have purchased two 40-core servers this year to fill the computation need. Following the results from part 1, the statistical relationship of fire frequency/fire size to the fire danger indices will be applied to this experimental forecast to project the fire severity of the upcoming fire season in California. Presentations: Skinner. C. Climate Change and Fire: What Might We Expect? To: The Fiery Future of California, September 22, 2016. Mt. Shasta Sisson Museum Fire Program Series. Mt. Shasta, CA. Shiao, C.-H., S.-C. Chen, Y.-T. Lin 2016. Preliminary validation of the dynamically downscaled regional climate forecast system of CWB. The First Taiwan-West Pacific Global Forecast System Development Workshop, CWB, Taipei, Taiwan, May 24-26, 2016 RITS Product ID: 81448 Lake, F.K. 2015. Incorporation of Tribal Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Forestry and Fire Ecology into Climate Change Research and Management, in the Session: ⿿Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Management in the Face of Climate Change at the Conference ⿿Bridging the gap⿿from science to management action in climate adaptation organized and hosted by the Southwest Climate Science Centers, the five Landscape Conservation Cooperatives of the Southwest (California, Great Basin, Desert, North Pacific, Southern Rockies), the USDA Climate Southwest Climate Hub and California SubHub, and the two NOAA RISA centers in the southwest (CLIMAS, CNAP). Sacramento, Ca. 2 November 2015. *Invited Lake, F.K. 2016. The Role of Tribal Knowledge Systems in Collaborative Approaches for Addressing Climate Change, Fire and Water Research and Management. Water and Fire-Impacts of Climate Change Conference organized by the Institute on Science for Global Policy. California State University-Sacramento. dinner/evening presentation, Sacramento, Ca. 10 April 2016. *Invited, presentation delivered to primarily academic and professional climate science policy makers. Lake, F.K. 2016. The Incorporation of Tribal Traditional Ecological Knowledge into Wildland Fire, Climate Change and Landscape Restoration Strategies: Applicable Research to managers. Presentation to the USFS R5 Six Rivers National Forest leadership team, Arcata, Ca. 19 April, 2016. *Invited. Lake, F.K. 2016. Collaborative Research Approaches for Aligning Landscape Restoration PARTICIPANTS: PSW personnel: C. Skinner, F. Lake, S.-C. Chen, J. Benoit, A. Wilson, and H. Preisler Partners: Government agency, non-governmental, academic, and tribal professional researchers or managers. T. Rolinski, Southern California GACC, Riverside, CA; H. Juang, National Centers of Environmental Prediction, Silver Spring, MD; J. Ritchie, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA; C.-H. Shiao, Central TARGET AUDIENCES: General public and fire-fighting agencies in charge for fire climate study. Tribal professional and community members, racial and ethnic minority groups and those who are socially, economically, or educationally disadvantaged. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: We have spent the past two years in preparing the background data for developing this seasonal fire danger prediction. The data sets include 25 years of downscaled surface weather variables, fire danger indices, and observed fire records. The downscale computations were completed on our two aging and problematic Mac cluster servers. However, with the support of the station, we have recently acquired two new Dell 40-core servers. The availability of these two powerful servers has been a shot in the arm for the project. Not only we can finish the data preparation sooner, we now can afford the expansive ensemble forecasts to assign the prediction with probability. Adapting and modifying the integrated social-ecological interdisciplinary research approach to provide specific examples of tribal resource, habitat or species of concern (see Vinyeta et al. 2016, or Lake⿿s Webinar presentation to the North Pacific LCC in outputs above).
Impacts
The study on the long-term fire climate change has an implication on better understanding the future changes, in the face of climate change, on the socio-ecological aspect in California. - The findings on the incorporation of tribal/Indigenous knowledge into research improved the understanding of tribal resource values affected by climate and wildland fire effects or related disturbances. In addition the techniques used and other products (presentations, workshops and report) above contributed to an outcome/impact. - Understanding the inter-annual variation of the fire climate is crucial in predicting fire danger. The result of this project is to provide the community an experimental fire danger seasonal forecast system with an uncertainty range. We also strive to infer these predicted indices to projected fire frequencies and fire sizes for the upcoming season. This predictive capability is extremely important to our operational partners, such as Southern California GACC, in planning the fire fighting resources for the upcoming season. The community can also be beneficial by having fire danger warnings with sufficient long lead.
Publications
- Giordano, Michael R.; Chong, Joey; Weise, David R.; Asa-Awuku, Akua A. 2016. Does chronic nitrogen deposition during biomass growth affect atmospheric emissions from biomass burning? Environmental Research Letters. 11(3): 034007.
- Lynn, Kathy; Daigle, John; Hoffman, Jennie; Lake, Frank; Michelle, Natalie; Ranco, Darren; Viles, Carson; Voggesser, Garrit; Williams, Paul. 2013. The impacts of climate change on tribal traditional foods. Climatic Change. 120: 545-556.
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Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Station scientists participated in an assessment of climate change impacts to vegetation communities and rare species in southern California, attending two workshops and editing draft documents. Led analysis examining frequency of high- to extreme-fire weather occurrences over the last 40 years. The analysis demonstrated fairly strong upward trends in the occurrence of high- to extreme-fire weather, particularly since the mid-1990s. This increased occurrence of high fire weather conditions suggests that there is more opportunity for fires to grow rapidly and overwhelm initial suppression efforts, likely resulting in greater incidence of large fires throughout the region. Lake, F. Traditional knowledge systems: Observations, harvesting and use of soil-based resources. In Organized Oral Session OOS-29, Resilience to Climate Change using Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Western Science. Symposia: Ecological Society of America, 11 Aug. 2015, Baltimore, Maryland. Panelist (invited). Oral presentation- Invited. Lake, Frank 2015. Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Climate Change. At the Inter-tribal Youth Climate Change Leadership Congress. US Fish and Wildlife National Training Center, Shepherdstown WV. June 30, 2015. Oral presentation-Invited. National Lake, Frank 2015. Traditional Foods and Climate Change. At the Inter-tribal Youth Climate Change Leadership Congress. US Fish and Wildlife National Training Center, Shepherdstown WV. July 1, 2015. Oral presentation-Invited. National PARTICIPANTS: Participants:Program scientists include Jan Beyers, Shyh-Chin Chen, Frank Lake, Eric Knapp, Phillip Riggan, and David Weise. Support was provided by Bob Carlson, Celeste Abbot, and Marcia Narog. Program scientists Frank Lake conducted much of the work described. Other participants include Alan Taylor, Pennsylvania State University; and Louise Loudermilk, Southern Research Station. Partner Organizations included University of California, Riverside, and The Nature Conservancy, tribal practitioners using soil-based resources, tribal practitioners (Karuk and Yurok Tribes) Frank Lake (USFS-PSW). Kathy Lynn (Adjunct Research Faculty, Environmental Studies Program, University of Oregon), John Daigle (School of Forest Resources, University of Maine), Jennie Hoffman (EcoAdapt and Jennie Hoffman Research and Consulting), Natalie Michelle (University of Maine), Darren Ranco (Department of Anthropology, University of Maine), Carson Viles (University of Oregon), Garrit Voggesser (Tribal Partnerships Program, National Wildlife Federation), Paul Williams (Suquamish Indian Tribe). TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audience for each project is land managers at all organization levels. The work is designed to help managers to better understand how to develop restoration targets and understand how fire is likely to respond to climate change based on previous responses. A second audience is tribal members who use or manage forest resources for cultural purposes. Ecologists, tribal practitioners/scholars, and natural resource affiliated managers. Tribal youth, agency scientists and resource managers, and agency leadership. Climate scientists, resource managers, tribes, and the public.
Impacts
Information shared in the climate change assessment workshops and document reviews helped to improve the products produced by a contractor for Region 5 national forests. There is a growing body of climate science for soils, but very little specific details and examples of how tribally valued soil resources or tribal agricultural and subsistence practices are being impacted by soil related climate change threats, stressors and related processes. This presentation provided a framework with examples to illustrate the soil-based tribal aspects of climate change. Tribal communities have a strong desire for their youth to be informed about and aware of the impacts of climate change. This presentation focused on how tribal traditional ecological knowledge and associated cultural practices, livelihoods, and communities are being affected by climate change. Tribal communities have a strong desire for their youth to be informed about and aware of the impacts of climate change on traditional foods. This presentation focused on how tribal traditional ecological knowledge and associated cultural food-subsistence practices, livelihoods, and communities are being affected by climate change. This presentation builds upon USFS-PSW (Lake) contribution to national level synthesis for climate impacts to traditional foods and associated non-timber forest products.
Publications
- Collins, Brandon M.; Lydersen, Jamie M.; Everett, Richard G.; Fry, Danny L.; Stephens, Scott L. 2015. Novel characterization of landscape-level variability in historical vegetation structure. Ecological Applications. 25(5): 1167-1174.
- Crawford, J. N.; Mensing, S. A.; Lake, F. K.; Zimmerman, S. R. 2015. Late Holocene fire and vegetation reconstruction from the western Klamath Mountains, California, USA: A multi-disciplinary approach for examining potential human land-use impacts. The Holocene, Vol. 25(8): 17 pages.: 1341-1357.
- Knapp, E.E. 2015. Long-term dead wood changes in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest: habitat and fire hazard implications. Forest Ecology and Management. 339: 87-95.
- Lydersen, Jamie M.; Collins, Brandon M.; Knapp, Eric E.; Roller, Gary B.; Stephens, Scott 2015. Relating fuel loads to overstorey structure and composition in a fire-excluded Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 24(4): 484-494.
- Stephens, Scott L.; Lydersen, Jamie M.; Collins, Brandon M.; Fry, Danny L.; Meyer, Marc D. 2015. Historical and current landscape-scale ponderosa pine and mixed conifer forest structure in the Southern Sierra Nevada. Ecosphere. 6(5): 1-63
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Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Lectures and seminars on fire management in relation to climate change were presented at several venues, including the Smithsonian Institution, Forest Service webinars, the California State Bar Environmental Section, the Institute for Tribal Professionals, and the National Agroforestry Program. Work continued on a project examining the response of northern California forests to climate change as seen in sediment cores (including additional lakes); publications from this study are expected next year. Tribal college-level students participated in a climate change science project in northern California. Contributions were made to the national Agroforestry and Climate Change Assessment and the national Non-timber Forest Products and Climate change Assessment. A paper on carbon dynamics in forests under future climates was published in the journal Global Change Biology. Papers were published on the climate impacts of aerosols produced by biomass burning and related topics. PARTICIPANTS: Participants:Program scientists include Jan Beyers, Shyh-Chin Chen, Frank Lake, Eric Knapp, Phillip Riggan, Carl Skinner (retired mid-year) and David Weise. Support was provided by Bob Carlson, Celeste Abbot, and Marcia Narog. Program scientists Frank Lake and Carl Skinner conducted much of the work described. Other participants include Alan Taylor, Pennsylvania State University; and Louise Loudermilk, Southern Research Station. Partner Organizations included University of California, Riverside, and The Nature Conservancy. TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audience for each project is land managers at all organization levels. The work is designed to help managers to better understand how to develop restoration targets and understand how fire is likely to respond to climate change based on previous responses. A second audience is tribal members who use or manage forest resources for cultural purposes.
Impacts
Tribal leaders and members heard targeted information addressing climate change impacts on valued resources, and non-tribal audiences learned the importance of considering traditional ecological knowledge in addressing future climate change impacts on forested ecosystems. Land managers and resource specialists in Forest Service Region 5 gained knowledge of potential effects of climate change on various aspects of forest and chaparral management.
Publications
- Giordano, Michael R.; Short, Daniel Z.; Hosseini, Seyedehsan; Lichtenberg, William; Asa-Awuku, Akua A. 2013. Changes in droplet surface tension affect the observed hygroscopicity of photochemically aged biomass burning aerosol. Environmental Science & Technology 47(19), 10980-10986
- Giordano, Michael. 2014. Climate Impacts of Biomass Burning Aerosols: Constraining the Chemicophysical Properties of Fresh and Aged Particles. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California ⿿ Riverside, College of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. 156 p.
- Loudermilk, E.L., Scheller, R.M., Weisberg, P.J., Yang, J., Dilts, T.E., Karam, S.L., Skinner, C., 2013. Carbon dynamics in the future forest: the importance of long-term successional legacy and climate⿿fire interactions. Global change biology 19: 3502-3515.
- Rossier, Colleen; Lake, Frank. 2014. Indigenous traditional ecological knowledge in agroforestry. Agroforestry Note 44, General 14. Lincoln, NE. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington Office Research and Development, National Agroforestry Center and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service. 8p.
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Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Lectures and seminars on fire trends in relation to climate were presented at several venues, including Montana State University, University of California, Davis, University of Oregon, the Association for Fire Ecology 5th International Fire Ecology and Management Congress, and the Hawaii Conservation Conference; two publications are in press. Work continued on a project examining the response of northern California forests to climate change as seen in sediment cores (including additional lakes); publications from this study are expected next year. PARTICIPANTS: Participants: Program scientists include Jan Beyers, Shyh-Chin Chen, Frank Lake, Eric Knapp, Phillip Riggan, Carl Skinner and David Weise. Program scientists Carl Skinner and Frank Lake conducted the work described. Other participants include Alan Taylor, University of Pennsylvania; Mary Mahaffy, Science Coordinator of NP-LCC; Dr. Robert Scheller, Portland State University; Dr. Peter Weisberg, Univ. Nev. Reno; Dr. Louise Loudermilk, Southern Research Station; Dr. Cathy Whitlock, Montana State University; and Dr. Christy Briles, University of Colorado, Denver. Partner Organizations: USGS, NPS; North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperative (USFWS, USGS, USFS, NOAA, etc.). TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audience for each project is land managers at all organization levels. The work is designed to help managers to better understand how to develop restoration targets and understand how fire is likely to respond to climate change based on previous responses. The North Pacific LCC targets the public and First Nations/American Indian tribes from SE Alaska to NW California. Work of the NP-LCC Science/TEK subcommittee has primary emphasis on tribal governments and tribal members.
Impacts
As a result of the Lake Tahoe Basin climate change project work, managers will be better able to describe how their proposed management activities concerning fire hazard reduction will likely affect carbon sequestration over the next century. Involvement with NP-LCC has resulted in this group being able to identify, prioritize and plan for additional research and management regarding climate change impacts on valued resources across a diversity of ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest and northern California. The NP-LCC developed a prioritization framework on how to identify the main processes and stressors related to climate change impacts. The work of the Science-TEK subcommittee facilitated the use of this framework. The NPLCC has refined and improved ways to reach stakeholders, improving the strategies and mitigation actions for climate change impacts to forests and other ecosystems resulting from wildfires. The NP-LCC funding for research and material disseminated to stakeholders/public will improve their quality of life with increased adaptation to climate change as well implementing mitigation measures the increase the quality of life and environment;
Publications
- Giardina, C.; Boxler, E.; Cordell, S.; Crow, S.; Fortini, L.; Fox, M.; Friday, J.B.; Giambelluca, T.; Hawbaker, T.; Hughes, F.; Jacobi, J.; Litton, C.; Mackenzie, R.; Ostertag, R.; Reed, B.; Stiles, C.; Striegl, R.; Zhu, Z. 2013. Assessing Carbon Storage and Fluxes in Hawai⿿i: Impacts of Fire, Invasive Species and Climate Change on the Global Warming Potential. Hawaii Conservation Conference, July 16-18. Honolulu, HI.
- Pierce, A., Cordell, S., Litton, C.M., Giardina, C. 2013. Examining future fire weather scenarios in Hawai⿿i: Impacts of future climate change on the frequency of severe fire weather days. Hawaii Conservation Conference, July 16-18. Honolulu, HI
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Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12
Outputs
OUTPUTS: Work was completed summarizing post-prescribed burning tree mortality data from the Fire-Fire Surrogates (FFS) study and other USFS studies, including the Blacks Mountain Ecological Study, for a western US-wide assessment of climate factors influencing post-fire tree mortality. A station scientist co-authored a presentation ⿿Can climate change increase fire severity independent of fire intensity? given by P. van Mantgem at the Ecological Society meeting in Portland, OR. A program scientist serves on the North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperative⿿s (NP-LCC) Science and TEK (Traditional Ecological Knowledge) subcommittee and provided input to NP-LCC⿿s prioritization of climate change and tribal related emergent issues. This information was transmitted by the NP-LCC to Canadian and United States agencies, First Nations/tribes, organizations, and the public. Work on the Lake Tahoe Basin Climate Change, Fire Activity, and Carbon project included a final report to SNPLMA, and a manuscript was prepared for publication. Results were presented at a workshop for managers at the Lake Tahoe Science Conference, May 22, 2012. The workshop provided results of the project and implications for management. Work continued on a project examining the response of northern California forests to climate change as seen in sediment cores; the first report and manuscripts are expected next year. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals: Rick Bottoms is the Program Manager for the Fire and Fuels Program. Program scientists Carl Skinner and Frank Lake conducted the work described. Other participants include Phil van Mantgem (PI),USGS; Mary Mahaffy, Science Coordinator of NP-LCC; Dr. Robert Scheller, Portland State University; Dr. Peter Weisberg, Univ. Nev. Reno; Dr. Louise Loudermilk, Portland State University; Dr. Cathy Whitlock, Montana State University; and Dr. Christy Briles, University of Colorado, Denver. Partner Organizations: USGS, NPS; North Pacific Landscape Conservation Cooperative (USFWS, USGS, USFS, NOAA, etc.). TARGET AUDIENCES: The primary target audience for each project is land managers at all organization levels. The work is designed to help managers to better understand how to develop restoration targets and understand how fire is likely to respond to climate change based on previous responses. The North Pacific LCC targets the public and First Nations/American Indian tribes from SE Alaska to NW California. Work of the NP-LCC Science/TEK subcommittee has primary emphasis on tribal governments and tribal members.
Impacts
As a result of the Lake Tahoe Basin climate change project work, managers will be better able to describe how their proposed management activities concerning fire hazard reduction will likely affect carbon sequestration over the next century. Involvement with NP-LCC has resulted in this group being able to identify, prioritize and plan for additional research and management regarding climate change impacts on valued resources across a diversity of ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest and northern California. The NP-LCC developed a prioritization framework on how to identify the main processes and stressors related to climate change impacts. The work of the Science-TEK subcommittee facilitated the use of this framework. The NPLCC has refined and improved ways to reach stakeholders, improving the strategies and mitigation actions for climate change impacts to forests and other ecosystems resulting from wildfires. The NP-LCC funding for research and material disseminated to stakeholders/public will improve their quality of life with increased adaptation to climate change as well implementing mitigation measures the increase the quality of life and environment;
Publications
- Nowaki, Gregory J.; MacCleery, Douglas W.; Lake, Frank K. 2012. Native Americans, ecosystem development and historical range of variation. In: Wiens, John A.; Hayward, Gregory D.; Safford, Hugh D.; and Giffen, Catherine M. eds. Historical Environmental Variation in Conservation and Natural Resource Management. Wiley-Blackwell Press: 76-91.
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