Source: PACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STATION submitted to NRP
DETERMINE HOW BIOPHYSICAL FACTORS INFLUENCE THE FUNCTION AND HEALTH OF TROPICAL, SUBTROPICAL AND TEMPERATE ECOSYSTEMS.
Sponsoring Institution
Forest Service/USDA
Project Status
EXTENDED
Funding Source
USDA INHOUSE
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0419170
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Oct 1, 2011
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2023
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
PACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
800 BUCHANAN STREET, WEST BLDG
ALBANY,CA 94710-0011
Performing Department
(N/A)
Non Technical Summary
Goods and services provided by ecosystems of California, Hawai`i and the US Affiliated Pacific Islands include abundant clean water, carbon cycling and sequestration, plant and animal productivity, recruitment of native biodiversity, high soil quality, and low sediment outputs. Therefore, without a clear understanding of the basic processes and functions of ecological, hydrologic and atmospheric systems we cannot determine the impacts of stressors nor provide tools to sustain, enhance, and restore ecosystem function, health and productivity. Research will examine the different components, patterns and processes of ecosystems to understand how the biophysical environment influences ecosystem function and supports the delivery of ecosystem goods and services.
Animal Health Component
50%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
50%
Applied
50%
Developmental
0%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
12306991070100%
Knowledge Area
123 - Management and Sustainability of Forest Resources;

Subject Of Investigation
0699 - Trees, forests, and forest products, general;

Field Of Science
1070 - Ecology;
Goals / Objectives
a) Design and test methods for quantifying the direct and indirect drivers of ecosystem function, health, and productivity as they operate independently and collectively across different landscapes to develop criteria for effective management of the regionâ¿¿s natural resources. Research efforts will complete a pilot study on selected landscapes of interactions between multiple drivers. B) Develop a better understanding of below-ground processes, including carbon storage and dynamics, microbial and mycorrhizal communities and function, and nutrient dynamics, and provide approaches and quantitative criteria for evaluating belowground functioning to enhance productivity and resilience to global changes. C) Evaluate the effectiveness of silvicultural and other management practices, both existing and planned, to restore capacity to support production forestry, recruitment of native biodiversity, and ecosystem services. Complete an analysis of silvicultural management and sustainable biomass practices as a means of restoring ecosystems and reducing fire danger. D) Explore long-term effects of management legacies on ecosystems and identify factors that control how systems recover.
Project Methods
Research accomplished will answer core questions of how ecological, hydrologic and atmospheric systems function, retain nitrogen and carbon, regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and sustain water yields and downstream water quality. Deliverables from this problem area will be scientific publications, models, knowledge transfer, and advisory services that will improve land ownersâ¿¿, managersâ¿¿ and the publicâ¿¿s ability to understand the functional outcomes of management at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Research in this Problem Area builds on decades of excellent natural resources research at the Pacific Southwest Research Station to determine the drivers of ecosystem function that will be changing with climate change, invasive species, land-use and other factors. This Problem Area will rely on classic methods for measuring the function, dynamics, and nutrient cycling within forests and non-forest ecosystems, often continuing or enhancing measurements on PSW Experimental Forest and Ranges and building on a legacy of long-term research in representative ecosystems. Research will also rely on other techniques such as remote sensing, radiocarbon and isotope-based analyses of soils and vegetation, and eddy covariance techniques for examining ecosystem productivity.

Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/20

Outputs
OUTPUTS: This research problem area involves the study of ecosystems of California, Hawaii, and the US Affiliated Pacific Islands and their ability to provide abundant clean water, carbon cycling and sequestration, plant and animal productivity, recruitment of native biodiversity, high soil quality, and low sediment outputs. We examined ecosystem components, patterns, and processes to understand how environmental change and human pressures influence forest function and impact the delivery of ecosystem goods and services. Scientific delivery included 7 peer-reviewed publications and more than 75 presentations to academic, scientific, agency, and public audiences. Outputs in FY16 included an emphasis on (1) climatic effects on forest dynamics, (2) invasive species and (3) interactions between disease silvicultural treatments. We investigated Effects of rising temperatures on litter decomposition and the effects of climatic variables on fire behavior as well as processes involved with rainfall interception by tree crowns. We also studied the relationship between ground water and Prosopis, a widely distributed invasive species in the Hawaiian islands. We also contributed to an important book on California Ecosystems. PARTICIPANTS: EFH scientists: Malcolm North, Jonathan Long, Susan Frankel, Salli Dymond, Connie Millar IPIF scientists: Christian Giardina, and Flint Hughes. Research partners included: Hawaii Conservation Alliance, Hawaii Department of Natural Resources, California Fire Consortium, Hawaii Fire Exchange, University of Hawaii, US National Forest System, US Forest Service⿿National Forest Systems, California Coastal Commission, North Fork Mono Tribe, California Energy Commission, University of Nevada-Reno, USGS, Humboldt State University, University of California, Cal Fire, Annual Fire Ecology and Management Congress, California Society for Ecological Restoration, Ecological Society of America, and Association of Tropical Biology and Conservation. TARGET AUDIENCES: Hawaii Conservation Alliance, Hawaii Department of Natural Resources, California Fire Consortium, Hawaii Fire Exchange University of Hawaii,US National Forest System, US Forest Service ⿿ R5 Region, California Coastal Commission, North Fork Mono Tribe, California Energy Commission, University of Nevada-Reno, USGS, Humboldt State University, Cal Fire, Annual Fire Ecology and Management Congress, California Society for Ecological Restoration, Ecological Society of America, Association of Tropical Biology and Conservation, and Cal Fire.

Impacts
Research in 2016 provided important contributions to our scientific knowledge of tropical and temperate systems. In particular, we have contributed to a greater understanding of development of important species both in tropical and in temperate forest ecosystems. Our research also contributed to a better understanding of coniferous forest ecosystems in Oregon, Washington and California.

Publications

  • Bothwell, Lori D.; Selmants, Paul C.; Giardina, Christian P.; Litton, Creighton M. 2014. Leaf litter decomposition rates increase with rising mean annual temperature in Hawaiian tropical montane wet forests. PeerJ. 2: e685.
  • Dudley, Bruce D.; Flint Hughes, R.; Ostertag, Rebecca 2014. Groundwater availability mediates the ecosystem effects of an invasion of Prosopis pallida. Ecological Applications. 24(8): 1954-1971.
  • Earles, J. Mason; Sperling, Or; Silva, Lucas C. R.; McElrone, Andrew J.; Brodersen, Craig R.; North, Malcolm P.; Zwieniecki, Maciej A. 2015. Bark water uptake promotes localized hydraulic recovery in coastal redwood crown. Plant, Cell & Environment. 39(2): 320-328
  • Filip, Gregory M.; Bronson, Joshua J.; Chadwick, Kristen L.; Filip, Jeremy B.; Frankel, Susan J.; Goheen, Donald J.; Goheen, Ellen M.; Mori, Sylvia R.; Saavedra, Angel L. 2015. Precommercial thinning in mixed-species conifer plantations affected by armillaria and heterobasidion root diseases in West-Central Oregon and Washington: 30-year results. Forest Science. 61(5): 914-925.
  • Kane, Van R.; Cansler, C. Alina; Povak, Nicholas A.; Kane, Jonathan T.; McGaughey, Robert J.; Lutz, James A.; Churchill, Derek J.; North, Malcolm P. 2015. Mixed severity fire effects within the Rim fire: Relative importance of local climate, fire weather, topography, and forest structure. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 358: 18 pages.: 62-79.
  • Li, Xiang; Xiao, Qingfu; Niu, Jianzhi; Dymond, Salli; van Doorn, Natalie S.; Yu, Xinxiao; Xie, Baoyuan; Lv, Xizhi; Zhang, Kebin; Li, Jiao 2016. Process-based rainfall interception by small trees in Northern China: the effect of rainfall traits and crown structure characteristics. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 218-219: 65-73.
  • Long, Jonathan W.; Quinn-Davidson, Lenya; Goode, Ron W.; Lake, Frank K.; Skinner, Carl N. 2015. Restoring California black oak to support tribal values and wildlife. In: Standiford, Richard B.; Purcell, Kathryn L., tech. cords. Proceedings of the seventh California oak symposium: managing oak woodlands in a dynamic world. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-251. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 113-122.
  • Millar, C.I.; Rundel, P.W. 2016. Subalpine forests. In: Zavaleta, E.; Mooney, H., eds. Ecosystems of California. Berkeley, California: University of California Press: 579-611. Chapter 28.
  • Millar, C.I.; Woolfenden, W.B. 2016. Ecosystems past: prehistory of California vegetation. In: Zavaleta, E.; Mooney, H., eds. Ecosystems of California. Berkeley, California: University of California Press: 131-154. Chapter 8.
  • Rundel, P.W.; Millar, C.I. 2016. Alpine ecosystems. In: Zavaleta, E.; Mooney, H., eds. Ecosystems of California. Berkeley, California: University of California Press: 613-634. Chapter 29.
  • Vaughn, Nicholas R.; Asner, Gregory P.; Giardina, Christian P. 2015. Long-term fragmentation effects on the distribution and dynamics of canopy gaps in a tropical montane forest. Ecosphere. 6(12): art271.
  • Weise, David R.; Wade, Dale D.; Johansen, Ragnar W.; Preisler, Haiganoush K.; Combs, David C.; Ach, Edward E. 2016. Defoliation effects on growth and mortality of three young southern pine species. Res. Pap. PSW-RP-267. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 70 p.
  • Millar, Constance I. 2015. Mono and southeastern Great Basin. In: Keeler-Wolfe, T.; Evens, J., eds. California⿿s botanical landscapes: a pictorial view of the state⿿s vegetation. California Native Plant Society. Chapter 5. Pgs. 117-141.


Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
OUTPUTS: This problem area includes investigations to determine how biophysical factors influence the function and productivity of temperate, tropical and subtropical ecosystems. To that end, we examined ecosystem components and processes to understand how environmental factors and human pressures influence forest function and impact the delivery of ecosystem goods and services. Scientific delivery comprised 25 peer-reviewed and proceedings publications to numerous audiences. Outputs included an emphasis on invasive species, pests in restoration areas, soil dynamics, air pollution, and pathogens of native plants in California and Hawaii, including threatened and endangered species. Highlights include work on tropical invasive species issues, partnerships/collaborations advancing our understanding of sudden oak death (SOD) in California, and rapid ohia death (ROD) in Hawaii, and a paper on ROD to provide management guidance for Hawaii⿿s native ecosystems and rare plant species. Also via collaboration and partnerships PSW is working to develop strategies for restoration of heavily impacted areas where SOD has almost completely eliminated overstory tanoak. Dead trees were removed to reduce fuels and areas replanted to recreate an overstory and improve water provisioning, biodiversity, aesthetics, and carbon capture. To protect threatened and endangered species, we also investigated other Phytophthora species that are killing native vegetation. A restoration nursery accreditation pilot project is evaluating the efficacy and practicality of strict best management practices to prevent pathogen spread and establishment. With a similar approach to the work on SOD and other Phytophthoras, PSW is addressing issues related to the management of ROD in Hawaii. Research determined that habitat can be protected from ROD by fencing to reduce tree injury which prevents fungal infection. Specific work on factors influencing tropical and subtropical ecosystems of Hawaii and the Pacific was represented in studies that determined the interactions among Hawaiian invasive plants, invasions by introduced amphibians in Hawaiian rainforests, climate data patterns across Hawaii, indigenous agricultural practices, and gross primary productivity patterns of invasive trees across Hawaii. Additional topics addressed include the ecosystem consequences of plant genetic divergence during colonization of new tropical habitats, the patterns, dynamics, and influences on ecosystems carbon stocks of Hawaii, and, particularly, the role of Ceratocystis-induced ROD in altering Hawaii⿿s native forests. Improvements in understanding of air pollution⿿s effects on trees include a synthesis of the growth and survival relationships of 71 tree species to nitrogen and sulfur air pollution across the United States. This work informs air quality standards for ecosystem protection by identifying species and regions that are most vulnerable. Additionally, researchers found concentrations of key atmospheric nitrogen pollutants were highly elevated on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada. The ozone and nitrogen pollutant concentrations recorded are above the thresholds known to affect sensitive ecosystem components in the Sierra Nevada and White Mountains. To improve stewardship of forest soils, scientists produced a book synthesizing soil natural history and long-term management given global change. Topics covered include a history of forest soil management and research as well as cultural awareness for diverse approaches toward soil stewardship. Boreal, temperate, tropical, wetlands and urban ecosystems are included with practical considerations for the management and use of forest soils worldwide. PARTICIPANTS: PSW scientists: Matt Busse, Susan Cordell, Mark Fenn, Christopher Fettig, Susan Frankel, Christian Giardina, Flint Hughes, Leif Mortenson, Haiganoush Preisler (retired June 30, 2019), Steve Seybold, Joseph Wagenbrenner, and Jianwei Zhang. University partners: California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; The National Ornamental Research Center at Dominican University of California; North Carolina State University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources; Ohio State University, Department of Plant Pathology; Oregon State University, Department of Crop and Soil Science; UC Berkeley Forest Pathology and Mycology Lab; UC Berkeley, Department of Entomology; UC Cooperative Extension, Humboldt and Del Norte Counties; UC Cooperative Extension, Marin County; UC Davis Arboretum; UC Davis, Departments of Plant Pathology and Plant Sciences; UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center; University of Hawaii; Washington State University, Department of Plant Pathology. Agency, nonprofit and other collaborators: California Department of Food and Agriculture; California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CALFIRE); California Fire Consortium; California Invasive Plants Council, California Native Plant Society; East Bay Regional Parks District; Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Southwest Region; Golden Hour Restoration Institute; Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy; Hawaii Conservation Alliance; Hawaii Department of Natural Resources; H. T. Harvey & Associates; Kashia Band of Pomo Indians; Marin Municipal Water District; Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; National Plant Diagnostic Network, One Tam; Oregon Department of Forestry; Phytosphere Research; Point Blue; Presidio Trust; Sacramento Tree Foundation; San Francisco Public Utilities Commission; Santa Clara Valley Water District; Society for Ecological Restoration ⿿ California; The Watershed Nursery; UK Forest Research; USDA Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research; USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; US Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Forest Health Protection; US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Forest Health Protection; US Forest Service, National Forest System; USDA Western Integrated Pest Management Center. TARGET AUDIENCES: Alaska Entomological Society, American Phytopathological Society, Association of Environmental Professionals, Association of Tropical Biology and Conservation, California Association of Nurseries and Garden Centers, California Coastal Commission, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, California Department of Water Resources, California Environmental Protection Agency, California Fire Consortium, Cal Fire, California Forest Pest Council, California Invasive Plants Council, California Oak Mortality Task Force, California Native Plant Society, Central California Native Nursery Network, Ecological Society of America, Hawaii Conservation Alliance, Hawaii Department of Natural Resources, Hawaii Fire Exchange University of Hawaii, International Oak Society, IUFRO Phytophthoras in Forest Ecosystems Working Party, International Plant Propagators Society - Western Region, North American Invasive Species Management Association, One Tam, Pesticide Applicators Professional Association, Phytophthoras in Native Habitats Work Group, Society of American Foresters, Society for Ecological Restoration ⿿ California, University of California Cooperative Extension Master Gardeners, US National Forest System, US Forest Service ⿿ Pacific Southwest Region, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Weed Management Area for Los Angeles County, Western Chapter International Society of Arboriculture, Western International Forest Disease Work Conference.

Impacts
Our research provides important contributions to scientific knowledge of temperate and tropical systems that is being applied by regulators, land and nursery managers, urban foresters, utility companies, tribal members, legislators and others. In particular, we have contributed to a greater understanding of how to prevent and manage invasive species, primarily, the sudden oak death pathogen and other Phytophthora pathogens from spreading and establishing, as well as the pathogens associated with rapid ohia death. Restoration consultants, national parks, water boards, the CA Department of Fish and Wildlife and US Fish and Wildlife Service, the California Native Plant Society and others that utilize or regulate native plants for restoration in areas with threatened and endangered species are including newly developed phytosanitary guidance for native plant procurement into contract specifications or advisories thereby preventing pathogen introductions in high-value sites. Air pollution and soils research also informs regulatory and management practices for forests and urban environments.

Publications

  • Aram, Kamyar; Rizzo, David M. 2019. Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora gonapodyides differently colonize and contribute to the decomposition of green and senesced Umbellularia californica leaves in a simulated stream environment. Forests. 10(5): 434. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10050434.
  • Bhomia, R. K.; MacKenzie, R. A.; Murdiyarso, D.; Sasmito, S. D.; Purbopuspito, J. 2016. Impacts of land use on Indian mangrove forest carbon stocks: Implications for conservation and management. Ecological Applications. 26(5): 1396-1408. https://doi.org/10.1890/15-2143.
  • Bičárová, Svetlana; Sitková, Zuzana; Pavlendová, Hana; Fleischer, Peter; Fleischer, Peter; Bytnerowicz, Andrzej. 2019. The role of environmental factors in ozone uptake of Pinus mugo Turra. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 10(1): 283-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2018.08.003.
  • Bytnerowicz, Andrzej; Fenn, Mark E.; Cisneros, Ricardo; Schweizer, Donald; Burley, Joel; Schilling, Susan L. 2019. Nitrogenous air pollutants and ozone exposure in the central Sierra Nevada and White Mountains of California ⿿ Distribution and evaluation of ecological risks. Science of The Total Environment. 654: 604-615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.011.
  • Callahan, Russell P.; Ferrier, Ken L.; Dixon, Jean; Dosseto, Anthony; Hahm, W. Jesse; Jessup, Barbara S.; Miller, Scott N.; Hunsaker, Carolyn T.; Johnson, Dale W.; Sklar, Leonard S.; Riebe, Clifford S. 2019. Arrested development: Erosional equilibrium in the southern Sierra Nevada, California, maintained by feedbacks between channel incision and hillslope sediment production. GSA Bulletin. 131(7-8): 1179-1202. https://doi.org/10.1130/B35006.1.
  • Clark, Christopher M.; Richkus, Jennifer; Jones, Phillip W.; Phelan, Jennifer; Burns, Douglas A.; de Vries, Wim; Du, Enzai; Fenn, Mark E.; Jones, Laurence; Watmough, Shaun A. 2019. A synthesis of ecosystem management strategies for forests in the face of chronic nitrogen deposition. Environmental Pollution. 248: 1046-1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.006.
  • Cormier, Nicole; Twilley, Robert R.; Ewel, Katherine C.; Krauss, Ken W. 2015. Fine root productivity varies along nitrogen and phosphorus gradients in high-rainfall mangrove forests of Micronesia. Hydrobiologia. 750(1): 69-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2178-4.
  • Dillon, Whalen W.; Meentemeyer, Ross K. 2019. Direct and indirect effects of forest microclimate on pathogen spillover. Ecology. 100(5): e02686. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2686.
  • Du, Enzai; Fenn, Mark E.; De Vries, Wim; Ok, Yong Sik. 2019. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to global forests: status, impacts and management options. Environmental Pollution. 250: 1044-1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.014.
  • Fortini, Lucas B.; Kaiser, Lauren R.; Keith, Lisa M.; Price, Jonathan; Hughes, R. Flint; Jacobi, James D.; Friday, J.B. 2019. The evolving threat of Rapid ⿿ſhi⿿a Death (ROD) to Hawai⿿i⿿s native ecosystems and rare plant species. Forest Ecology and Management. 448: 376-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.06.025.
  • Giardina, Christian P. 2019. Advancing our understanding of woody debris in tropical forests. Ecosystems. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00381-x.
  • Frankel, Susan J.; Alexander, Janice M.; Benner, Diana; Shor, Alisa. 2018. Coordinated response to inadvertent introduction of pathogens to California restoration areas. California Agriculture. 72(4):205-207.
  • Garbelotto, Matteo; Frankel, Susan J.; Scanu, Bruno. 2018. Soil- and waterborne Phytophthora species linked to recent outbreaks in Northern California restoration sites. California Agriculture. 72(4): 208-216. https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.2018a0033.
  • García-Gómez, Héctor; Izquieta-Rojano, Sheila; Aguillaume, Laura; González-Fernández, Ignacio; Valiño, Fernando; Elustondo, David; Santamaría, Jesús M.; ÿvila, Anna; Bytnerowicz, Andrzej; Bermejo, Victoria; Alonso, Rocío. 2018. Joining empirical and modelling approaches to estimate dry deposition of nitrogen in Mediterranean forests. Environmental Pollution. 243: 427-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.015.
  • Hansen, Everett; Reeser, Paul; Sutton, Wendy; Kanaskie, Alan; Navarro, Sarah; Goheen, Ellen M. 2019. Efficacy of local eradication treatments against the sudden oak death epidemic in Oregon tanoak forests. Forest Pathology. 49(4): e12530. https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12530.
  • Lyu, Maokui; Xie, Jinsheng; Giardina, Christian P.; Vadeboncoeur, Matthew A.; Feng, Xiaojuan; Wang, Minhuang; Ukonmaanaho, Liisa; Lin, Teng-Chiu; Kuzyakov, Yakov; Yang, Yusheng. 2019. Understory ferns alter soil carbon chemistry and increase carbon storage during reforestation with native pine on previously degraded sites. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 132: 80-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.02.004.
  • Mattson, Kim G.; Zhang, Jianwei. 2019. Forests in the northern Sierra Nevada of California, USA, store large amounts of carbon in different patterns. Ecosphere. 10(6): e02778. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2778.
  • Noh, Nam Jin; Shannon, Joseph P.; Bolton, Nicholas W.; Davis, Joshua C.; Van Grinsven, Matthew J.; Pypker, Thomas G.; Kolka, Randall K.; Wagenbrenner, Joseph W. 2019. Temperature responses of carbon dioxide fluxes from coarse dead wood in a black ash wetland. Wetlands Ecology and Management. 14 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-018-9649-0.
  • Schweizer, Don; Preisler, Haiganoush K.; Cisneros, Ricardo. 2019. Assessing relative differences in smoke exposure from prescribed, managed, and full suppression wildland fire. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health. 12(1): 87-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-018-0633-x.
  • Stacy, Erin M.; Berhe, Asmeret Asefaw; Hunsaker, Carolyn T.; Johnson, Dale W.; Meding, S. Mercer; Hart, Stephen C. 2019. Stabilization mechanisms and decomposition potential of eroded soil organic matter pools in temperate forests of the Sierra Nevada, California. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 124(1): 2-17. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JG004566.
  • Swiecki, T.J.; Bernhardt, E.A.; Frankel, S.J. 2018. Phytophthora root disease and the need for clean nursery stock in urban forests: Part 2, Phytophthora and nurseries. Western Arborist. Winter 2018: 38-45.
  • Swiecki, T.J.; Bernhardt, E.A.; Frankel, S.J. 2019. Phytophthora root disease and the need for clean nursery stock in urban forests: Part 3, prevention and management. Spring 2019: 40-49.
  • Swiecki, T.J.; Bernhardt, E.A.; Frankel, S.J. 2018. Phytophthora root disease and the need for clean nursery stock in urban forests: Part 1, Phytophthora invasions in the urban forest and beyond. Western Arborist. Fall 2018: 54-62.
  • Walker, J.T.; Beachley, G.; Amos, H.M.; Baron, J.S.; Bash, J.; Baumgardner, R.; Bell, M.D.; Benedict, K.B.; Chen, X.; Clow, D.W.; Cole, A.; Coughlin, J.G.; Cruz, K.; Daly, R.W.; Decina, S.M.; Elliott, E.M.; Fenn, M.E.; Ganzeveld, L.; Gebhart, K.; Isil, S.S.; Kerschner, B.M.; Larson, R.S.; Lavery, T.; Lear, G.G.; Macy, T.; Mast, M.A.; Mishoe, K.; Morris, K.H.; Padgett, P.E.; Pouyat, R.V.; Puchalski, M.; Pye, H.O.T.; Rea, A.W.; Rhodes, M.F.; Rogers, C.M.; Saylor, R.; Scheffe, R.; Schichtel, B.A.; Schwede, D.B.; Sexstone, G.A.; Sive, B.C.; Sosa, R.; Templer, P.H.; Thompson, T.; Tong, D.; Wetherbee, G.A.; Whitlow, T.H.; Wu, Z.; Yu, Z.; Zhang, L. 2019. Toward the improvement of total nitrogen deposition budgets in the United States. Science of The Total Environment. 691: 1328-1352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.058.


Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
OUTPUTS: This problem area includes investigations to determine how biophysical factors influence the function and productivity of tropical, subtropical and temperate ecosystems. To that end, we examined ecosystem components, patterns, and processes to understand how environmental factors and human pressures influence forest function and impact the delivery of ecosystem goods and services. Scientific delivery comprised over 70 peer-reviewed and proceedings publications and more than 75 presentations to numerous audiences. Outputs included an emphasis on invasive species, pests in restoration areas, and pathogens of California native plants, including threatened and endangered species. Highlights include a comparison of invasive species management priorities for tribes vs. non-tribal organizations, and partnerships/collaborations advancing our understanding of sudden oak death, and a proceedings on SOD that captures biology, genetics, and wildland treatment strategies. Also via collaboration and partnerships PSW is working to develop strategies for restoration of heavily impacted areas where SOD has almost completely eliminated overstory tanoak. Dead trees were removed to reduce fuels and replanting is planned to recreate an overstory and improve water provisioning, biodiversity, aesthetics, and carbon capture. To protect threatened and endangered species, we also investigated other Phytophthora species that are killing native vegetation. We partnered to build a consensus on best management practices to prevent pathogen movement from native plant nurseries into wildlands. We discovered that new Phytophthora pathogens were introduced into restoration areas in Southern CA and we are examining the threat these plant pathogens pose. Improvements in diagnostics are allowing for more precise identification of Phytophthora species so many novel hybrids, new species and strains were recognized allowing for improved understanding of the movement of pathogens from infested native plant and horticultural nurseries to wildlands via restoration plantings. Specific work addressing factors influencing tropical and subtropical ecosystems of Hawaii and the Pacific was represented in studies that determined the degree to which non-native invasive N-fixing trees altered nutrient cycling and productivity in coastal Hawaii, how native Hawaiian seedling tree growth is shaped by climate and local growing conditions, and how tropical plant diversity increases with the strength of negative density dependence. Additional topics addressed include the ecosystem consequences of plant genetic divergence during colonization of new tropical habitats, the patterns, dynamics, and influences on ecosystems carbon stocks of Hawaii, and, particularly, the role of Ceratocystis-induced Rapid Ohia Death in altering Hawaii⿿s native forests. PARTICIPANTS: PSW scientists: Susan Cordell, Susan Frankel, Christian Giardina, Flint Hughes, and Malcolm North. University partners: First Americans Land-Grant Consortium (FALCON); Lewis and Clark University; National Ornamental Research Center at Dominican University of California; North Carolina State University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources; Ohio State University, Department of Plant Pathology; Oregon State University, Department of Crop and Soil Science; Salish Kootenai College; UC Berkeley Forest Pathology and Mycology Lab; UC Berkeley, Department of Entomology; UC Cooperative Extension, Humboldt and Del Norte Counties; County UC Cooperative Extension, Marin County; UC Davis, Department of Plant Pathology; University of Hawaii; Washington State University, Department of Plant Pathology. Agency, nonprofit and other collaborators: California Department of Food and Agriculture; California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CALFIRE); California Fire Consortium; Environmental Protection Agency, Pacific Southwest Region; Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy; Hawaii Conservation Alliance; Hawaii Department of Natural Resources; Kashia Band of Pomo Indians; Marin Municipal Water District; Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District, National Plant Diagnostic Network, Oregon Department of Forestry; Phytosphere Research; Presidio Trust; San Francisco Public Utilities Commission; Santa Clara Valley Water District; Society for Ecological Restoration ⿿ California; UK Forest Research; USDA Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research; USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Forest Health Protection; USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Forest Health Protection; US Forest Service, National Forest System; USDA Western Integrated Pest Management Center. TARGET AUDIENCES: American Phytopathological Society, Association of Tropical Biology and Conservation, California Association of Nurseries and Garden Centers, California Coastal Commission, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, California Fire Consortium, Cal Fire, California Forest Pest Council, California Oak Mortality Task Force; California Native Plant Society, Central California Native Nursery Network, Ecological Society of America, Hawaii Conservation Alliance, Hawaii Department of Natural Resources, Hawaii Fire Exchange University of Hawaii, IUFRO Phytophthoras in Forest Ecosystems Working Party, Phytophthoras in Native Habitats Work Group; US National Forest System, US Forest Service ⿿ Pacific Southwest Region, Society for Ecological Restoration ⿿ California; US Fish and Wildlife Service, Western International Forest Disease Work Conference. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: None

Impacts
Our research provides important contributions to scientific knowledge of tropical and temperate systems that is being applied by regulators, land and nursery managers, urban foresters, utility companies, tribal members, legislators and others. In particular, we have contributed to a greater understanding of how to prevent invasive species, primarily, the sudden oak death pathogen and other Phytophthora pathogens from spreading and establishing. Successful prevention and management techniques were demonstrated by eradication of the sudden oak death pathogen from a botanical garden via steaming of soil and comprehensive monitoring; and prevention of pathogen introductions in Bay Area and Southern California water department and utility company restoration areas via adoption of best management practices for phytosanitation in nurseries. Restoration consultants, national parks, water boards, the CA Department of Fish and Wildlife and US Fish and Wildlife Service, the California Native Plant Society and others that utilize or regulate native plants for restoration in areas with threatened and endangered species are including newly developed phytosanitary guidance for native plant procurement into contract specifications or advisories thereby preventing pathogen introductions in high-value sites. PSW technical guidance is being used by California Senator Bill Dodd, with his introduction in February 2017 of SB287: ⿿Habitat restoration: invasive species: Phytophthora pathogens⿝ to minimize the spread of Phytophthora and other plant pathogens in habitat restoration areas. The new pathogen detections described in the publications in this problem area contributed to the CA Department of Food and Agriculture⿿s decision to initiate revisions of its risk assessments and risk ratings for several Phytophthora species.

Publications

  • Eberhart, Joyce; Funahashi, Fumiaki; Foster, Zachary S.L.; Parke, Jennifer 2017. Next generation sequencing of oomycete communities in nursery irrigation water. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 66-69.
  • Elliott, Marianne; Chastagner, Gary 2017. Testing biological control agents for suppression of Phytophthora ramorum in potting mixes in a simulated nursery environment. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 72.
  • Elliott, Marianne; Chastagner, Gary; Coats, Katie; Dermott, Gil. 2013. Determining the risk of Phytophthora ramorum spread from nurseries via waterways. In: Frankel, S.J.; Kliejunas, J.T.; Palmieri, K.M.; Alexander, J.M. tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death fifth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-243. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 55-59.
  • Elliott, Marianne; Rollins, Lucy; Chastagner, Gary 2017. Monitoring streams and stormwater ponds for early detection of oomycete plant pathogens in western Washington, a citizen science project. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 70-71.
  • Francisco, Kainana S.; Hart, Patrick J.; Li, Jinbao; Cook, Edward R.; Baker, Patrick J. 2015. Annual rings in a native Hawaiian tree, Sophora chrysophylla, on Maunakea, Hawai⿿i. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 31(06): 567-571. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026646741500036X.
  • Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. 2017. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 106 p.
  • Funahashi, Fumiaki; Parke, Jennifer L. 2017. Development of a predictive model to estimate the effect of soil solarization on survival of soilborne inoculum of Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora pini. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 73.
  • Garbelotto, M.; Drill, S.; Powell, C.; Malpas, J. 2017. CALINVASIVES: a revolutionary tool to monitor invasive threats. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 74.
  • Gaydos, Devon A.; Pacifici, Krishna; Meentemeyer, Ross K.; Rizzo, David. M. 2017. Resilience of diversity-disease risk interactions following wildfire disturbance. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 7.
  • Goheen, Ellen Michaels 2017. Managing sudden oak death on federal lands in southwest Oregon: triumphs and challenges. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 24.
  • Hillman, Janet; Swiecki, Tedmund J.; Bernhardt, Elizabeth A.; Mehl,Heather K.; Bourret, Tyler B.; Rizzo, David 2017. 31 flavors to 50 shades of grey: battling Phytophthoras in native habitats managed by the Santa Clara Valley Water District. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 57-58.
  • Inman-Narahari, Faith; Ostertag, Rebecca; Asner, Gregory P.; Cordell, Susan; Hubbell, Stephen P.; Sack, Lawren 2014. Trade-offs in seedling growth and survival within and across tropical forest microhabitats. Ecology and Evolution. 4(19): 3755-3767.
  • Junker, Corina; Goff, Patrick; Wagner, Stefan; Werres, Sabine 2017. Hot spots of Phytophthora in commercial nurseries. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 45.
  • Junker, Corina; Werres, Sabine 2017. Validation of the bait test with Rhododendron leaves for Phytophthora diagnosis. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 75.
  • Knaus, B.J.; Graham, K.A.; Grünwald, Niklaus J.; Fieland, Valerie J. 2017. Diversity of foliar Phytophthora species on Rhododendron in Oregon nurseries. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 76.
  • LaManna, Joseph A.; Mangan, Scott A.; Alonso, Alfonso; Bourg, Norman A.; Brockelman, Warren Y.; Bunyavejchewin, Sarayudh; Chang, Li-Wan; Chiang, Jyh-Min; Chuyong, George B.; Clay, Keith; Condit, Richard; Cordell, Susan; Davies, Stuart J.; Furniss, Tucker J.; Giardina, Christian P.; Gunatilleke, I. A. U. Nimal; Gunatilleke, C. V. Savitri; He, Fangliang; Howe, Robert W.; Hubbell, Stephen P.; Hsieh, Chang-Fu; Inman-Narahari, Faith M.; Janík, David; Johnson, Daniel J.; Kenfack, David; Korte, Lisa; Král, Kamil; Larson, Andrew J.; Lutz, James A.; McMahon, Sean M.; McShea, William J.; Memiaghe, Hervé R.; Nathalang, Anuttara; Novotny, Vojtech; Ong, Perry S.; Orwig, David A.; Ostertag, Rebecca; Parker, Geoffrey G.; Phillips, Richard P.; Sack, Lawren; Sun, I-Fang; Tello, J. Sebastián; Thomas, Duncan W.; Turner, Benjamin L.; Vela Díaz, Dilys M.; Vrška, Tomáš; Weiblen, George D.; Wolf, Amy; Yap, Sandra; Myers, Jonathan A. 2017. Plant diversity increases with the strength of negative density dependence at the global scale. Science. 356(6345): 1389-1392. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam5678.
  • Luster, Douglas G.; Widmer, Timothy; McMahon, Michael; Lévesque, C. André 2017. Development of reagents for immunoassay of Phytophthora ramorum in nursery water samples. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 77.
  • Kamvar, Zhian N.; Hansen, Everett M.; Kanaskie, Alan M.; Larsen, Meredith M.; Grünwald, Niklaus J. 2017. Analysis of populations of the sudden oak death pathogen in Oregon forests. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 40.
  • Kanaskie, Alan; Wiese, Randy; Norlander, Danny; Laine, Jon; Navarro, Sarah; Goheen, Ellen Michaels; Rhatigan, Ron; Hansen, Everett; Sutton, Wendy; Reeser, Paul; Grunwald, Nik; Kamvar, Zhian; Osterbauer, Nancy 2017. Slowing spread of sudden oak death in Oregon forests, 2001–2015 [Abstract]. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 1.
  • Kasuga, Takao; Bui, Mai; Bernhardt, Elizabeth; Swiecki, Tedmund; Aram, Kamyar; Bertier, Lien; Yuzon, Jennifer; Cano, Liliana M.; Webber, Joan; Brasier, Clive; Press, Caroline; Grünwald, Niklaus; Rizzo, David; Garbelotto, Matteo 2017. Host-induced genome alterations in Phytophthora ramorum, I. NA1 lineage on coast live oak in California, II. EU1 lineage on Chamaecyparis lawsoniana in UK. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 37-39.
  • Lyman, Greg; Appel, Jessica; Ingolia, Mia; Natesan, Ellen; Ortiz, Joe 2017. Steam, solarization, and tons of prevention: the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission's fight to contain Phytophthoras in San Francisco Bay area restoration sites. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 56.
  • McAvoy, Thomas; Mays, Ryan; Johnson, Nels; Salom, Scott 2017. The effects of shade, fertilizer, and pruning on eastern hemlock trees and hemlock woolly adelgid. Forests. 8(5): 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8050156.
  • McPherson, Brice A.; Biging, Greg; Kelly, Maggi; Wood, David L. 2017. Long-term monitoring of sudden oak death in Marin County and the East Bay Hills. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 25-26.
  • Meentemeyer, Ross K.; Tonini, Francesco; Shoemaker,Douglas; Cobb, Richard C.; Harmon, Brendan A.; Petras, Vaclav; Petrasova, Anna ; Mitasova, Helena 2017. Collaboratively managing sudden oak death using tangible geospatial modeling. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 9-10.
  • Metz, Margaret; Varner, J. Morgan; Meentemeyer, Ross; Frangioso, Kerri; Rizzo, David 2017. Lessons from 15 years of monitoring sudden oak death and forest dynamics in California forests. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 2-3.
  • North, Malcolm; Collins, Brandon M.; Safford, Hugh; Stephenson, Nathan L. 2016. Montane forests. In: Mooney, Harold; Zavaleta, Erika, eds. Ecosystems of California: Berkeley, CA: University of California Press: 553-577. Chapter 27.
  • Palmieri, K. and Frankel, S.J.  2013.  Sudden oak death and Phytophthora ramorum. 2011 - 2012 Summary Report. A compendium of 2012 monthly newsletters. Sacramento, CA: California Oak Mortality Task Force. 24 p.
  • Mueller, Liam O.; Breza, Lauren C.; Genung, Mark A.; Giardina, Christian P.; Stone, Nathan E.; Sidak-Loftis, Lindsay C.; Busch, Joseph D.; Wagner, David M.; Bailey, Joseph K.; Schweitzer, Jennifer A. 2017. Ecosystem consequences of plant genetic divergence with colonization of new habitat. Ecosphere. 8(5): e01743. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1743.
  • Nelson-Kaula, Kehauwealani K.; Ostertag, Rebecca; Hughes, R. Flint; Dudley, Bruce D. 2016. Nutrient and organic matter inputs to Hawaiian anchialine ponds: influences of n-fixing and non-n-fixing trees. Pacific Science, 70(3): 333-347.
  • Parke, Jennifer L.; Funahashi, Fumiaki; Weidman, Clara; Peterson, Ebba K. 2017. Relative heat sensitivities of certain Phytophthora spp. and the potential for soil solarization to disinfest nursery beds in West Coast states. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 49-50.
  • Pastalka, Tomas; Suslow, Karen; Schweigkofler, Wolfgang 2017. Sentinel plant monitoring of Phytophthora ramorum at a research nursery over a six-year-period indicates limited aerial pathogen spread. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 78.
  • Peterson, Ebba K.; Grünwald, Niklaus J.; Parke, Jennifer L. 2017. Incubation of Phytophthora ramorum-infested leaf debris in soil affects survival, sporulation capacity, and subsequent risk of epidemic development within nurseries. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 48.
  • Peterson, Ebba K.; Grünwald, Niklaus J.; ParkeSoil, Jennifer L. 2017. Soil moisture and temperature conditions affect survival and sporulation capacity of Rhododendron leaf disks infested with Phytophthora ramorum. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 81-82.
  • Peterson, Ebba K.; Larson, Eric; Parke Jennifer L. 2017. Management of foliar infection of Rhododendron by Phytophthora ramorum with film forming polymers and surfactants. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 79-80.
  • Preuett, Jason; Collins, Daniel; Luster, Douglas; Widmer, Timothy. 2013. Screening Gulf Coast forest species for susceptibility to Phytophthora ramorum. In: Frankel, S.J.; Kliejunas, J.T.; Palmieri, K.M.; Alexander, J.M. tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death fifth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-243. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: p. 87.
  • Schweigkofler, Wolfgang; Kosta, Kathleen; Pastalka, Tomas; Huffman, Vernon; Sharma, Supriya; Suslow, Karen 2017. Research on the quarantine pathogen Phytophthora ramorum at the National Ornamentals Research Site at Dominican University of California. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 88-90.
  • Rooney-Latham, S.; Blomquist, C.L.; Soriano, M.C.; Guo, Y.Y.; Woods, P.; Kosta, K.L.; Weber, K.; Swiecki, T.J.; Bernhardt, E.A.; Suslow, K.; Frankel, S.J. 2017. An update on Phytophthora species in California native plant nurseries and restoration areas. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 51.
  • Rooney-Latham, S.; Blomquist, C.L.; Williams, A.; Gunnison, E.; Pastalka, T. 2017. Identification of five new hosts of Phytophthora ramorum in an infested forest in California. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 83-84.
  • Rupp, Franziska; Peterson, Ebba K.; Eberhart, Joyce; Parke, Jennifer L. 2017. Host range determination and fungicide resistance assessment of Phytophthora lateralis isolates from horticultural nurseries in Oregon. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 85-86.
  • Shamoun, S.F.; Sumampong, G.; Rioux, D.; Schlenzig, A. 2017. Potential susceptibility of Canadian flora to EU2 lineage of Phytophthora ramorum. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 91-98.
  • Sharma, Supriya; Schweigkofler, Wolfgang; Suslow, Karen; Widmer, Timothy L. 2017. Interaction of Trichoderma asperellum with Phytophthora ramorum inoculum soil populations and enzyme secretion. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 99.
  • Shor, Alisa; Doyle, John; Farrell, Sharon; Forrestel, Alison; Conforti, Christa; Stringer, Lew; Thomas, Terri; Sims, Laura Lee 2017. The Golden Gate National Parks Phytophthora response plan. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 58.
  • Simler, Allison B.; Metz, Margaret R.; Meentemeyer, Ross K.; Frangioso, Kerri M.; Rizzo, David M. 2017. Novel interactions between wildfire and sudden oak death influence sexual and asexual regeneration in coast redwood forests. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 27-28.
  • Swiecki, Tedmund J.; Bernhardt, Elizabeth A. 2017. Testing and implementing methods for managing Phytophthora root diseases in California native habitats and restoration sites. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 53-55.
  • Strenge, Darren; Elliott, Marianne; Chastagner, Gary; Sclar, Casey; Stern Daniel 2017. Managing Phytophthora ramorum at Bloedel Reserve. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 43-44.
  • Schweigkofler, Wolfgang; Huffman, Vernon; Suslow, Karen; Kosta, Kathleen 2017. Thermal inactivation of infested plants, nursery equipment, and soil is a management option for the treatment of Phytophthora ramorum, causal agent of sudden oak death. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 87.
  • Suslow, K.; Sharma, S.; Kosta, K.; Weber, Kristina; Rooney-Latham, S. 2017. Solarization of reused pots is an inexpensive and efficient method to eliminate Phytophthora cactorum and other serious soilborne Phytophthora spp. found in production nurseries. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 100-101.
  • Tooley, Paul W.; Browning, Marsha 2017. The effect of moisture on infection of Rhododendron 'Cunningham's White' and Viburnum tinus by zoospores of Phytophthora ramorum. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 102.
  • Twieg, Brendan; Valachovic, Yana; Cobb, Richard; Stark, Dan 2017. Reducing CO2 emissions by managing for sudden oak death...is it possible? In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 19-22.
  • Valachovic, Yana; Cobb, Richard; Twieg, Brendan 2017. Conditions 10 years after sudden oak death suppression treatments in Humboldt County, California. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 15-18.
  • Wylder, Barnaby; Biddle, Mick; Harris, Anna; Webber, Joan 2017. Longevity of active Phytophthora ramorum in terminal tree hosts following the removal of primary sporulating hosts. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 104.
  • Valachovic, Yana; Cobb, Richard; Twieg, Brendan 2017. How well has the spread of sudden oak death been predicted by the models in northern California? In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 11-12.
  • Webber, J.F. 2017. Phytophthora ramorum: update On the impact and wider consequences of the epidemic in Britain. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 4-6.
  • Wininger, Kerry E.; Rank, Nathan 2017. This tree is not big enough for the both of us: symptoms of Phytophthora ramorum on California bay laurel are lower when insect herbivores are abundant. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 103.
  • Yuzon, Jennifer; Rizzo, David M.; Malar C, Mathu; Tripathy, Sucheta; Kasuga, Takao 2017. Resequencing of the Phytophthora ramorum genome to characterize genetic variation and population dynamics of the invasive pathogen. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 105-106.
  • Alexander, Janice M.; Frankel, Susan J.; Hapner, Nina; Phillips, John L.; Dupuis, Virgil 2017. Working across cultures to protect Native American natural and cultural resources from invasive species in California. Journal of Forestry. 115(5): 473-479. https://doi.org/10.5849/jof.16-018.
  • Aram, Kamyar; Rizzo, David M. 2017. Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora gonapodyides differently colonize and contribute to decay of California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica) leaf litter in stream ecosystems. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 60-61.
  • Benemann, Christina; Parke, Jennifer 2017. Determining the amount of soilborne inoculum of Phytophthora ramorum within an Oregon tanoak forest. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 62.
  • Brown, Nathan; Parnell, Stephen; Bosch, Frank van den; Jeger, Mike; Denman, Sandra 2017. Monitoring for pests and diseases in native oak woodlands: the case of acute oak decline in the United Kingdom. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 34-35.
  • Bonello, Pierluigi (Enrico); Conrad, Anna O.; Saona, Luis Rodriguez; McPherson, Brice A.; Wood, David L. 2017. Vibrational spectroscopy-based chemometrics to map host resistance to sudden oak death. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 29-30.
  • Bourret, Tyler B.; Mehl, Heather K.; Aram, Kamyar; Rizzo, David M. 2017. Rhododendron leaf baiting of coastal California watersheds for Phytophthora. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 63.
  • Bourret, Tyler B.; Mehl, Heather K.; Rizzo, David M.; Swiecki, Tedmund J.; Bernhardt, Elizabeth A.; Hillman, Janell M. 2017. Restoration outplantings of nursery-origin Californian flora are heavily infested with Phytophthora. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 52.
  • Brasier, Clive 2017. Biological differences between the evolutionary lineages within Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora lateralis: Should the lineages be formally taxonomically designated? In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 41-42.
  • Cannon, Phil; Frankel, Susan J.; Angwin, Pete 2017. Lessons learned from the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, sudden oak death management program. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 13-14.
  • Chastagner, Gary; Elliott, Marianne 2017. Pilot program (proof of concept) to mitigate Phytophthora ramorum at an infested nursery based on a systems approach. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 46-47.
  • Chen, Gang; He, Yinan; De Santis, Angela; Li, Guosheng; Cobb, Richard; Meentemeyer, Ross K. 2017. Assessing the impact of emerging forest disease on wildfire using Landsat and KOMPSAT-2 data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 195: 218-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.04.005.
  • Coats, Katie; Elliott, Marianne; Chastagner, Gary 2017. Microsatellite analysis of the EU1 lineage of Phytophthora ramorum in Washington state nurseries, landscapes, and waterways. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 64.
  • Cobb, Richard C.; Rizzo, David M.; Frangioso, Kerri; Hartsough, Peter; Klein, Janet; Swezy, Mike; Williams, Andrea; Sanders, Carl; Frankel, Susan J. 2017. Restoration of Mount Tamalpais forests destroyed by the sudden oak death pathogen. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 23.
  • Conforti, Christa 2017. How do we know if plants in our nursery have Phytophthora? Detection methods and an integrated approach to monitoring. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 65.
  • Dale, Angela; Feau, Nicolas; Ponchart, Julien; Bilodeau, Guillaume; Berube, Jean; Hamelin, R.C. 2017. Urban activities influence on Phytophthora species diversity in British Columbia, Canada. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 31-32.
  • Denman, Sandra 2017. A polyphasic approach to gaining insights into causes of acute oak decline in Britain. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 33.
  • Dillon, Whalen W.; Meentemeyer, Ross K.; Rizzo, David M. 2017. Effects of diversity, topography, and interannual climate variability on pathogen spillover. In: Frankel, Susan J.; Harrell, Katharine M., tech. coords. Proceedings of the sudden oak death sixth science symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-PSW-255. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 8.


Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
OUTPUTS: This research problem area involves the study of ecosystems of California, Hawaii, and the US Affiliated Pacific Islands and their ability to provide abundant clean water, carbon cycling and sequestration, plant and animal productivity, recruitment of native biodiversity, high soil quality, and low sediment outputs. We examined ecosystem components, patterns, and processes to understand how environmental change and human pressures influence forest function and impact the delivery of ecosystem goods and services. Scientific delivery included 10 peer-reviewed publications and more than 75 presentations to academic, scientific, agency, and public audiences. Outputs in FY15 included an emphasis on (1) understanding the function and restoration of tropical and temperate forests, (2) fuel treatment options and their effect on forest ecosystems, and (3) soil quality. We investigated long-term tropical vegetation succession and confirmed the role of fire as a driver of forest composition and structure in dry Hawaiian forests prior to human habitation. The importance of proper ungulate management for protecting wildlife habitat and species diversity in subalpine forests of Hawaii was also examined. Our research in silviculture and fire science identified geographical limitations to the use of thinning harvests for fuel reduction purposes in steep Sierran mixed-conifer forests of California. Landscape-scale studies also identified the dominant role of evapotranspiration (water limitation) in predicting both pre- and post-wildfire forest structure, along with the responses of wildlife species to fuel reduction treatments. Other important research was one of the first experimental studies to show that losses in total ecosystem carbon due to thinning and burning operations are fairly rapidly offset by improved growth rates and carbon capture by residual trees. Fuel reduction practices, in essence, help stabilize forest carbon, restore ecosystem resilience, and may create greenhouse gas benefits. PSW researchers also examined the effects of forest management practices and legacy treatments on soil and water quality. Twenty-year results from Long-Term Soil Productivity study sites across the Sierra Nevada indicated that detrimental effects of intensive harvesting, compaction, and organic matter removal on soil function and plant productivity were overcome rapidly by the physiochemical resilience of native soils. Similarly, downslope release of soil nitrates and phosphates following pile burning had minimal effect on stream water quality in the Lake Tahoe Basin. This finding completes a study of soil heating and post-fire soil quality that showed few detrimental ecological consequences of burning hand-built piles for the purpose of reducing wildfire hazard. An improvement in soil fertility and related forest production was noted following re-spreading of tractor-piled topsoil from earlier (1960s) forest harvesting. Finally, our program published two synthesis papers (⿿Soils⿝, ⿿Post-wildfire management⿝) as part of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range science synthesis report. PARTICIPANTS: EFH scientists: Jianwei Zhang, Martin Ritchie, Matt Busse, Malcolm North, Jonathan Long, IPIF scientists: Christian Giardina, Susan Cordell, Flint Hughes, and Paul Scowcroft. Research partners included: Hawaii Conservation Association, Hawaii Department of Natural Resources, California Fire Consortium, Hawaii Fire Consortium, University of Hawaii, US National Forest System, US Forest Service⿿National Forest Systems, California Coastal Commission, North Fork Mono Tribe, California Energy Commission, University of Nevada-Reno, USGS, Humboldt State University, University of California, Cal Fire, Annual Fire Ecology and Management Congress, Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation, California Society for Ecological Restoration, Ecological Society of America, and Association of Tropical Biology and Conservation. TARGET AUDIENCES: Hawaii Conservation Association, Hawaii Department of Natural Resources, California Fire Consortium, Hawaii Fire Consortium, University of Hawaii,US National Forest System, US Forest Service ⿿ R5 Region, California Coastal Commission, North Fork Mono Tribe, California Energy Commission, University of Nevada-Reno, USGS, Humboldt State University, Cal Fire, Annual Fire Ecology and Management Congress, Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation, California Society for Ecological Restoration, Ecological Society of America, Association of Tropical Biology and Conservation, and Cal Fire. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: none

Impacts
Research in 2015 provided important contributions to our scientific knowledge of tropical and temperate systems. In particular, our research products provided understanding of vegetation patterns, carbon stocks, soil quality, and landscape-scale disturbance responses, thereby assisting land managers and policy makers assess opportunities for enhancing ecosystem resilience in a changing climate. We developed robust datasets to support legal and field-based decisions relevant to wildfire hazard, forest structure, and the ecological consequences of forest thinning and burning. Our leadership in temperate forest research also led to a series of synthesis reports examining California ecosystems, post-wildfire management, and soils.

Publications

  • Banko, Paul C.; Hess, Steven C.; Scowcroft, Paul G.; Farmer, Chris; Jacobi, James D.; Stephens, Robert M.; Camp, Richard J.; Leonard, David L.; Brinck, Kevin W.; Juvik, J. O.; Juvik, S. P. 2014. Evaluating the long-term management of introduced ungulates to protect the palila, an endangered bird, and its critical habitat in subalpine forest of Mauna Kea, Hawai⿿i. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research. 46(4): 871-889.
  • Hubbert, Ken R.; Busse, Matt; Overby, Steve; Shestak, Carol; Gerrard, Ross 2015. Pile burning effects on soil water repellency, infiltration, and downslope water chemistry in the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA. Fire Ecology. 11(2): 100-118.
  • Kane, Van R.; Lutz, James A.; Alina Cansler, C.; Povak, Nicholas A.; Churchill, Derek J.; Smith, Douglas F.; Kane, Jonathan T.; North, Malcolm P. 2015. Water balance and topography predict fire and forest structure patterns. Forest Ecology and Management. 338: 1-13.
  • Kinney, Kealohanuiopuna M.; Asner, Gregory P.; Cordell, Susan; Chadwick, Oliver A.; Heckman, Katherine; Hotchkiss, Sara; Jeraj, Marjeta; Kennedy-Bowdoin, Ty; Knapp, David E. 2015. Primary succession on a Hawaiian dryland chronosequence. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0123995.
  • Long, J.W.; Skinner, C.; Charnley, S.; Hubbert, K.; Quinn-Davidson, L.; Meyer, M. 2014. Post-wildfire management. In: Long, J.W.; Quinn-Davidson, L.; Skinner, C.N., eds. Science synthesis to support socioecological resilience in the Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade Range. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-247. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 187-220. Chap. 4.3.
  • Moghaddas, E.; Hubbert, K. 2014. Soils. In: Long, J.W.; Quinn-Davidson, L.; Skinner, C.N., eds. Science synthesis to support socioecological resilience in the Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade Range. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-247. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 223-262. Chap. 5.1.
  • North, M.P.; Brough, A.; Long, J.W.; Collins, B.M.; Bowden, P.; Yasuda, D.; Miller, J.; Suighara, N. 2015. Constraints on mechanized treatment significantly limit mechanical fuels reduction extent in the Sierra Nevada. Journal of Forestry 113: 40-48.
  • Risch, Anita C.; Haynes, Alan G.; Busse, Matt D.; Filli, Flurin.; Schutz, Martin 2013. The response of soil CO2 fluxes to progressively excluding vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores depends on ecosystem type. Ecosystems 16: 1192-1202.
  • Wiechmann, Morgan L.; Hurteau, Matthew D.; North, Malcolm P.; Koch, George W.; Jerabkova, Lucie 2015. The carbon balance of reducing wildfire risk and restoring process: an analysis of 10-year post-treatment carbon dynamics in a mixed-conifer forest. Climatic Change.
  • Zhang, Jianwei; Young, David H.; Luckow, Kenneth R. 2015. Effect of redistributing windrowed topsoil on growth and development of ponderosa pine plantations. Forest Ecology and Management. 353: 148-155.


Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
OUTPUTS: This research problem area involves the study of ecosystems of California, Hawai`i and the US Affiliated Pacific Islands and their ability to provide abundant clean water, carbon cycling and sequestration, plant and animal productivity, recruitment of native biodiversity, high soil quality, and low sediment outputs. We examined ecosystem components, patterns, and processes to understand how the biophysical environment influences ecosystem function and supports the delivery of ecosystem goods and services. Without long-term information on the drivers of ecosystem functioning, it becomes exceedingly difficult to quantify and understand the effects of environmental change and human pressure on ecosystem health and resilience. Scientific delivery in this problem area included 38 peer-reviewed publications and more than 100 presentations to academic, scientific, agency, and public audiences. Outputs this year included a strong emphasis on understanding the function and restoration of native tropical ecosystems. One example was the growing concern that global warming will greatly increase the net release of this soil carbon to the atmosphere through accelerated decomposition. We investigating how soil carbon stocks changed along an annual air temperature gradient on windward Hawaii Island. The importance of non-native vegetation as a carbon stock was also examined in wet lowland forests of Hawaii. The spread of non-native N-fixing trees will increase C mass stocks, but also represents a significant source of detrimental erosion in these invaluable ecosystems. Other important research from Hawaii and the Affiliated Pacific Islands included studies of endangered species recovery, over grazing by ungulates, and seedling recruitment across global tropical forests. Research in temperate ecosystems included repeated measurements on the Long-Term Soil Productivity sites across the Sierra Nevada. Findings indicate that the detrimental effects of intensive harvesting on soil function and plant productivity were overcome by the physical resilience of the native soils. PSW researchers also published findings on the importance biological diversity to subalpine ecosystem function. PARTICIPANTS: EFH scientists: Jianwei Zhang, Martin Ritchie, Matt Busse, Malcolm North. Institute for Pacific Islands Forestry scientists: Christian Giardina, Susan Cordell, Flint Hughes, Paul Scowcroft, Research partners included: University of Hawaii, Manoa, University of Hawaii, Hilo, University of Idaho (Prof. John Marshall), Chinese Academy of Sciences (Weidong Zhang), Sierra Pacific Industries, Malheur National Forest Service , Plumas National Forest, Region 5. US Forest Service ⿿ R5 Region, California Coastal Commission, North Fork Mono Tribe, California Energy Commission,UC Berkeley, Northern Arizona University, Ecological Restoration Institute, Sierra Forest Legacy, California Forestry Association, UC Davis, Oregon State University, Sierra Pacific Industries, Sierra Water workgroup, Pacific Forest Trust, California Department of Water Resources, Southern California Edison-Forestry, Sequoia River lands Trust, Spatial Informatics Group TARGET AUDIENCES: Hawaii Conservation Association, Hawaii Department of Natural Resources, California Fire Consortium, Hawaii Fire Consortium, University of Hawaii,US National Forest System, US Forest Service ⿿ R5 Region, California Coastal Commission, North Fork Mono Tribe, California Energy Commission, University of Nevada-Reno, USGS, Humboldt State University, Cal Fire, Annual Fire Ecology and Management Congress, Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation, California Society for Ecological Restoration, Ecological Society of America, Association of Tropical Biology and Conservation, Cal Fire, PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: none

Impacts
Research in 2014 provided important contributions to our scientific knowledge and management applications of tropical and temperate systems. In particular, increased understanding of vegetation patterns and carbon stocks in the Pacific Islands provided managers and policy makers with insight to the pressures and opportunities to increase ecosystem resilience in a changing climate. The susceptibility of many native tropical forests to invasive plants and to human-caused forest fragmentation identified in our studies represents a serious threat to the integrity of these keystone ecosystems. In addition, our leadership in temperate forest soil research helped answer longstanding questions regarding forest resilience and the need for restoration efforts following harvesting.

Publications

  • Fissore, Cinzia; Giardina, Christian P.; Kolka, Randall K. 2013. The effects of substrate supply on the temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition. Soil Biol. Biochem. 67: 306-311.
  • Giardina, C.; Boxler, E.; Cordell, S.; Crow, S.; Fortini, L.; Fox, M.; Friday, J.B.; Giambelluca, T.; Hawbaker, T.; Hughes, F.; Jacobi, J.; Litton, C.; Mackenzie, R.; Ostertag, R.; Reed, B.; Stiles, C.; Striegl, R.; Zhu, Z. 2013. Assessing Carbon Storage and Fluxes in Hawai⿿i: Impacts of Fire, Invasive Species and Climate Change on the Global Warming Potential. Hawaii Conservation Conference, July 16-18. Honolulu, HI.
  • Giardina, Christian P.; Litton, Creighton M.; Crow, Susan E.; Asner Gregory P. 2014. Warming-related increases in soil CO2 efflux are explained by increased below-ground carbon flux. Nature Climate Change 4, 822⿿827
  • Hassan, Marwan A.; Robinson, Samuel V.J.; Voepel, Hal; Lewis, Jack; Lisle, Thomas E. 2014. Modeling temporal trends in bedload transport in gravel-bed streams using hierarchical mixed-effects models. Geomorphology. 219: 260-269.
  • Cavaleri, M.A.; Sack, L.; Cordell, S.; Ostertag, R.; Michaud, J. 2013. Water use of native and invasive trees in a lowland tropical rainforest in Hawaii. Ecological Society of America, August 4-9, Minneapolis, MN
  • Cordell, S.; Ostertag, R.; Warman, L.; Viotusek, P.; Schulten, J.; Uowolo, A.; DiManno, N. 2014. Restoring ecosystem function using hybrid ecosystems. Association of Tropical Biology and Conservation, July 20-24, 2014, Cairns, Australia.
  • Eyre, C. A.; Kozanitas, M.; Garbelotto, M. 2013. Population dynamics of aerial and terrestrial populations Phytophthora ramorum in a California forest under different climatic conditions. Phytopathology 103:1141-1152.
  • Hodel, Melanie; Schutz, Martin; Vandegehuchte, Martijn L.; Frey, Beat; Albrecht, Matthias; Busse, Matt D.; Risch, Anita C. 2014. Does the aboveground herbivore assemblage influence soil bacterial community composition and richness in subalpine grasslands? Microbial Ecology. DOI 10.1007/s00248-014-0435-0
  • Hughes, R. F., Johnson, M. T., and Uowolo, A. 2013. The invasive alien tree Falcataria moluccana: its impacts and management. Pp. 218-223 in Proceedings of the XIII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds; Wu, Y., Johnson, T., Sing, S., Raghu, S., Wheeler, G., Pratt, P., Warner, K., Center, T., Goolsby, J., and Reardon, R., (eds). USDA Forest Service, FHTET-2012-07. 530p.
  • Hughes, R.F.; Asner, G.P.; Mascaro, J.; Uowolo, A; Baldwin, J. 2014. Carbon storage landscapes of lowland Hawaii: The role of native and invasive species through space and time. Ecological Applications. 24: 716-731.
  • Inman-Narahari, F., Ostertag, R., Cordell, S., Giardina, C., Kehauwealani-Nelson, K., and Sack, L. 2013. Seedling recruitment factors in low diversity Hawaiian wet forest: towards global comparisons among tropical forests. Ecosphere
  • Inman-Narahari, Faith; Ostertag, Rebecca; Cordell, Susan; Giardian, Christian P.; Kehauwealani, Nelson-Kaula; Sack, Lawren. 2013. Seedling recruitment factors in low-diversity Hawaiian wet forest: towards global comparisons among tropical forests. Ecosphere 4(2):24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00164.1.
  • Iwashita, Darcy K.; Litton, Creighton M.; Giardina, Christian P. 2013. Coarse woody debris carbon pools across a 5.2°C mean annual temperature gradient in tropical montane wet forest. Forest Ecol. Manage. 291: 336⿿343
  • Janas, D.; Cordell, S.; Uowolo, A.; Thiet, R. 2013. Restoring Dryland Forests From the Soil Up. Hawaii Conservation Conference, July 16-18. Honolulu, HI
  • Kellner, J.;Questad, E.J.; Cordell, S. 2013. A topographic suitability index for threatened and endangered plant species recovery. Hawaii Ecosystems Meeting, July 8-9. Hilo, HI.
  • Kinney, K., Kellner, J., Cordell, S., Asner, G.P., Thaxton, J., Questad, E., Knapp, D., Kennedy-Bowdoin, T., and Hall, L. 2012. Fire regime facilitates unexpected nutrient limitation in Hawaiian subalpine dry forest? 5th Annual Fire Ecology and Management Congress. December 3-7. Portland OR.
  • Kinney, K.M., Kellner, J.R,. Asner, G.P., Chadwick, O.A., Cordell, S., Heckman, K., Hotchkiss, S., Jeraj, M., Kennedy-Bowdoin, T., Knapp, D.E., Questad, E., Thaxton, J., Trusdell, F. 2013. Premature decline of ecosystem structure and plant-available phosphorus on a dryland chronosequence in Hawai⿿i. Hawaii Conservation Conference, July 16-18. Honolulu, HI
  • Levinson, D.H.; Fettig, C.J. 2014. Climate change: overview of data sources, observed and predicted temperature changes, and impacts on public and environmental health. In: Pinkerton, K.E.; Rom, W.N., eds. Climate Change and Global Public Health. New York: Springer: 31-47. Chapter 3.
  • McDonald, Philip M.; Zhang, Jianwei; Senock, Randy S.; Wright, Jessica W. 2013.Morphology, physiology, genetics, enigmas, and status of an extremely rare tree: Mutant tanoak. Madroño 60(2):107-117.
  • Ostertag, R.; Inman-Narahari, F.; Cordell, S.; Giardina, C.P.; Sack. L. 2014. Forest structure in low diversity tropical forests: a study of Hawaiian wet and dry forests. PLOS ONE. 9:8:e103268.
  • Ostertag, R.; Warman, L.; Cordell, S.; Vitousek, P. 2013. A functional trait approach to nutrient cycling and restoration. Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation ⿿ June 24-27, 2013, San Jose, Costa Rica.
  • Peterson, E.; Hansen, E.; Hulbert, J. 2014. Source or Sink? The Role of Soil and Water Borne Inoculum in the Dispersal of Phytophthora ramorum in Oregon Tanoak Forests. Forest Ecology and Management. 322:48⿿57.
  • Powers, Elizabeth M.; Marshall, John D.; Zhang, Jianwei; Wei, Liang. 2013. Post-fire management regimes affect carbon sequestration and storage in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management 291:268-277.
  • Questad, E.J.; Kellner, J. R.; Kinney, K.; Cordell, S.; Asner, G. P.; Uowolo, A.; Brooks, S. 2013. Mapping habitat suitability for dryland restoration and at-risk plant reintroduction. California Society for Ecological Restoration Annual Meeting, Santa Barbara, CA, May 15-16 (Oral presentation).
  • Questad, E.J.; Cordell, S.; Kellner, J.R.; Asner, G.P.; Brooks, S.; Uowolo, A.; Kinney, K.; Parsons, E. Remote mapping of habitat suitability for at-risk plant species: implications for restoration and reintroduction. Island Biology Conference, July 7-11, 2014. Honolulu, HI.
  • Questad, E.J.; Kellner, J. R.; Kinney, K.; Cordell, S.; Asner, G. P.; Uowolo, A.; Brooks, S. 2013. Remote mapping of habitat suitability for at-risk plant species and its implications for restoration and reintroduction. Society for Ecological Restoration World Conference, Madison, WI, October 6-11 (Oral presentation).
  • Schulten, Jodie R. ; Cole, T. Colleen; Cordell, Susan; Publico, Keiko M.; Ostertag, Rebecca; Enoka, Jaime E.; Michaud, Jené D. 2014. Persistence of Native Trees in an Invaded Hawaiian Lowland Wet Forest: Experimental Evaluation of Light and Water Constraints. Pacific Science 68(2): 267-285. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2984/68.2.7
  • Selmants, Paul; Litton, Creighton; Giardina, Christian P.; Asner, Greg P. 2014. Ecosystem carbon storage does not vary with increasing mean annual temperature in Hawaiian tropical montane wet forests. Global Change Biology 20: 2927-2937.
  • Strauch, Ayron M.; MacKenzie, Richard A.; Bruland, Gregory L.; Giardina, Christian P. 2013. The influence of mean annual rainfall on the loading of fecal indicator bacteria in tropical rivers. Hawaii Conservation Conference 2013, July 17-19. Honolulu, HI.
  • Strauch, Ayron M.; MacKenzie, Richard A.; Bruland, Gregory L.; Tingley, Ralph W.; Giardina, Christian P. 2013. Drivers of surface water quality in tropical rivers: The influence of mean annual rainfall and land-use/land-cover change on fecal indicator bacteria load. 98th Annual Ecological Society of America Meeting, August 4-9. Minneapolis, MN.
  • Vaughn, N.; Asner, G.; Giardina, C. 2014. Centennial impacts of fragmentation on the canopy structure of tropical montane forest. Ecological Applications. 24(7): 1638-1650.
  • Warman, L.; Ostertag, R.; Cordell, S.; Mascaro, J.; Zimmerman, N. 2014. Functional diversity across a ⿿native to novel⿝ gradient in Hawaiian Rainforests. Association of Tropical Biology and Conservation, July 20-24, 2014, Cairns, Australia.
  • Warman, L.; Ostertag, R.; Cordell, S. 2013. Measures of functional diversity across an invasion gradient in Hawaiian lowland wet forests. Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation ⿿ June 24-27, 2013, San Jose, Costa Rica.
  • Baldauf, Richard; McPherson, Greg; Wheaton, Linda; Zhang, Max; Cahill, Tom; Bailey, Chad; Hemphill Fuller, Christina; Withycombe, Eearl; Titus, Kori 2013. Integrating vegetation and green infrastructure into sustainable transportation planning. Transportation News: 288(5): 14-18.
  • Banko, Paul; Hess, Steven; Scowcroft, Paul; Farmer, Chris; Jacobi, James; Stephens, Robert; Camp, Richard; Leonard, David; Brinck, Kevin 2013.Results of a 32-year program to eradicate ungulates to protect the endangered Palila and its critical habitat on Mauna Kea. 2013 Hawaii Conservation Conference Abstracts, Live Today, Sustain Tomorrow: Connecting People, Places and Planet, July 16-18, 2013, Honolulu, HI. p.22.
  • Broadbent, Eben N.; Zambrano, Angélica M. Almeyda; Asner, Gregory P.; Field, Christopher B.; Rosenheim, Brad E.; Kennedy-Bowdoin, Ty; Knapp, David E.; Burke, David; Giardina, Christian; Cordell, Susan. 2014. Linking rainforest ecophysiology and microclimate through fusion of airborne LiDAR and hyperspectral imagery. Ecosphere. 5(5): 57.
  • Cavaleri, M.A.; Ostertag, R.; Cordell, S.; and Sack, L. 2014. Hawaiian Conservation Physiology: Native trees show conservative water use relative to invasive: results from a removal experiment in a Hawaiian wet forest. Conservation Physiology 2: doi:10.1093/conphys/cou016.


Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Soils sustain our terrestrial ecosystems, help fuel plant growth, and govern key ecosystem services such as the storage and provision of clean water, degradation of toxic compounds, and regulation of atmospheric gases. Preserving the integrity of soil thus is an earnest responsibility of land stewardship in the United States. In support, soils research was the major trust of PSW-EFH-1 problem area in fiscal year 2013. Individual projects ranged from the internationally acclaimed Long-Term Soil Productivity Study (LTSP), in which PSW scientists are co-leaders, to novel studies on soil resilience following wildfire and prescribed fire, human health and the presence of toxic metals in urban soils, and the tolerance and adaptability of soil organisms to a changing climate. Many of the LTSP installations in California marked their 20th year of study in FY2013 on this projected 50-year experiment of forest disturbance and restoration treatments, which include intensive harvesting, soil compaction, soil organic matter loss, and local best management practices for restoring soil quality. Findings to date have provided forest managers with results that challenge long existing beliefs of soil responses to harvesting disturbance and offer improved approaches for protecting soils during common forest operations. Outputs (scientific and management-oriented presentations, field tours, science synthesis, and research papers in progress) were the continued key to the success of the LTSP study in this fiscal year. Complimentary research on fire-soil interactions included the completion of a three-year study on the effects of pile burning operations on soil and water quality, continued field and laboratory analyses of repeated burning and thinning effects on essential soil processes in western coniferous forests, and the production of a synthesis report on fuel-reduction practices in United States forests and their effect on soil, which is targeted for public release in early 2014. In each case, the output from our work provided managers with practical knowledge of soil responses to best management practices at local, regional, and national scales. PARTICIPANTS: Matt Busse; Ken Hubbert; Carol Shestak

Impacts
Soil research in the Ecosystem Function and Health Program identified a high level of soil tolerance and resilience to many, but not all, forest practices. This knowledge was used by managers in refining their best management practices and in completing NEPA documentation. For example, our research on pile burning and its effect on soil and water quality helped managers develop new standards for riparian management in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Despite high levels of soil heating beneath pile burns, our research showed inconsequential disturbance to post-fire soil processes and, most importantly, limited release of soil nutrients into stream waters that discharge into Lake Tahoe. Pile burning within the riparian zone is now a viable management tool for helping restore these critical ecosystems. Research on the effects of repeated prescribed fire also identified nominal changes in soil fertility and biology, even when dramatic, long-term plant community responses were evident. This information has assisted fuels planners in selecting preferred fire intensity and severity burn conditions to meet fuel-reduction needs while protecting the soil resource. Finally, results from the LTSP study (several hundred research papers nationwide to date) are used by public and private land managers throughout the United States to help select harvesting practices and prescriptions that limit detrimental loss in soil productivity.

Publications

  • Busse, Matt D.; Shestak, Carol J.; Hubbert, Ken R 2013. Soil heating during burning of forest slash piles and wood piles. International Journal of Wildland Fire 22: 286-296.


Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Research in CA included: Analyzing data from Permanent research plots across northern CA and southeastern Oregon. Field tours of studies at Blacks Mountain EF, Challenge EF, Show plantation, Long-term Soil Productivity installations, Permanent Vegetation Control Plots to R5 personnel, Scientists from Chinese Academy of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, and Institute of Commercial Forestry Research in South Africa, and forestry industry reps. Completed a synthesis report on fire and soils for the JFSP. Analyzed soil chemical, biological, and physical responses to pile burning for a large-scale, SNPLMA-funded research project in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Led research activities on the Long-term Soil Productivity (LTSP) Study. This year⿿s key effort was to measure the 20-year treatment response at the Wallace site, one of the 12 CA sites in the national LTSP network. Analyzed climate change data from numerous forested sites in CA. Worked with scientists at UC Davis to develop predictive model of adaptive changes in soil temperatures and greenhouse gas emissions in response to climate change. Initiated a collaborative research project with R6, PNW, and RMRS on ecosystem responses to varying prescribed fire frequency in ponderosa pine forests. Hosted a Polish forest policy scientist during his visit to CA to give a forest policy seminar and to discuss opportunities for collaborative research. Consulted with central Oregon forest agencies about appropriate use of forest thinning and prescribed fire to balance social and ecological needs. Consulted with Lake Tahoe Basin agencies regarding the pros and cons of using pile burning in riparian zones as a fuel reduction tool. Served as a consultant for the soils and water sections in PSW⿿s Sierra Nevada Science Synthesis. Research in Hawaii and the Pacific Islands included the following outputs: A joint FS and U of HI study of silviculture practices in regenerated stands of Acacia koa continued through a JVA funded by the FS. New data was collected from experimental plots, including the first measurements of gross log volumes for 34-year-old trees. Final analyses of data and publication of results from a 1987 soil scarification study to regenerate koa in abandoned pasture were completed. Results of reassessment of vegetation changes inside and outside sheep exclosures within mamane forest Palila critical habitat were published. Other funded research included: 1) Human-Nature interactions in an urbanized Island Setting: Hawaii Island as a model socio-ecological system. 2) Interactive effects of predation and ecosystem size on arthropod food webs in Hawaiian forests fragmented by lava flows. 3) Modeling the fuel and fire behavior in grass invaded ecosystems of Oahu and Hawaii Islands. 4) Establishment of a climate and vegetation observation network. 5) The Pacific Fire Science Consortium - Establishing a regional knowledge exchange consortium for the Pacific. 6) Effects of Climate Change and invasive species on watershed function: Developing a Tropical Decision Support tool for Managers. 7) Quantifying the Effects of Climate Change and Invasive Species on Watershed Function and Stream Biota. PARTICIPANTS: PSW: Christian Giardina, Matt Busse, Paul Scowcroft, Jianwei Zhang. Creighton Litton, University of Hawaii at Manoa; Greg Asner, Carnegie Institute of Science; Rebecca Ostertag, University of Hawaii at Hilo (PIs/ CO-PIs). Paul Selmants, Nicholas Vaughn, Andrew Pierce, Jessie Knowleton, Erin Wilson (Post-docs). Tony Kovach, Colin Phifer, Devin Leopold (Graduate Students). Susan Cordell, Richard MacKenzie, IPIF. Partner Organizations: USGS, US-FWS, University of Hawaii at Manoa, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Carnegie Institute of Science, DOD, Hawaii Conservation Alliance, Kamehameha Schools. Ken Hubbert, Emily Moghaddas, Matthias Falk, Eric Knapp, Will Horwath, UC Davis, Tad Doane, Gregg Riegel, Jianwei Zhang, Dave Young, Anita Risch. Partner Orgs: UC Davis, Tahoe Science Consortium, Canadian Forest Service, Michigan Tech University, Humboldt State University, UC Berkeley, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research. J.B. Friday, Sarah Knox, Holli Tidwell. Collaborators: Iwikau Joaquin, Land Manager for Keauhou Ranch; Dr. Travis Idol, UH-Manoa; Dr. Dean Meason, Scion, Rotorua NZ; Dr. Dirk Van Vuren, Professor, UC Davis; Dr. Paul Banko, Research Wildlife Ecologist, USGS, Hawaii; Jim Kraus, Manager, Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii. TARGET AUDIENCES: 115 diverse undergraduate students at UC Davis enrolled in Forests and Society Kamehameha Schools serves the Hawaiian community through primary, intermediate and high school programs, and reforestation and forest management projects at Keauhou Ranch are an integral part of their environmental and cultural activities. Other forest managers and land owners within the State of Hawaii. Other public and private intermediate-school students.

Impacts
Silvicultural research to develop management guidelines for growing marketable trees in secondary Acacia koa forests continued in FY 2012. One study, which began in 2001, was done at 1700-m elevation on Mauna Loa and examined the effects of selectively applied thinning, alien grass control, and phosphorus fertilization treatments on individual koa crop trees. Previous work showed that the short-term response (2003-2005) was a doubling of stem diameter growth where thinning was combined with grass control and phosphorus fertilization. Even without thinning, grass control coupled with fertilization improved diameter growth by 35%. Additional measurements in 2006, 2009 and 2011 showed that those gains continue to persist without additional management intervention. Average DBH increment (stem diameter at breast height) during 2003-2011 for the thinned⿿herbicided⿿fertilized trees was still twice what it was for untreated trees: 0.78 and 0.37 cm yr 1, respectively. However, these growth rates were lower than initially observed, and reflect a general decline in tree vigor for all treatments during that period. Although DBH growth rates decline naturally with age, the large three- to four-fold reductions observed in this 9-year study might be driven by repeated exposure to vog, which is known to damage koa foliage. If so, this is the first intimation that vog poses a serious threat to the health of forests on the Island of Hawaii. That growth gains due to a one time silvicultural intervention continued to persist 9 years later is new information. It gives forest managers additional insight into what to expect in return on investment in stand management. New fundamental and applied knowledge in published carbon cycling studies. New methods and techniques published in carbon cycling studies. Published work above provides policy knowledge. Provided knowledge of pile burning effects on soil and water quality. This research has helped numerous agencies in the Lake Tahoe Basin (USDA Forest Service, California State Parks, Nevada State Parks, and others) increase their options for reducing wildfire risk in riparian and upland forests .

Publications

  • Cordell, Susan; Giardina, Christian; Nakahara, Miles; Pickett Fee, Elizabeth; Stewart, Carolyn 2011. Development of Hawaii and US-Affiliated Pacific Island Fire Science Consortium. In: 2011 Hawaii Conservation Conference--Island Ecosystems: The Year of the Forest; 2011 August 2-4; Honolulu, HI. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Conservation Alliance: 73. Poster abstract. Available at http://hawaiiconservation.org/files/content/activities/hawaii_conservation_confe rence/abstract_book_final_edited.pdf. (Accessed September 18, 2011).
  • Friday, J.B.; Scowcroft, P.; Idol, T.; Knox, S.; Tidwell, H 2012. Koa forest recovery over 33 years on Mauna Loa. Pp. 7-8. In: 2012 Hawaii Conservation Conference Abstracts. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Conservation Alliance. Published Abstract.
  • Giardina, Christian P. 2012. Review of Cabin, Robert J. 2011. Intelligent tinkering: bridging the gap between science and practice. The science and practice of ecological restoration. Ecology 93: 1980-1981
  • Giardina, Christian. 2012. Carbon dynamics: processes, pools and fluxes, and regional differences. In: Swanston, Chris; Furniss, Michael J.; Schmitt, Kristen; Guntle, Jeffrey; Janowiak, Maria; Hines, Sarah, eds. Forest and grassland carbon in North America: A short course for land managers. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-93. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. [DVD]. Available online: http://www.fsl.orst.edu/fs-pnw/pep/carbon/giardina/
  • Habte, M.; Diarra, G.; Scowcroft, P.G. 2011. Post-transplant reactions of mycorrhizal and mycorrhiza-free seedlings of Leucaena leucocephala to pH changes in an Oxisol and Ultisol of Hawaii. Botany 89: 275-283
  • Hi'iaka Working Group (Alessa, Lilian; Andrade, Carlos; Cash Cash, Phil; Giardina, Christian P.; Hamabata, Matt; Hammer, Craig; Henifin, Kai; Joachim, Lee; Johnson, Jay T.; Kealiikanakaoleohaililani, Kekuhi; Kingston, Deanna; Kliskey, Andrew; Louis, Renee Pualani; Lynch, Amanda; McKenny, Daryn; Marshall, Chels; Roberts, Mere; Tangaro, Taupouri; Wheaton-Abraham, Jyl; Wingert, Everett). 2011. Indigenous knowledges driving technological innovation. AAPI Nexus. 9(1&2): 241-248.
  • Inman-Narahari, Faith; Ostertag, Rebecca; Cordell, Susan; Giardina, Christian; Murphy, Molly; Wailani-Nihipali, Kahealani; Sack, Lawren 2011. What's going down and what⿿s coming up: seed rain and seedling establishment of native species in Hawaiian wet forest. In: 2011 Hawaii Conservation Conference--Island Ecosystems: The Year of the Forest; 2011 August 2-4; Honolulu, HI. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Conservation Alliance: 25. Abstract. Available at http://hawaiiconservation.org/files/content/activities/hawaii_conservation_confe rence/abstract_book_final_edited.pdf. (Accessed September 18, 2011).
  • Iwashita, Darcey K.; Litton, Creighton M.; Giardina, Christian P. 2011. Coarse woody debris biomass does not vary with mean annual temperature in Hawaiian tropical montane wet forests. In: 96th Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting, 2011 August 7-12; Austin, TX. Poster abstract. Available at http://eco.confex.com/eco/2011/webprogram/Paper32158.html. (Accessed September 18, 2011).
  • Litton, Creighton M.; Giardina, Christian P.; Albano, Jeremy K.; Long, Michael S.; Asner, Gregory P. 2011. The magnitude and variability of soil-surface CO2 efflux increase with temperature in Hawaiian tropical montane wet forests. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43(11):2315-2323.
  • Litton, Creighton M.; Giardina, Christian P.; Crow, Susan E. 2011. Soil carbon storage does not vary with temperature along a 5°C mean annual temperature gradient in Hawaiian tropical montane wet forests. In: 96th Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting, 2011 August 7-12; Austin, TX. Poster abstract. Available at http://eco.confex.com/eco/2011/webprogram/Paper31398.html. (Accessed September 18, 2011).
  • Long, Michael S.; Litton, Creighton M.; Giardina, Christian P.; Sparks, Jed P. 2011. Changes in soil-surface CO2 efflux following nonnative feral pig (Sus scrofa) removal in Hawaiian tropical wet forest. In: 96th Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting, 2011 August 7-12; Austin, TX. Poster abstract. Available at http://eco.confex.com/eco/2011/webprogram/Paper31574.html. (Accessed September 18, 2011).
  • Yang, Huixia; Wang, Silong; Zhang, Jianwei; Fan, Bing; Zhang, Weidong 2011. Biomass and nutrients of Pinus massoniana plantations in southern China: simulations for different management practices. Journal of Food, Agriculture, and Environment 9(1): 689-693.
  • Zhang, Jianwei; Powers, Robert F,; Oliver, William W.; Young, David H. 2012. Response of ponderosa pine plantations to competing vegetation control in Northern California, USA: A meta- analysis. Forestry, doi:10.1093/forestry/cps054.
  • MacKenzie, R. A.; Giardina, C. P.; Bruland, G. L.; Heider, C.; Strauch, A. M.; Tingley, R. W.; Infante, D. 2011. Climate change and Pacific Island water resources. In: North American Benthological Society 2011 Annual Meeting--Responding to the Global Water Crisis; 2011 May 22-26; Providence, RI. Poster abstract. Available at http://www.sgmeet.com/nabs/nabs2011/viewabstract2.asp?AbstractID=9703. (Accessed September 19, 2011).
  • MacKenzie, Richard A.; Giardina, Christian P.; Strauch, Ayron 2011. Climate Change and Pacific Island Water Resources: Year 2 Initiative Overview and Progress. Brochure. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 4 p.
  • Ostertag, Rebecca; Inman-Narahari, Faith; Cordell, Susan; Giardina, Christian; Sack, Lawren 2011. Structure of wet and dry Hawaiian forests of low diversity: global comparisons across tropical forests. In: 2011 Hawaii Conservation Conference--Island Ecosystems: The Year of the Forest; 2011 August 2-4; Honolulu, HI. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Conservation Alliance: 54. Poster abstract. Available at http://hawaiiconservation.org/files/content/activities/hawaii_conservation_confe rence/abstract_book_final_edited.pdf. (Accessed September 18, 2011).
  • Powers, Robert F.; Busse, Matt D.; McFarlane, Karis J.; Zhang, Jianwei; Young, David H. 2012. Long-term effects of silviculture on soil carbon storage: does vegetation control make a difference? Forestry. doi:10.1093/forestry/cps067.
  • Reddy, E.; Van Vuren, D. H.; Scowcroft, P. G.; Kauffman, J. B.; Perry, L. 2012. Long-term response of the mamane forest to feral herbivore management on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Pacific Conservation Biology 18(2):123-132.
  • Scowcroft, Paul G. 2011. Clonal root suckering of Acacia koa enhances forest restoration on deforested portions of Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge. In: 2011 Hawaii Conservation Conference--Island Ecosystems: The Year of the Forest; 2011 August 2-4; Honolulu, HI. Honolulu, HI: Hawaii Conservation Alliance: 29. Abstract. Available at http://hawaiiconservation.org/files/content/activities/hawaii_conservation_confe rence/abstract_book_final_edited.pdf. (Accessed September 18, 2011).
  • Scowcroft, Paul G. 2012. Parent tree effects on reestablishment of Acacia koa in abandoned pasture and the influence of initial density on stand development. New Forests (published online)
  • Scowcroft, Paul; Friday, James; Idol, Travis 2012. Advantage conferred on koa crop trees by targeted silviculture persists despite overall slowing growth rates. Pp. 60-61. In: 2012 Hawaii Conservation Conference Abstracts, July 31-August 2, 2012, Honolulu, HI. Honolulu, HI:Hawaii Conservation Alliance. Published Abstract.
  • Talhelm, Alan F.; Pregitzer, Kurt S.; Giardina, Christian P. 2011. Long-term leaf production response to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and tropospheric ozone. Ecosystems. DOI: 10.1007/s10021-011-9493-z.
  • Yang, D; Zeng, D-H; Zhang, J; Li, L-J; Mao, R. 2012. Chemical and microbial properties in contaminated soils around a magnesite mine in northeast China. Land Degradation & Development 23:256-262.