Source: PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION submitted to
BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES OF FUNCTION AND PROPERTIES OF ECOSYSTEMS, ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES, SPECIES, POPULATIONS, AND ORGANISMS.
Sponsoring Institution
Forest Service/USDA
Project Status
EXTENDED
Funding Source
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0419156
Grant No.
(N/A)
Project No.
PNW-2662-1
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Program Code
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Sep 24, 2009
Project End Date
Sep 30, 2021
Grant Year
(N/A)
Project Director
Anderson, P.
Recipient Organization
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
333 SW FIRST AVENUE, PO BOX 3890
PORTLAND,OR 97208
Performing Department
(N/A)
Non Technical Summary
Identify the environmental drivers for determining species, community, and ecosystem patterns and dynamics and how the rates, patterns, and trajectories of these ecological responses are influenced by environmental change. Identify how the functions and behavior of organisms change during their ontogeny and along environmental gradients, and how these attributes and their dynamics contribute to emergent ecosystem properties. Identify the characteristics of landscapes that provide functional connectivity for or barriers to ecological processes, and to the distribution and persistence of populations. Identify how the processes of carbon, water, and nutrient cycling operate and interact along environmental gradients in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and the implications for ecosystem function.
Animal Health Component
30%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
40%
Applied
40%
Developmental
20%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
1020612102025%
1350699107025%
2050830205025%
3050850208025%
Goals / Objectives
Ecosystems and their biotic (organisms, species, populations, and communities) and abiotic (physiographic, hydrologic, and edaphic) components and processes are driven by attributes and dynamics of the biophysical environment. The biophysical environment represents the aggregation and integration of endogenous biologic and physical conditions and processes within ecosystems, coupled with exogenous influences such as weather, climate, and other externally-imposed conditions. Understanding the influence of the biophysical environment on ecosystem components and processes is fundamental to understanding how and why ecosystems function as they do, and is of foundational importance to developing effective resource management approaches and policies. Identify the array of environmental drivers that influence ecosystem function, both directly and indirectly, and singly or in interaction with other drivers. Such drivers may include physical (e.g., hydrologic, geomorphic, and atmospheric) conditions or processes and biotic processes (e.g., competition, succession, and other modes of species interactions), as well as processes involving biotic and abiotic interactions such as soil development and carbon and nutrient cycling. Focus on how the nature and dynamics of interacting biophysical conditions and processes influence changes in species, communities, and ecosystems at varying spatial and temporal scales. Develop understanding of the basic biology, autecology and ecophysiology of organisms, and their functional and behavioral responses to gradients in biophysical conditions at different developmental stages. Work will focus on the influence of organism-level functions, behavior, and responses to environmental change on species, community and ecosystem-level relationships, processes, and attributes. Landscape-scale attributes and processes of ecosystems, and will strive to identify biotic (e.g., vegetation pattern and distribution) and physical (e.g., physiography, stream networks) attributes that foster or impede interconnectivity, movements, distribution and persistence of species and populations; or influence large-scale ecological processes (including disturbances). Processes that are of foundational importance to the function of, and services provided by, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, especially on how carbon, water, and nutrient cycling are influenced by changes in the biophysical environment, including natural or anthropogenic disturbances.
Project Methods
Work will involve fundamental research on ecological effects of biophysical environment. Original research to develop new knowledge and insights will be emphasized, but when appropriate, synthetic studies will collect, integrate, and interpret existing information on specific subjects. Original research will be pursued using a number of broad approaches, as suitable to specific problem elements and studies. These will include laboratory and field experimental studies, field observational and retrospective studies, and both empirical and process-based simulation modeling. The scope of studies will vary depending on element and research questions addressed, and will range from studies at the organism to species/population to community and ecosystem levels of biological organization; from site to landscape to regional to global spatial scales; and from diurnal to seasonal to annual to decadal and inter-decadal temporal scales.

Progress 10/01/18 to 09/30/19

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Problem 1 reports and outputs comprise two predominant themes ⿿ 1) basic ecology of species such northern spotted owls, marbled murrelet, small mammals, and elk; and 2) energy, water, and carbon movements through ecosystems. Dense forest canopies are an important habitat attribute for the federally threatened northern spotted owl. To expedite assessment and management interpretation, light detection and ranging (lidar) measurements of canopy cover, canopy surface heterogeneity, and upper canopy surface connectivity, were combined with an index of the presence of the barred owl, a competitive invasive species, to evaluate forest cover type selection by northern spotted owls in Oregon. Spotted owls selected activity centers having more canopy cover and greater heterogeneity of the canopy surface. Activity center selection was not distinctly influenced by the index of barred owl presence. However the barred owl index may have been too spatially coarse to detect these effects on spotted owl resource selection. Competition with barred owls has increased northern spotted owl territory extinction probabilities across all northern spotted owl study areas and there is evidence that barred owl presence has driven recent declines in Spotted Owl populations. A pilot study in California showed that removal of barred owls coupled with conservation of suitable habitat conditions can slow or even reverse population declines of spotted owls. A barred owl removal experiment has been initiated at three sites in Oregon and Washington. Results suggest that in the short term, barred owl removal can be effective. Over longer time spans, however, maintaining or improving habitat conditions can help promote the persistence of northern spotted owl populations and habitat may have greater effect than barred owl removal. Changes to the fire regime in boreal Alaska are shifting the ratio of coniferous to deciduous dominance on the landscape. The increase in aspen and birch may have important effects on predatory hymenopteran assemblages by providing a source of extrafloral nectar and increasing prey availability. Furthermore, fire-induced changes in successional age alter habitat structure and microclimate in ways that may favor ants. This study is the first to characterize the influence of fire-related vegetation changes on boreal predatory hymenopteran assemblages. Conserving tidal-marsh bird communities requires strategies to address continuing pressures from human development to the effects of increasing rates of sea-level rise. A regional marsh bird survey was used to develop Bayesian network models to identify factors that influence patch-scale species density and to estimate regional population sizes in the northeastern United States. Old-growth coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest have the capacity to store large amounts of carbon for multiple centuries. To better understand ecosystem fluxes of carbon and water, the cohort-based Ecosystem Demography Model 2 (ED2) was applied to an old-growth Douglas-fir⿿western hemlock stand in western Washington. Simulations indicated the mediating role of soil water on stomatal conductance and carbon assimilation with implications for increased drought frequency. Regional elk nutrition and habitat use models were developed and validated for the mesic forest summer ranges in western Oregon and Washington. The modeling studies focused on predicting dietary digestible energy (DDE) with vegetation data and elk foraging experiments. Our final regional habitat use model revealed that elk preferred habitats relatively high in DDE, far from roads, close to edges, and on gentle slopes. Plants operate along a continuum of stringency of regulation of plant water potential from isohydry to anisohydry. A global database was compiled and used to assess the global patterns of metrics and proxies of plant iso/anisohydry. Wood density in particular emerged as central to a PARTICIPANTS: Forsman, Eric; Grant, Gordon; Hollingsworth, Teresa; Kim, John; Lesmeister, Damon; Lorenz, Teresa; Marcot, Burce; Meinzer, Frederick; Raphael, Martin; Rowland, Mary; Wisdom, Mike TARGET AUDIENCES: This line of fundamental and applied research under problem 1 addresses information needs of the science community but also practitioners in both land management agencies and regulatory agencies responsible for species conservation or restoration. It is targeting information needs that span federal, state, tribal and private lands. Particular users include the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Oregon Department of Forestry, US Forest Service Regions 10, 6, and 5; the forest industry sponsored National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (NCASI) and a broad scientific community including the NSF-sponsored Long-term Ecological Research program, the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), and the Critical Zone Observatory Network.

Impacts
The importance of mature forests with dense and heterogeneous cover to Northern Spotted Owl (NSO) habitat is affirmed. Lidar technology provides researchers and managers wit with a tool that can accurately measure forest canopies over large areas, and assists in mapping spotted owl habitat. Monitoring of NSO as part of the Northwest Forest Plan has successfully continued and these recent findings are being leveraged into a 25-year summary report being prepared for publication in 2020 ⿿ in time to inform potential forest plan amendment or revision across 17 National Forests in Washington, Oregon and northern California. Initial studies of barred owl removal suggest how intensive management actions (removal of a competitor) with rapid results can complement a slower management action (i.e., promoting forest succession) for the conservation of northern spotted owls. The initial findings have informed a decision by federal agencies to continue the barred owl removal experiment for at least one more year. Private lands in mixed-ownership landscapes may contribute to spotted owl conservation by conferring different benefits to owls than public lands and, more broadly, highlight the importance of including private lands in conservation research and planning. Shifts in boreal vegetation related to climate warming will result in changes to the predaceous insect community, with ants responding positively to disturbance and wasps responding positively to an increase in the representation of aspen on the landscape. This illustrates the fundamental shifts occurring throughout foodwebs of boreal ecosystems with climate and disturbance related shifts in vegetation composition. Abundance estimates of northeastern tidal marsh bird species can be used to identify priority conservation areas at multiple geographic scales and our models help identify key habitat and landscape components for tidal-marsh restoration and management to benefit tidal-marsh birds and can be modified for other species. The application of the ED2 model to Wind River old-growth forests provides an important indicator of the potential importance of cohort-based model in simulating forest with complex structure, and to lay the foundation for applying this cohort-based model at regional scales across the Pacific Northwest. Quantification of tree species⿿ operating ranges along a continuum of iso/anisohydry and identification of associated trade-offs among functional traits may hold promise for mechanistic modeling of species-specific responses to the anticipated more frequent and severe droughts under global climate change scenarios. State and federal wildlife managers are using our newly developed models to predict habitat conditions and elk distributions in response to habitat alteration in the mesic forest types of western Oregon and Washington.

Publications

  • Jenkins, Julianna M. A.; Lesmeister, Damon B.; and Davis, Raymond J. 2019.  Resource selection analysis. Chapter 12 in Quantitative Analyses in Wildlife Science. Leonard A. Brennan, Andrew N. Tri, and Bruce G. Marcot Eds. Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, MD. USA. 19 pages.
  • Kantor, Sylvia; Moriarty, Katie. 2019. Searching for Martens in Coastal Oregon. Science Findings 215. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 5 p.
  • Kirkland, John; Lorenz, Teresa J.; Raphael, Martin. 2019. Inside their hidden world: Tracking the elusive marbled murrelet. Science Findings 213. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 5 p.
  • Lesmeister, Damon B.; Sovern, Stan G.; Davis, Raymond J.; Bell, David M.; Gregory, Matthew J.; Vogeler, Jody C. 2019. Mixed⿐severity wildfire and habitat of an old⿐forest obligate. Ecosphere. 10(4): e02696-. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2696.
  • Linnell, Mark A; Lesmeister, Damon B; Bailey, John D; Forsman, Eric D; Swingle, James K. 2018. Response of arboreal rodents to increased availability of nest substrates in young forests. Journal of Mammalogy. 99(5): 1174-1182. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy111.
  • Hobart, Brendan K.; Jones, Gavin M.; Roberts, Kevin N.; Dotters, Brian P.; Whitmore, Sheila A.; Berigan, William J.; Raphael, Martin G.; Keane, John J.; Gutiérrez, R.J.; Peery, M. Zachariah. 2019. Trophic interactions mediate the response of predator populations to habitat change. Biological Conservation. 238: 108217-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108217.
  • Lorenz, Teresa J.; Raphael, Martin G.; Bloxton, Thomas D. 2019. Nesting behavior of Marbled Murrelets Brachyramphus marmoratus in Washington and British Columbia. Marine Ornithology. 47(2): 157⿿166.
  • Hobart, Brendan K.; Roberts, Kevin N.; Dotters, Brian P.; Berigan, William J.; Whitmore, Sheila A.; Raphael, Martin G.; Keane, John J.; Gutiérrez, R.J.; Peery, M. Zachariah. 2019. Site occupancy and reproductive dynamics of California spotted owls in a mixed-ownership landscape. Forest Ecology and Management. 437: 188-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.01.028.
  • Jenkins, Julianna M. A.; Lesmeister, Damon B.; Wiens, J. David; Kane, Jonathan T.; Kane, Van R.; Verschuyl, Jake. 2019. Three-dimensional partitioning of resources by congeneric forest predators with recent sympatry. Scientific Reports. 9(1): 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42426-0.
  • Marcot, Bruce G.; Reynolds, Keith M. 2019. EMDS has a GeNIe with a SMILE. Res. Note. PNW-RN-581. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 4 p.
  • Price, Amy L; Mowdy, Jason S; Swingle, James K; Forsman, Eric D. 2015. Distribution and Abundance of Tree Voles in the Northern Coast Ranges of Oregon. Northwestern Naturalist. 96(1): 37-49. https://doi.org/10.1898/NWN14-04.1.
  • Rastogi, Bharat; Berkelhammer, Max; Wharton, Sonia; Whelan, Mary E.; Meinzer, Frederick C.; Noone, David; Still, Christopher J. 2018. Ecosystem fluxes of carbonyl sulfide in an old-growth forest: temporal dynamics and responses to diffuse radiation and heat waves. Biogeosciences. 15(23): 7127-7139. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7127-2018.
  • Ratzmann, Gregor; Meinzer, Frederick C.; Tietjen, Britta. 2019. Iso/anisohydry: Still a useful concept. Trends in Plant Science. 24(3): 191-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2019.01.001.
  • Rowland, M.M.; Wisdom, M.J.; Nielson, R.M.; Cook, J.G.; Cook, R.C.; Johnson, B.K.; Coe, P.K; Hafer, J.M.; Naylor, B.J.; Vales, D.J.; Anthony, R.G.; Cole, E.K.; Danilson, C.D.; Davis, R.W.; Geyer, F.; Harris, S; Irwin, L L.; McCoy, R.; Pope, M.D.; Sager-Fradkin, K.; Vavra, M. 2018. Modeling elk nutrition and habitat use in Western Oregon and Washington. Wildlife Monographs. 199(1): 1-102. https://doi.org/10.1002/wmon.1033.
  • Sovern, Stan G.; Lesmeister, Damon B.; Dugger, Katie M.; Pruett, M. Shane; Davis, Raymond J.; Jenkins, Julianna M. 2019. Activity center selection by northern spotted owls. The Journal of Wildlife Management. 83(3): 714-727. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21632.
  • Tri, A.N.; Marcot, B.G.; Brennan, L.A. 2019. Summary and synthesis: looking to the future. In: Quantitative analyses in wildlife science. Brennan, L. A., A. N. Tri, and B. G. Marcot, eds. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. Chapter 17.
  • Watts, Andrea; Grant, Gordon; Major, Jon. 2019. The Spirit Lake dilemma: Engineering a solution for a lake with a problematic outlet. Science Findings 218. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 5 p.
  • Watts, Andrea; Wondzell, Steve; Johnson, Sherri; Argerich, Alba. 2018. Counting carbon: Calculating how headwater streams contribute to the carbon cycle. Science Findings 212. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 5 p.
  • Weldy, Matthew J.; Epps, Clinton W.; Lesmeister, Damon B.; Manning, Tom; Linnell, Mark A.; Forsman, Eric D. 2019. Abundance and ecological associations of small mammals. The Journal of Wildlife Management. 83(4): 902-915. https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21641.
  • Wenninger, Alexandria; Hollingsworth, Teresa; Wagner, Diane. 2019. Predatory hymenopteran assemblages in boreal Alaska: associations with forest composition and post-fire succession. ÿcoscience. 26(3): 205-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2018.1564484.
  • Yackulic, Charles B.; Bailey, Larissa L.; Dugger, Katie M.; Davis, Raymond J.; Franklin, Alan B.; Forsman, Eric D.; Ackers, Steven H.; Andrews, Lawrence S.; Diller, Lowell V.; Gremel, Scott A.; Hamm, Keith A.; Herter, Dale R.; Higley, J. Mark; Horn, Rob B.; McCafferty, Christopher; Reid, Janice A.; Rockweit, Jeremy T.; Sovern, Stan G. 2019. The past and future roles of competition and habitat in the range⿐wide occupancy dynamics of Northern Spotted Owls. Ecological Applications. 29(3): e01861-. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1861.
  • Adelfio, Luca A.; Wondzell, Steven M.; Mantua, Nathan J.; Reeves, Gordon H. 2019. Warm winters reduce landscape-scale variability in the duration of egg incubation for coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) on the Copper River Delta, Alaska. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 76(8): 1362-1375. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0152.
  • Brennan, L.A.; Tri, A.N.; Marcot, B.G. 2019. Causal modeling and the role of expert knowledge. In: Brennan, L. A., A. N. Tri, and B. G. Marcot, editors. Quantitative analyses in wildlife science. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. 8-18. Chapter 1.
  • Brennan, L.A.; Tri, A.N.; Marcot, B.G. 2019. Quantitative analyses in wildlife science. Brennan, L. A., A. N. Tri, and B. G. Marcot, editors. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. 344 pgs.
  • Dong, Zheng; Driscoll, Charles T.; Johnson, Sherri L.; Campbell, John L.; Pourmokhtarian, Afshin; Stoner, Anne M.K.; Hayhoe, Katharine. 2019. Projections of water, carbon, and nitrogen dynamics under future climate change in an old-growth Douglas-fir forest in the western Cascade Range using a biogeochemical model. Science of The Total Environment. 656: 608-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.377.
  • Fu, Xiaoli; Meinzer, Frederick C. 2018. Metrics and proxies for stringency of regulation of plant water status (iso/anisohydry): a global data set reveals coordination and trade-offs among water transport traits. Tree Physiology. 39(1): 122-134. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpy087.
  • Grant, Gordon. 2017. Full-Rip 9.0: The Next Big Earthquake in the Pacific Northwest Full-Rip 9.0: The Next Big Earthquake in the Pacific Northwest by Sandi Doughton , Sasquatch Books, Seattle, WA. ISBN 978-1-570-61855-0. 288 Pp. Northwest Science. 91(1): 100-101. https://doi.org/10.3955/046.091.0111.
  • Hessburg, Paul F.; Miller, Carol L.; Parks, Sean A.; Povak, Nicholas A.; Taylor, Alan H.; Higuera, Philip E.; Prichard, Susan J.; North, Malcolm P.; Collins, Brandon M.; Hurteau, Matthew D.; Larson, Andrew J.; Allen, Craig D.; Stephens, Scott L.; Rivera-Huerta, Hiram; Stevens-Rumann, Camille S.; Daniels, Lori D.; Gedalof, Ze'ev; Gray, Robert W.; Kane, Van R.; Churchill, Derek J.; Hagmann, R. Keala; Spies, Thomas A.; Cansler, C. Alina; Belote, R. Travis; Veblen, Thomas T.; Battaglia, Mike A.; Hoffman, Chad; Skinner, Carl N.; Safford, Hugh D.; Salter, R. Brion. 2019. Climate, environment, and disturbance history govern resilience of Western North American forests. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7: 11770. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00239


Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17

Outputs
OUTPUTS: 1. A small headwater stream in the western Cascades was shown to be a significant exporter of carbon to the atmosphere and the river network to which it is connected, exporting a substantial amount of terrestrial organic carbon despite representing less than 1 percent the watershed. Because headwater streams are approximately 90 percent of the total global river length, small streams collectively might substantially contribute to the transformation and export of carbon with repercussions for the global carbon cycle. 2. Habitat selection by elk that confers fitness reflects the role of the energy landscape. Animals may partially overcome environmental constraints on fitness by behaviorally adjusting their exposure to costs and supplies of energy on a landscape. Both birth size of offspring as well the fitness of lactating females entering the winter season were found to be reflective of energy-efficient habitat use choices in an energy-diverse landscape. 3. Declines in native pollinators, especially bees, is of major concern in the U.S. and globally but little is known about how to effectively manage habitats used by large herbivorous mammals, such as cattle or elk, in ways that also enhance native pollinators. A study at Starkey Experimental Forest and Range has revealed considerable overlap in the diets of elk and native bees. 4. Water availability is a primary limiting factor in many terrestrial ecosystems. Maximizing water transport enhances carbon assimilation and can provide plants with a competitive advantage. Unregulated water transport, however, can lead to disruptions (embolisms) in the continuum of water being transported through the tree resulting in a decreased water supply to the foliage. This tradeoff between maximizing water transport and minimizing the risk of xylem embolism has led to the development of a variety of hydraulic mechanisms to maximize efficiency and reduce vulnerability. We have demonstrated that these principles and processes of canopy hydraulics vary among contrasting tree types, across organs and species, and their plasticity across environmental gradients and will likely play a major role in species adaptation to a changing climate. 5. Effective rooting depth, or depth of water uptake, can affect tree productivity and the length of the growing season, in addition to playing an important role in determining drought stress, plant competition, soil formation, and climate. Depth of water uptake by trees on shale-derived soils in a central Pennsylvania catchment was studied to assess the contribution of deep roots to overall forest water use. The majority of water uptake during the dry part of the growing season occurred, on average, at less than about 60 cm soil depth throughout the catchment. The lack of deep root function found in this study may have implications for other humid temperate forested areas and their adaptability to future climate change scenarios that may involve increased frequency and severity of drought. PARTICIPANTS: PNW Scientists: Sherri Johnson, Steve Wondzell, Mike Wisdom, Mary Rowland, Brian Dick, Todd Wilson, David Woodruff, Rick Meinzer, Oregon State University, National Science Foundation, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, TARGET AUDIENCES: Forest ecologists, tree physiologists, landscape ecologists, resource managers and planners; federal and state wildlife agencies; wildlife scientists; conservation biologists; vegetation and climate modelers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: Ongoing study

Impacts
1. This detailed assessment of carbon efflux and transport from small headwater streams provides foundational information on to calculate carbon storage in Pacific Northwest Forests that will be essential to future polices for carbon management, including requirement for carbon consideration in national forest planning under the 2012 planning rule. 2. New elk nutrition and habitat use models incorporating the concepts of the energy landscape have been formally adopted by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management for management use in western Oregon and Washington. Similar models are being completed for use in northeast Oregon, southeast Washington, north-central Idaho, and western Montana. 3. Managing for ecosystem services provided by bees, especially in restoration efforts, will require careful consideration of potential impacts of herbivores such as elk on floral resources in space and time and may involve policy should populations of native bees continue to be vulnerable. 4. An increased understanding of the hydraulic mechanisms provides insight into ways that trees are affected by, and the degree to which they may acclimate to rapidly changing climatic conditions. This knowledge is foundational to development of detailed process models that have utility in predicting potential ecosystem responses to climate and climate⿿related stresses. 5. Characterization of depth of soil water extraction by trees may be important to informing hydrologic process models and provide foundational scientific understanding to issues of forest productivity, resilience and adaptation.

Publications

  • Eberhardt, Thomas L.; So, Chi-Leung; Labbé, Nicole; Leduc, Daniel J.; Warren, Jeffrey M. 2016. Changes in bark composition from long-term elevated CO2 treatment: Implications for the management of sweetgum as a wood energy crop. In: Proceedings of the 18th biennial southern silvicultural research conference. e-Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-212. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 3 p.
  • Falke, Jeffrey A.; Flitcroft, Rebecca L.; Dunham, Jason B.; McNyset, Kristina M.; Hessburg, Paul F.; Reeves, Gordon H.; Marshall, C. Tara 2015. Climate change and vulnerability of bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus ) in a fire-prone landscape. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 72(2): 304-318.
  • Fischer, A. Paige; Spies, Thomas A; Steelman, Toddi A; Moseley, Cassandra; Johnson, Bart R; Bailey, John D; Ager, Alan A; Bourgeron, Patrick; Charnley, Susan; Collins, Brandon M; Kline, Jeffrey D; Leahy, Jessica E; Littell, Jeremy S; Millington, James DA; Nielsen-Pincus, Max; Olsen, Christine S; Paveglio, Travis B; Roos, Christopher I; Steen-Adams, Michelle M; Stevens, Forrest R; Vukomanovic, Jelena; White, Eric M; Bowman, David M. J. S. 2016. Pathology of wildfire risk: A characterization of social and ecological dimensions. Research Brief 11. Northwest Fire Science Consortium. 2 p.
  • Fischer, A. Paige; Vance-Borland, Ken; Burnett, Kelly M.; Hummel, Susan; Creighton, Janean H.; Johnson, Sherri L.; Jasny, Lorien. 2014. Does the social capital in networks of ⿿fish and fire⿝ scientists and managers suggest learning? Society & Natural Resources: An International Journal. 27(7): 671-688.
  • Flitcroft, Rebecca L.; Lewis, Sarah L.; Arismendi, Ivan; LovellFord, Rachel; Santelmann, Mary V.; Safeeq, Mohammad; Grant, Gordon; Young, Kyle A. 2016. Linking hydroclimate to fish phenology and habitat use with ichthyographs. PLOS ONE. 11(12): e0168831-. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168831.
  • Foley, M. M.; Bellmore, J. Ryan; O'Connor, J. E.; Duda, J. J.; East, A. E.; Grant, Gordon E.; Anderson, C. W.; Bountry, J. A.; Collins, M. J.; Connolly, P. J.; Craig, L. S.; Evans, J. E.; Greene, S. L.; Magilligan, F. J.; Magirl, C. S.; Major, J. J.; Pess, G. R.; Randle, T. J.; Shafroth, P. B.; Torgersen, C. E.; Tullos, D.; Wilcox, A. C. 2017. Dam removal: Listening in. Water Resources Research. 53(7): 5229-5246. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020457.
  • Follstad Shah, Jennifer J.; Kominoski, John S.; Ardón, Marcelo; Dodds, Walter K.; Gessner, Mark O.; Griffiths, Natalie A.; Hawkins, Charles P.; Johnson, Sherri L.; Lecerf, Antoine; LeRoy, Carri J.; Manning, David W. P.; Rosemond, Amy D.; Sinsabaugh, Robert L.; Swan, Christopher M.; Webster, Jackson R.; Zeglin, Lydia H. 2017.Global synthesis of the temperature sensitivity of leaf litter breakdown in streams and rivers. Global Change Biology. 23(8): 3064-3075. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13609.
  • Forsman, Eric D.; Swingle, James K.; Davis, Raymond J.; Biswell, Brian L.; Andrews, Lawrence S. 2016. Tree voles: an evaluation of their distribution and habitat relationships based on recent and historical studies, habitat models, and vegetation change. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-948. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 119 p.
  • Franklin, Jerry F.; Spies, Thomas A.; Swanson, Frederick J. 2017. Setting the stage: Vegetation ecology and dynamics. In: Olson, Deanna H.; Van Horne, Beatrice, eds. People, forests, and change: Lessons from the Pacific Northwest. Washington, DC: Island Press: 16-32. Chapter 2.
  • Grant, Gordon E.; Lewis, Sarah L.; Stewart, Gregory [and others]. 2015. Sediment problems and consequences during temporary drawdown of a large flood control reservoir for environmental retrofitting. In: Lollino, G.; Arattano, M.; Rinaldi, M. [and others]. eds. Engineering Geology for Society and Territory: River basins, reservoir sedimentation and water resources. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing Switzerland: 27-30.
  • Green, Gregory A; Sacks, Benjamin N; Erickson, Leonard J; Aubry, Keith B 2017. Genetic characteristics of red foxes In northeastern Oregon. Northwestern Naturalist. 98(2): 73-81.
  • Groom, Jeremiah D.; Johnson, Sherri L.; Seeds, Joshua D.; Ice, George G. 2017. Evaluating links between forest harvest and stream temperature threshold exceedances: the value of spatial and temporal data. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 53(4): 761-773.
  • Harris, S.H,; Barnard, J.C. 2017. Understory plant development in artificial canopy gaps in an 81-year-old forest stand on Chichagof Island, southeast Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-609. Portland, OR. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 26 p.
  • Havron, Andrea; Goldfinger, Chris; Henkel, Sarah; Marcot, Bruce G.; Romsos, Chris; Gilbane, Lisa 2017. Mapping marine habitat suitability and uncertainty of Bayesian networks: a case study using Pacific benthic macrofauna. Ecosphere. 8(7): e01859-. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1859.
  • Hayward, Gregory D.; Colt, Steve; McTeague, Monica L.; Hollingsworth, Teresa N. 2017. Introduction. In: Hayward, Gregory H.; Colt, Steve; McTeague, Monica L.; Hollingsworth, Teresa N., eds. Climate change vulnerability assessment for the Chugach National Forest and the Kenai Peninsula. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-950. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 1-20. Chapter 1.
  • Hollingsworth, Teresa; Barrett, Tara; Bella, Elizabeth; Berman, Matthew; Carlson, Matthew; Clark, Paul; DeVelice, Robert L.; Hayward, Greg; Lundquist, John; Magness, Dawn; Schwörer, Tobias. 2017. Vegetation. In: Hayward, Gregory H.; Colt, Steve; McTeague, Monica L.; Hollingsworth, Teresa N., eds. Climate change vulnerability assessment for the Chugach National Forest and the Kenai Peninsula. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-950. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 163-264. Chapter 6.
  • Ishii, H. Roaki; Sillett, Stephen C.; Carroll, Allyson L. 2017.Crown dynamics and wood production of Douglas-fir trees in an old-growth forest. Forest Ecology and Management. 384: 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.10.047.
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Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
OUTPUTS: 1. A small headwater stream in the western Cascades was shown to be a significant exporter of carbon to the atmosphere and the river network to which it is connected, exporting a substantial amount of terrestrial organic carbon despite representing less than 1 percent the watershed. Because headwater streams are approximately 90 percent of the total global river length, small streams collectively might substantially contribute to the transformation and export of carbon with repercussions for the global carbon cycle. 2. Habitat selection by elk that confers fitness reflects the role of the energy landscape. Animals may partially overcome environmental constraints on fitness by behaviorally adjusting their exposure to costs and supplies of energy on a landscape. Both birth size of offspring as well the fitness of lactating females entering the winter season were found to be reflective of energy-efficient habitat use choices in an energy-diverse landscape. 3. Declines in native pollinators, especially bees, is of major concern in the U.S. and globally but little is known about how to effectively manage habitats used by large herbivorous mammals, such as cattle or elk, in ways that also enhance native pollinators. A study at Starkey Experimental Forest and Range has revealed considerable overlap in the diets of elk and native bees. 4. Water availability is a primary limiting factor in many terrestrial ecosystems. Maximizing water transport enhances carbon assimilation and can provide plants with a competitive advantage. Unregulated water transport, however, can lead to disruptions (embolisms) in the continuum of water being transported through the tree resulting in a decreased water supply to the foliage. This tradeoff between maximizing water transport and minimizing the risk of xylem embolism has led to the development of a variety of hydraulic mechanisms to maximize efficiency and reduce vulnerability. We have demonstrated that these principles and processes of canopy hydraulics vary among contrasting tree types, across organs and species, and their plasticity across environmental gradients and will likely play a major role in species adaptation to a changing climate. 5. Effective rooting depth, or depth of water uptake, can affect tree productivity and the length of the growing season, in addition to playing an important role in determining drought stress, plant competition, soil formation, and climate. Depth of water uptake by trees on shale-derived soils in a central Pennsylvania catchment was studied to assess the contribution of deep roots to overall forest water use. The majority of water uptake during the dry part of the growing season occurred, on average, at less than about 60 cm soil depth throughout the catchment. The lack of deep root function found in this study may have implications for other humid temperate forested areas and their adaptability to future climate change scenarios that may involve increased frequency and severity of drought. PARTICIPANTS: PNW Scientists: Sherri Johnson, Steve Wondzell, Mike Wisdom, Mary Rowland, Brian Dick, Todd Wilson, David Woodruff, Rick Meinzer Oregon State University, National Science Foundation, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, TARGET AUDIENCES: Forest ecologists, tree physiologists, landscape ecologists, resource managers and planners; federal and state wildlife agencies; wildlife scientists; conservation biologists; vegetation and climate modelers PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: None

Impacts
1. This detailed assessment of carbon efflux and transport from small headwater streams provides foundational information on to calculate carbon storage in Pacific Northwest Forests that will be essential to future polices for carbon management, including requirement for carbon consideration in national forest planning under the 2012 planning rule. 2. New elk nutrition and habitat use models incorporating the concepts of the energy landscape have been formally adopted by the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management for management use in western Oregon and Washington. Similar models are being completed for use in northeast Oregon, southeast Washington, north-central Idaho, and western Montana. 3. Managing for ecosystem services provided by bees, especially in restoration efforts, will require careful consideration of potential impacts of herbivores such as elk on floral resources in space and time and may involve policy should populations of native bees continue to be vulnerable. 4. An increased understanding of the hydraulic mechanisms provides insight into ways that trees are affected by, and the degree to which they may acclimate to rapidly changing climatic conditions. This knowledge is foundational to development of detailed process models that have utility in predicting potential ecosystem responses to climate and climate⿿related stresses. 5. Characterization of depth of soil water extraction by trees may be important to informing hydrologic process models and provide foundational scientific understanding to issues of forest productivity, resilience and adaptation.

Publications

  • Willig, Michael R.; Walker, Lawrence R. 2016. Long-term ecological research: changing the nature of scientists. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199380213

  • Allen, Scott T.; Keim, Richard F.; McDonnell, Jeffrey J. 2015. Spatial patterns of throughfall isotopic composition at the event and seasonal timescales. Journal of Hydrology: 58-66.
  • Anderegg, William R.L.; Meinzer, Frederick C. 2015. Wood anatomy and plant hydraulics in a changing climate. In: U. Hacke (ed.), Functional and ecological xylem anatomy. Springer International Publishing Switzerland: 235-253. Chapter 9.
  • Andersen, Kelly M.; Naylor, Bridgett J.; Endress, Bryan A.; Parks, Catherine G. 2015. Contrasting distribution patterns of invasive and naturalized non-native species along environmental gradients in a semi-arid montane ecosystem. Applied Vegetation Science. 18: 683-693.
  • Argerich, Alba; Haggerty, Roy; Johnson, Sherri L.; Wondzell, Steven M.; Dosch, Nicholas; Corson-Rikert, Hayley; Ashkenas, Linda R.; Pennington, Robert; Thomas, Christoph K. 2016. Comprehensive multiyear carbon budget of a temperate headwater stream. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 121(5): 10 pages.: 1306-1315.
  • Atwood, Todd C.; Marcot, Bruce G.; Douglas, David C.; Amstrup, Steven C.; Rode, Karyn D.; Durner, George M.; Bromaghin, Jeffrey F. 2016. Forecasting the relative influence of environmental and anthropogenic stressors on polar bears. Ecosphere, Vol. 7(6): e01370-.
  • Batavia, Chelsea; Nelson, Michael Paul 2016. Heroes or thieves? The ethical grounds for lingering concerns about new conservation. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences.
  • Brodie, N.; Goodrich, C.; Swanson, F.J., eds. 2016. Forest under story: creative inquiry in an old-growth forest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 251 p.
  • Celis, Jessica. 2015. A trait based approach to understanding meadow species abundance over a conifer encroachment gradient. Northwest Oregon Ecology Group Newsletter. 14: 3.
  • Celis, Jessica. 2015. Consequences of limited light availability on flower production of meadow communities in the Pacific Northwest USA. Northwest Oregon Ecology Group Newsletter. 14: 5-6.
  • Celis, Jessica. 2015. The role of intraspecific functional trait variation in the differential decline of meadow species following conifer encroachment. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 66 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Davis, Raymond J.; Hollen, Bruce; Hobson, Jeremy; Gower, Julia E.; Keenum, David. 2016. Northwest Forest Plan⿿the first 20 years (1994-2013): status and trends of northern spotted owl habitats. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-929. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 54 p.
  • Drapek, Raymond J.; Kim, John B.; Neilson, Ronald P. 2015. The Dynamic General Vegetation Model MC1 over the United States and Canada at a 5-arcminute resolution: model inputs and outputs. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-904. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 57 p.
  • Dunham, Jason B.; White, Rollie; Allen, Chris S.; Marcot, Bruce G.; Shively, Dan. 2016. The reintroduction landscape: finding success at the intersection of ecological, social, and institutional dimensions: Chapter 5. In: D. S. Jachowski, J. J. Millspaugh, P. L. Angermeier, and R. Slotow, editors. Reintroduction of fish and wildlife populations. University of California Press, Berkeley, California: 79-103. Chapter 5.
  • Dunk, Jeffrey R.; Woodbridge, Brian; Glenn, Elizabeth M.; Davis, Raymond J.; Fitzgerald, Katherine; Henson, Paul; LaPlante, David W.; Marcot, Bruce G.; Noon, Barry R.; Raphael, Martin G.; Schumaker, Nathan H.; White, Brendan. 2015. The scientific basis for modeling Northern Spotted Owl habitat: A response to Loehle, Irwin, Manly, and Merrill. Forest Ecology and Management. 358: 355⿿360.
  • Edwards, Patrick M.; Goffredo, Stefano 2016. The value of long-term stream invertebrate data collected by citizen scientists. PLOS ONE, Vol. 11(4): e0153713-.
  • Evaristo, Jaivime; Jasechko, Scott; McDonnell, Jeffrey J. 2015. Global separation of plant transpiration from groundwater and streamflow. Nature, Vol. 525(7567): 4 pages.: 91-94.
  • Finch, Deborah M.; Boyce, Douglas A., Jr.; Chambers, Jeanne C.; Colt, Chris J.; Dumroese, R. Kasten; Kitchen, Stanley G.; McCarthy, Clinton; Meyer, Susan E.; Richardson, Bryce A.; Rowland, Mary M.; Rumble, Mark A.; Schwartz, Michael K.; Tomosy, Monica S.; Wisdom, Michael J. 2016. Conservation and restoration of sagebrush ecosystems and sage-grouse: An assessment of USDA Forest Service Science. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-348. Fort Collins, CO; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 54 p.
  • Finch, Deborah; Boyce, Douglas; Chambers, Jeanne; Colt, Chris; McCarthy, Clint; Kitchen, Stanley; Richardson, Bryce; Rowland, Mary; Rumble, Mark; Schwartz, Michael; Tomosy, Monica; Wisdom, Michael. 2015. USDA Forest Service Sage-Grouse Conservation Science Strategy. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 39 p.
  • Flitcroft, Rebecca L.; Falke, Jeffrey A.; Reeves, Gordon H.; Hessburg, Paul F.; McNyset, Kris M.; Benda, Lee E. 2016. Wildfire may increase habitat quality for spring Chinook salmon in the Wenatchee River subbasin, WA, USA. Forest Ecology and Management. 359: 126-140.
  • Fortin, Jennifer K.; Rode, Karyn D.; Hilderbrand, Grant V.; Wilder, Jim; Farley, Sean; Jorgensen, Carole; Marcot, Bruce G. 2016. Impacts of Human Recreation on Brown Bears (Ursus arctos): A Review and New Management Tool. PLOS ONE 11(1): e0141983. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141983
  • Frey, Sarah J. K.; Hadley, Adam S.; Johnson, Sherri L.; Schulze, Mark; Jones, Julia A.; Betts, Matthew. G. 2016. Spatial models reveal the microclimatic buffering capacity of old-growth forests. Science Advances. 2(4): 9 pages.: e1501392-e1501392.
  • Frey, Sarah J.K.; Hadley, Adam S.; Betts, Matthew G.; Robertson, Mark. 2016. Microclimate predicts within-season distribution dynamics of montane forest birds. Diversity and Distributions. 22(9): 16 pages.: 944-959.
  • Gompper, Matthew E.; Lesmeister, Damon B.; Ray, Justina C.; Malcolm, Jay R.; Kays, Roland; Reed, Aaron W. 2016. Differential habitat use or intraguild interactions: What structures a carnivore community? PLOS ONE. 11(1): e0146055-.
  • Halpern, Charles B.; Antos, Joseph A.; McKenzie, Donald; Olson, Annette M.; Souza, Lara. 2015. Past tree influence and prescribed fire mediate biotic interactions and community reassembly in a grassland-restoration experiment. Journal of Applied Ecology. 53(1): 264-273.
  • Harmon, Mark E.; Fasth, Becky; Halpern, Charles B.; Lutz, James A. 2015. Uncertainty analysis: an evaluation metric for synthesis science. Ecosphere. 6(4): art63-.
  • Helderop, Edward. 2015. Diversity, generalization, and specialization in plant-pollinator networks of montane meadows, Western Cascades, Oregon. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 140 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Hessburg, Paul F.; Reynolds, Keith M.; Salter, R. Brion; Dickinson, James D.; Gaines, William L.; Harrod, Richy J. 2013. Landscape evaluation for restoration planning on the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, USA. Sustainability. 5(3): 805-840.
  • Hessburg, Paul F.; Spies, Thomas A.; Perry, David A.; Skinner, Carl N.; Taylor, Alan H.; Brown, Peter M.; Stephens, Scott L.; Larson, Andrew J.; Churchill, Derek J.; Povak, Nicholas A.; Singleton, Peter H.; McComb, Brenda; Zielinski, William J.; Collins, Brandon M.; Salter, R. Brion; Keane, John J.; Franklin, Jerry F.; Riegel, Greg 2016. Tamm Review: Management of mixed-severity fire regime forests in Oregon, Washington, and Northern California. Forest Ecology and Management. 366: 221-250.
  • Hessburg, Paul F.; Spies, Thomas A.; Perry, David A.; Skinner, Carl N.; Taylor, Alan H.; Brown, Peter M.; Stephens, Scott L.; Larson, Andrew J.; Churchill, Derek J.; Povak, Nicholas A.; Singleton, Peter H.; McComb, Brenda; Zielinski, William J.; Collins, Brandon M.; Salter, R. Brion; Keane, John J.; Franklin, Jerry F.; Riegel, Greg 2016. Tamm Review: Management of mixed-severity fire regime forests in Oregon, Washington, and Northern California. Forest Ecology and Management. 366: 221-250.
  • Jennings, Keith; Jones, Julia A. 2015. Precipitation-snowmelt timing and snowmelt augmentation of large peak flow events, western Cascades, Oregon. Water Resources Research. 51(9): 7649-7661.
  • Johnson, Daniel M.; Sherrard, Mark E.; Domec, Jean-Christophe; Jackson, Robert B. 2014. Role of aquaporin activity in regulating deep and shallow root hydraulic conductance during extreme drought. Trees. 28(5): 1323-1331.
  • Kerr, K. L.; Meinzer, F. C.; McCulloh, K. A.; Woodruff, D. R.; Marias, D. E. 2015. Expression of functional traits during seedling establishment in two populations of Pinus ponderosa from contrasting climates. Tree Physiology. 35(5): 535-548.
  • Lorenz, Teresa J; Vierling, Kerri T; Vogeler, Jody; Lonneker, Jeffrey; Aycrigg, Jocelyn. 2015. Incorporating shrub and snag specific LiDAR data into GAP wildlife models. Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management. 6(2): 437-447.
  • Lu, Xinda; Bottomley, Peter J.; Myrold, David D. 2015. Contributions of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria to nitrification in Oregon forest soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol. 85: 9 pages.: 54-62.
  • Marcot, Bruce G. 2016. Nocturnal Icons of a Natural History Observer The House of Owls , Tony Angell. Yale University Press, New Haven & London ( 2015). 203 pages. ISBN-13: 978-0300203448. Hardback $20.35, Kindle $14.99 (U.S.). . Northwest Science, Vol. 90(2): 2 pages.: 245-246.
  • Fu, Congsheng; Wang, Guiling; Goulden, Michael L.; Scott, Russell L.; Bible, Kenneth; G. Cardon, Zoe 2016. Combined measurement and modeling of the hydrological impact of hydraulic redistribution using CLM4.5 at eight AmeriFlux sites. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 20(5): 2001-2018.
  • Gaines, Katie P.; Stanley, Jane W.; Meinzer, Frederick C.; McCulloh, Katherine A.; Woodruff, David R.; Chen, Weile; Adams, Thomas S.; Lin, Henry; Eissenstat, David M.; Phillips, Nathan 2015. Reliance on shallow soil water in a mixed-hardwood forest in central Pennsylvania. Tree Physiology. 36(4): 444-458.
  • McCulloh, Katherine A.; Johnson, Daniel M.; Petitmermet, Joshua; McNellis, Brandon; Meinzer, Frederick C.; Lachenbruch, Barbara; Phillips, Nathan 2015. A comparison of hydraulic architecture in three similarly sized woody species differing in their maximum potential height. Tree Physiology. 35(7): 723-731.
  • Morano, Sabrina; Stewart, Kelley M.; Sedinger, James S.; Nicolai, Christopher A.; Vavra, Martin. 2013. Life-history strategies of North American elk: trade-offs associated with reproduction and survival. Journal of Mammalogy, Vol. 94(1): 11 pages.: 162-172.
  • Moriarty, Katie M.; Epps, Clinton W.; Zielinski, William J. 2016. Forest thinning changes movement patterns and habitat use by Pacific marten. The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 80(4): 13 pages.: 621-633.
  • Pineda-García, Fernando; Paz, Horacio; Meinzer, Frederick C.; Angeles, Guillermo; Goldstein, Guillermo. 2015. Exploiting water versus tolerating drought: water-use strategies of trees in a secondary successional tropical dry forest. Tree Physiology. 36: 208-217.
  • Roever, Carrie; Wisdom, Michael; Rowland, Mary; Vavra, Martin; DelCurto, Timothy. 2015. Modeling habitat selection across time: a dynamic approach [Abstract]. Ecological Society of America meeting 08/11/2015, Baltimore, MD. 1p.
  • Seipel, Tim; Alexander, Jake M.; Daehler, Curtis C.; Rew, Lisa J.; Edwards, Peter J.; Dar, Pervaiz A.; McDougall, Keith; Naylor, Bridgett; Parks, Catherine; Pollnac, Fredric W.; Reshi, Zafar A.; Schroder, Mel; Kueffer, Christoph; Pearman, Peter 2014. Performance of the herb Verbascum thapsus along environmental gradients in its native and non-native ranges . Journal of Biogeography. 42(1): 132-143.
  • Sparkes, Shantel N.; Merrill, Evelyn H.; Geary, Andrew B.; Mccorquodale, Scott M.; Rowland, Mary M. 2015. A comparative analysis of elk habitat selection and use at Mount St. Helens [Abstract]. Proceedings of the 11th Western States & Provinces Deer and Elk workshop. May 11-14, 2015, Canmore, Alberta. p. 47.
  • Swanson, Frederick J. 2015. Confluence of arts, humanities, and science at sites of long-term ecological inquiry. Ecosphere. 6(8): art132-.
  • Swingle, James K.; Forsman, Eric D., comps. 2016. Annotated bibliography of the red tree vole (Arborimus longicaudus), Sonoma tree vole (A. pomo), and white-footed vole (A. albipes). Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-909. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 179 p.
  • The Arts Center. 2016. ROT: The Afterlife of Trees. Corvallis, OR: printed by Shelton Turnbull. 51 p.
  • Vache, Kellie; Breuer, Lutz; Jones, Julia; Sollins, Phil 2015. Catchment-scale modeling of nitrogen dynamics in a temperate forested watershed, Oregon. An interdisciplinary communication strategy. Water. 7(10): 5345-5377.
  • Vizcarra, Natasha; Rowland, Mary; Vojta, Christina. 2016. Watching what widlife want and need. Science Findings 181. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 5 p.
  • Voelker, Steven L.; Brooks, J. Ren??e; Meinzer, Frederick C.; Anderson, Rebecca; Bader, Martin K.-F.; Battipaglia, Giovanna; Becklin, Katie M.; Beerling, David; Bert, Didier; Betancourt, Julio L.; Dawson, Todd E.; Domec, Jean-Christophe; Guyette, Richard P.; K??rner, Christian; Leavitt, Steven W.; Linder, Sune; Marshall, John D.; Mildner, Manuel; Og??e, J??r??me; Panyushkina, Irina; Plumpton, Heather J.; Pregitzer, Kurt S.; Saurer, Matthias; Smith, Andrew R.; Siegwolf, Rolf T. W.; Stambaugh, Michael C.; Talhelm, Alan F.; Tardif, Jacques C.; Van de Water, Peter K.; Ward, Joy K.; Wingate, Lisa 2016. A dynamic leaf gas-exchange strategy is conserved in woody plants under changing ambient CO 2 : evidence from carbon isotope discrimination in paleo and CO 2 enrichment studies . Global Change Biology. 22(2): 889-902.
  • Watts, Andrea; Grant, Gordon; Safeeq, Mohammad. 2016. Flows of the future⿿How will climate change affect streamflows in the Pacific Northwest? Science Findings 187. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 5 p.
  • Wilk, Randall J.; Raphael, Martin G.; Bloxton, Thomas D. 2016. Nesting habitat characteristics of Marbled Murrelets occurring in near-shore waters of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Journal of Field Ornithology. 87(2): 162-175.
  • Woodruff, D.R. 2014. The impacts of water stress on phloem transport in Douglas-fir trees. Tree Physiology, Vol. 34(1): 10 pages.: 5-14.
  • Woodruff, David R.; Meinzer, Frederick C.; Marias, Danielle E.; Sevanto, Sanna; Jenkins, Michael W.; McDowell, Nate G. 2014. Linking nonstructural carbohydrate dynamics to gas exchange and leaf hydraulic behavior in Pinus edulis and Juniperus monosperma . New Phytologist. 206(1): 411-421.
  • Woodruff, David R.; Meinzer, Frederick C.; McCulloh, Katherine A. 2016. Forest canopy hydraulics. In: Hikosaka, Kouki; Niinemets, ÿlo; Anten, Niels P. R., eds. Canopy photosynthesis: from basics to applications. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands: 187-217. Chapter 7.


Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
OUTPUTS: 1. Two alternative statistical methodologies were developed to assist in identifying temporal patterns of change in environmental regimes. The utility of these methods was demonstrated in the characterization of temporal variation stream temperatures for minimally and highly human-influenced streams to reveal historical trends, extreme events, and their ecological responses. 2. Using a stable isotope of nitrogen, a worldwide meta-analysis indicated that 15N tracers poorly reflected the presumed food sources of primary, predominantly invertebrate, consumers. The isotopic fraction was assimilated by consumers disproportionately to the representation of nitrogen fractions in the environment, leading to misinterpretation of food source composition and errors in estimation of actively cycling nitrogen pools. 3. Comparisons of the nutritional values for natural forages for black-tailed deer in Alaska indicate higher values for sun-grown than shade-grown forage during the summer; however, forage quality was highly variable within and across sites, shade conditions and seasons. 4. Molecular tools were effective in developing an exhaustive enumeration of soil fungi in spruce forests of interior Alaska numbering 1002 taxa. Closely related fungi were found to occupy distinctly different niches suggesting important roles for niche partitioning in community assembly and substantial uncertainty about how climate-related range shifts and extinctions may be reorganizing biodiversity. 5. Highly flammable and widespread black spruce forest in Alaska represents a boreal habitat that may be increasingly susceptible to nonnative plant invasion. Regional differences in soils and vegetation between burn complexes outweighed local burn severity or site moisture in determining the invisibility of burned black spruce sites. Reestablishment of native ground cover vegetation, including rapidly colonizing bryophytes, appear to offer burned areas a level of resistance to invasive plant establishment. 6. Resource selection functions for both summer and winter were developed for American marten (<em>Martes americana</em>) based on occurrence data collected in mesic and xeric forest habitats. In the mesic environment, marten resource selection was strongly tied to riparian habitats, whereas in the xeric environment, marten responded primarily to canopy cover and forest fragmentation. 7. The distribution and abundance of the threatened marbled murrelet (<em>Brachyramphus marmoratus</em>) in coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest indicated that terrestrial factors related to suitable nesting habitat made the strongest impact on at-sea hot spots, whereas marine factors explained less of the spatial and temporal variations in murrelet abundance. 8. Cattle and elk have variable effects on different plant guilds at managed versus unmanaged forest stands. Overall, cattle grazing tended to have a larger impact on herbaceous plants at managed stands, while elk grazing tended to have larger impact on woody plants at unmanaged stands. However, grazing only had minor impact on exotic plants dynamics, and cattle grazing did not favour exotic plants any more than did elk grazing or ungulate exclusion. 9. Postfire establishment in Douglas-fir/western hemlock forests of the central western Cascades historically was found to be a multi-decadal process. Limited regeneration in a short window did not necessarily lead to persistent shrublands. Rather, postfire forest development appears resilient to considerable variation in the fire regime and climatic and biotic constraints on tree establishment. 10. The level of basal area retention and forest floor disturbance in variable⿿retention harvests in western Oregon and Washington has significant impact on chipmunk (<em>Tamias</em> spp.) abundance, with as much as a 50-percent reduction in chipmunk density with a decrease in basal area to 15-percent of untreated. PARTICIPANTS: PNW EPF Scientists: Sherri Johnson, Keith Aubry, Todd Wilson, Brian Dick, Mike Wisdom, Thomas Hanley (Retired), Jeffrey Barnard, Paul F. Hessburg, Thomas Spies, Nicholas Povak, Brion R. Salter, Damon B. Lesmeister, Teresa Lorenz, Bruce Marcot, Frederick C. Meinzer, David R. Woodruff, Katie Moriarty, Bridgett J. Naylor, Martin G. Raphael, Frederick J. Swanson (Emeritus), Mary Rowland, Keith Reynolds, Randall Wilk, Teresa N. Hollingsworth. Cooperators: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Oregon State University, University of Washington, Bonanza Creek Long-Term Ecological Research program, H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest and LTER programs, Starkey Experimental Forest and Range program, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey, USFS Pacific Southwest Research Station, USFS Northern Research Station, USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station, USFS Southern Research Station, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. TARGET AUDIENCES: Wildlife biologists; conservation biologists; climate scientists; federal and private land managers, forest planners; hydrologists and water managers; Forest Service line officers.

Impacts
1. Increased understanding of the shape of empirical distributions for environmental variables by season or by year will help researchers and resource managers evaluate potential impacts of shifting environmental regimes and potentially anomalous events on organisms and processes across a range of disturbance types. 2. Researchers studying fundamental questions of ecosystem nitrogen cycling need to adopt correction methods when using 15N tracer technology. 3. Forage quality and selection data for Alaskan black-tailed deer have been incorporated into the FRESH-Deer model, which is being used by the U.S. Forest Service in habitat management planning of particular importance to subsistence hunting by local Alaskan communities. 4. Among eukaryotic organisms, diversity of Fungi may be equaled only by diversity of Insecta, yet our knowledge of this diversity and its relation to ecosystem function is very poorly understood, and our ability to account for this diversity in lands management or policy assessments is negligible. 5. Studies of post-burn invasion by nonnative plants in Alaskan black spruce forests is helping land managers identify boreal habitats vulnerable to invasive plants following disturbance. 6. A consistent analytical framework employed across multiple study areas and seasons allowed attribution of differences in marten habitat selection between the mesic and xeric sites to local adaptations. Multi-scale, spatially replicated studies such as this facilitate clear inferences regarding spatiotemporal variation in habitat selection that are valuable to wildlife management and conservation over broad extents in heterogeneous landscapes. 7. Identification of several hotspots of higher than average murrelet abundance along the Pacific coast can be used to identify broad areas of potential conflicts between murrelet conservation and other human activities such as alternative energy development, fishing, and boat traffic and to target important areas for protection. Finer scale research will be needed, however, to more closely target management opportunities within these broadly defined areas of higher murrelet abundance. 8. Concerns about the intrusion of exotic plant species as a response to ungulate grazing the mixed forest and range lands of northwestern Oregon may lack a strong basis in empirical studies, thus providing potential latitude in management planning to accommodate both elk and cattle grazing. 9. For land managers considering postfire reforestation in the mesic forest of the low to mid elevations west of the Cascade Range crest, planting seedlings of Douglas-fir and the major shade-tolerant species may be unnecessary where management objectives focus more on ecological outcomes associated with closed-canopy forests than on high yield timber production. 10. Initial responses by small mammals to variable retention harvests that leave the minimum residual basal area allowed under Northwest Forest Plan Standards and Guidelines warrant consideration when planning harvesting operations.

Publications

  • O'Halloran, L.R.; Borer, E.T.; Seabloom, E.W.; MacDougall, A.S.; Cleland, E.E.; McCulley, R.L.; Hobbie, S.; Harpole, S.; DeCrappeo, N.M.; Chu, C.-J.; Bakker, J.D.; Davies, K.F.; Du, G.; Firn, J.; Hagenah, N.; Hofmockel, K.S.; Knops, J.M.H.; Li, W.; Melbourne, B.A.; Morgan, J.W.; Orrock, J.L.; Prober, S.M.; Stevens, C.J. 2013. Regional contingencies in the relationship between aboveground biomass and litter in the world⿿s grasslands. PLOS ONE. 8(e54988): 1-9.
  • Pan, F.; Stieglitz, M.; McKane, R.B. 2012. An algorithm for treating flat areas and depressions in digital elevation models using linear interpolation. Water Resources Research. 48(W00L10): 13 p.
  • Pekin, Burak K.; Wisdom, Michael J.; Parks, Catherine G.; Endress, Bryan A.; Naylor, Bridgett J.; Ohlemuller, Ralf 2015. Response of native versus exotic plant guilds to cattle and elk herbivory in forested rangeland. Applied Vegetation Science: doi:10.1111/avsc.12194
  • Pepin, N.C.; Daly, C.; Lundquist, J. 2011.The influence of surface versus free-air decoupling on temperature trend patterns in the western United States. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984¨C2012). 116(D10109): 16 p.
  • Perakis, Steven S.; Tepley, Alan J.; Compton, Jana E. 2015. Disturbance and topography shape nitrogen availability and ä15N over long-term forest succession. Ecosystems. 18(4): 573-588.
  • Peterson, F.S. 2012. Post-harvest establishment influences ANPP, soil C and DOC export in complex mountainous terrain. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 258 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Peterson, F.S.; Lajtha, K. 2013. Linking aboveground net primary productivity to soil carbon and dissolved organic carbon in complex terrain. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 118(3): 1225-1236.
  • Pfeiffer, V.W. 2012. Influence of spatial and temporal factors on plants, pollinators and plant-pollinator interactions in montane meadows of the western Cascades Range. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 287 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Pham, T.N.; Jones, J.A.; Metoyer, R.; Swanson, F.J.; Pabst, R.J. 2013. Interactive visual analysis promotes exploration of long-term ecological data. Ecosphere. 4(Art 112): 22 p.
  • Pham, Tuan; Jones, Julia; Metoyer, Ronald; Colwell, Frederick. 2014. Toward exploratory analysis of diversity unified across fields of study: an information visualization approach. Environmental Earth Sciences. 72(10): 3803-3825.
  • Pham, Tuan; Metoyer, Ronald; Bezrukova, Katerina; Spell, Chester. 2014. Visualization of cluster structure and separation in multivariate mixed data: A case study of diversity faultlines in work teams. Computers & Graphics. 38: 117-130.
  • Phillips, C.; Kluber, L.A.; Martin, J.P.; Caldwell, B.A.; Bond, B.J. 2012. Contributions of ectomycorrhizal fungal mats to forest soil respiration. Biogeosciences. 9: 2099-211.
  • Phillips, C.; Nickerson, N.; Risk, D.; Bond, B.J. 2011. Interpreting diel hysteresis between soil respiration and temperature. Global Change Biology. 17: 515-527.
  • Proulx, Gilbert; Aubry, Keith B. 2014. The "Martes complex"-- an opportunity to bring together marten, fisher, sable, wolverine, and tayra biologists. Canadian Wildlife Biology & Management. 3(1): 30-33.
  • Raphael, Martin G.; Falxa, Gary A.; O'Callaghan, Joan. 2013. From trees to seas⿿marbled murrelet numbers are down. Science Findings 157. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 6 p.
  • Raphael, Martin G.; Shirk, Andrew J.; Falxa, Gary A.; Pearson, Scott F. 2015. Habitat associations of marbled murrelets during the nesting season in nearshore waters along the Washington to California coast. Journal of Marine Systems. 146: 17-25.
  • Remenick, Lauren. 2015. HJA Day experiences: understanding participant outcomes at a non-formal science education event. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 155 p. M.S.thesis.
  • Rice, J.M.; Halpern, C.B.; Antos, J.A.; Jones, J.A. 2012. Spatio-temporal patterns of tree establishment are indicative of biotic interactions during early invasion of a montane meadow. Plant Ecology. 213: 555-568.
  • Rodriguez-Garcia, Encarna; Bravo, Felipe; Spies, Thomas A. 2011. Effects of overstorey canopy, plant-plant interactions and soil properties on Mediterranean maritime pine seedling dynamics. Forest Ecology and Management. 262: 244-251.
  • Roever, C.L.; DelCurto, T.; Rowland, M.; Vavra, M.; Wisdom, M. 2015. Cattle grazing in semiarid forestlands: Habitat selection during periods of drought. Journal of Animal Science. 93(6): 3212-3225.
  • Ryan, Douglas F.; Swanson, Frederick J. 2014. Networked science among experimental forests and ranges: past experience and a vision for the future. In: Hayes, D.C.; Stout, S.L.; Crawford, R.H. [and others]. eds. USDA Forest Service Experimental Forests and Ranges: Research for the Long Term. New York: Springer: 565-582.
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  • Seidl, Rupert; Rammer, Werner; Scheller, Robert M.; Spies, Thomas A. 2012. An individual-based process model to simulate landscape-scale forest ecosystem dynamics. Ecological Modelling. 231: 87-100.
  • Shirk, Andrew J.; Raphael, Martin G.; Cushman, Samuel A. 2014. Spatiotemporal variation in resource selection: Insights from the American marten (Martes americana). Ecological Applications. 24(6): 1434-1444.
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  • Smith, J.C. 2013. Particulate organic carbon mobilisation and export from temperate forested uplands. Cambridge, England: University of Cambridge: St John's College and Department of Earth Sciences. 248 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Sparkes, S.N.; Merrill, E.H.; Geary, A.B.; McCorquodale, S.M.; Rowland, M.M. 2015. A comparative analysis of elk habitat selection and use at Mount St. Helens [Abstract]. Proceedings of the 11th western states & provinces deer and elk workshop, May 11-14, 2015, Canmore, AB.
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  • Taylor, D. Lee; Hollingsworth, Teresa N.; McFarland, Jack W.; Lennon, Niall J.; Nusbaum, Chad; Ruess, Roger W. 2014. A first comprehensive census of fungi in soil reveals both hyperdiversity and fine-scale niche partitioning. Ecological Monographs. 84(1): 3-20.
  • Tepley, A.J.; Thomann, E.A. 2012. Analytical approximation of a stochastic, spatial simulation model of fire and forest landscape dynamics. Ecological Modelling. 233: 41-51.
  • Tepley, Alan J.; Swanson, Frederick J.; Spies, Thomas A. 2014. Post-fire tree establishment and early cohort development in conifer forests of the western Cascades of Oregon, USA. Ecosphere 5(7): Art 80.
  • VerWey, Brian. 2013. Summertime movement, biomass, and abundance of co-dominant cutthroat trout and Pacific giant salamanders in Cascade mountain headwater streams. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 36 p. B.S. project.
  • Vizcarra, Natasha; Povak, Nicholas; Hessburg, Paul; Reynolds, Keith. 2015. Sour streams in appalachia: mapping nature⿿s buffer against sulfur deposition. Science Findings 175. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 6 p.
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  • Walsh, Christopher D. 2014. Local scale spatial and temporal variation in wet deposition of persistent organic pollutants by snow. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 174 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Ward, Adam S.; Gooseff, Michael N.; Fitzgerald, Michael; Voltz, Thomas J.; Singha, Kamini. 2014. Spatially distributed characterization of hyporheic solute transport during baseflow recession in a headwater mountain stream using electrical geophysical imaging. Journal of Hydrology. 517: 362-377.
  • Ward, Adam S.; Gooseff, Michael N.; Voltz, Thomas J.; Fitzgerald, Michael; Singha, Kamini; Zarnetske, Jay P. 2013. How does rapidly changing discharge during storm events affect transient storage and channel water balance in a headwater mountain stream? Water Resources Research. 49(9): 5473-5486.
  • Spellman, Katie V.; Mulder, Christa P.H.; Hollingsworth, Teresa N. 2014. Susceptibility of burned black spruce (Picea mariana) forests to non-native plant invasions in interior Alaska. Biological Invasions. 16: 1879-1895.
  • Sproles, E.; Nolin, A.W.; Rittger, K.; Painter, T.H. 2013. Climate change impacts on maritime mountain snowpack in the Oregon Cascades. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 17: 2581-2597.
  • Wig, Jennifer D. 2012. Effects of 20 years of litter and root manipulations on soil organic matter dynamics. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 72 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Wilk, Randall J.; Harrington, Timothy B.; Gitzen, Robert A.; Maguire, Chris C. 2015. Forest-floor disturbance reduces chipmunk ( Tamias spp.) abundance two years after variable-retention harvest of Pacific Northwestern forests . Northwest Science. 89(1): 75-92.
  • Woolley, Travis J.; Harmon, Mark E.; O⿿Connell, Kari B. 2015. Inter-annual variability and spatial coherence of net primary productivity across a western Oregon Cascades landscape. Forest Ecology and Management. 335: 60-70.
  • Zald, Harold S.J.; Spies, Thomas A.; Harmon, Mark E.; Twery, Mark J. 2015. Forest carbon calculators: a review for managers, policymakers, and educators. Journal of Forestry. http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/jof.15-019.
  • van Huysen, T.L.; Harmon, M.E.; Perakis, S.S.; Chen, H. 2013. Decomposition and nitrogen dynamics of 15N-labeled leaf, root, and twig litter in temperate coniferous forests. Oecologia. 173(4): 1563-1573.
  • Ackers, Steven H.; Davis, Raymond J.; Olsen, Keith A.; Dugger, Katie M. 2015. The evolution of mapping habitat for northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina): A comparison of photo-interpreted, Landsat-based, and LiDAR-based habitat maps. Remote Sensing of Environment. 156: 361-373.
  • Ali, Genevieve; Tetzlaff, Doerthe; McDonnell, Jeffrey J.; Soulsby, Chris; Carey, Sean; Laudon, Hjalmar; McGuire, Kevin; Buttle, Jim; Seibert, Jan; Shanley, Jamie. 2015. Comparison of threshold hydrologic response across northern catchments. Hydrological Processes. 29: 3575-3591.
  • Arismendi, I.; Johnson, S.L.; Dunham, J.B. 2015. Technical Note: Higher-order statistical moments and a procedure that detects potentially anomalous years as two alternative methods describing alterations in continuous environmental data. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 19(3): 1169-1180.
  • Arismendi, Ivan; Safeeq, Mohammad; Dunham, Jason B; Johnson, Sherri L. 2014. Can air temperature be used to project influences of climate change on stream temperature?. Environmental Research Letters. 9(8): 084015.
  • Aubry, Keith B.; Raley, Catherine M.; Buskirk, Steven W.; Zielinski, William J.; Schwartz, Michael K.; Golightly, Richard T.; Purcell, Kathryn L.; Weir, Richard D.; Yaeger, J. Scott. 2013. Meta-analyses of habitat selection by fishers at resting sites in the Pacific coastal region. Journal of Wildlife Management. 77(5): 1937-2817.
  • Batavia, Chelsea. 2015. Ecological forestry: a critical analysis. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 337 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Batchelor, Jonathan L.; Ripple, William J.; Wilson, Todd M.; Painter, Luke E. 2015. Restoration of riparian areas following the removal of cattle in the northwestern great basin. Environmental Management. 55(4): 930-942.
  • Bathurst, James C.; Iroumé, Andrés. 2014. Quantitative generalizations for catchment sediment yield following forest logging. Water Resources Research. 50(11): 8383-8402.
  • Bell, David M.; Ward, Eric J.; Oishi, A. Christopher; Oren, Ram; Flikkema, Paul G.; Clark, James S.; Whitehead, David. 2015. A state-space modeling approach to estimating canopy conductance and associated uncertainties from sap flux density data. Tree Physiology. 35(7): 792-802.
  • Black, B.A.; Sydeman, W.J.; Frank, D.C.; Griffin, D.; Stahle, D.W.; Garcia-Reyes, M.; Rykaczewski, R.R.; Bograd, S.J.; Peterson, W.T. 2014. Six centuries of variability and extremes in a coupled marine-terrestrial ecosystem. Science. 345(6203): 1498-1502.
  • Black, Bryan A.; Dunham, Jason B.; Blundon, Brett W.; Brim-Box, Jayne; Tepley, Alan J. 2014. Long-term growth-increment chronologies reveal diverse influences of climate forcing on freshwater and forest biota in the Pacific Northwest. Global Change Biology. 21(2): 594-604.
  • Corson-Rikert, Hayley A. 2014. Carbon dynamics in the hyporheic zone of a headwater mountain stream in the Cascade mountains, Oregon. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 132 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Dodds, W.K.; Collins, S.M.; Hamilton, S.K.; Tank, J.L.; Johnson, S.; Webster, J.R.; Simon, K.S.; Whiles, M.R.; Rantala, H.M.; McDowell, W.H.; Peterson, S.D.; Riis, T.; Crenshaw, C.L.; Thomas, S.A.; Kristensen, P.B.; Cheever, B.M.; Flecker, A.S.; Griffiths, N.A.; Crowl, T.; Rosi-Marshall, E. J.; El-Sabaawi, R.; Martí, E. 2014. You are not always what we think you eat: selective assimilation across multiple whole-stream isotopic tracer studies. Ecology. 95(10): 2757-2767.
  • Domec, Jean-Christophe; King, John S.; Ward, Eric; Oishi, A. Christopher; Palmroth, Sari; Radecki, Andrew; Bell, Dave M.; Miao, Guofang; Gavazzi, Michael; Johnson, Daniel M.; McNulty, Steve G.; Sun, Ge; Noormets, Asko. 2015. Conversion of natural forest to managed forest plantations decreases tree resistance to prolonged droughts. Forest Ecology and Management. 355: 58-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.04.012
  • Dosch, Nicholas T. 2014. Spatiotemporal dynamics and drivers of stream pCO2 in a headwater catchment in the western Cascade Mountains, Oregon. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 121 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Downs, C.J.; Stewart, K.M.; Dick, B.L.; Wisdom, M.J. 2014. Effect of elk population density on immune function as mediated by body condition [Abstract]. Western Section of the Wildlife Society, Reno, NV.
  • Freund, James A.; Franklin, Jerry F.; Larson, Andrew J.; Lutz, James A. 2014. Multi-decadal establishment for single-cohort Douglas-fir forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 44(9): 1068-1078.
  • Frey, Sarah J.K. 2014. Effect of spatial scale and heterogeneity on avian occupancy dynamics and population trends in forested mountain landscapes. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 158 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • González-Pinzón, Ricardo; Haggerty, Roy; Argerich, Alba. 2014. Quantifying spatial differences in metabolism in headwater streams. Freshwater Science. 33(3): 798-811.
  • Goralnik, Lissy; Nelson, Michael Paul; Ryan, Leslie; Gosnell, Hannah. 2015. Arts and humanities efforts in the US long-term ecological research (LTER) network: understanding perceived values and challenges. In: Rozzi, R., eds. Earth stewardship, ecology and ethics 2. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing: 249-268.
  • Burt, T.P.; Howden, N.J.K.; McDonnell, J.J.; Jones, J.A.; Hancock, G.R. 2014. Seeing the climate through the trees: observing climate and forestry impacts on streamflow using a 60-year record. Hydrological Processes. 29(3): 473-480.
  • Cappellazzi, Jed E. 2014. The development and decline dynamics of two ectomycorrhizal fungal mat soil microbial communities in response to a reciprocal soil transfer experiment in old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 212 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Colby, Samantha E. 2014. Seasonality as a driving factor of decomposition pathways in both meadows and forests: an exploration across a gradient of climate in Oregon. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 43 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Halpern, Charles B.; Antos, Joseph A.; Beckman, Liam M. 2014. Vegetation recovery in slash-pile scars following conifer removal in a grassland-restoration experiment. Restoration Ecology. 22(6): 731-740.
  • Hammond, John C. 2014. Trends in streamflow above and below dams across the Columbia River basin from 1950 to 2012: assessing sub-basin sensitivity. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 249 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Hanley, Thomas A.; Barnard, Jeffrey C. 2014. Variation in nutritional quality of plants for deer in relation to sunny versus shady environments. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-602. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 30 p.
  • Hanley, Thomas A.; Gillingham, Michael P.; Parker, Katherine L. 2014. Composition of diets selected by Sitka black-tailed deer on Channel Island, central southeast Alaska. Res. Note. PNW-RN-570. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 21 p.
  • Harmon, M.E.; Rastetter, E.B. 2014. A usable simulation model archive: does it really exist? LTER Network News. 27(4): Art.3158 4p.
  • Harmon, Mark E.; Pabst, Robert J. 2015. Testing predictions of forest succession using long-term measurements: 100 yrs of observations in the Oregon Cascades. Journal of Vegetation Science. 26(4): 722-732.
  • Hatcher, K.L.; Jones, J.A. 2013. Climate and streamflow trends in the Columbia River Basin: evidence for ecological and engineering resilience to climate change. Atmosphere-Ocean. 5(4): 1-20.
  • Hayduk, E. 2012. Using LiDAR data to estimate effective leaf area index, determine biometrics and visualize canopy structure in a central Oregon forest with complex terrain. Olympia, WA: The Evergreen State College, Ecology Informatics and Computer Science. 149 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Hessburg, Paul F.; Churchill, Derek J.; Larson, Andrew J.; Haugo, Ryan D.; Miller, Carol; Spies, Thomas A.; North, Malcolm P.; Povak, Nicholas A.; Belote, R. Travis; Singleton, Peter H.; Gaines, William L.; Keane, Robert E.; Aplet, Gregory H.; Stephens, Scott L.; Morgan, Penelope; Bisson, Peter A.; Rieman, Bruce E.; Salter, R. Brion; Reeves, Gordon H. 2015. Restoring fire-prone Inland Pacific landscapes: seven core principles. Landscape Ecology. 30(10): 1805-1835.
  • Hesse, C. 2012. Characterization of fungal and bacterial communities associated with mat-forming ectomycorrhizal fungi from old-growth stands in the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 166 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Hubbard, Monica L. 2013. Oregon's integrated water resource planning: public knowledge, risk perception and civil society. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 179 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Inman, T.B. 2011. Local perceptions of social-ecological change on the McKenzie: implications for resilience. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 156 p. Master of Public Policy Essay.
  • Jackson, T.R.; Haggerty, R.; Apte, S.V.; Coleman, A.; Drost, K.J. 2012. Defining and measuring the mean residence time of lateral surface transient storage zones in small streams. Water Resources Research. 48(W10501): 20 p.
  • Jennings, Keith S. 2014. Precipitation-snowmelt timing and snowmelt augmentation of large peak flow events, western Cascades, Oregon. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 140 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Johnson, Christopher. 2015. Bright air: geoprocessiing thermal imagery to map the nocturnal dynamics of the boundary layer in a mountain valley. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 105 p. M.S. thesis.
  • Johnson, W. 2012. Voice in the whirlwind. The Georgia Review. Spring 2012: 89-103.
  • Jones, J.A. 2011. Hydrologic responses to climate change: considering geographic context and alternative hypotheses. Hydrological Processes. 1031002/hyp.8004: 5 p.
  • Keiluweit, M.; Bougoure, J.J.; Zeglin, L.; Myrold, D.D.; Weber, P.K.; Pett-Ridge, J.; Kleber, M.; Nico, P.S. 2012. Nano-scale investigation of the association of microbial nitrogen residues with iron (hydr)oxides in a forest soil O-horizon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 95: 213-226.
  • Kostadinov, Tihomir Sabinov; Lookingbill, Todd R. 2015. Snow cover variability in a forest ecotone of the Oregon Cascades via MODIS Terra products. Remote Sensing of Environment. 164: 155-169.
  • Lajtha, K.; Jones, J.A. 2013. Trends in cation, nitrogen, sulfate and hydrogen ion concentrations in precipitation in the United States and Europe from 1978 to 2010: a new look at an old problem. Biogeochemistry. doi:10.1007/s10533-013-9860-2: 32 p.
  • Laudon, H.; Buttle, J.M.; Carey, S.K.; McDonnell, J.J.; McGuire, K.J.; Seibert, J.; Shanley, J.; Soulsby, C.; Tetzlaff, D. 2012. Cross-regional prediction of long-term trajectory of stream water DOC response to climate change. Geophysical Research Letters. 39(L18404): 6 p.
  • Lesmeister, Damon B.; Nielsen, Clayton K.; Schauber, Eric M.; Hellgren, Eric C. 2015. Spatial and temporal structure of a mesocarnivore guild in midwestern north America. Wildlife Monographs, Vol. 191(1): 61 pages.: 1-61.
  • Li, J.L. 2013. Ellie⿿s log: her notes about the forest where the great tree fell. 1st ed. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. 112 p.
  • Lind, E.M.; Borer, E.T.; Seabloom, E.W.; Adler, P.B.; Bakker, J.D.; Blumenthal, D.M.; Crawley, M.; Davies, K.F.; Firn, J.; Gruner, D.S.; Harpole, S.; Hautier, Y.; Hillebrand, H.; Knops, J.M.H.; Melbourne, B.A.; Mortensen, B.; Risch, A.C.; Schuetz, M.; Stevens, C.J. ; Wragg, P.D. 2013. Life-history constraints in grassland plant species: a growth-defence trade-off is the norm. Ecology Letters. 16: 513-521.
  • Lorenz, Teresa J.; Vierling, Kerri T.; Johnson, Timothy R.; Fischer, Philip C. 2015. The role of wood hardness in limiting nest site selection in avian cavity excavators. Ecological Applications 25(4). 1016-1033. 18 p.
  • Lynch, Kathryn. 2012. Plants and people. Clearing: a resource journal of environmental and placebased education: 2012 compendium. 11 p.
  • Lynch, Kathryn. 2014. Canopy connections. What's Up? 20(3-4): 6-7.
  • Lynch, Kathryn. 2014. My McKenzie: An EE professional development program using place-based, service-learning. Clearing: 20-24.
  • Marcot, Bruce G.; Elbert, Daniel C. 2015. Assessing managment of raptor predation management for snowy plover recovery. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-910. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 67 p.
  • Marias, D.E.; Meinzer, F.C.; Woodruff, D.R.; Shaw, D.C.; Voelker, S.L.; Brooks, J.R.; Lachenbruch, B.; Falk, K.; McKay, J. 2014. Impacts of dwarf mistletoe on the physiology of host Tsuga heterophylla trees as recorded in tree-ring C and O stable isotopes. Tree Physiology. 34(6): 595-607.
  • McCulloh, Katherine A.; Johnson, Daniel M.; Meinzer, Frederick C.; Woodruff, David R. 2013. The dynamic pipeline: hydraulic capacitance and xylem hydraulic safety in four tall conifer species. Plant, Cell & Environment. 37(5): 1171-1183.
  • Meinzer, Frederick C.; Woodruff, David R.; Marias, Danielle E.; McCulloh, Katherine A.; Sevanto, Sanna. 2014. Dynamics of leaf water relations components in co-occurring iso- and anisohydric conifer species. Plant, Cell & Environment. 37(11): 2577-2586.
  • Moore, S.M.; Manore, C.A.; Bokil, V.A.; Borer, E.T.; Hosseini, P.R. 2011. Spatiotemporal model of barley and cereal yellow dwarf virus transmission dynamics with seasonality and plant competition. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology. 24 p. doi:10.1007/s11538-011-9654-4
  • Moriarty, Katie M.; Epps, Clinton W. 2015. Retained satellite information influences performance of GPS devices in a forested ecosystem. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 39(2): 349-357.
  • Moriarty, Katie M.; Epps, Clinton W.; Betts, Matthew G.; Hance, Dalton J.; Bailey, J. D.; Zielinski, William J. 2015. Experimental evidence that simplified forest structure interacts with snow cover to influence functional connectivity for Pacific martens. Landscape Ecology. 13 p.
  • Moritz, M.A.; Batlloria, E.; Bradstock, R.A.; Gill, A.M.; Handmer, J.; Hessburg, P.F.; Leonard, J.; McCaffrey, S.; Odion, D.C.; Schoennagel, T.; Syphard, A.D. 2014. Learning to coexist with wildfire. Nature. 515(6):58-66.
  • Neal, L.; Briggs, F.; Raich, R.; Fern, X.Z. 2011. Time-frequency segmentation of bird song in noisy acoustic environments. In: Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing. Czech Republic: ICASSP: 2012-2015.
  • Nickelson, Joshua B.; Holzmueller, Eric J.; Groninger, John W.; Lesmeister, Damon B. 2015. Previous land use and invasive species impacts on long-term afforestation success. Forests. 6: 3123-3135.
  • Nolin, A.W. 2012. Perspectives on climate change, mountain hydrology, and water resources in the Oregon Cascades, USA. Mountain Research and Development. 32(S1): S35-S46.


Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
OUTPUTS: (A) Large amounts of wood debris in clearcut areas of treatment buffers along headwater streams may lessen short-term negative effects on a woodland salamander species. Woodland salamanders (Plethodontidae) have been advocated for monitoring biodiversity and ecosystem integrity following forest disturbance. Our objective was to determine initial treatment effects of buffer manipulation on abundance of western red-backed salamander, Plethodon vehiculum, and on down wood as salamander habitat. Our research goal was to increase understanding of the effectiveness of alternative buffering strategies in the conservation and protection of headwater streams during timber harvest. (B) Evaluation of potential techniques to control raptors preying on threatened western snowy plovers along the Oregon Coast. Raptors (particularly northern harriers and great horned owls) are known to prey on federally threatened western snowy plovers along the coast. Management control of the raptors may be needed to achieve recovery of the plovers. We held a 7-member expert panel to review the potential feasibility and effectiveness of some 26 humane raptor control techniques. The panel also identified information and monitoring methods to help inform raptor control management, and extenuating considerations for policy application including consideration for cost, training personnel, workload, and information management. The raptor control techniques identified with the highest potential feasibility and effectiveness included lethal removal, and use of various styles of traps including a cube trap, a Swedish style goshawk trap, and a dho-gaza net trap. Also, monitoring of plover nest sites with cameras and observers was identified as a key information need. (C) A new paradigm for managing water on forest landscapes was proposed that emphasizes retaining water for vegetation to reduce drought stress and associated risks to forest health. As the climate warms, drought and associated water stress on vegetation are emerging as critical issues underlying a host of forest disturbances, including fire, insect and disease attacks, and forest dieback. Although forest landscapes have historically been seen as sources of water for downstream uses, this changing risk portfolio is prompting rethinking of this paradigm in favor of managing forests to provide sufficient water to maintain healthy vegetation. Although management actions alone cannot stop droughts from occurring, there are actually many strategies involving the full range of forest management activities that can potentially be used to increase water availability for vegetation in forests. For example, modeling studies suggest that specific strategies, including thinning or mulching, can be sufficient to keep forests below water stress levels at which tree mortality occurs. Taken together, these strategies provide a well-stocked toolbox that can be used to offset, mitigate, or potentially forestall water stress, thereby increasing forest health and resilience. (D) Increased knowledge about the role of fungi in ecosystem dynamics of the boreal forest. Molecular techniques have increased our ability to study both the diversity of fungi in the soil, and elucidate the key ecosystem roles fungi play such as mutualists, pathogens, and decomposers. Global estimates for fungal diversity are by far accurate; however, an improved knowledge about the distribution of species, community composition, and ecological niche of fungi is critical in light of global climate change. For example, wildfires are the primary large-scale disturbance in Alaskan boreal forests and are increasingly prevalent in tundra and at treeline. One often-overlooked yet physiologically important factor to seedling establishment at treeline is the symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), the obligate mycobionts of all boreal tree species. EMF provide soil nutrients and water to seedlings and protect against pathogens. PARTICIPANTS: (A) U.S. Forest Service, PNW Research Station: Martin G. Raphael mraphael@fs.fed.us, Washington Department of Natural Resources B. U.S. Forest Service, PNW Research Station: Bruce G. Marcot, bmarcot@fs.fed.us, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Newport Field Office and Oregon Fish and Wildlife Office. D. U.S. Forest Service, PNW Research Station: Teresa Hollingsworth, thollingworth@fs.fed.us, University of Alaska Fairbanks.⿿ TARGET AUDIENCES: Land managers, scientists, property owners, land use planners, students, general public, legislators. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: No project modifications to report.

Impacts
(A) Maintaining amounts of dead down wood in no-buffer clearcut treatments and the cut areas of patch buffers that averaged amounts 3 to 6 times greater than occurred before buffer creation along headwater streams may help lessen initial clearcut area treatment effects on this woodland salamander species. (B) Results are being applied by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service along the Oregon Coast at designated western snowy plover recovery sites, and are being disseminated for use by U.S. Forest Service and BLM at their sites. To date, several instances of potential raptor predation have been thwarted by use of the techniques, and plover monitoring is being refined as a result of the panel's suggestions. (C) The journal paper describing this work was published in late 2013 in a high visibility outlet (Frontiers in Ecology and Environment) and was presented at the International Workshop on Ecohydrology in Be⿿er Sheva, Israel, the national meeting of the American Water Resources Association, Geological Society of America, and served as the foundation for a technical session of the American Geophysical Union meeting. Results from this work are being incorporated into a national assessment of forests and drought. (D) Results show a fungus plant ratio in black spruce forest soils is at least 17:1 and is regionally stable. The global extrapolation of this would suggest 6 million species of fungi, a sixfold increase in diversity from previous estimates. Results also illustrate the important role EMF-tree interactions postfire as important to seedling performance. This information is being used to inform simulation models of treeline dynamics and in particular the most current ALFRESCO landscape model with the Scenarios Network for Alaska and Arctic Planning.

Publications

  • Abdelnour, A. 2011. Assessing ecosystem response to natural and anthropogenic disturbances using an eco-hydrological model. Atlanta, GA: Georgia Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. 217 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
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Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13

Outputs
OUTPUTS: 1. Changes to maximum stream temperatures resulting from climate change can be minimized by managing for shade from riparian vegetation. We examined future effects of climate change on the stream temperature of the upper Middle Fork John Day River. Results show that under current discharge and riparian vegetation conditions, a 4° C increase in air temperature will increase the maximum stream temperature by about 2° C. The temperature of the stream under a warmer climate depends on the height and density of riparian vegetation, which are easily obtainable by native riparian forests within the region. 2. Energetic costs associated with reproduction by female elk affects future reproduction, but not survival. We studied an elk herd to determine how energy costs of reproduction in the current year affect survival and reproduction in the subsequent year. We observed no difference in survival probabilities between pregnant and non-pregnant individuals. There was a negative effect of recruiting an offspring in the current year on becoming pregnant the following year. Increased body condition and higher precipitation contributed to greater probabilities of becoming pregnant in a particular year. 3. Decision-support technology provides the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with a budgeting tool for maintaining infrastructure. The Corps manage $800 billion in infrastructure, and receives 20,000 funding requests annually to maintain, repair, or construct. Until advent of this decision-support technology, the Corps manually sifted through thousands of lines of spreadsheets to develop the budget, which lacked a rational, transparent, and repeatable process. This technology directly addresses repeatability of the process. 4. Analyzing human-animal interactions and movements with new technologies and methods of spatial analysis: we used GPS technology to study human-wildlife interactions and to quantify animal responses to human activities. We developed a statistical approach based on the concept of a potential surface with points of repulsion to four recreation activities: ATV riding, mountain biking, horseback riding, and hiking. These activities varied in space and time at Starkey Experimental Forest and Range, as implemented in a controlled experiment over a 3-year period. 5. Methods improve accuracy of habitat use estimates for characterizing landscape use by wildlife. Research on habitat use by animals has typically relied on resource selection functions, which assumes an area is either used or not used by animals, but most landscape use occurs as a continuous gradient. Advances in GPS technologies now routinely provide millions of animal locations for a given area, allowing for new habitat-use methods to be developed that treat animal use on a continuous scale, improving accuracy both spatially and temporally. 6. Meta-analyses of habitat selection by fishers in the Pacific coastal region: The fisher has been designated by the USFWS as a candidate for listing under the ESA within its Pacific coastal range. A number of studies of habitat selection by fishers at resting sites have been conducted in that region, but the generality of observed patterns beyond the boundaries of each study area is unknown. We conducted meta-analyses of habitat selection by fishers derived from eight independent radiotelemetry studies conducted from British Columbia to California. 7. Hydraulic traits, mechanisms, and strategies used by trees to maintain survival and enhance competitive advantage: The responses of plants to climate extremes differ among species depending on combinations of traits, mechanisms, and strategies they possess to cope with these pressures. The variation in their use by contrasting tree types, their variability across organs and species, and their plasticity across environmental gradients are discussed. PARTICIPANTS: 1. Future changes to summer maximum stream temperatures resulting from climate change can be controverted by managing for more effective shade from riparian vegetation. Steve Wondzell, swondzell@fs.fed.us, Oregon State University, USGS. 2. Energetic costs associated with reproduction by female elk affects future reproduction but not survival ⿿ Starkey Experimental Forest and Range. Michael Wisdom mwisdom@fs.fed.us, University of Nevada, Reno. 3. Decision-support technology provides U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with powerful new budgeting tool for maintaining its infrastructure. Keith M. Reynolds, kreynolds@fs.fed.us, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; University of Redlands (Redlands, CA); Rules of Thumb, Inc.; InfoHarvest, Inc. 4. Analyzing human-animal interactions and movements with new technologies and methods of spatial analysis⿿Starkey Experimental Forest and Range. Michael Wisdom, mwisdom@fs.fed.us, Alan Ager aager@fs.fed.us, Haiganoush Preisler, hpreisler@fs.fed.us, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 5. Count-based regression methods improve accuracy of habitat use estimates for characterizing landscape use by wildlife. Michael Wisdom, mwisdom@fs.fed.us, Mary Rowland, mrowland@fs.fed.us, Ryan Nielson, rnielson@west-in.com, West, Inc., Western Ecosystems Technology, Inc., Laramie, Wyoming. 6. Meta-analyses of habitat selection by fishers in the Pacific coastal region. Keith B. Aubry, kaubry@fs.fed.us, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, University of Wyoming, Humboldt State University, Artemis Wildlife Consultants. 7. Hydraulic traits, mechanisms and strategies which trees utilize to maintain survival and enhance competitive advantage. David Woodruff, dwoodruff@fs.fed.us, Oregon State University. TARGET AUDIENCES: 1. Future changes to summer maximum stream temperatures resulting from climate change can be controverted by managing for more effective shade from riparian vegetation. Our results are of interest to USFS R6 fish biologists and hydrologists The results are important to the State of Oregon⿿s Intensively Managed Watershed program in the Middle Fork John Day, and to both the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs and The Nature Conservancy, which own portions of the Middle Fork. These three entities and their partners have embarked on ambitious stream restoration projects along the upper Middle Fork John Day River. 2. Energetic costs associated with reproduction by female elk affects future reproduction but not survival⿿Starkey Experimental Forest and Range. Managers can use this information to estimate recruitment in elk herds based on winter precipitation and body condition. 3. Decision-support technology provides U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with powerful new budgeting tool for maintaining its infrastructure. This research supports the Corps by streamlining and optimizing budget-allocation decisions. 4. Analyzing Human-Animal Interactions and Movements with New Technologies and Methods of Spatial Analysis⿿Starkey Experimental Forest and Range. These results have a variety of implications for analyzing human activity data and for managing recreation on public lands. 5. Count-Based Regression Methods Improve Accuracy of Habitat Use Estimates for Characterizing Landscape Use by Wildlife. These results are useful to land managers during NEPA processes for managing or wildlife. 6. Meta-analyses of habitat selection by fishers in the Pacific coastal region. These results are useful to land managers during NEPA processes for managing or wildlife. 7. Hydraulic traits, mechanisms and strategies which trees utilize to maintain survival and enhance competitive advantage. These results may be useful for land managers and industrial wood producers and silviculturists.

Impacts
1. Future changes to summer maximum stream temperatures resulting from climate change can be controverted by managing for more effective shade from riparian vegetation. Our results suggest that decisions that influence the structure and composition of riparian forests can potentially mitigate future changes in stream temperature. 2. Energetic costs associated with reproduction by female elk affect future reproduction but not survival. Potential tradeoffs between current and future reproduction is an important consideration when making predictions about population trajectories and determining how changes in resource availability influence population demographics. 3. Decision-support technology provides the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers with a powerful new budgeting tool for maintaining its infrastructure. This research supports the Corps by streamlining and optimizing budget-allocation decisions. It expedites assembling and analyzing alternative budget portfolios, and explicitly considers value to the nation of infrastructure condition and presidential direction to the Corps on national goals of energy independence, economic competitiveness, and jobs. 4. Analyzing human-animal interactions and movements with new technologies and methods of spatial analysis⿿Starkey Experimental Forest and Range. The statistical surface function that we developed and applied to the elk data set demonstrated that elk avoided all four types of recreation, with distinct areas of avoidance in relation to the presence of recreationists, with a strong avoidance by elk to ATV riding up to 1 kilometer from the disturbance. Elk avoidance of mountain bikes was detected up to 500 meters from biking activities, and avoidance of horseback riders and hikers was detected up to 200 meters from these disturbances. 5. Count-based regression methods improve accuracy of habitat use estimates for characterizing landscape use by wildlife. We demonstrated the benefits and utility of the new count-based regression approach to estimate animal habitat use with an example data set on elk from the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range. We show how habitat use estimates with count-based regression can easily accommodate research and management needs, including use of large GPS data sets, computational efficiency, accounting for animal-animal variation, and interpretation of model covariates for clear ecological and management inferences. 6. Meta-analyses of habitat selection by fishers in the Pacific coastal region: Despite substantial variation in environmental conditions among study locations, fishers selected sites for resting throughout this region that had steeper slopes, cooler microclimates, denser overhead cover, a greater volume of logs, and a higher prevalence of large trees and snags than was generally available. Thus, in areas within the Pacific coastal region where fishers have not been studied and data on selection of resting sites is lacking, our findings provide empirical support for management or conservation actions for fishers that promote the retention or development of these environmental attributes. 7. Hydraulic traits, mechanisms, and strategies that trees utilize to maintain survival and enhance competitive advantage. Beyond providing information about the means by which trees currently compete and survive, understanding the hydraulic mechanisms described in this chapter may provide insight into ways that trees are affected by, and the degree to which they may acclimate to rapidly changing climatic conditions. The development and application of models that effectively incorporate the hydraulic mechanisms and traits described in this chapter (plus those which have yet to be characterized) will represent a substantial advancement in our ability to more accurately predict plant responses to environmental and competitive stressors.

Publications

  • Barnard, David M.; Lachenbruch, Barbara; McCulloh, Katherine A.; Kitin, Peter; Meinzer, Frederick C. 2013. Do ray cells provide a pathway for radial water movement in the stems of conifer trees? American Journal of Botany. 100(2): 322-331.
  • Brantley, S.L.; Megonigal, J.P.; Scatena, F.N.; Balogh-Brunstad, Z.; Barnes, R.T.; Bruns, M.A.; van Cappelen, P.; Dontsova, K.; Harnett, H.E.; Hartshorn, A.S.; Heimsath, A.; Herndon, E.; Jin, L.; Keller, C.K.; Leake, J. R.; McDowell, W.H.; Meinzer, F.C.; Mozdzer, T.J.; Petsch, S.; Pett-Ridge, J.; Pretziger, K.S.; Raymond, P.A.; Riebe, C.S.; Shumaker, K.; Sutton-Grier, A.; Walter, R.; Yoo, K. 2011. Twelve testable hypotheses on the geobiology of weathering. Geobiology. 9: 140-165.
  • Carey, Sean K.; Tetzlaff, Doerthe; Seibert, Jan; Soulsby, Chris; Buttle, Jim; Laudon, Hjalmar; McDonnell, Jeff; McGuire, Kevin; Caissie, Daniel; Shanley, Jamie; Kennedy, Mike; Devito, Kevin; Pomeroy, John W. 2010. Inter-comparison of hydro-climatic regimes across northern catchments: synchronicity, resistance and resilience. Hydrological Processes. 24: 3591-3602.
  • Connelly, J.W.; Braun, C.E.; Knick, S.T.; Baker, W.L.; Beever, E.A.; Christiansen, T.J.; Doherty, K.E.; Hagen, C.A.; Hanser, S.E.; Johnson, D.H.; Leu, M.; Miller, R.F.; Naugle, D.E.; Oyler-McCance, S.J.; Pyke, D.A.; Reese, K.P.; Schroeder, M.A.; Stiver, S.J.; Walker, B.L.; Wisdom, M.J. 2011. Conservation of greater sage-grouse: a synthesis of current trends and future management. In: Knick, S.T.; Connelly, J.W., eds. Greater sage-grouse: ecology and conservation of a landscape species and habitats. Studies in Avian Biology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press: 549-563.
  • Hafer, Jennifer; Findholt, Scott; Johnson, Bruce; Rowland, Mary; Wisdom, Michael. 2013. Mapping interactions of elk, mule deer, hunters, and ATVs during hunting seasons in northeast Oregon [Abstract]. 10th Biennial Western States and Provinces Deer and Elk Workshop. Missoula, Montana: Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks: 57-57 .
  • Johnson, Daniel M.; Domec, Jean-Christophe; Woodruff, David R.; McCulloh, Katherine A.; Meinzer, Frederick C. 2013. Contrasting hydraulic strategies in two tropical lianas and their host trees. American Journal of Botany. 100(2): 1-10.
  • Johnson, Daniel M.; McCulloh, Katherine A.; Woodruff, David R.; Meinzer, Frederick C. 2012. Hydraulic safety margins and embolism reversal in stems and leaves: Why are conifers and angiosperms so different? Plant Science. 195: 48-53.
  • Mayor, Jordan R.; Schuur, Edward A.G.; Mack, Michelle C.; Hollingsworth, Terresa N.; Bääth, Erland. 2012. Nitrogen isotope patterns in Alaskan black spruce reflect organic nitrogen sources and the activity of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Ecosystems.15: 819-831.
  • McCulloh, Katherine A.; Woodruff, David R. 2012. Linking stomatal sensitivity and whole-tree hydraulic architecture. Tree Physiology. 32: 369-372.
  • Meinzer, Frederick C.; McCulloh, Katherine A. 2013. Xylem recovery from drought-induced embolism: Where is the hydraulic point of no return? Tree Physiology. 33: 331-334.
  • Meinzer, Frederick C.; Woodruff, David R.; Eissenstat, David M.; Lin, Henry S.; Adams, Thomas S.; McCulloh, Katherine A. 2013. Above- and belowground controls on water use by trees of different wood types in an eastern United States deciduous forest. Tree Physiology. 33: 345-356.
  • Miller, Sherri L.; Raphael, Martin G.; Falxa, Gary A.; Strong, Craig; Baldwin, Jim; Bloxton, Thomas; Galleher, Beth M.; Lance, Monique; Lynch, Deanna; Pearson, Scott F.; Ralph, C. John; Young, Richard D. 2012. Recent population decline of the marbled murrelet in the Pacific Northwest. The Condor. 114(4): 771-781.
  • Pineda-Garcia, Fernando; Paz, Horacio; Meinzer, Frederick C. 2013. Drought resistance in early and late secondary successional species from a tropical dry forest: the interplay between xylem resistance to embolism, sapwood water storage and leaf shedding. Plant, Cell & Environment. 36: 405-418.
  • Raley, Catherine M.; Lofroth, Eric C.; Truex, Richard L.; Yaeger, J. Scott; Higley, J. Mark. 2012. Habitat ecology of fishers in western North America. In: Aubry, K.B.; Zielinski, W.J.; Raphael, M.G.; Proulz, G.; Buskirk, S.W., eds. Martens, sables, and fishers: a new synthesis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press: 231-254.
  • Raphael, Martin G.; Shirk, Andrew; Falxa, Gary; Long, Linda; Pearson, Scott; Strong, Craig. 2013. Spatio-temporal dynamics of marbled murrelet hotspots during nesting along the Washington to California coast. Predators and the California Current Preyscape Workshop. 10-13 Sept 2013, Point Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, CA.
  • Raphael, Martin G.; Wilk, Randall J. 2013. The riparian ecosystem management study: response of small mammals to streamside buffers in western Washington. In: Anderson, P.D.; Ronnenberg, K.L., eds. Density management in the 21st century: west side story. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-880. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 163⿿168.
  • Rowland, Mary M.; Wisdom, Michael J.; Hafer, Jennifer; Naylor, Bridgett J.; Vavra, Martin; Cook, John; Cook, Rachel; Nielson, Ryan; Coe, Priscilla; Johnson, Bruce K. 2013. Elk nutrition and habitat use models for Blue Mountains summer range [Abstract]. The Wildlife Society 2013 Annual Meeting: Pacific Northwest Wildlife: Frontiers Old and New. Stevenson, WA: Oregon Chapter of The Wildlife Society. 41 p.
  • Rowland, Mary; Wisdom, Michael; Cook, John; Nielson, Ryan; Cook, Rachel; Coe, Priscilla; Hafer, Jennifer; Naylor, Bridgett; Johnson, Bruce; Vavra, Martin. 2013. Modeling elk nutrition and habitat use across large landscapes: new methods of meta-analysis [Abstract]. 10th Biennial Western States and Provinces Deer and Elk Workshop. Missoula, Montana: Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks: 45-46.
  • Rowland, Mary; Wisdom, Michael; Hafer, Jennifer; Naylor, Bridgett; Vavra, Martin; Cook, John; Cook, Rachel; Nielson, Ryan; Coe, Priscilla; Johnson, Bruce. 2013. Next generation models for elk on Blue Mountains summer range [Abstract]. 10th Biennial Western States and Provinces Deer and Elk Workshop. Missoula, Montana: Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks: 61-62.
  • Scholz, Fabian G.; Bucci, Sandra J.; Arias, Nadia; Meinzer, Frederick C.; Goldstein, Guillermo. 2012. Osmotic and elastic adjustments in cold desert shrubs differing in rooting depth: coping with drought and subzero temperatures. Oecologia. 170: 885-897.


Progress 10/02/11 to 09/29/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: 1. The red fox of the eastern United States is native and did not result from the translocation of European red foxes to North America during the Colonial era. When introduced to areas they did not occupy historically, red foxes can have significant negative impacts on the native fauna. 2. Wildlife researchers document reproduction by wolverines in Washington State for the first time. PNW researchers have documented movements and habitat use by 10 adult and sub-adult wolverines, confirming the existence of a resident population in the North Cascades of Washington and southern British Columbia. 3. Coniferous and angiosperm tree species use contrasting strategies to maintain hydraulic function under drought stress: (1) embolism prevention (conifers) and (2) embolism occurrence and subsequent repair (angiosperms). Trees can develop embolisms in the water-transporting cells of their wood. These air bubbles inhibit water transport, which has a number of consequences including reduced growth, cell desiccation, and tree death. Angiosperms appear to be better at repairing embolisms, while conifers appear to be better at preventing them. 4. The hyporheic zones of mountain streams provide critical habitat for many aquatic organisms by maintaining oxygenated conditions for salmon eggs buried in the streambed gravels. Research shows how long stream water resides in the hyporheic zone and how much stream water flows through the hyporheic zone. The residence time distribution and amount of stream water in the hyporheic zone determine its influence on stream ecosystem processes. Influence of the hyporheic zone on stream temperature and nitrogen cycling in streams. 5. A state-of-science synthesis of the effects of dams on gravel-bed rivers provides insight into how rivers adjust to dam construction and reservoir operation over decadal timescales. Because they directly influence the two overarching controls of channel form ⿿ sediment and water ⿿ dams have the potential to alter the entire channel system. The synthesis encompasses more than 50 years of field observations from around the world to predict the direction, magnitude, and timing of bed incision and armor development. PARTICIPANTS: University of California at Davis, California Polytechnic State University, and Kansas State University. Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, USDA Forest Service National Carnivore Program, USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management Interagency Special Status/Sensitive Species Program, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Seattle City Light, The Wolverine Foundation, and the Seattle Foundation/Tom and Sonya Campion Fund. Oregon State University, Duke University. Willamette National Forest; Oregon State University. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Oregon Fish and Wildlife Office. TARGET AUDIENCES: Land managers and decisionmakers, scientists, planners. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: None.

Impacts
1. Despite the widespread and long-standing assumption that red fox populations in the eastern United States descended from animals that had been introduced from Europe during the Colonial era, we found no evidence of European genotypes anywhere in North America. Consequently, management and conservation actions for the Eastern red fox should be based on the assumption that it is a member of the native fauna, and not an exotic species. 2. Study findings are currently being used by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to inform the federal listing process for wolverine populations. 3. The research represents a new understanding of the means that plants cope with drought and the structural and functional tradeoffs that are involved in the different approaches that are used by plants to maximize assimilation while minimizing risk of hydraulic failure. Tree growth often appears to be sink-limited (limited by genetic growth potential) rather than carbon-limited, and partitioning of carbon to storage as carbohydrates appears to be a process that competes with growth for assimilated carbon, if some of the chemical compounds resulting from photosynthesis are unavailable for growth, especially when plants are water-stressed. The extent to which carbohydrate storage in trees is passive versus active, the extent to which growth is carbon limited, and why trees as long lived organisms may need large stored carbohydrate pools to cope with environmental stresses. The synthesis highlights key gaps in knowledge and understanding of carbohydrate dynamics in trees and suggests future avenues for research. Its publication in an international scientific journal is expected to influence and inform future research on environmental impacts on carbon partitioning in trees. 4. Researchers developed an equation to estimate the amount of hyporheic exchange in streams of different sizes. Knowing the amount of hyporheic exchange can inform the likely influence of the hyporheic zone on stream temperature. 5. New report synthesizing the geomorphic response of the Sandy River to removal of Marmot dam reveals how rivers change after dams are removed, providing guidance for future removals. An energetic river can rapidly incise and remove large volumes of unconsolidated stored sediment, even under very modest flows. Channel change is initially quite rapid but diminishes over time as sediment sources diminish. Allowing rivers to naturally process stored sediment rather than manually removing it before dam removal may be a tractable option for coarse, clean sediment in cases where sediment deposition will not create a flood risk downstream. A more rigorous prediction of the extent and magnitude of incision below a dam may obviate the need for expensive countermeasures such as erosion control structures and check dams for dam construction or re-licensing.

Publications

  • Hanley, Thomas A.; Spalinger, Donald E.; Mock, Kenrick J.; Weaver, Oran L.; Harris, Grant M. 2012. Forage resource evaluation system for habitat⿿deer: an interactive deer habitat model. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-858. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 64 p.
  • Jennings, Tara N.; Smith, Jane E.; Cromack, Kermit, Jr.; Sulzman, Elizabeth W.; McKay, Donaraye; Caldwell, Bruce A.; Beldin, Sarah I. 2012. Impact of postfire logging on soil bacterial and fungal communities and soil biogeochemistry in a mixed-conifer forest in central Oregon. Plant Soil. 350: 393-411.
  • Johnson, Daniel M.; McCulloh, Katherine A.; Woodruff, David R.; Meinzer, Frederick C. 2012. Evidence for xylem embolism as a primary factor in dehydration-induced declines in leaf hydraulic conductance. Plant, Cell and Environment. 35: 760-769.
  • Johnson, Kristofer D.; Harden, Jennifer; McGuire, A. David; Bliss, Norman B.; Bockheim, James G.; Clark, Mark; Hollingsworth, Teresa Nettleton; Jorgenson, M. Torre; Kane, Evan S.; Mack, Michelle; ODonnell, Johathan; Ping, Chien-Lu; Schuur, Edward A.G.; Turetsky, Merritt R.; Valentine, David W. 2011. Soil carbon distribution in Alaska in relation to soil-forming factors. Geoderma. 167-168: 71-84.
  • Kennedy, R.; Hessburg, P.; Marcot, B.G.; Singleton, P.; Raphael, M.G.; Lehmkuhl, J.; Ager, A.; Spies, T.A. 2011. Conserving northern spotted owl habitat and populations while mitigating wildfire risk and increasing resiliency of forest structure and function: balancing among conflicting ecosystem services in landscapes characterized by disturbance [Abstract]. 2011 US-IALE Symposium. Portland, OR.
  • Kizito, F.; Dragila, M.I.; Sene, M.; Brooks, J.R.; Meinzer, F.C.; Diedhiou, I.; Diouf, M.; Lufafa, A.; Dick, R.P.; Sleker, J.; Cuenca, R. 2012. Hydraulic redistribution by two semi-arid shrub species: implications for Sahelian agro-ecosystems. Journal of Arid Environments. 83: 69-77.
  • Knick, Steven T; Hanser, Steven E.; Leu, Matthias; Aldridge, Cameron L.; Wisdom, Michael J. 2011. Introduction: an ecoregional assessment of the Wyoming Basins. In: Hanser, C.L.; Leu, M.; Knick, S.T.; Aldridge, C.L., eds. Sagebrush ecosystem conservation and management: ecoregional assessment tools and models for the Wyoming Basins. Lawrence, KS: Allen Press: 1-9.
  • Lin, Chau-Chin; Kassim, Abdul Rahman; Vanderbilt, Kristin; Henshaw, Donald; Melendez-Colom, Eda C.; Porter, John H.; Niiyama, Kaoru; Yagihashi, Tsutomu; Tan, Sek Aun; Lu, Sheng-Shan; Hsiao, Chi-Wen; Chang, Li-Wan; Jeng, Meei-Ru. 2011. An ecoinformatics application for forest dynamics plot data management and sharing. Taiwan Journal of Forest Science. 26(4): 357-369.
  • McCulloh, Katherine A.; Johnson, Daniel M.; Meinzer, Frederick C.; Voelker, Steven L.; Lachenbruch, Barbara; Domec, Jean-Christophe. 2012. Hydraulic architecture of two species differing in wood density: opposing strategies in co-occurring tropical pioneer trees. Plant, Cell and Environment. 35: 116-125.
  • McCulloh, Katherine A.; Meinzer, Frederick C.; Sperry, John S.; Lachenbruch, Barbara; Voelker, Steven L.; Woodruff, David R.; Domec, Jean-Christophe. 2011. Comparative hydraulic architecture of tropical tree species representing a range of successional stages and wood density. Oecologia. 167: 27⿿37.
  • McKelvey, Kevin S.; Copeland, Jeffrey P.; Schwartz, Michael K.; Littell, Jeremy S.; Aubry, Keith B.; Squires, John R.; Parks, Sean A.; Elsner, Marketa M.; Mauger, Guillaume S. 2011. Climate change predicted to shift wolverine distributions, connectivity, and dispersal corridors. Ecological Applications. 21(8): 2882-2897.
  • Moriarty, Katie M.; Zielinski, William J.; Forsman, Eric D. 2011. Decline in American marten occupancy rates at Sagehen Experimental Forest, California. The Journal of Wildlife Management 75(8):1774⿿1787
  • Wisdom, Michael J.; Parks, Noreen 2012. Sage-Grouse on the edge: understanding and managing western landscapes for their survival. Science Findings 142. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 6 p.
  • Naney, R.H.; Finley, L.L.; Lofroth, E, C.; Happe, P.J.; Krause, A.; Raley, C.; Truex, R.L.; Hale, L.J.; Higley, J.M.; Kosic, A.D; Lewis, J.C.; Livingston, S.A.; MacFarlane, D.C.; Myers, A.M.; Yaeger, J.S. 2012. Volume III: Threat assessment. In: Lofroth, E.C.; Raley, C.M., eds. Conservation of fishers (Martes pennanti) in south-central British Columbia, western Washington, western Oregon, and California. Denver, CO: USDI Bureau of Land Management. 55 p.
  • Sala, Anna; Woodruff, David R.; Meinzer, Fredrick C. 2012. Carbon dynamics in trees: feast or famine? Tree Physiology. 32: 764-775.
  • Voelker, Steven L.; Noirot-Cosson, Paul-Emile; Stambaugh, Michael C.; McMurry, Erin R.; Meinzer, Frederick C.; Lachenburch, Barbara; Guyette, Richard P. 2012. Spring temperature responses of oaks are synchronous with North Atlantic conditions during the deglaciation. Ecological Monographs. 82(2): 169-187.
  • Wondzell, Steven M. 2012. Hyporheic zones in mountain streams: physical processes and ecosystem functions. In: Stream Notes: a newsletter of the Stream Systems Technology Center. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 10 p.
  • Woodruff, David R.; Meinzer, Frederick C. 2011. Water stress, shoot growth and storage of nonstructural carbohydrates along a tree height gradient in a tall conifer. Plant, Cell and Environment. 34(11): 1920-1930.
  • Yackulic, Charles B.; Reid, Janice; Davis, Raymond; Hines, James E. ; Nichols, James D.; Forsman, Eric. 2012. Neighborhood and habitat effects on vital rates: expansion of the barred owl in the Oregon coast ranges. Ecology. 93(8): 1953-1966.
  • Zarnetske, Jay P.; Haggerty, Roy; Wondzell, Steven M.; Baker, Michelle A. 2012. Labile dissolved organic carbon supply limits hyporheic denitrification. Journal of Geophysical Research 116: G04036: 1-13.


Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Project 1 Hydraulic lift by herbaceous plants slows soil drying in a Neotropical savanna Rick Meinzer, fmeinzer@fs.fed.us, 541-758-7798, To predict and understand the hydrologic and ecological consequences of the ongoing conversion of tropical savannas to other vegetation types such as herbaceous crops and tree plantations. To determine the relative contribution of trees and herbaceous plants to hydraulic lift in a Brazilian savanna during the dry season, researchers conducted model simulations and experimental manipulations involving removal of the herbaceous plant layer. Project 2 Ecology of Arboreal Rodents and Implications for Spotted Owl Habitat Management and Forest Health Todd M. Wilson, twilson@fs.fed.us, Ecosystem Process and Function To understand the habitat needs of flying squirrels and other arboreal rodents, to test new forest management strategies that can aid in the recovery of northern spotted owl populations, and to improve the overall health of managed forests in the region. Methods include sampling squirrel populations through live trapping and radio-telemetry, measuring forest structure and vegetation across a gradient of forest types in Oregon and Washington, and developing multivariate structural-equation models that can explain relationships between squirrel populations and forest structure across the region. Project 3 Westside Resource Selection Models for Elk Mary Rowland mrowland@fs.fed.us 541-962-6582, Elk (Cervus elaphus) are widely distributed across western Oregon and Washington (westside), where they provide hunting and viewing opportunities and contribute substantially to rural economies. Management of westside elk, including direction in land management plans of the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management, relies heavily on outdated guidelines and models for elk habitat. To address this deficiency, we developed new models with an innovative approach that incorporates current knowledge and data layers. Modeling results can be used to update and integrate habitat and population management of elk between state and federal agencies, in coordination with Indian tribes, hunting organizations, and other interested groups. We acquired elk radiotelemetry data sets from many disparate sources and locations to develop and validate a suite of models using a resource selection function approach. We also created maps of nutritional adequacy for elk and will evaluate how public access roads limit the degree to which nutritional resources are available to elk. PARTICIPANTS: Project 1 Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, University of Miami, North Carolina State University Project 2 U.S. Army (Fort Lewis, WA), Olympic National Forest Project 3 National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (John Cook, 541-962-6536, cookjg.ncasi@gmail.com), West, Inc. (Ryan Nielson, 970-484-3353, rnielson@west-inc.com).

Impacts
Project 1 Hydraulic lift, the movement of water via roots from moist, deeper soil layers to drier shallow soil layers, is widespread among tree species. Shallow-rooted herbaceous plants are often assumed to compete for water hydraulically lifted by trees. In Brazilian savanna trees, hydraulic lift helps to maintain conductivity of shallow roots during the prolonged five-month dry season. Researchers found that water hydraulically lifted by trees contributed only 2% to partial daily recovery of soil water storage, whereas the herbaceous plant layer contributed the remaining 98%. During the peak of the dry season, hydraulic lift by herbaceous plants replaced over 20% of ecosystem evapotranspiration, highlighting its important role in the water economy of savanna ecosystems. The findings have important implications for predicting and understanding the hydrologic and ecological consequences of the ongoing conversion of tropical savannas to other vegetation types such as herbaceous crops and tree plantations. Project 2 Flying squirrels are the primary prey of federally-threatened spotted owls throughout much of Oregon and Washington. Understanding squirrel habitat may be critical to recovery of spotted owl populations, and this recovery is a regulatory requirement affecting overall forest management on most federal and state forest lands in the Pacific Northwest. Flying squirrels can also be used to measure the health of regional forests as they are part of an important ecological link connecting trees, fungi, and top-level predators. Thinning (tree removal) is being widely used to promote spotted owl habitat and to reduce fuel loads in fire-prone forests. However, thinning almost always results in reduced squirrel populations. Work under this project suggests that predation is the primary limiting factor for squirrels, the quantity and spatial arrangement of structural components within a forest (tree trunks and crowns, woody shrubs, amount of canopy gaps, etc.) is important in providing protective cover from predators, and most thinnings substantially reduce this cover. A working model examining forests in western Washington has been developed that can predict squirrel habitat quality and may serve as a useful tool for regional land managers operating under the Northwest Forest Plan. Squirrel populations and forest structure continue to be measured and modeled across the Pacific Northwest. Collectively, this data is providing rationale for developing and testing new forest and region-wide management strategies that could limit the negative effects of management activities like thinning on squirrels, promote spotted owl habitat, and strengthen the health and resiliency of managed forests in the region. Project 3 Management of westside elk, including direction in land management plans of the Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management, relies heavily on outdated guidelines and models for elk habitat. To address this deficiency, we developed new models with an innovative approach that incorporates current knowledge and data layers. Westside Resource Selection Models for Elk - Newly developed resource selection models for elk in western Oregon and Washington will benefit habitat management and land use planning on National Forests and other public and private lands throughout the range of elk in the Pacific Northwest. Following a workshop in April 2010 to present our initial findings, the draft models and input layers were released to several beta testers -including R6 of the Forest Service, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, and the Muckleshoot Indian Tribe - who are already incorporating them in habitat evaluation and land management planning. We have established a project web site (http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/calendar/workshop/elk/index.shtml) and will release the models as a stand-alone product once programming has been completed.

Publications

  • Kayler, Z.E.; Sulzman, E.W.; Rugh, W.D.; Mix, A.C.; Bond, B.J. 2010. Characterizing the impact of diffusive and advective soil gas transport on the measurement and interpretation of the isotopic signal of soil respiration. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 42: 435-444.
  • Kayler, Zachary E.; Ganio, Lisa; Hauck, Mark; Pypker, Thomas G.; Sulzman, Elizabeth W.; Mix, Alan C.; Bond, Barbara J. 2009. Bias and uncertainty of δ13CO2 isotopic mixing models. Oecologia. DOI 10.1007/s00442-009-1531-6: 8.
  • Kayler, Zachary E.; Sulzman, Elizabeth W.; Marshall, John D.; Mix, Alan; Rugh, William D.; Bond, Barbara J. 2008. A laboratory comparison of two methods used to estimate the isotopic composition of soil δ13CO2 efflux at steady state. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 22(16): 2533-2538.
  • O'Donnell, Jonathan A.; Romanovsky, Vladimir E.; Harden, Jennifer W.; McGuire, A. David. 2009. The effect of moisture content on the thermal conductivity of moss and organic soil horizons from black spruce ecosystems in interior Alaska. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 174(12): 646-651.
  • Pabst, Robert J.; Goslin, Matthew N.; Garman, Steven L.; Spies, Thomas A. 2008. Calibrating and testing a gap model for simulating forest management in the Oregon Coast Range. Forest Ecology and Management. 256(5): 958-972.
  • Pascual, Cristina; Garcia-Abril, Antonio; Cohen, Warren B.; Martin-Fernandez, Susana. 2010. Relationship between LIDAR-derived forest canopy height and Landsat images. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 31(5): 1261-1280.
  • Phillips, Claire L. 2009. Distinguishing biological and physical controls on soil respiration. Corvalis, OR: Oregon State University. 137 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • Walsh, Megan K.; Pearl, Christopher A.; Whitlock, Cathy; Bartlein, Patrick J.; Worona, Marc A. 2010. An 11,000-year-long record of fire and vegetation history at Beaver Lake, Oregon, central Willamette Valley. Quaternary Science Reviews. 29: 1093-1106.
  • Taylor, D.L.; Booth, M.G.; McFarland, J.W.; Herriott, I.C.; Lennon, N.J.; Nusbaum, C.; Marr, T.G. 2008. Increasing ecological inference from high throughput sequencing of fungi in the environment through a tagging approach. Molecular Ecology Resources. 8: 742-752.
  • Trappe, James M. 2009. Book review: Tesoros de nuestros montes: trufas de Andalucia. Mycotaxon. 107: 494-499.
  • Walter, K.M.; Chanton, J.P.; Chapin III, F.S.; Schuur, E.A.G.; Zimov, S.A. 2008. Methane production and bubble emissions from arctic lakes: isotopic implications for source pathways and ages. Journal of Geophysical Research.113: G00A08.
  • Werdin-Pfisterer, Nancy R.; Kielland, Knut; Boone, Richard D. 2009. Soil amino acid composition across a boreal forest successional sequence. Soil Biology & Biochemistry. 41: 1210-1220.
  • Wharton, Sonia; Chasmer, Laura; Falk, Matthias; Paw U, Kyaw Tha. 2009. Strong links between teleconnections and ecosystem exchange found at a Pacific Northwest old-growth forest from flux tower and MODIS EVI data. Global Change Biology. 15: 2187-2205.
  • Kim, Yunsuk; Yang, Zhiqiang; Cohen, Warren B.; Pflugmacher, Dirk; Lauver, Chris L.; Vankat, John L. 2009. Distinguishing between live and dead standing tree biomass on the north rim of Grand Canyon National Park, USA using small-fooprint LIDAR data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 113: 2499-2510.
  • Kurkowski, Thomas A.; Mann, Daniel H.; Rupp, T. Scott; Verbyla, David L. 2008. Relative importance of different secondary successional pathways in an Alaskan boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 38: 1911-1923.
  • Matheny, P. Brandon; Aime, M. Catherine; Bougher, Neale L.; Buyck, Bart; Desjardin, Dennis E.; Horak, Egon; Kropp, Bradley R.; Lodge, D. Jean; Soytong, Kasem; Trappe, James M.; Hibbett, David S. 2009. Out of the Palaeotropics? Historical biogeography and diversification of the cosmopolitan ectomycorrhizal mushroom family Inocybaceae. Journal of Biogeography. 36(4): 577-592.
  • McCulloh, Katherine; Sperry, John S.; Lachenbruch, Barbara; Meinzer, Frederick D.; Reich, Peter B.; Voelker, Steven 2010. Moving water well: comparing hydraulic efficiency in twigs and trunks of coniferous, ring-porous, and diffuse-porous saplings from temerate and tropical forests. New Phytologist. 186: 439-450
  • McFarland, J.W. 2008. Latitudinal patterns of amino acid cycling and plant N uptake among North American ecosystems. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Fairbanks. 163 p. Ph.D. dissertation.
  • McFarland, Jack W.; Ruess, Roger W.; Kielland, Knut; Pregitzer, Kurt; Hendrick, Ronald. 2010. Glycine mineralization in situ closely correlates with soil carbon availability across six North American forest ecosystems. Biogeochemistry. 99: 175-191.
  • McFarland, Jack W.; Ruess, Roger W.; Kielland, Knut; Pregitzer, Kurt; Hendrick, Ronald; Allen, Michael. 2010. Cross-ecosystem comparisons of in situ plant uptake of amino acid-N and NH4+. Ecosystems. 13: 177-193.
  • McGuire, A.D.; Walsh, J.; Kimball, J.S.; Clein, J.S.; Euskirchen, S.E.; Drobot, S.; Herzfeld, U.C.; Maslanik, J.; Lammers, R.B.; Rawlins, M.A.; Vorosmarty, C.J.; Rupp, T.S.; Wu, W.; Calef, M. 2008. The western arctic linkage experiment (WALE): overview and synthesis. Earth Interactions. 12(7): 1-13.
  • Meek, Chanda L.; Lovecraft, Amy Lauren; Robards, Martin D.; Kofinas, Gary P. 2008. Building resilience through interlocal relations: case studies of polar bear and walrus management in the Bering Strait. Marine Policy. 32: 1080-1089.
  • Michel, Alexa K.; Winter, Susanne. 2009. Tree microhabitat structures as indicators of biodiversity in Douglas-fir forests of different stand ages and management. Forest Ecology and Management. 257: 1453-1464.
  • Miller, Mark P.; Forsman, Eric D.; Swingle, James K.; Miller, Stephanie A.; Haig, Susan M. 2010. Size-associated morphological variation in the red tree vole(Arborimus longicaudus). Northwestern Naturalist. 91: 63-73.
  • Mitchell, Jennifer S.; Ruess, Roger W. 2009. N2-fixing alder (Alnus viridis spp. fruticosa) effects on soil properties across a secondary successional chronosequence in interior Alaska. Biogeochemistry. 95: 215-229.
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