Progress 03/15/10 to 09/07/14
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): 1: Develop technologies that enable commercially-viable* processes for producing new, valuable coproducts from DDGS, thin stillage, pentoses, CO2 or other byproducts of ethanol biorefining. 2: Develop technologies that enable new, commercially-viable* processes to produce food-grade corn oil, proteins, phytochemicals or other high- value coproducts from ethanol biorefineries. 3: Develop fractionation, enzymatic and/or chemical technologies that enable commercially-viable, high-value, non-fermentation hemicellulose- and cellulose-based coproducts from lignocellulosics. * Potential commercial-viability will be regularly assessed with assistance from ONP, OTT and/or industrial partners. Approach (from AD-416): Technologies will be developed that produce valuable coproducts from low value biorefining byproducts using innovative microbiologic, enzymatic and chemical processing strategies. Carbon dioxide from fuel ethanol facilities, currently vented or compressed for uses that eventually return it to the atmosphere, will be biologically incorporated into stable, industrially important chemical compounds using microalgae and other CO2 utilizing microorganisms. Commercially viable processes for removing food-grade oils, proteins, phytochemicals or other high value components from biorefinery feedstock fractions will be developed by innovative aqueous-enzymatic extraction and other novel technologies. Functional hemicellulose and cellulose-based products will be extracted from ligno-cellulosic feedstocks for use in foods and industrial products using enzymatic and chemical processing technologies. The successful development of these technologies will result in improved energy and environmental properties for biofuels, the potential sequestration of carbon into useful feeds and chemicals and an increased economic competitiveness of the US biofuels industry from the sale of new higher value coproducts. Optimal conditions for dilute sulfuric acid hydrolysis of the hydrolysate obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated corn fiber and DDGS to generate xylose from oligomers of xylose were established. The dilute acid hydrolysate obtained under the established conditions was used for production of succinic acid and xylitol. Emulsifying properties of crude corn fiber gum prepared at different pH, ultrafiltered (semipure) and ethanol precipitated (pure) was done. Emulsifying properties of crude and pure arabinoxylan isolated from oat bran and pure arabinoxylans from corn bran, corn stover, rice fiber, wheat bran, wheat straw, switch grass, miscanthus, sugarcane bagasse and three varieties of sorghum was also accomplished. The cellulosic arabinoxylan fraction (CAF) of all above biomasses were isolated and their proximate composition was determined. Their carbohydrate composition, glycosyl linkage composition, dietary fiber content, ORAC values and water holding capacity were also determined. The rheological properties of corn arabinoxylan, corn arabinoxylan derivatives and the spray and drum dried CAF from corn fiber, sorghum bran, carrot pomace, sugar-beet bagasse were thoroughly studied. The isolation, purification, characterization and the functionality studies of Hemi. B and cellulose rich fractions from agricultural residues, agricultural processing byproducts and energy crops were accomplished, which will be important from their application point of view. Isolation, characterization and study of the functional properties of the constituents present in agricultural biomasses will be beneficial for determining their commercial viabilities. We continued to conduct experiments to try to improve the oil yields and reduce the cost of extraction corn oil from corn germ using our recently developed aqueous enzymatic oil extraction process. We conducted experiments to optimize oil yields at low concentrations of enzymes (1-5 KG per ton of corn germ). We also evaluated some commercial products (corn oil extraction aids for dry grind ethanol plants) and found that they had no effect on the yields of corn oil in our aqueous enzymatic oil extraction process. Post Fermentation corn oil recovery experiments have been ongoing. Data have shown substantial improvements in the quantity of oil recovered using enzyme supplementation during fermentation in combination with other treatments. Further work is being planned to conduct a plant trial of the enzyme addition process next year.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): 1: Develop technologies that enable commercially-viable* processes for producing new, valuable coproducts from DDGS, thin stillage, pentoses, CO2 or other byproducts of ethanol biorefining. 2: Develop technologies that enable new, commercially-viable* processes to produce food-grade corn oil, proteins, phytochemicals or other high- value coproducts from ethanol biorefineries. 3: Develop fractionation, enzymatic and/or chemical technologies that enable commercially-viable, high-value, non-fermentation hemicellulose- and cellulose-based coproducts from lignocellulosics. * Potential commercial-viability will be regularly assessed with assistance from ONP, OTT and/or industrial partners. Approach (from AD-416): Technologies will be developed that produce valuable coproducts from low value biorefining byproducts using innovative microbiologic, enzymatic and chemical processing strategies. Carbon dioxide from fuel ethanol facilities, currently vented or compressed for uses that eventually return it to the atmosphere, will be biologically incorporated into stable, industrially important chemical compounds using microalgae and other CO2 utilizing microorganisms. Commercially viable processes for removing food-grade oils, proteins, phytochemicals or other high value components from biorefinery feedstock fractions will be developed by innovative aqueous-enzymatic extraction and other novel technologies. Functional hemicellulose and cellulose-based products will be extracted from ligno-cellulosic feedstocks for use in foods and industrial products using enzymatic and chemical processing technologies. The successful development of these technologies will result in improved energy and environmental properties for biofuels, the potential sequestration of carbon into useful feeds and chemicals and an increased economic competitiveness of the US biofuels industry from the sale of new higher value coproducts. Continued to improve the yields and reduce the cost of our aqueous enzymatic oil extraction process to extract corn oil from corn germ. There is interest in using this process to extract corn oil from corn germ that is removed in dry grind ethanol plants before fermentation to product fuel ethanol. We are in the process of writing a research paper and an invention report for the process. We have continued to improve our process to hydrolyze and fractionate ferulic acid from various types of biomass, including corn fiber and corn processing byproducts. A complete molecular characterization of crude corn fiber gum prepared at different pH, ultra filtered (semipure) and ethanol precipitated (pure) was done. Molecular characterization of crude and pure arabinoxylan isolated from oat bran and pure arabinoxylans from corn bran, corn stover, rice fiber, wheat bran, wheat straw, switch grass, Miscanthus, sugarcane bagasse and three varieties of sorghum was also accomplished. Hemicellulose A and B from all above biomasses were isolated and their proximate composition was determined. The carbohydrate composition, dietary fiber content, Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) values and emulsion stabilities of Hemicellulose B from all above sources was determined. The study of Corn Fiber Gum (CFG) for its ability to encapsulate oil and bind charcoal to form briquette was also done. The water holding capacity of the alkali insoluble cellulose rich fraction from several biomasses was studied. Optimal conditions for soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA) pretreatment of corn fiber and DDGS were established. Corn fiber and Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles were pretreated using these optimal conditions. The pretreated materials were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis by ACCELLERASE 1500. The hydrolysates containing glucose and xylose were used for production of succinic acid using E. coli AFP184 in bench-scale fermentors. Accomplishments 01 New bio-based products help lower the cost for making cellulosic biofuels. ARS researchers at Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania have developed a novel way (patent pending) to make cellulosic biofuels cheaper, by co- producing valuable bio-based products during biofuels production. The new products called �hemicelluloses� were produced for the first time when fuel ethanol was made in the laboratory from 9 different types of non-food biomass feedstocks including sorghum bran, corn stover, switch grass, giant miscanthus, barley straw, wheat straw, wheat bran, rice bran, and sugar cane waste. The hemicellulose products from each feedstock were found to have valuable functional properties including the ability to: emulsify oils in water, be powerful antioxidants, serve as dietary fiber, act as bio-based glues, and serve as functional ingredients in other food and non-food products. The production and sale of these valuable coproducts by cellulosic biofuels producers will bring new sales revenue and thus, reduce the overall price for cellulosic biofuels, making them more affordable. 02 Development of an improved method for obtaining valuable corn oil from fuel ethanol production. Because corn grain used to make fuel ethanol and animal feeds is expensive, the nation�s 200+ fuel ethanol producers are struggling to be profitable. During fuel ethanol production, corn oil is often recovered as a value-added coproduct but only in low yields of about 25% of the total oil present. ARS researchers at Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania have now improved the process by adding a novel (patent pending) mixture of enzymes into a laboratory scale fuel ethanol production process. Not only did this improve corn oil yields to more than 40%, it also significantly reduced the amount of water, energy, and corn used in the ethanol process. Ethanol producers now can use this process to improve profitability while further improving the environmental footprint of fuel ethanol.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): 1: Develop technologies that enable commercially-viable* processes for producing new, valuable coproducts from DDGS, thin stillage, pentoses, CO2 or other byproducts of ethanol biorefining. 2: Develop technologies that enable new, commercially-viable* processes to produce food-grade corn oil, proteins, phytochemicals or other high- value coproducts from ethanol biorefineries. 3: Develop fractionation, enzymatic and/or chemical technologies that enable commercially-viable, high-value, non-fermentation hemicellulose- and cellulose-based coproducts from lignocellulosics. * Potential commercial-viability will be regularly assessed with assistance from ONP, OTT and/or industrial partners. Approach (from AD-416): Technologies will be developed that produce valuable coproducts from low value biorefining byproducts using innovative microbiologic, enzymatic and chemical processing strategies. Carbon dioxide from fuel ethanol facilities, currently vented or compressed for uses that eventually return it to the atmosphere, will be biologically incorporated into stable, industrially important chemical compounds using microalgae and other CO2 utilizing microorganisms. Commercially viable processes for removing food-grade oils, proteins, phytochemicals or other high value components from biorefinery feedstock fractions will be developed by innovative aqueous-enzymatic extraction and other novel technologies. Functional hemicellulose and cellulose-based products will be extracted from ligno-cellulosic feedstocks for use in foods and industrial products using enzymatic and chemical processing technologies. The successful development of these technologies will result in improved energy and environmental properties for biofuels, the potential sequestration of carbon into useful feeds and chemicals and an increased economic competitiveness of the US biofuels industry from the sale of new higher value coproducts. Optimum conditions for pretreatment of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) using aqueous ammonia to improve subsequent bioconversion were determined. DDGS was pretreated and hydrolyzed with commercial enzymes and the released fermentable sugars were used as substrates for astaxanthin (an important carotenoid used in aquaculture feed) and ethanol production. The carbon dioxide produced in corn ethanol fermentations was converted to carbonates (the salt forms of carbonic acid) in an absorption column using different types of strong bases (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide). The resulted carbonate solutions were subsequently used for pH control in succinic acid fermentations. The results were the same as those obtained in experiments where solutions of commercial carbonates (sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and ammonium carbonate) were used for pH control, which were significant improvements over the use of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide without carbon dioxide sparging into the fermentation broth. The optimization of enzyme use for enzymatic dewatering of the wet grains produced during corn to ethanol processing has been completed. Lower cost enzymes and the reduction in the amount of enzymes necessary to achieve dewatering have also been completed. Research demonstrating the additional effects on the downstream process is ongoing. The use of non- enzymatic agents will be investigated to determine if the effects can be further enhanced. The aqueous enzymatic extraction process yields of oil from dry milled corn germ were increased to about 75% using new combinations of commercial enzymes. Research was begun to evaluate the use of surfactants to further increase oil yields. The proximate composition of Miscanthus, corn stover, rice hulls, rice straws, sugarcane bagasse, and switch grass was determined. The water soluble components, starch, Hemicellulose A, Hemicellulose B, oligosaccharides, acid insoluble lignin, acid soluble components and the cellulosic residue from the above mentioned biomasses were isolated and their proximate and sugar compositions were determined. Research with a CRADA partner successfully resulted in the development of new and valuable corn bran-based bioproducts using the CRADA partner�s industrial waste stream as feedstock. A provisional patent has been filed on the technology and commercial sales of the product is imminent. Accomplishments 01 Process for capture and use of carbon dioxide produced in an ethanol pla ARS researchers at Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania have developed a process for capturing the carbon dioxide produced during ethanol fermentation as solutions of carbonates at near saturation concentrations. In liquid for these carbonate solutions can be transported to distant facilities for u in processes that require carbon dioxide as a feedstock. The implementation of the developed process will eliminate the requirement f a plant using a carbon dioxide requiring process to be located immediate adjacent to a carbon dioxide source. It has been demonstrated that the carbonate solutions could be used for pH control in succinic acid fermentation. It is anticipated that these carbonate solutions can also used in other processes that has a carbon dioxide fixing step, for examp growth of algae for production of fuels and chemicals.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Yadav, M.P., Nunez, A., Hicks, K.B. 2011. Isolation, purification and identification of protein associated with corn fiber gum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 59:13289-13294.
- Kim, E., Kwon, T., Um, B., Moreau, R.A., Choi, S. 2012. Anti-inflammatory activity of hydroxycinnamic acid derivtives isolated from corn bran in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated raw 264.7 macrophages. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 50:1309-1316.
- Samala, A., Srinivasan, R., Yadav, M.P., Kim, T., Prewitt, L. 2012. Xylo- oligosaccharides production by autohydrolysis of corn fiber separated from DDGS. BioResources. 7(3):3038-3050.
- Yadav, M.P., Moreau, R.A., Hotchkiss, A.T., Hicks, K.B. 2011. The development of a new corn fiber gum isolation process that preserves its functional components. Carbohydrate Polymers. 87:1169-1175.
- Moreau, R.A., Johnston, D.B., Haas, M.J, Hicks, K.B. 2012. Aqueous extraction of corn oil after fermentation in the dry grind ethanol process. In: Farr, W., Proctor, A., editors. Green Oil Processing. Urbana, IL: AOCS Press. p. 53-70.
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Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) 1: Develop technologies that enable commercially-viable* processes for producing new, valuable coproducts from DDGS, thin stillage, pentoses, CO2 or other byproducts of ethanol biorefining. 2: Develop technologies that enable new, commercially-viable* processes to produce food-grade corn oil, proteins, phytochemicals or other high- value coproducts from ethanol biorefineries. 3: Develop fractionation, enzymatic and/or chemical technologies that enable commercially-viable, high-value, non-fermentation hemicellulose- and cellulose-based coproducts from lignocellulosics. * Potential commercial-viability will be regularly assessed with assistance from ONP, OTT and/or industrial partners. Approach (from AD-416) Technologies will be developed that produce valuable coproducts from low value biorefining byproducts using innovative microbiologic, enzymatic and chemical processing strategies. Carbon dioxide from fuel ethanol facilities, currently vented or compressed for uses that eventually return it to the atmosphere, will be biologically incorporated into stable, industrially important chemical compounds using microalgae and other CO2 utilizing microorganisms. Commercially viable processes for removing food-grade oils, proteins, phytochemicals or other high value components from biorefinery feedstock fractions will be developed by innovative aqueous-enzymatic extraction and other novel technologies. Functional hemicellulose and cellulose-based products will be extracted from ligno-cellulosic feedstocks for use in foods and industrial products using enzymatic and chemical processing technologies. The successful development of these technologies will result in improved energy and environmental properties for biofuels, the potential sequestration of carbon into useful feeds and chemicals and an increased economic competitiveness of the US biofuels industry from the sale of new higher value coproducts. Objective 1: The optimal conditions for aqueous ammonia pretreatment have been established for corn fiber and DDGS. The pretreated materials were hydrolyzed with industrial enzymes to generate fermentable sugar solutions, which were successfully used for production of astaxanthin, one of the potential value-added co-products of ethanol in a biorefinery. Microorganisms that are known to produce the enzyme carbonic anhydrase have been identified. Work is in progress on acquiring these microorganisms, which will be used to produce the enzyme for use in succinic acid fermentation. Improvements in the application of enzymes for downstream dewatering and oil recovery in a corn to ethanol process have been made. A pilot scale trial of these processes was conducted at the National Corn to Ethanol Research Center to evaluate the effectiveness on a larger scale. Evaluation of these results is ongoing. Objective 2: Several new pretreatments and several new types of enzymes were identified that effectively increased the yields of corn oil from the dry milled and new generation corn germ using our ERRC aqueous enzymatic extraction method. Also, our ERRC aqueous enzymatic oil extraction process was evaluated and found to be effective for oil extraction with several species of oilseeds. Foaming can be used to concentrate the free oil in a fraction of the aqueous germ dispersion but the conditions used to digest the germ must not seriously degrade the compounds in the dispersion that stabilize the foam. To minimize the cost of centrifuging the foam fraction, it is important to maximize the oil content of that fraction. Significant improvement in the yield of free oil and free oil concentration in foam samples were obtained by changing the germ steam cooking and foam collection steps in the extraction and by using a combination of enzymes. About 80% of the oil obtained by hexane extraction can now be recovered in the foam fraction with the improved AEOE process; of this, 70% is free oil. First, most concentrated, samples of foam were 12 % free oil. Objective 3: A procedure to isolate water soluble hemicelluloses and water insoluble cellulosic fractions from ligno-cellulosic biomass by simple and economical steam treatment without using any acid or base was investigated. The yield of hemicelluloses was lower than obtained by standard hydrogen peroxide technology used previously in our laboratory. Corn fiber gum was also isolated by an environment friendly enzymatic treatment and is being characterized to determine its functional properties. Accomplishments 01 Cellulosic enzymes used to improve corn ethanol production. To improve economics of the fuel ethanol process, ARS researchers at Wyndmoor, PA, teamed up with University researchers to develop a new process to more efficiently remove water from the spent grains at the end of the fermentation. Water removal is presently a very expensive and energy- consuming process. To achieve this, the team added commercial enzymes developed for cellulosic ethanol production to the fermentor during corn ethanol production. The process was tested in a 54 million gallon per year ethanol plant in Illinois. Tests revealed that the new enzymatic process reduced overall facility water use by 10 percent, electricity consumption by 2.4 percent, and natural gas consumption by 12 percent. The process also reduced greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 8,000 tons of carbon dioxide per year. These improvements will greatly benefit the ethanol industry. 02 Determining the composition of corn oil produced from fuel ethanol plant helps to identify its value and new uses. The high price of corn and lo price for ethanol creates low margins and an uncertain future for US ethanol plants. Recently, ethanol plants have begun to isolate crude cor oil as an additional coproduct of the ethanol process. ARS researchers Wyndmoor, PA, teamed up with other researchers from ARS and private companies to determine the purity, composition, and uses of corn oil isolated from several stages of the corn ethanol process. It was determined that the recovered crude corn oil would require extensive and expensive refining before it could be used for food use but it would be acceptable as a feedstock for making biodiesel. It was also determined that the oil contained many high-value vitamins and nutraceuticals that could potentially be recovered prior to biodiesel production. Sale of these valuable coproducts along with the biodiesel feedstock-grade oil could help boost ethanol plant economics.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Mukhopadhyay, S., Onwulata, C.I., Yadav, M.P., Thomas-Gahring, A.E., Tunick, M.H. 2011. Thermophysical properties of starch and whey protein composite prepared in presence of organic acid and esters. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy. 5:10-8.
- Fishman, M., Chau, H.K., Coffin, D.R., Cooke, P.H., Qi, P.X., Yadav, M.P., Hotchkiss, A.T. 2011. Physico-chemical characterization of a cellulosic fraction from sugar beet pulp. Cellulose. 18(3):787-801.
- Montanti, J.M., Nghiem, N.P., Johnston, D. 2011. Production of astaxanthin from cellulosic biomass sugars by mutants of the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 164:655-665.
- Moreau, R.A., Liu, K., Moser, J.K., Singh, V. 2011. Changes in lipid composition during dry grind ethanol processing of corn. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 88:435-442.
- Dickey, L.C., Johnston, D., Kurantz, M.J., Mcaloon, A.J., Moreau, R.A. 2011. Modification of aqueous enzymatic oil extraction to increase the yield of corn oil from dry fractionated corn germ. Industrial Crops and Products. 34:845-850.
- Moreau, R.A., Hicks, K.B., Johnston, D., Laun, N.P. 2010. The composition of corn oil produced after fermentation via centrifugation from a commercial dry grind ethanol process. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 87:895-902.
- Manfre, A.J., Glenn, D.M., Nunez, A., Moreau, R.A., Dardick, C.D. 2011. Light quantity and photosystem function mediate host susceptibility to turnip mosaic virus via a salicylic acid-independent mechanism. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. 24(3):315-327.
- Moreau, R.A. 2011. Corn oil. In: Gunstone, F.D., editor. Vegetable Oils in Food Technology-Composition, Properties and Uses. Sussex, UK: Blackwell Publishing. 10:273-289.
- Henriques, A., Johnston, D., Mcaloon, A.J., Dudukovic, M.P. 2011. Reduction in energy usage during dry grind ethanol production by enhanced enzymatic dewatering of whole stillage: plant trial, process model and economic analysis. Industrial Biotechnology . 7(4)288-297.
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Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) 1: Develop technologies that enable commercially-viable* processes for producing new, valuable coproducts from DDGS, thin stillage, pentoses, CO2 or other byproducts of ethanol biorefining. 2: Develop technologies that enable new, commercially-viable* processes to produce food-grade corn oil, proteins, phytochemicals or other high- value coproducts from ethanol biorefineries. 3: Develop fractionation, enzymatic and/or chemical technologies that enable commercially-viable, high-value, non-fermentation hemicellulose- and cellulose-based coproducts from lignocellulosics. * Potential commercial-viability will be regularly assessed with assistance from ONP, OTT and/or industrial partners. Approach (from AD-416) Technologies will be developed that produce valuable coproducts from low value biorefining byproducts using innovative microbiologic, enzymatic and chemical processing strategies. Carbon dioxide from fuel ethanol facilities, currently vented or compressed for uses that eventually return it to the atmosphere, will be biologically incorporated into stable, industrially important chemical compounds using microalgae and other CO2 utilizing microorganisms. Commercially viable processes for removing food-grade oils, proteins, phytochemicals or other high value components from biorefinery feedstock fractions will be developed by innovative aqueous-enzymatic extraction and other novel technologies. Functional hemicellulose and cellulose-based products will be extracted from ligno-cellulosic feedstocks for use in foods and industrial products using enzymatic and chemical processing technologies. The successful development of these technologies will result in improved energy and environmental properties for biofuels, the potential sequestration of carbon into useful feeds and chemicals and an increased economic competitiveness of the US biofuels industry from the sale of new higher value coproducts. Screening of lycopene-producing strains (UC Davis and ERRC) has been initiated using synthetic sugar solutions containing glucose, xylose, and arabinose, individually and using various compositions. The screening effort is still in progress but will be completed by the end of FY 2010. Once the screening is complete, we will begin testing using biomass hydrolysates. Experiments on the effects of carbon dioxide sparging at various flow rates on succinic acid production by strain E coli AFP184 have been initiated and are still in progress. It is expected that the experiments will be completed early in FY 2011. Coccolithophore cultures have been obtained from culture collections and stock cultures have been prepared. The identification of Coccolithophores and the appropriate growth conditions for subsequent studies has been initiated. Preliminary experiments have identified 3 promising candidates for further studies and others are continuing to be evaluated. Twenty liter cultivations will be done to prepare sufficient material for compositional analysis and will be complete by the end of FY 2010 or early in FY 2011. Pilot scale experiments for corn germ oil recovery using a bubble column and aqueous enzymatic extraction pretreatment are being conducted. The recovered foam from the bubble column can be used to concentrate the free oil released; however, the pretreatment conditions used must not seriously degrade the foam stabilizing components. Experiments to improve the yield of free oil and the total oil in the foam are being investigated using germ cooking in combination with enzyme mixtures. Currently about 70% of the total oil is free oil and can be recovered in the foam. An additional 10% of the total oil is recovered in the foam; however, this is not free and requires further processing for recovery. The extraction of constituents of agricultural residues, agricultural processing by-products and energy crops has been completed. Organic solvents (hexane, methylene chloride and ethanol) soluble components of corn Stover, rice straw, rice hull, sugar cane bagasse, switch grass and Miscanthus were extracted, dried and their percentage yields calculated. The water soluble components, starch, Hemicellulose A, Hemicellulose B, oligosaccharides, acid insoluble lignin, acid soluble lignin and cellulosic residue from corn Stover, rice hull, rice straw and Miscanthus were extracted, dried and their percent yields were calculated. The data collected from the fractionation studies will be used to help determine their value and commercial viabilities for coproduct production from biofuel facilities.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Yadav, M.P., Cooke, P.H., Johnston, D., Hicks, K.B. 2010. Importance of protein rich components in the emulsifying properties of corn fiber gum. Cereal Chemistry. 87(2):89-94.
- Yadav, M.P., Parris, N., Johnston, D., Onwulata, C.I., Hicks, K.B. 2010. Corn fiber gum and milk protein conjugates with improved emulsion stability. Carbohydrate Polymers. 81:476-483.
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