Source: NORTHERN REGIONAL RES CENTER submitted to NRP
VEGETABLE OIL-BASED FUELS, ADDITIVES AND COPRODUCTS
Sponsoring Institution
Agricultural Research Service/USDA
Project Status
ACTIVE
Funding Source
USDA INHOUSE
Reporting Frequency
Annual
Accession No.
0418079
Grant No.
(N/A)
Cumulative Award Amt.
(N/A)
Proposal No.
(N/A)
Multistate No.
(N/A)
Project Start Date
Sep 19, 2009
Project End Date
Sep 18, 2014
Grant Year
(N/A)
Program Code
[(N/A)]- (N/A)
Recipient Organization
NORTHERN REGIONAL RES CENTER
(N/A)
PEORIA,IL 61604
Performing Department
(N/A)
Non Technical Summary
(N/A)
Animal Health Component
20%
Research Effort Categories
Basic
80%
Applied
20%
Developmental
0%
Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)Subject of Investigation (SOI)Field of Science (FOS)Percent
5111820200060%
5111844200010%
5111848200010%
5111899200020%
Knowledge Area
511 - New and Improved Non-Food Products and Processes;

Subject Of Investigation
1820 - Soybean; 1848 - Canola; 1899 - Oilseed and oil crops, general/other; 1844 - Sunflower;

Field Of Science
2000 - Chemistry;
Goals / Objectives
Improve the fuel properties and performance of vegetable oils and their derivatives as alternative fuels, extenders, and additives in the operation of compression-ignition (diesel) engines for on-road and off-road applications. Address technical problems identified by stakeholders and customers. Specific objectives for this project are: 1) Enable new commercially-viable alternative fuel formulations with improved cold weather start-up and operability performance without compromising fuel quality as defined by appropriate standard fuel specifications; 2) Enable new commercially-viable biodiesel formulations with improved storage stability with respect to oxidative degradation. Develop rapid measurement methods for monitoring effects of degradation on biodiesel fuel quality during storage, as defined by appropriate standard fuel specifications; 3) Enable new, commercially-viable biodiesel fuels derived from novel oilseed crops (especially inedible plant species), vegetable oils with modified fatty ester composition, and non-traditional feedstocks such as algae and biomass; 4) Enable new, commercially-viable analytical methods for biodiesel and its minor constituents and other fuel quality issues to enhance market acceptance of biodiesel fuels; and 5) Develop technologies that expand the markets for glycerol by enabling the commercial conversion of glycerol and its derivatives to chemicals and components in products such as surfactants, emulsifiers, fuel additives, dispersants and/or flocculating agents as well as biodegradable polymer products such as polyesters, polyethers and polyurethanes.
Project Methods
Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils, animal fats, used oils or algae and other biomass feedstocks. While it is competitive with (in some aspects even technically superior to) petroleum-derived diesel fuel, its use is still affected by technical and supply issues that hinder more widespread commercialization. This project proposes to improve the fuel properties of vegetable oils as well as other feedstocks and their derivatives as alternative diesel fuels, extenders, and additives in the operation of compression-ignition (diesel) engines for on-road and off-road applications. Specific objectives for this project include: 1) Improve cold weather start-up and operability; 2) Enhance understanding of oxidative stability and provide methods for its improvement; 3) Provide novel fuel formulations, including alternative and conventional feedstocks with different fatty acid profiles as well as novel additives; 4) Develop analytical methods for minor constituents of biodiesel and other fuel quality issues and 5) Development of specialty chemicals and products such as biodegradable polymers from biodiesel co-products (glycerol). Overall, this research will lead to technically improved biodiesel fuels that are more competitive in the marketplace, enhanced analyses, and new, economically competitive and environmentally friendly products from glycerol.

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Improve the fuel properties and performance of vegetable oils and their derivatives as alternative fuels, extenders, and additives in the operation of compression-ignition (diesel) engines for on-road and off- road applications. Address technical problems identified by stakeholders and customers. Specific objectives for this project are: 1) Enable new commercially-viable alternative fuel formulations with improved cold weather start-up and operability performance without compromising fuel quality as defined by appropriate standard fuel specifications; 2) Enable new commercially-viable biodiesel formulations with improved storage stability with respect to oxidative degradation. Develop rapid measurement methods for monitoring effects of degradation on biodiesel fuel quality during storage, as defined by appropriate standard fuel specifications; 3) Enable new, commercially-viable biodiesel fuels derived from novel oilseed crops (especially inedible plant species), vegetable oils with modified fatty ester composition, and non-traditional feedstocks such as algae and biomass; 4) Enable new, commercially-viable analytical methods for biodiesel and its minor constituents and other fuel quality issues to enhance market acceptance of biodiesel fuels; and 5) Develop technologies that expand the markets for glycerol by enabling the commercial conversion of glycerol and its derivatives to chemicals and components in products such as surfactants, emulsifiers, fuel additives, dispersants and/or flocculating agents as well as biodegradable polymer products such as polyesters, polyethers and polyurethanes. Approach (from AD-416): Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils, animal fats, used oils or algae and other biomass feedstocks. While it is competitive with (in some aspects even technically superior to) petroleum-derived diesel fuel, its use is still affected by technical and supply issues that hinder more widespread commercialization. This project proposes to improve the fuel properties of vegetable oils as well as other feedstocks and their derivatives as alternative diesel fuels, extenders, and additives in the operation of compression-ignition (diesel) engines for on-road and off-road applications. Specific objectives for this project include: 1) Improve cold weather start-up and operability; 2) Enhance understanding of oxidative stability and provide methods for its improvement; 3) Provide novel fuel formulations, including alternative and conventional feedstocks with different fatty acid profiles as well as novel additives; 4) Develop analytical methods for minor constituents of biodiesel and other fuel quality issues and 5) Development of specialty chemicals and products such as biodegradable polymers from biodiesel co-products (glycerol). Overall, this research will lead to technically improved biodiesel fuels that are more competitive in the marketplace, enhanced analyses, and new, economically competitive and environmentally friendly products from glycerol. This is the final report for the project 3620-41000-148-00D. Research focused on five objectives. ARS scientists made significant progress toward the objectives, as demonstrated by the following: - Additives to improve cold flow properties were successfully tested, so that solids form in biodiesel at lower temperatures than without these additives. This is important because cold flow properties of biodiesel have impaired its use at low temperatures. - Cold flow properties of blends of petrodiesel with biodiesel from different feedstocks were determined. Cold flow properties depend on the feedstock from which the biodiesel was derived. - Fuel and physical properties such as viscosity, cetane number, density, heat of combustion, and oxidative stability were determined. It was shown that viscosity, cetane number, density, and heat of combustion are all advantageous properties within specifications. Oxidative stability of biodiesel requires additives to meet specifications. - Synthesized aryl derivatives of fatty acids were tested for lubricant applications. These derivatives meet lubricant specifications. - Various alternative feedstocks for biodiesel were evaluated with the goal of increasing biodiesel supply and diversity under consideration of low-impact agronomics and sustainable agricultural practices, as well as feedstocks with alternative fatty acid profiles to improve biodiesel fuel properties. Several suitable feedstocks were identified, although combining advantageous agronomics and desirable fuel properties is not always possible. Research on combustion, fuel properties, fuel composition, and biodiesel education, was conducted with 9 U.S. universities, 6 research institutions, and 5 industrial partners. Accomplishments 01 Cold flow improver additives for biodiesel. The cold flow properties of biodiesel are relatively poor and can influence commercial viability during cold weather in moderate temperature climates. Synthetic cold flow improver (CFI) additives were shown to increase the flowability of biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) made from soybean, canola, and palm oils at low temperatures. ARS scientists in the Bio-Oils Research Unit at the USDA-ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR), Peoria, Illinois, and the Eastern Regional Research Center (ERRC), Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, collaborated on the synthesis and testing of CFI additives made from oleic acid, a fatty acid that can be obtained from non-food resources such as used cooking oil. Results from this research are expected to benefit farmers who supply seed oils for conversion into biodiesel by making the fuel more attractive during cooler seasons. Biodiesel fuel producers, distributors, and consumers will also benefit by improved flowability and performance in cold weather. 02 Cold flow properties of biodiesel-petroleum diesel blends. The influence of fatty ester composition on cold flow properties of biodiesel blends with conventional petroleum diesel (petrodiesel) fuel was investigated. ARS scientists in the Bio-Oils Research Unit at the USDA-ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR), Peoria, Illinois, determined that, in most cases, the fatty ester composition of biodiesel had minimal impact on cold flow properties at blend levels permitted by the U.S. diesel fuel standard, ASTM D975 (up to 5% biodiesel in petrodiesel). Fatty ester composition determines fuel properties and is unique to each plant oil or animal fat from which biodiesel is derived from. Cold flow properties are especially important during winter months, as fuel solidification causes engine failure. For the first time, experimental data were collected on the cold flow properties of biodiesel fuels prepared from a variety of feedstocks blended with petrodiesel at levels permitted by ASTM D975. Although cold flow properties of biodiesel-petrodiesel blends generally were less favorable with increasing the content of biodiesel, fatty ester composition minimally impacted the extent of deterioration with the exception of palm oil methyl esters. The results of this research are essential to understanding the impact of biodiesel composition on cold flow properties of blends with petrodiesel. Results from this research will be useful to fuel producers, distributors, terminal operators, and end-users who are concerned about cold flow properties of fuels. 03 Fuel and physical properties of biodiesel. Knowledge of various fuel and physical properties of individual biodiesel fuel components is essential for developing fuels with improved properties as well as for fuel production. In order to make more such data available, ARS scientists in the Bio-Oils Research Unit at the USDA-ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR), Peoria, Illinois, developed a comprehensive dataset of density and heat of combustion values of fatty acid methyl esters as they are commonly found in biodiesel and related fatty compounds. For the first time, experimental data for these properties were collected on various structural features of the fatty acid methyl esters and related compounds and how they influence the overall properties of a biodiesel fuel. Improved understanding of biodiesel properties and formulation biodiesel fuels with improved properties are the results of this research. The research enhances the commercial viability of biodiesel, benefitting all parties along the biodiesel production and distribution chain.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • Dunn, R.O. 2013. Effects of monoacylglycerols on kinematic viscosity and cold filter plugging point of methyl soyate. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 90(12):1883-1894.
  • Vardon, D.R., Moser, B.R., Zheng, W., Witkin, K., Evangelista, R.L., Strathmann, T.J., Rajagopalan, K., Sharma, B.K. 2013. Complete utilization of spent coffee grounds to produce biodiesel, bio-oil and biochar. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 1:1286-1294.
  • Knothe, G.H. 2014. A comprehensive evaluation of the cetane numbers of fatty acid methyl esters. Fuel. 119:6-13.
  • Sharma, B.K., Moser, B.R., Vermillion, K., Doll, K.M., Rajagopalan, N. 2014. Production, characterization and fuel properties of alternative diesel fuel from pyrolysis of waste plastic grocery bags. Fuel Processing Technology. 122:79-90.
  • O'Neil, G.W., Knothe, G.H., Williams, J.R., Burlow, N.P., Culler, A.R., Corliss, J.M., Carmichael, C.A., Reddy, C.M. 2014. Synthesis and analysis of an alkenone-free biodiesel from Isochrysis sp. Energy and Fuels. 28(4) :2677-2683.
  • Moser, B.R. 2012. Biodiesel properties and alternative feedstocks. In: Yang, S.T., El Enshasy, H., Thongchul, N., Lo, Y.M., editors. Bioprocessing Technologies in Integrated Biorefinery for Production of Biofuels, Biochemicals, and Biopolymers from Biomass. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley and Sons, Ltd. p. 205-234.
  • Vaughn, S.F., Moser, B.R., Dien, B.S., Iten, L.B., Thompson, A.R., Seliskar, D.M., Gallagher, J.L. 2013. Seashore mallow (Kosteletzkya pentacarpos) stems as a feedstock for biodegradable absorbents. Biomass and Bioenergy. 59:300-305.
  • Knothe, G.H. 2013. Avocado and olive oil methyl esters. Biomass and Bioenergy. 58:143-148.
  • Berhow, M.A., Vaughn, S.F., Moser, B.R., Belenli, D., Polat, U. 2014. Evaluating the phytochemical potential of camelina--an emerging new crop of old world origin. In: Jetter, R., editor. Phytochemicals--Biosynthesis. Function and Application. Recent Advances in Phytochemistry Series. New York, NY: Springer. p. 129-148.
  • Phoo, Z., Razon, L.F., Knothe, G.H., Ilham, Z., Goembira, F., Madrazo, C.F. , Roces, S.A., Saka, S. 2014. Evaluation of Indian milkweed (Calotropis gigantea) seed oil as alternative feedstock for biodiesel. Industrial Crops and Products. 54:226-232.
  • Rashid, U., Knothe, G.H., Yunus, R., Evangelista, R.L. 2014. Kapok oil methyl esters. Biomass and Bioenergy. 66:419-425.
  • Moser, B.R. 2014. Preparation and evaluation of multifunctional branched diesters as fuel property enhancers for biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuels. Energy and Fuels. 28:3262-3270.
  • Hughes, S.R., Gibbons, W.R., Moser, B.R., Rich, J.O. 2013. Sustainable multipurpose biorefineries for third-generation biofuels and value-added co-products. In: Fang, Z., editor. Biofuels - Economy, Environment and Sustainability. Croatia: InTech. p. 245-267.


Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Improve the fuel properties and performance of vegetable oils and their derivatives as alternative fuels, extenders, and additives in the operation of compression-ignition (diesel) engines for on-road and off- road applications. Address technical problems identified by stakeholders and customers. Specific objectives for this project are: 1) Enable new commercially-viable alternative fuel formulations with improved cold weather start-up and operability performance without compromising fuel quality as defined by appropriate standard fuel specifications; 2) Enable new commercially-viable biodiesel formulations with improved storage stability with respect to oxidative degradation. Develop rapid measurement methods for monitoring effects of degradation on biodiesel fuel quality during storage, as defined by appropriate standard fuel specifications; 3) Enable new, commercially-viable biodiesel fuels derived from novel oilseed crops (especially inedible plant species), vegetable oils with modified fatty ester composition, and non-traditional feedstocks such as algae and biomass; 4) Enable new, commercially-viable analytical methods for biodiesel and its minor constituents and other fuel quality issues to enhance market acceptance of biodiesel fuels; and 5) Develop technologies that expand the markets for glycerol by enabling the commercial conversion of glycerol and its derivatives to chemicals and components in products such as surfactants, emulsifiers, fuel additives, dispersants and/or flocculating agents as well as biodegradable polymer products such as polyesters, polyethers and polyurethanes. Approach (from AD-416): Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils, animal fats, used oils or algae and other biomass feedstocks. While it is competitive with (in some aspects even technically superior to) petroleum-derived diesel fuel, its use is still affected by technical and supply issues that hinder more widespread commercialization. This project proposes to improve the fuel properties of vegetable oils as well as other feedstocks and their derivatives as alternative diesel fuels, extenders, and additives in the operation of compression-ignition (diesel) engines for on-road and off-road applications. Specific objectives for this project include: 1) Improve cold weather start-up and operability; 2) Enhance understanding of oxidative stability and provide methods for its improvement; 3) Provide novel fuel formulations, including alternative and conventional feedstocks with different fatty acid profiles as well as novel additives; 4) Develop analytical methods for minor constituents of biodiesel and other fuel quality issues and 5) Development of specialty chemicals and products such as biodegradable polymers from biodiesel co-products (glycerol). Overall, this research will lead to technically improved biodiesel fuels that are more competitive in the marketplace, enhanced analyses, and new, economically competitive and environmentally friendly products from glycerol. The influence of minor components of biodiesel relating to cold flow and oxidative stability were investigated as was the effect of the structure of the major components (fatty acid methyl esters) on combustion. ARS scientists in the Bio-Oils Research Unit at the USDA-ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR), Peoria, Illinois, conducted research on various alternative feedstocks for biodiesel with the goal of increasing biodiesel supply and diversity under consideration of low-impact agronomics and sustainable agricultural practices as well as feedstocks with alternative fatty acid profiles to improve biodiesel fuel properties continued. Additives to improve the cold flow of biodiesel were prepared and tested. Collaborated with 16 various universities (Clemson, Iowa State, Oklahoma State, Western Washington University, University of Wyoming, University of Delaware, University of Idaho, Utah State University, Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Brazil, Universiti Putra Malaysia) and institutions (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, California, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, and Woods Hole Oceanograpic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts) on combustion, fuel properties, fuel composition, and biodiesel education. Collaborated with various industrial partners. Collaborated with the Agricultural Research Service Eastern Regional Research Center on synthesis and testing of new cold flow additives for biodiesel and biolubricants. Accomplishments 01 A new salt-tolerant biodiesel feedstock. Seashore mallow (Kosteletzkya pentacarpos) is a non-invasive perennial halophytic oilseed-producing shrub indigenous to the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. ARS scientists in the Bio-Oils Research Unit at the USDA-ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR), Peoria, Illinois, and a university collaborator investigated seashore mallow's potential as a feedstock for the production of biodiesel. The research demonstrated that oil extracted from seashore mallow seeds could be efficiently converted into biodiesel after pretreatment. The resulting fuel properties of biodiesel derived from seashore mallow oil were within the ranges specified in important biodiesel standards such as the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard (D6751) and the European standard (EN 14214) after treatment with antioxidants. These results, together with seashore mallow's compatibility with existing farm infrastructure, relative stress tolerance, and ability to be cultivated on saline or dry land that can be irrigated with brackish or seawater, demonstrate its potential to increase biodiesel feedstock availability utilizing fallow land resources while liberating fresh water and high quality soil for traditional agricultural use. 02 Cold flow properties of biodiesel. The effects of storage at low temperature on the formation of solid residues in biodiesel were investigated. ARS scientists in the Bio-Oils Research Unit at the USDA- ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR), Peoria, Illinois, developed an automated test that measured the time required to filter a calibrated volume of biodiesel as its temperature is steadily decreased. At low temperatures, monoglycerides (side products formed during the conversion of vegetable oil into biodiesel) can aggregate together and precipitate to form undesirable solid particles in the fuel. The automated test detects the effects of solid residues by monitoring how much time is necessary to finish the filtration as it increases at lower temperatures. Results from this research will be very useful for biodiesel commercialization because fuel producers, distributors, and terminal operators need to monitor the low temperature stability of biodiesel being stored during cold weather. 03 Combustion-related fuel properties. The effects of components of biodiesel on combustion in an engine were examined. ARS scientists in the Bio-Oils Research Unit at the USDA-ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR), Peoria, Illinois, established a comprehensive dataset comprising cetane numbers of fatty acid methyl esters that are commonly found in biodiesel. The cetane number is a measure of the ignition quality of a diesel fuel in diesel engines and is also crucial because the cetane number is a prime fuel quality indicator contained in biodiesel standards. For the first time, experimental data were collected on various structural features of these fatty acid methyl esters and how they influence the overall cetane number of a biodiesel fuel. The results of this research are essential to improve our understanding of biodiesel combustion and contribute to formulating biodiesel fuels with improved properties, ultimately enhancing its commercial viability.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • Rashid, U., Ibrahim, M., Yasin, S., Yunus, R., Taufiq-Yap, Y.H., Knothe, G. H. 2013. Biodiesel from Citrus reticulata (Mandarin orange) seed oil, a potential non-food feedstock. Industrial Crops and Products. 45:355-359.
  • Knothe, G.H. 2013. Production and properties of biodiesel from algal oils. In: Borowitzka, M.A., Moheimani, N.R., editors. Algae for Biofuels and Energy, Developments in Applied Phycology, Vol. 5. New York, NY: Springer. p. 207-221.
  • Dunn, R.O. 2012. Thermal-oxidation of biodiesel by pressurized- differential scanning calorimetry: Effects of heating ramp rate. Energy and Fuels. 26:6015-6024.
  • Dunn, R.O. 2012. Effects of monoacylglycerols on the cold flow properties of biodiesel. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 89(8):1509- 1520.
  • Moser, B.R., Dien, B.S., Seliskar, D.M., Gallagher, J.L. 2013. Seashore mallow (Kosteletzkya pentacarpos) as a salt-tolerant feedstock for production of biodiesel and ethanol. Renewable Energy. 50:833-839.
  • Ngo, H., Dunn, R.O., Hoh, E. 2013. C18-unsaturated branched-chain fatty acid isomers: characterization and physical properties. European Journal of Science and Lipid Technology. 115:676-683.
  • Murray, R.E., Bantchev, G.B., Dunn, R.O., Ascherl, K.L., Doll, K.M. 2013. Thioether-functionalized vegetable oils: Metal-absorbing biobased ligands. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 1:562-565.
  • Knothe, G.H. 2012. Fuel properties of highly polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters: Prediction of fuel properties of algal biodiesel. Energy and Fuels. 26(8):5265-5273.
  • Moser, B.R. 2014. Impact of fatty ester composition on low temperature properties of biodiesel-petroleum diesel blends. Fuel. 115:500-506.
  • Knothe, G.H., Razon, L.F., Bacani, F.T. 2013. Kenaf methyl esters. Industrial Crops and Products. 49:568-572.
  • Knothe, G.H. 2013. Fuel properties of methyl esters of borage and black currant oils containing methyl-gamma-linolenate. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 115:901-908.


Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12

Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Improve the fuel properties and performance of vegetable oils and their derivatives as alternative fuels, extenders, and additives in the operation of compression-ignition (diesel) engines for on-road and off- road applications. Address technical problems identified by stakeholders and customers. Specific objectives for this project are: 1) Enable new commercially-viable alternative fuel formulations with improved cold weather start-up and operability performance without compromising fuel quality as defined by appropriate standard fuel specifications; 2) Enable new commercially-viable biodiesel formulations with improved storage stability with respect to oxidative degradation. Develop rapid measurement methods for monitoring effects of degradation on biodiesel fuel quality during storage, as defined by appropriate standard fuel specifications; 3) Enable new, commercially-viable biodiesel fuels derived from novel oilseed crops (especially inedible plant species), vegetable oils with modified fatty ester composition, and non-traditional feedstocks such as algae and biomass; 4) Enable new, commercially-viable analytical methods for biodiesel and its minor constituents and other fuel quality issues to enhance market acceptance of biodiesel fuels; and 5) Develop technologies that expand the markets for glycerol by enabling the commercial conversion of glycerol and its derivatives to chemicals and components in products such as surfactants, emulsifiers, fuel additives, dispersants and/or flocculating agents as well as biodegradable polymer products such as polyesters, polyethers and polyurethanes. Approach (from AD-416): Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils, animal fats, used oils or algae, and other biomass feedstocks. While it is competitive with (in some aspects even technically superior to) petroleum-derived diesel fuel, its use is still affected by technical and supply issues that hinder more widespread commercialization. This project proposes to improve the fuel properties of vegetable oils as well as other feedstocks and their derivatives as alternative diesel fuels, extenders, and additives in the operation of compression-ignition (diesel) engines for on-road and off-road applications. Specific objectives for this project include: 1) Improve cold weather start-up and operability; 2) Enhance understanding of oxidative stability and provide methods for its improvement; 3) Provide novel fuel formulations, including alternative and conventional feedstocks with different fatty acid profiles as well as novel additives; 4) Develop analytical methods for minor constituents of biodiesel and other fuel quality issues; and 5) Development of specialty chemicals and products such as biodegradable polymers from biodiesel co- products (glycerol). Overall, this research will lead to technically improved biodiesel fuels that are more competitive in the marketplace, enhanced analyses, and new, economically competitive and environmentally friendly products from glycerol. The effects of small concentrations of minor constituents and contaminants on biodiesel fuel properties such as oxidative stability and cold flow behavior were investigated. Numerous alternative feedstocks for biodiesel with the goal of increasing biodiesel supply were researched including those with alternative fatty acid profiles for improving biodiesel fuel properties. Other feedstocks were evaluated for potential properties. The results also aid in establishing structure-property relationships for biodiesel components. Additives to improve oxidative stability, for which gossypol is promising, and cold flow of biodiesel were prepared and tested. Seventeen collaborations with various universities (Clemson; Iowa State; Oklahoma State; Western Washington; Universidade Federal de Vicosa, Vicosa, Brazil; University of Delaware; University of Idaho; Universiti Putra Malaysia; University of Nevada-Reno) and institutions (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL; Atlantic Greenfuels, Beachwood, OH; Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, Urbana-Champaign, IL; LubriGreen, Irvine, CA; National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO; Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA; Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX; and Woods Hole Oceanograpic Institution, Woods Hole, MA) leading to research results on combustion, fuel properties, and fuel composition that were incorporated in publications or will be used in pending publications and for supporting on-going research as well as biodiesel education. Collaborated with the Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center on synthesis and testing of new cold flow additives for biodiesel and biolubricants. Accomplishments 01 Biodiesel from alternative feedstocks. Due to the limited supply of commodity vegetable oils available for biodiesel production, the search for additional oils or fats that can serve as feedstocks for improvement of current production procedures is critical. Scientists in the Bio-Oils Research Unit at the USDA-ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilizati Research (NCAUR), Peoria, IL, investigated several oils for biodiesel applications which included anise, arugula, avocado, black currant, bora castor, corn distillers� grains with solubles, hazelnut, high-oleic peanut, lesquerella, olive, upland cress, and walnut. Based on fuel property data obtained from biodiesel prepared from these oils, along wi others investigated previously, a practical screening matrix was develop that was based on fatty acid profile. Feedstocks high in monounsaturated fatty acid content and with low levels of long-chain saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were recommended for further evaluation as sources of biodiesel. Overall, such work will contribute to enhancing th supply of biodiesel and reduce dependence on petroleum-based diesel fuel by lowering the cost of biodiesel production, thereby improving process economics. 02 Biodiesel with improved oxidative stability. A significant technical deficiency of biodiesel is reduced storage stability relative to conventional petroleum diesel fuel. Scientists in the Bio-Oils Research Unit at the USDA-ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Resear (NCAUR), Peoria, IL, investigated naturally-derived additives as a means to enhance fuel properties of biodiesel. Gossypol is a readily-available toxic component of cottonseed oil and meal with polyphenolic functionalities. Thus, it must be removed before the oil or meal may be used in food applications. Addition of gossypol to biodiesel resulted in significant improvement in storage stability that was comparable to commercially-available synthetic antioxidants. This research demonstrate that a by-product of cottonseed production has added value as a powerful bio-based antioxidant additive for biodiesel, and will contribute to the development of technologies to improve biodiesel's resistance to degradation during storage. 03 Cold flow properties of biodiesel. Blends of petrodiesel with biodiesel can be problematic during cold weather. ARS scientists in the Bio-Oils Research Unit at the USDA-ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilizati Research (NCAUR), Peoria, IL, evaluated the crystallization behavior of simulated biodiesel mixtures at low temperatures to identify optimum compositions that prevent cold flow problems. Crystallizations were carried out for mixtures of two different high-melting point methyl este and one low-melting point methyl ester, showing that specific component mixtures of biodiesel can optimize low temperature operability. These results will lead to methyl ester compositions to improve cold flow properties and performance of biodiesel from commodity oil and alternati lipid feedstocks.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • Joshi, H., Moser, B.R., Walker, T. 2012. Mixed alkyl esters from cottonseed oil: Improved biodiesel properties and blends with ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 89(1) :145-153.
  • Moser, B.R., Vaughn, S.F. 2012. Efficacy of fatty acid profile as a tool for screening feedstocks for biodiesel production. Biomass and Bioenergy. 37:31-41.
  • Moser, B.R. 2012. Efficacy of Gossypol as an antioxidant additive in biodiesel. Renewable Energy. 40:65-70.
  • Moser, B.R. 2012. Biodiesel production, properties and selected alternative oilseed feedstocks: Camelina and field pennycress. Biofuels. 3:193-209.
  • Knothe, G.H., Cermak, S.C., Evangelista, R.L. 2012. Methyl esters from vegetable oils with hydroxy fatty acids: Comparison of Lesquerella and castor methyl esters. Fuel. 96:535-540.
  • O'Neil, G.W., Carmichael, C.A., Goepfert, T.J., Fulton, J.M., Knothe, G.H., Ling Lau, C., Lindell, S.R., Mohammady, N., Van Mooy, B., Reddy, C.M. 2012. Beyond fatty acid methyl esters: Expanding the renewable carbon profile with alkenones from Isochrysis sp. Energy and Fuels. 26(4):2434- 2441.
  • Moser, B.R. 2012. Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from hazelnut, high-oleic peanut and walnut oils and evaluation as biodiesel. Fuel. 92:231-238.
  • Moser, B.R., Vaughn, S.F. 2012. Biodiesel from corn distillers dried grains with solubles: Preparation, evaluation and properties. BioEnergy Research. 5:439-449.
  • Dunn, R.O. 2012. Effects of high-melting methyl esters on crystallization properties of fatty acid methyl ester mixtures. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 55(2):637-646.
  • Hughes, S.R., Moser, B.R., Robinson, S., Cox, E.J., Harmsen, A.J., Friesen, J.A., Bischoff, K.M., Jones, M.A., Pinkleman, R., Bang, S.S., Tasaki, K., Doll, K.M., Qureshi, N., Liu, S., Saha, B.C., Jackson, Jr., J.S., Cotta, M. A., Rich, J.O., Caimi, P. 2012. Synthetic resin-bound truncated Candida antarctica lipase B for production of fatty acid alkyl esters by transesterification of corn and soybean oils with ethanol or butanol. Journal of Biotechnology. 159:69-77. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.01.025.
  • Moser, B.R. 2012. Efficacy of specific gravity as a tool for prediction of biodiesel-petroleum diesel blend ratio. Fuel. 99:254-261.
  • Knothe, G.H., Steidley, K.R. 2011. Kinematic viscosity of fatty acid methyl esters: Prediction, calculated viscosity contribution of esters with unavailable data, and carbon-oxygen equivalents. Fuel. 90:3217-3224.
  • Knothe, G.H. 2011. A technical evaluation of biodiesel from vegetable oils vs. algae. Will algae-derived biodiesel perform? Green Chemistry. 13:3048- 3065.
  • Rashid, U., Anwar, F., Knothe, G.H. 2011. Biodiesel from Milo (Thespesia populnea L.) seed oil. Biomass and Bioenergy. 35:4034-4039.
  • Ngo, H., Dunn, R.O., Sharma, B., Foglia, T. 2010. Synthesis and physical properties of isostearic acids and their esters. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 113:180-188.


Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11

Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Improve the fuel properties and performance of vegetable oils and their derivatives as alternative fuels, extenders, and additives in the operation of compression-ignition (diesel) engines for on-road and off- road applications. Address technical problems identified by stakeholders and customers. Specific objectives for this project are: 1) Enable new commercially-viable alternative fuel formulations with improved cold weather start-up and operability performance without compromising fuel quality as defined by appropriate standard fuel specifications; 2) Enable new commercially-viable biodiesel formulations with improved storage stability with respect to oxidative degradation. Develop rapid measurement methods for monitoring effects of degradation on biodiesel fuel quality during storage, as defined by appropriate standard fuel specifications; 3) Enable new, commercially-viable biodiesel fuels derived from novel oilseed crops (especially inedible plant species), vegetable oils with modified fatty ester composition, and non-traditional feedstocks such as algae and biomass; 4) Enable new, commercially-viable analytical methods for biodiesel and its minor constituents and other fuel quality issues to enhance market acceptance of biodiesel fuels; and 5) Develop technologies that expand the markets for glycerol by enabling the commercial conversion of glycerol and its derivatives to chemicals and components in products such as surfactants, emulsifiers, fuel additives, dispersants and/or flocculating agents as well as biodegradable polymer products such as polyesters, polyethers and polyurethanes. Approach (from AD-416) Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils, animal fats, used oils or algae, and other biomass feedstocks. While it is competitive with (in some aspects even technically superior to) petroleum-derived diesel fuel, its use is still affected by technical and supply issues that hinder more widespread commercialization. This project proposes to improve the fuel properties of vegetable oils as well as other feedstocks and their derivatives as alternative diesel fuels, extenders, and additives in the operation of compression-ignition (diesel) engines for on-road and off-road applications. Specific objectives for this project include: 1) Improve cold weather start-up and operability; 2) Enhance understanding of oxidative stability and provide methods for its improvement; 3) Provide novel fuel formulations, including alternative and conventional feedstocks with different fatty acid profiles as well as novel additives; 4) Develop analytical methods for minor constituents of biodiesel and other fuel quality issues; and 5) Development of specialty chemicals and products such as biodegradable polymers from biodiesel co-products (glycerol). Overall, this research will lead to technically improved biodiesel fuels that are more competitive in the marketplace, enhanced analyses, and new, economically competitive and environmentally friendly products from glycerol. The effects of small concentrations of minor constituents (monoglycerides) on fuel properties and cold flow performance of biodiesel were studied. Correlations for predicting volumetric percent of biodiesel in blends with petrodiesel for use in the field were developed. Correlations converting between mass and volumes of fuel blends (that is, density/gravity of blends) for blends of soybean oil and used cooking oil biodiesel and ultra-low sulfur petrodiesel were developed. Alternative feedstocks for biodiesel with the goal of increasing biodiesel supply were investigated as were feedstocks with alternative fatty acid composition for improvement of biodiesel fuel properties. Other feedstocks were evaluated for potential performance. Structure-property relationships for biodiesel components were established. Additives for biodiesel to improve cold flow and oxidative stability were prepared and tested. Fourteen collaborations with various universities (Clemson, Iowa State, Oklahoma State, Western Washington Universities, University of Delaware, University of Idaho, University of Illinois-Urbana, and Universiti Technologi Petronas, Malaysia) and institutions (Atlantic Greenfuels, Beachwood, OH, Carner Renewable Energy Sources, Chicago, IL, Illinois Sustainable Technology Center, Urbana-Champaign, IL, Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA) on combustion, fuel properties, fuel composition, and biodiesel education. Collaborated with the Agricultural Research Service Eastern Regional Research Center on synthesis and testing of new cold flow additives for biodiesel and biolubricants. Collaborated on developing a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with an industrial partner to develop biodiesel as fuel in lean-burning engines with plasma-injection systems. Accomplishments 01 Thermal-oxidative stability of biodiesel. Degradation during storage ca reduce the performance of biodiesel in diesel engines. ARS Bio-Oils Research Unit scientists at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR), Peoria, IL, performed studies on thermal a oxidative degradation of biodiesel made from soybean, palm, rapeseed, an used cooking oils. Biodiesel was tested at high pressures and temperatur in the presence of gases (air and oxygen) that cause decomposition and a gas (nitrogen) that does not cause decomposition. Results showed that ga composition affects the overall degradation process and the temperature where biodiesel begins to degrade. This work contributes to the development of technologies to improve biodiesel's resistance to degradation and to accurately monitor the fuel quality of biodiesel duri storage. 02 Biodiesel with improved properties and/or from alternative oilseed feedstocks. Due to the limited supply of commodity vegetable oils available for biodiesel production, the search for additional oils or fa that can serve as feedstocks or improvement of current production procedures is critical. Oils that were successfully evaluated by ARS Bio Oils Research Unit scientists at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR), Peoria, IL, for biodiesel applications included black locust, black mulberry, crepe myrtle, cuphea, Osage orang seashore mallow, shepherd�s purse, and spent coffee grounds. Biodiesel from cuphea enriched in a shorter-chain fatty acid showed improved performance (better burning, less problems in cold weather, less degradation) in an engine, to a large extent similar to that of diesel fuel from petroleum. Such oils can be used as alternative biodiesel feedstocks that do not displace existing agricultural production. Becaus some technical problems remain with biodiesel, fuel properties continue be investigated. Overall, such work will contribute to making more biodiesel with better properties available and reduce dependence on petroleum-based diesel fuel.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • Moser, B.R. 2011. Influence of extended storage on fuel properties of methyl esters prepared from canola, palm, soybean, and sunflower oils. Renewable Energy. 36:1221-1226.
  • Dunn, R.O. 2011. Specific gravity and API gravity of biodiesel and ultra- low sulfur diesel (ULSD) blends. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 54(2):571-579.
  • Fisher, B.T., Knothe, G.H., Mueller, C.J. 2010. Liquid-phase penetration under unsteady in-cylinder conditions: Soy- and Cuphea-derived biodiesel fuels vs. conventional diesel. Energy and Fuels. 24:5163-5180.
  • Joshi, H., Moser, B.R., Shah, S.N., Smith, W.F., Walker, T. 2011. Ethyl levulinate: A potential bio-based diluent for biodiesel which improves cold flow properties. Biomass and Bioenergy. 35:3262-3266.
  • Moser, B.R. 2011. Biodiesel production, properties and feedstocks. In: Tomes D., Lakshmanan P., Songstad D., editors. Biofuels. Global Impact on Renewable Energy, Production, Agriculture, and Technological Advancements. Chapter 15. Springer: New York, NY. p. 285-348.
  • Hughes, S.R., Moser, B.R., Harmsen, A.J., Bischoff, K.M., Jones, M.A., Pinkelman, R., Bang, S.S., Tasaki, K., Doll, K.M., Qureshi, N., Liu, S., Saha, B.C., Jackson Jr, J.S., Cotta, M.A., Rich, J.O., Caimi, P. 2010. Production of Candida antaractica Lipase B gene open reading frame using automated PCR gene assembly protocol on robotic workcell and expression in ethanologenic yeast for use as resin-bound biocatalyst in biodiesel production. Journal of the Association for Laboratory Automation. 16(1):17- 37. DOI: 10.1016/j.jala.2010.04.002.
  • Knothe, G.H., Steidley, K.R. 2011. Fatty acid alkyl esters as solvents: An evaluation of the kauri-butanol value. Comparison to hydrocarbons, dimethyl diesters and other oxygenates. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 50(7):4177-4182.
  • Moser, B.R., Eller, F.J., Tisserat, B., Gravett, A. 2011. Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters from Osage orange (Maclura pomifera) oil and evaluation as biodiesel. Energy and Fuels. 25:1869-1877.
  • Moser, B.R. 2011. Complementary blending of meadowfoam seed oil methyl esters with biodiesel prepared from soybean and waste cooking oils to enhance fuel properties. Energy and Environmental Science. 4:2160-2167.
  • Fallen, B.D., Pantalone, V.R., Sams, C.E., Kopsell, D.A., Vaughn, S.F., Moser, B.R. 2011. Effect of soybean oil fatty acid composition and selenium application on biodiesel properties. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 88:1019-1028.
  • Moser, B.R., Moser, J.K., Shah, S.N., Vaughn, S.F. 2010. Composition and physical properties of arugula, shepherd's purse, and upland cress oils. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 112:734-740.
  • Joshi, H., Moser, B.R., Shah, S.N., Mandalika, A., Walker, T. 2010. Improvement of fuel properties of cottonseed oil methyl esters with commercial additives. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 112:802-809.
  • Dunn, R.O. 2011. Fuel properties of biodiesel/ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) blends. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 88(12):1977- 1987.
  • Knothe, G.H., Rashid, U., Yusup, S., Anwar, F. 2011. Fatty acids of Thespesia populnea: Mass spectrometry of picolinyl esters of cyclopropene fatty acids. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology. 113(8):980- 984.


Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10

Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Improve the fuel properties and performance of vegetable oils and their derivatives as alternative fuels, extenders, and additives in the operation of compression-ignition (diesel) engines for on-road and off- road applications. Address technical problems identified by stakeholders and customers. Specific objectives for this project are: 1) Enable new commercially-viable alternative fuel formulations with improved cold weather start-up and operability performance without compromising fuel quality as defined by appropriate standard fuel specifications; 2) Enable new commercially-viable biodiesel formulations with improved storage stability with respect to oxidative degradation. Develop rapid measurement methods for monitoring effects of degradation on biodiesel fuel quality during storage, as defined by appropriate standard fuel specifications; 3) Enable new, commercially-viable biodiesel fuels derived from novel oilseed crops (especially inedible plant species), vegetable oils with modified fatty ester composition, and non-traditional feedstocks such as algae and biomass; 4) Enable new, commercially-viable analytical methods for biodiesel and its minor constituents and other fuel quality issues to enhance market acceptance of biodiesel fuels; and 5) Develop technologies that expand the markets for glycerol by enabling the commercial conversion of glycerol and its derivatives to chemicals and components in products such as surfactants, emulsifiers, fuel additives, dispersants and/or flocculating agents as well as biodegradable polymer products such as polyesters, polyethers and polyurethanes. Approach (from AD-416) Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils, animal fats, used oils or algae and other biomass feedstocks. While it is competitive with (in some aspects even technically superior to) petroleum-derived diesel fuel, its use is still affected by technical and supply issues that hinder more widespread commercialization. This project proposes to improve the fuel properties of vegetable oils as well as other feedstocks and their derivatives as alternative diesel fuels, extenders, and additives in the operation of compression-ignition (diesel) engines for on-road and off-road applications. Specific objectives for this project include: 1) Improve cold weather start-up and operability; 2) Enhance understanding of oxidative stability and provide methods for its improvement; 3) Provide novel fuel formulations, including alternative and conventional feedstocks with different fatty acid profiles as well as novel additives; 4) Develop analytical methods for minor constituents of biodiesel and other fuel quality issues and 5) Development of specialty chemicals and products such as biodegradable polymers from biodiesel co-products (glycerol). Overall, this research will lead to technically improved biodiesel fuels that are more competitive in the marketplace, enhanced analyses, and new, economically competitive and environmentally friendly products from glycerol. Progress was made on numerous critical research areas. Tests were performed on cold soak filterability of biodiesel after storage at low temperatures. The effects of water and other minor constituents present in very small concentrations of biodiesel were examined. The impacts of high-melting point compounds on crystallization in fatty acid methyl ester mixtures at low temperatures were studied. Various alternative feedstocks for biodiesel were evaluated with the goal of increasing biodiesel supply. Feedstocks with alternative fatty acid composition were investigated for biodiesel fuel property improvement. Structure- property relationships for biodiesel components were established. Additives for biodiesel to improve cold flow and oxidative stability were tested. Collaborated with the Agricultural Research Service Eastern Regional Research Center on synthesis and testing of new cold flow additives for biodiesel and biolubricants. Ten collaborations with various universities/institutions on combustion, fuel properties, fuel composition, and biodiesel education. Collaborated on developing a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with an industrial partner to develop biodiesel as fuel in lean- burning engines with plasma-injection systems. Accomplishments 01 Fuel properties of biodiesel/ultra-low sulfur petrodiesel blends. The influence of blending biodiesel with petrodiesel on overall fuel properties is not well understood. For more widespread distribution of biodiesel into the marketplace and reduced dependence on imported petroleum, such effects must be understood for customer acceptance. Biodiesel made from soybean, palm, rapeseed, and used cooking oils was blended with ultra-low sulfur petrodiesel (maximum sulfur content = 0.00 mass percent) and tested for cold flow properties, density, viscosity (thickness), and other fuel properties employed to characterize diesel fuels by Bio-Oils Research Unit scientists at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research in Peoria, IL. Results were compared with corresponding data for biodiesel in blends with petrodiesel with higher sulfur content (0.05 mass percent). Additionally, calibration curves were developed to analyze volume percent of biodiesel by measurin fuel properties of the blends. Results from this work will contribute t a scientific database on the properties of biodiesel/ultra-low sulfur petrodiesel blends, provide useful information to fuel producers, distributors, scientists, and engineers, and promote the use of biodiese in blends with conventional diesel fuel. 02 Biodiesel from alternative oilseed feedstocks. Since there is a limited supply of commodity vegetable oils available for producing biodiesel, th search for additional oils or fats that can serve as feedstocks or improvement of current production procedures is critical. Oils that were evaluated by Bio-Oils Research Unit scientists at the National Center fo Agricultural Utilization Research in Peoria, IL, for biodiesel applications included anise, aragula, camelina, coriander, cottonseed, cumin, cuphea, field pennycress, hazelnut, jojoba, macadamia, meadowfoam upland cress, walnut, and wild mustard. Such oils can be used as alternative biodiesel feedstocks that do not displace existing agricultural production. As is the case with biodiesel from other oils, some technical problems exist in terms of properties requiring optimization. Overall, such work will contribute to enhancing the supply of biodiesel and reduce dependence on petroleum-based diesel fuel. 03 Biodiesel with improved properties. Not only is increasing the potentia supply of biodiesel critical, but the fuel must meet certain performance criteria. Bio-Oils Research Unit scientists at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research in Peoria, IL, evaluated several oils for their potential to improve properties due to their different composition or to serve as models for commodity oils with different composition. These oils include cuphea, field pennycress and macadamia. The results provide guidance for future work to make biodiesel with improved properties available on a larger scale, thereby enhancing its competitivenss with conventional diesel fuel.

Impacts
(N/A)

Publications

  • Dunn, R.O. 2009. Effects of Minor Constituents on Cold Flow Properties and Performance of Biodiesel. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science (PECS). 35:481-489.
  • Moser, B.R., Knothe, G.H., Cermak, S.C. 2010. Biodiesel from Meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba L.) Seed Oil: Exceptional Oxidative Stability and Unusual Fatty Acid Composition. Energy and Environmental Science. 3:318- 327.
  • Knothe, G.H. 2010. Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel: A Comparison. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science (PECS). 36:364-373.
  • Jham, G.N., Moser, B.R., Shah, S.N., Holser, R.A., Dhingra, O.D., Vaughn, S.F., Berhow, M.A., Moser, J.K., Isbell, T., Holloway, R.K., Walter, E.L., Natalino, R., Anderson, J.A., Stelly, D.M. 2009. Wild Brazilian Mustard (Brassica Juncea L.) Seed Oil Methyl Esters as Biodiesel Fuel. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 86(1):917-926.
  • Joshi, H., Moser, B.R., Toler, J., Smith, B., Walker, T. 2010. Effects of Blending Alcohols with Poultry Fat Methyl Esters on Cold Flow Properties. Renewable Energy. 35:2207-2210.
  • Moser, B.R., Knothe, G.H., Vaughn, S.F., Isbell, T. 2009. Production and Evaluation of Biodiesel from Field Pennycress (Thlaspi Arvense L.) Oil. Energy and Fuels. 23:4149-4155.
  • Moser, B.R., Shah, S.N., Moser, J.K., Vaughn, S.F., Evangelista, R.L. 2009. Composition and Physical Properties of Cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and Field Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) Oils. Industrial Crops and Products. 30:199-205.
  • Moser, B.R., Williams, A., Haas, M.J., Mccormick, R.L. 2009. Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Properties of Partially Hydrogenated Soybean Oil Methyl Esters Blended with Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel. Fuel Processing Technology. 90:1122-1128.
  • Shah, S.N., Sharma, B.K., Moser, B.R., Erhan, S.Z. 2010. Preparation and Evaluation of Jojoba Oil Methyl Ester as Biodiesel and as Blend Components in Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel. BioEnergy Research. 3:214-223.
  • Shah, S.N., Sharma, B.K., Moser, B.R. 2010. Preparation of Biofuel Using Acetylatation of Jojoba Fatty Alcohols and Assessment as a Blend Component in Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel. Energy and Fuels. 24:3189-3194.
  • Joshi, H., Moser, B.R., Toler, J., Walker, T. 2010. Preparation and Fuel Properties of Mixtures of Soybean Oil Methyl and Ethyl Esters. Biomass and Bioenergy. 34:14-20.
  • Moser, B.R., Vaughn, S.F. 2010. Coriander Seed Oil Methyl Esters as Biodiesel Fuel: Unique Fatty Acid Composition and Excellent Oxidative Stability. Biomass and Bioenergy. 34:550-558.
  • Knothe, G.H. 2010. Biodiesel Derived from a Feedstock Enriched in Palmitoleic Acid, Macadamia Nut Oil. Energy and Fuels. 24:2098-2103.
  • Dunn, R.O. 2009. Cold Flow Properties of Soybean Oil Fatty Acid Monoalkyl Ester Admixtures. Energy and Fuels. 23:4082-4091.
  • Dunn, R.O. 2010. Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel by Automatic and Manual Analysis Methods. Journal of ASTM International. 7(4):1-15.
  • Dunn, R.O. 2010. Other Alternative Diesel Fuels from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats. In: Knothe, G., Krahl, J., Van Gerpen, J., editors. The Biodiesel Handbook. 2nd edition. Urbana, IL: AOCS Press. p. 405-438.
  • Shah, S.N., Moser, B.R., Sharma, B.K. 2010. Glycerol Tri-Ester Derivatives as Diluents to Improve Low Temperature Properties of Vegetable Oils. Journal of ASTM International. 7:1-10.
  • Dunn, R.O., Moser, B.R. 2010. Cold weather properties and performance of biodiesel. In: Knothe, G., Krahl, J., and Van Gerpen, J., editors. The Biodiesel Handbook. Urbana, IL: AOCS Press. p. 147-203.
  • Knothe, G.H. 2010. Biodiesel: Current Trends and Properties. Topics in Catalysis. 53(11-12):714-720.
  • Knothe, G.H., Dunn, R.O. 2009. A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Melting Points of Fatty Acids and Esters Determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 86(1):843-856.
  • Moser, B.R., Vaughn, S.F. 2010. Evaluation of Alkyl Esters from Camelina Sativa Oil as Biodiesel and as Blend Components in Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel. Bioresource Technology. 101:646-653.
  • Rashid, U., Anwar, F., Knothe, G.H. 2009. Evaluation of Biodiesel Obtained from Cottonseed Oil. Energy and Fuels. 90(1):1157-1163.