Progress 02/20/09 to 02/19/14
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Objective 1: Determine and monitor the nutritional composition of foods commonly consumed by Americans. Compile, maintain, and disseminate electronic food composition databases utilizing standardized approaches according to specified timelines. Objective 2: Evaluate and update existing food composition data for adequacy and completeness for nutrients of high public health concern and/ or identified as potential nutritional adequacy concerns in the �What We Eat in America/NHANES� dietary survey, such as vitamin E, potassium, magnesium, and vitamins K and D focusing on foods commonly consumed. Objective 3: Evaluate and update methods for food composition data acquisition, evaluation, compilation and dissemination of food composition data utilizing new, robust computer systems. Sub-Objective 3A: Expand methods for statistical sampling, sample handling, quality control, and data quality evaluation to ensure representative and accurate food composition estimates. Sub-objective 3B: Review, document and evaluate the existing method for estimating the nutrient content of processed, multi-ingredient foods. Sub-Objective 3C: Update existing food cooking yields and nutrient retention factors to reflect current food products, ingredients in formulations, and preparation procedures. Sub-objective 3D: Develop and modernize automated systems to electronically receive, evaluate, and compile food composition data from external sources and explore new methods for data dissemination. Objective 4: Investigate the variability of food composition data attributable to inherent food differences as well as analytical methodology. Temporary Objectives: Objective 1: Coordinate with the Food Surveys Research Group and the Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory to have an outside evaluation of the IT capabilities of the Nutrient Data Laboratory with respect to the ability to acquire and maintain multiple databases for bioactive food components from multiple sources including the food industry, assimilate data that characterizes variability of the food supply, allow for manipulation of large data sets and allow linkage with other similar databases/programs. Objective 2: Implement changes to update and modernize the IT infrastructure underlying the ARS databases maintained by the Nutrient Data Laboratory. Such changes include (but are not limited to) the ability to download data via the web from outside sources such as from industry and scientific investigators, to assimilate large amounts of information regarding variability of data (e.g., variety, year, post harvest handling, farming method, climate, etc), to query from multiple views (e.g., all foods of one variety in one year, all analyses by a single method), to conduct in-line statistical analyses, and to link with other similar programs (e.g., the Phenol Explorer, the EPA pesticide exposure database). Approach (from AD-416): Objective 1: NDL will develop estimates of the nutrient content of foods and disseminate up-to-date food composition databases, including the Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR). Estimates will be based on the analysis of representative samples as well as on the calculation of related values. The updating of the composition of existing foods (e.g., pork cuts) and the addition of new foods (e.g., energy bars) will be determined according to the strategies defined under the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP). NDL will use a multi-factorial strategy for setting priorities for adding each new nutrient or class of nutrient to SR and potentially, to the WWEIA, NHANES- FNDDS survey subset of SR. Analyses will be performed at qualified commercial laboratories using AOAC (AOAC International, 2008) or equivalent methods. Data will be statistically analyzed to estimate nutrient means and to evaluate the variability of data points for sample units obtained. Other sources of nutrient data will include food industry and trade associations, other government agencies such as the FDA, and scientific literature. Final data will be approved and released in the SR. Objective 2: NDL will develop and maintain food composition databases with nationally representative values for nutrients of public health concern and/or identified potential nutritional adequacy concerns to be used as the foundation for the Food Surveys Research Group�s (FSRG) Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Surveys (FNDDS). NDL will monitor the U.S. food supply to identify those foods that should be added to SR or updated. Nutrient data for these foods will be obtained through NFNAP which focuses on foods commonly consumed (see Objective 1). Identification of foods will require close collaboration between NDL and FSRG. Objective 3: Methods to obtain and estimate representative and accurate food composition estimates will be reviewed and updated as required by the types of foods to be sampled. Protocols will be developed for correct handling of food samples to assure the stability of the nutrients of interest. NDL will plan and develop methods for enhancing electronic data transfer to expedite the acquisition of data from external sources. Objective 4: The variance estimates for select nutrients will be determined as part of the acquisition, preparation, and analysis of NFNAP samples. Temporary Approaches: Temporary Approach 1: NDL will identify a group of external advisors in concert with FCMDL and FSRG who can assist with the evaluation of current technology capabilities and future needs. Bring in external reviewers to provide written report about IT needs. Develop update plan to determine key changes needed to help optimize the sharing of food composition information. Approach 2: Acquire new hardware and software to modernize IT infrastructure to ensure high quality information is available to stakeholders (other Federal Groups,Research Community)and to the general public as appropriate/needed. SR and survey: SR27 is being prepared for release containing data for over 8,600 food items for up to 150 components. Some of the foods added or updated in SR27 include: Breakfast cereals, fried chicken pieces (breast, thigh, and wing) and skin and breading, fast food biscuit, chicken strips, hash browns, chicken noodle condensed soup, fried shrimp (from restaurant), several pulses (chickpeas, green and red lentils, and green peas), a number of vegetarian items, deli-style roast beef, popular juice smoothies and fortified juice products, greek yogurt, sorghum grain and flour, green tea, energy drinks, and other beverages. The online search program has been accessed over 2.3 million times in the past year by 1.3 million unique users. From 2009 -2014, 1324 foods * brands were processed. From these, 12850 composites were prepared and nearly 40,000 samples unit were sent to the labs for analysis. In addition to those samples processed under NFNAP, it includes some samples processed under agreements with various trade groups and companies. NFNAP: 125 foods were selected for sampling and analysis. Most foods were selected for analysis, if they were frequently reported in the national survey, What We Eat In America, NHANES (e.g., flavored chips such as Doritos, mayonnaise-type dressings such as Miracle Whip), had been reformulated based on review of labels (e.g., sour cream, microwave popcorn), or had not been analyzed for the longest periods of time (e.g., butter, margarine). Some foods that have become highly popular in the past few years were also included (e.g., whole grain pasta, turkey bacon, wheat hamburger rolls, flavored Greek yogurt). The foods were picked up nationwide from 12 different locations and shipped to Food Analysis Laboratory Control Center (FALCC), Virginia Tech (Blacksburg, VA), and Texas Tech University's Animal and Food Sciences laboratory. The foods were weighed, cooked, dissected, and homogenized to prepare about 750 composites and 7,000 samples, which were sent for chemical analyses to commercial laboratories and universities, along with quality control materials. Most foods were analyzed to develop a full nutrient profile comprising of macronutrients, minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, and amino acids. The updated food composition data were used to update USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR), the foundation for most food composition databases used in food policy, research, dietary practice, and nutrition monitoring in the U.S. 124 samples (representing 94 foods) were sent to Tufts University under a SCA for Vitamin K analysis. One paper has been submitted to the Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. UNC and choline: In FY14, 33 samples were designated for analysis of choline at University of North Carolina, to be sent after they have been prioritized. The choline values obtained will be released in SR, for use by the research community in epidemiological studies and to establish a relationship between choline and betaine intake and the etiology of neural tube defect. Release 1 of USDA�s Expanded Flavonoid Database for the Assessment of Dietary Intakes was made available on NDL�s web site in September 2014. It contains full flavonoid profiles for nearly 3,000 foods reported as consumed in NHANES-WWEIA 2007-08 and will be used to correlate health outcomes with flavonoid intake. Work began on preparing Release 2 of the USDA Database for the Proanthocyanidin Content of Selected Foods. Work also began on new database on sulfur-containing bioactive components. A scientist with experience in analyzing these compounds was hired and began working with FCMDL to analyze various foods. Meat research was extensive; NDL ordered samples of food which were delivered to the TTU Cooperator for weighing, dissecting for physical components, preparation including cooking, packaging, and shipment to specified analytical laboratories for nutrient analysis. In FY14, Texas Tech University research specialists processed 11 different meats, poultry and other food samples. The Cooperator established procedures for the implementation of these steps and for inclusion of control materials or duplicate samples for quality control assurance. In addition, this agreement included consultations with NDL and contract laboratories on issues of methodology, sample analysis, handling and storage. The Cooperator offered expertise in experimental design and interpretation of results of the nutrient analyses. In the NDL-led pilot study on interlaboratory methods for measuring vitamin D and 25(OH)D in animal-based foods and dietary supplements, NDL identified 5 international and U.S. laboratories who agreed to participate. Six suitable materials were identified and sent to the labs for analysis. NDL will evaluate and report the data results. Sodium Monitoring: The Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL) in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Agricultural Research Services� (ARS) Food Surveys Research Group (FSRG) has developed a plan to monitor levels of sodium in commercially processed and restaurant foods. As part of the monitoring plan, about 125 selected commercially processed and restaurant food items, termed �Sentinel Foods,� will be tracked as indicators to assess the changes in the sodium content of the food supply. The Sentinel Foods were selected based on the dietary data from the national survey, What We Eat in America (WWEIA), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and accounted for about one-third of total sodium intake in WWEIA, NHANES 2007-2008. NDL has been monitoring nutrient profiles of these Sentinel Foods through nationwide sampling and laboratory analysis, using standardized validated procedures under the USDA National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP). In addition, over 1,100 other commercially processed and restaurant foods (Priority-2 Foods) are monitored using information from manufacturers or restaurant chains and their websites or Nutrition Facts Panels. In addition to sodium, related nutrients (total sugar, potassium, total and saturated fat, and total dietary fiber) that may change as food manufacturers reformulate are also being monitored. NDL analyzed all Sentinel Foods and reviewed all Priority-2 Foods in 2010�2013. Each year a combination of about 40 sentinel and other sodium-contributing foods are analyzed. For each food item, up to several brands will be sampled, depending on the specific food, and from each food item, 6 location-based composites will be prepared for analysis. NDL disseminated new and updated data from these analyses in SR releases 23 to 26 (2010 to 2013) for 74 Sentinel Foods and about 550 Priority 2 Foods (PF2; major sodium contributors under the Sentinel Foods). New and updated data for all other Sentinel Foods will be released annually through SR (SR27 in August, 2014) and on a separate �Sodium Monitoring� section of the NDL website. In addition, NDL added data on over 250 commercially processed and restaurant foods with added sodium to SR for determining nutrient intakes of survey respondents in WWEIA 2009-2010 and 2011-2012. NDL analyzed many of these foods, such as cold cut sandwiches, ethnic breads, commercial cakes and pies, and restaurant (Chinese, Latino, and family- style) entrees, using the NFNAP procedures. A separate �Sodium Monitoring� section on NDL website has been developed. This section will provide details on the monitoring methods that NDL uses, analysis status, changes in sodium values for Sentinel Foods and P2Fs, and public-use datasets for downloading. NDL scientists have given over 25 presentations on changes in the sodium content of these foods since 2010 at various national meetings, including the National Nutrient Databank Conference, Food and Nutrition Conference and Expo, and Experimental Biology, and/or published reports on this topic in peer-reviewed journals. Three manuscripts have been published, and several are under preparation/review. During FY 2014, the baseline analyses of all 125 Sentinel Foods and re- sampling and analyses of 3 highly popular foods (bread, hot dog rolls, and tortilla) were completed. In addition, over 40 additional sodium- contributing foods were analyzed. Nutrient data for many of these items were based on formulations/recipes or old analytical data, and many of these foods were identified as having big changes in their sodium content. Inclusion of these foods will improve food composition data in SR and assessment of sodium intakes in WWEIA, NHANES. In addition, it will provide CDC an early and essential indication of how sodium and related nutrients are changing in the U.S. food supply, and will focus further investigations and assessment. IT initiative: For the past 2-3 years, ARS has worked with the Agriculture Technology Innovation Technology (ATIP Foundation) and ILSI NA to develop a portal for receipt of food label data from the food Industry. In addition, a 2012 SCA with the University of Maryland was established for infrastructure redesign of the Nutrient Databank System. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations: Continued tracking of foods consumed by ethnic groups (i.e., Asian Americans) consistent with oversampling in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, What We Eat in America. Accomplishments 01 Releases of USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Releases: SR 23 (2010), SR24 (2011), SR25 (2012), SR26 (2013). 02 Release of the Flavonoid Database. 03 Release of USDA Table of Cooking Yields for Meat and Poultry. Cooking yield and retention data for over 175 retail cuts of meat and poultry were used to develop and release the first electronic version of the USDA Table of Cooking Yields for Meats and Poultry and supporting documentation on the NDL website. Data provided are measures of changes in meat and poultry weights resulting from moisture and fat losses during cooking. The table includes percentages for cooking yield, moisture change, and fat change for specific cuts of meat and poultry prepared in USDA research studies according to specific cooking protocols.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Taylor, C.L., Patterson, K.Y., Roseland, J.M., Wise, S.A., Merkel, J.M., Pehrsson, P.R., Yetley, E. 2014. Including food 25-hydroxyvitamin D in intake estimates may reduce the discrepancy between dietary and serum measures of vitamin D status. The Journal of Nutrition. doi:10.3945/jn.113. 189811.
- Cogswell, M.E., Yuan, K., Gunn, J.P., Gillespie, C., Sliwa, S., Galuska, D. A., Moshfegh, A.J., Rhodes, D.G., Ahuja, J.K., Pehrsson, P.R., Merritt, R., Bowman, B.A. 2014. Sodium intake among U.S. school-aged children - United States, 2009-2010. Electronic Publication. 2014:63:36:789-797.
- Phillips, K., Pehrsson, P.R., Agnew, W.W., Follett, J.R., Lukaski, H.C., Patterson, K.K., Scheet, A.J. 2014. Nutrient composition of selected traditional native American plant foods. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 34(2):136-152.
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Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Objective 1: Determine and monitor the nutritional composition of foods commonly consumed by Americans. Compile, maintain, and disseminate electronic food composition databases utilizing standardized approaches according to specified timelines. Objective 2: Evaluate and update existing food composition data for adequacy and completeness for nutrients of high public health concern and/ or identified as potential nutritional adequacy concerns in the �What We Eat in America/NHANES� dietary survey, such as vitamin E, potassium, magnesium, and vitamins K and D focusing on foods commonly consumed. Objective 3: Evaluate and update methods for food composition data acquisition, evaluation, compilation and dissemination of food composition data utilizing new, robust computer systems. Sub-Objective 3A: Expand methods for statistical sampling, sample handling, quality control, and data quality evaluation to ensure representative and accurate food composition estimates. Sub-objective 3B: Review, document and evaluate the existing method for estimating the nutrient content of processed, multi-ingredient foods. Sub-Objective 3C: Update existing food cooking yields and nutrient retention factors to reflect current food products, ingredients in formulations, and preparation procedures. Sub-objective 3D: Develop and modernize automated systems to electronically receive, evaluate, and compile food composition data from external sources and explore new methods for data dissemination. Objective 4: Investigate the variability of food composition data attributable to inherent food differences as well as analytical methodology. Temporary Objectives: Objective 1: Coordinate with the Food Surveys Research Group and the Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory to have an outside evaluation of the IT capabilities of the Nutrient Data Laboratory with respect to the ability to acquire and maintain multiple databases for bioactive food components from multiple sources including the food industry, assimilate data that characterizes variability of the food supply, allow for manipulation of large data sets and allow linkage with other similar databases/programs. Objective 2: Implement changes to update and modernize the IT infrastructure underlying the ARS databases maintained by the Nutrient Data Laboratory. Such changes include (but are not limited to) the ability to download data via the web from outside sources such as from industry and scientific investigators, to assimilate large amounts of information regarding variability of data (e.g., variety, year, post harvest handling, farming method, climate, etc), to query from multiple views (e.g., all foods of one variety in one year, all analyses by a single method), to conduct in-line statistical analyses, and to link with other similar programs (e.g., the Phenol Explorer, the EPA pesticide exposure database). Approach (from AD-416): Objective 1: NDL will develop estimates of the nutrient content of foods and disseminate up-to-date food composition databases, including the Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR). Estimates will be based on the analysis of representative samples as well as on the calculation of related values. The updating of the composition of existing foods (e.g., pork cuts) and the addition of new foods (e.g., energy bars) will be determined according to the strategies defined under the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP). NDL will use a multi-factorial strategy for setting priorities for adding each new nutrient or class of nutrient to SR and potentially, to the WWEIA, NHANES- FNDDS survey subset of SR. Analyses will be performed at qualified commercial laboratories using AOAC (AOAC International, 2008) or equivalent methods. Data will be statistically analyzed to estimate nutrient means and to evaluate the variability of data points for sample units obtained. Other sources of nutrient data will include food industry and trade associations, other government agencies such as the FDA, and scientific literature. Final data will be approved and released in the SR. Objective 2: NDL will develop and maintain food composition databases with nationally representative values for nutrients of public health concern and/or identified potential nutritional adequacy concerns to be used as the foundation for the Food Surveys Research Group�s (FSRG) Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Surveys (FNDDS). NDL will monitor the U.S. food supply to identify those foods that should be added to SR or updated. Nutrient data for these foods will be obtained through NFNAP which focuses on foods commonly consumed (see Objective 1). Identification of foods will require close collaboration between NDL and FSRG. Objective 3: Methods to obtain and estimate representative and accurate food composition estimates will be reviewed and updated as required by the types of foods to be sampled. Protocols will be developed for correct handling of food samples to assure the stability of the nutrients of interest. NDL will plan and develop methods for enhancing electronic data transfer to expedite the acquisition of data from external sources. Objective 4: The variance estimates for select nutrients will be determined as part of the acquisition, preparation, and analysis of NFNAP samples. Temporary Approaches: Temporary Approach 1: NDL will identify a group of external advisors in concert with FCMDL and FSRG who can assist with the evaluation of current technology capabilities and future needs. Bring in external reviewers to provide written report about IT needs. Develop update plan to determine key changes needed to help optimize the sharing of food composition information. Approach 2: Acquire new hardware and software to modernize IT infrastructure to ensure high quality information is available to stakeholders (other Federal Groups,Research Community)and to the general public as appropriate/needed. This project supports USDA's food composition research program to develop accurate, unbiased, and representative food composition data for about 8, 500 foods and nearly 200 nutrients and other components (e.g., flavonoids) which may bioactive properties. These data are used as the foundation of most other food composition databases and related applications in the U.S. and worldwide to monitor food and nutrient intake, to conduct human nutrition research, to label foods, and to develop nutrition policy. During 2013, the Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL) released the annual update of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR26) (www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata). The foods included frequently consumed products from supermarkets, quick service and casual dining, full service restaurants. The data were generated by NDL through the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP) or submitted by the food industry. NDL sampled and analyzed 74 unique foods through qualified contractors and four USDA specific cooperative agreements (SCAs) . Sample units were purchased in 12 cities nationwide to provide a group of products representative of the specific food type. An NDL scientist worked with statisticians to update the NFNAP sampling plan for foods based on the 2010 U.S. Census. NDL continued collaborations with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and USDA agencies, including the Food Surveys Research Group (FSRG), to monitor sodium in the food supply. Of the about 3,200 food items from SR26 that will be supplied to FSRG to develop the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) 6.0, approximately 1,300 - primarily commercially packaged and restaurant foods - are impacted by manufacturers' efforts to reduce the sodium content and are being monitored for changes in label value by one of several methods (e.g., selected analysis, label checks, industry submissions). One hundred and twenty-five of these foods are designated as �Sentinel� foods have been analyzed under the auspices of NFNAP. In subsequent years, these foods will be monitored for changes. NDL scientists continued to collaborate with the National Cattlemen�s Beef Association to update beef data for many single ingredient fresh cuts. As a result of this collaboration, NDL has finalized nutrient data for ten beef round and loin cuts in the third study phase of the overall project. USDA�s food composition data are supporting the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) efforts and those of the retail meat industry in the single ingredient meat labeling program begun in 2012. These efforts result in a repository of current and accurate values for nutrients in foods which are consumed by a large proportion of the population. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations: Continued tracking of foods consumed by ethnic groups (i.e., Asian Americans) consistent with oversampling in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, What We Eat in America. Accomplishments 01 Release of the National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR26). Nutrient data for foods and other dietary components are critical to the assessment of dietary intake and support the investigation of hypotheses concerning the relationship of dietary intake to health status. During 2013, the Nutrient Data Laboratory developed and released the annual update of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR26) and its related subset for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): What We Eat in America. Nutrient profiles for nearly 400 foods were added to SR26 (www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata). Of these, 125 were added or updated using NFNAP data; the remainder was obtained from food industry sources. Data on tocotrienols, which were obtained as part of the analyses for vitamin E, for over 1,200 food items were released after review by an outside expert. 02 Development of the USDA Expanded Flavonoid Database for the Assessment of Dietary Intakes. In order to estimate flavonoid intakes by What We Eat in America (WWEIA), 2007-08 participants. This is a collaborative effort between the Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL) and the Food Surveys Research Group (FSRG). USDA�s databases on the flavonoid content of selected foods were expanded to include full profiles for six subclasses (flavanols, flavan3-ols, flavones, flavanones, anthocyanidins, isoflavones) for around 2,900 food items included in Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) 4.1 and used in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-08. Analytical values were taken from Release 3.1 of the flavonoid database and Release 2.0 of the isoflavones database. Release 3.0 of the flavonoid database was updated during FY2013 to revise a few values and add some additional food items to create Release 3.1, which was released in June 2013. Flavonoid values for unavailable foods and/or compounds needed for the expanded database were calculated from the analytical values using various imputation techniques or were assigned assumed �0� values when appropriate. Other values needed for the expanded database were calculated from the analytical values or assigned an assumed �0�. The first draft of the expanded flavonoid database was delivered to FSRG in early July 2012 and the final version in January 2013. 03 USDA Table of Cooking Yields for Meat and Poultry. Cooking yield and retention data for over 175 retail cuts of meat and poultry were used to develop and release the first electronic version of the USDA Table of Cooking Yields for Meats and Poultry and supporting documentation on the NDL website. (Data provided are measures of changes in meat and poultry weights resulting from moisture and fat losses during cooking. The table includes percentages for cooking yield, moisture change, and fat change for specific cuts of meat and poultry prepared in USDA research studies according to specific cooking protocols.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Phillips, K.M., Ruggio, D.M., Exler, J., Patterson, K.K. 2013. Sterol composition shellfish species commonly consumed in the United States. Food and Nutrition Research. DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v56i0.18931.
- Phillips, K.M., Exler, J., Patterson, K.K., Holden, J.M. 2013. Cholesterol and vitamin D content of eggs in the U.S. retail market. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 29(2013):110-116.
- Ahuja, J.K., Moshfegh, A.J., Holden, J., Harris, E.W. 2013. USDA food and nutrient databases provide the infrastructure for food and nutrition research, policy and practice. Journal of Nutrition. 143:241S-249S.
- Showell, B.A., Williams, J.R., Duvall, M., Howe, J.C., Patterson, K.K., Roseland, J.M., Holden, J.M. 2012. The USDA Table of Cooking Yields for Meat and Poultry.
- Williams, J.R., Howe, J.C., Patterson, K.K., Holden, J.M., Roseland, J.M., Thompson, L., Heilman, J., Snyder, C., Lofgren, P. 2013. Changes in nutrient levels for three fresh pork loin cuts between 1992-2010. Procedia Food Science. 2:93-98.
- Holden, J.M., Pehrsson, P.R., Nickle, M.S., Haytowitz, D.B., Exler, J., Showell, B.A., Williams, J.R., Thomas, R.G., Ahuja, J.K., Lemar, L.E., Gebhardt, S. 2013. USDA monitors levels of added sodium in processed and prepared foods. Procedia Food Science. 2:6-67.
- Haytowitz, D.B., Bhagwat, S.A., Holden, J.M. 2013. Sources of variability in the flavonoid content of foods. National Nutrient Databank Conference. Procedia Food Science, 2:46-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.profoo.2013.04.008.
- Pehrsson, P.R., Perry, C., Daniel, M. 2013. ARS, USDA updates food sampling strategies to keep pace with demographic shifts. Procedia Food Science. 2:52-59.
- Thomas, R.G., Pehrsson, P.R., Ahuja, J.K., Smieja, E., Miller, K.B. 2013. Recent trends in ready-to-eat breakfast cereals in the U.S.. Procedia Food Science. 2:20-26.
- Nickle, M.S., Pehrsson, P.R. 2013. USDA updates nutrient values for fast food pizza. Procedia Food Science. 2:87-92.
- Ahuja, J.K., Juan, W., Egan, S., Buzby, J., Trumbo, P., Moshfegh, A.J., Holden, J. 2013. Federal monitoring activities related to food: How do they compare?. Procedia Food Science. 2:165-171.
- Bhagwat, S.A., Haytowitz, D.B., Wasswa-Kintu, S., Holden, J. 2013. USDA develops a database for flavonoids to assess dietary intakes. Procedia Food Science. 2:81-86.
- Bhagwat, S.A., Haytowitz, D.B., Holden, J.M. 2013. USDA database for the flavonoid content of selected foods, Release 3.1. Home Page.
- Charrondiere, U.R., Stadlmayr, B., Haytowitz, D.B., Oseredczuk, M., Ireland, J., Wolmarans, P., Rittenschober, D., Selley, B., Puwastien, P., Reykdal, O., Blanco, A., Aguinaldo, A., Ene-Obong, H., Pehrsson, P.R., Kouebou, C.P., Longvah, T., Guillaume, K.S., Champagne, C., Nowak, V., Wijesena-Bettoni, R. 2012. FAO/INFOODS Guidelines for Checking Food Composition Data Prior to the Publication of a User Table/Database, Version 1.0. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Technical Workshop Report.
- Martin, J.N., Brooks, J.C., Thompson, L.J., Savell, J.W., Harris, K.B., May, L.L., Haneklaus, A.N., Schutz, J.L., Belk, K.E., Engle, T.E., Woerener, D.R., Legako, J.F., Luna, A.M., Douglass, L.W., Douglass, S.E., Howe, J., Duvall, M., Patterson, K.Y., Leheska, J.L. 2013. Nutrient database improvement project: Separable components and proximate composition of raw and cooked retail cuts from the beef rib and plate. Journal of Meat Science. 95:486-494.
- Maalouf, J., Cogswell, M.E., Gunn, J., Curtis, C.J., Rhodes, D.G., Hoy, M. K., Pehrsson, P.R., Nickle, M.S., Merritt, R. 2013. Monitoring the sodium content of restaurant foods: Public health challenges and opportunities. American Journal of Public Health. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301442.
- Haytowitz, D.B., Showell, B.A., Pehrsson, P.R., Patterson, K.K., Thomas, R. G., Williams, J.R., Nickle, M.S., Roseland, J.M., Exler, J., Somanchi, M., Khan, M., Holden, J., 2012. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 25. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference.
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Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Objective 1: Determine and monitor the nutritional composition of foods commonly consumed by Americans. Compile, maintain, and disseminate electronic food composition databases utilizing standardized approaches according to specified timelines. Objective 2: Evaluate and update existing food composition data for adequacy and completeness for nutrients of high public health concern and/or identified as potential nutritional adequacy concerns in the �What We Eat in America/NHANES� dietary survey, such as vitamin E, potassium, magnesium, and vitamins K and D focusing on foods commonly consumed. Objective 3: Evaluate and update methods for food composition data acquisition, evaluation, compilation and dissemination of food composition data utilizing new, robust computer systems. Sub-Objective 3A: Expand methods for statistical sampling, sample handling, quality control, and data quality evaluation to ensure representative and accurate food composition estimates. Sub-objective 3B: Review, document and evaluate the existing method for estimating the nutrient content of processed, multi-ingredient foods. Sub-Objective 3C: Update existing food cooking yields and nutrient retention factors to reflect current food products, ingredients in formulations, and preparation procedures. Sub-objective 3D: Develop and modernize automated systems to electronically receive, evaluate, and compile food composition data from external sources and explore new methods for data dissemination. Objective 4: Investigate the variability of food composition data attributable to inherent food differences as well as analytical methodology. Temporary Objectives: Objective 1: Coordinate with the Food Surveys Research Group and the Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory to have an outside evaluation of the IT capabilities of the Nutrient Data Laboratory with respect to the ability to acquire and maintain multiple databases for bioactive food components from multiple sources including the food industry, assimilate data that characterizes variability of the food supply, allow for manipulation of large data sets and allow linkage with other similar databases/programs. Objective 2: Implement changes to update and modernize the IT infrastructure underlying the ARS databases maintained by the Nutrient Data Laboratory. Such changes include (but are not limited to) the ability to download data via the web from outside sources such as from industry and scientific investigators, to assimilate large amounts of information regarding variability of data (e.g., variety, year, post harvest handling, farming method, climate, etc), to query from multiple views (e.g., all foods of one variety in one year, all analyses by a single method), to conduct in-line statistical analyses, and to link with other similar programs (e.g., the Phenol Explorer, the EPA pesticide exposure database). Approach (from AD-416): Objective 1: NDL will develop estimates of the nutrient content of foods and disseminate up-to-date food composition databases, including the Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR). Estimates will be based on the analysis of representative samples as well as on the calculation of related values. The updating of the composition of existing foods (e.g., pork cuts) and the addition of new foods (e.g., energy bars) will be determined according to the strategies defined under the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP). NDL will use a multi-factorial strategy for setting priorities for adding each new nutrient or class of nutrient to SR and potentially, to the WWEIA, NHANES- FNDDS survey subset of SR. Analyses will be performed at qualified commercial laboratories using AOAC (AOAC International, 2008) or equivalent methods. Data will be statistically analyzed to estimate nutrient means and to evaluate the variability of data points for sample units obtained. Other sources of nutrient data will include food industry and trade associations, other government agencies such as the FDA, and scientific literature. Final data will be approved and released in the SR. Objective 2: NDL will develop and maintain food composition databases with nationally representative values for nutrients of public health concern and/or identified potential nutritional adequacy concerns to be used as the foundation for the Food Surveys Research Group�s (FSRG) Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Surveys (FNDDS). NDL will monitor the U.S. food supply to identify those foods that should be added to SR or updated. Nutrient data for these foods will be obtained through NFNAP which focuses on foods commonly consumed (see Objective 1). Identification of foods will require close collaboration between NDL and FSRG. Objective 3: Methods to obtain and estimate representative and accurate food composition estimates will be reviewed and updated as required by the types of foods to be sampled. Protocols will be developed for correct handling of food samples to assure the stability of the nutrients of interest. NDL will plan and develop methods for enhancing electronic data transfer to expedite the acquisition of data from external sources. Objective 4: The variance estimates for select nutrients will be determined as part of the acquisition, preparation, and analysis of NFNAP samples. Temporary Approaches: Temporary Approach 1: NDL will identify a group of external advisors in concert with FCMDL and FSRG who can assist with the evaluation of current technology capabilities and future needs. Bring in external reviewers to provide written report about IT needs. Develop update plan to determine key changes needed to help optimize the sharing of food composition information. Approach 2: Acquire new hardware and software to modernize IT infrastructure to ensure high quality information is available to stakeholders (other Federal Groups,Research Community)and to the general public as appropriate/needed. This project supports USDA's food composition research program to develop accurate, unbiased, and representative food composition data for over 8000 foods and up to 140 nutrients and other components (e.g., flavonoids) which may be bioactive. These data are used as the foundation of most other food composition databases and related applications in the U.S. and worldwide to monitor food and nutrient intake, to conduct human nutrition research, to label foods, and to develop nutrition policy. During 2012, the Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL) released the annual update of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR25) (www.ars.usda. gov/nutrientdata). The foods included frequently consumed products from supermarkets and quick service restaurants. The data were generated by NDL through the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP) or submitted by the food industry. NDL sampled and analyzed about 100 foods through qualified contractors and four USDA specific cooperative agreements (SCAs). Sample units were purchased in 12 cities nationwide to provide a group of products representative of the specific food type. A NDL scientist worked with statisticians to update the NFNAP sampling plan for foods based on the 2010 U.S. Census. NDL continued collaborations with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and USDA agencies, including the Food Surveys Research Group (FSRG), to monitor sodium in the food supply. Of the 3000 food items from SR24 that were supplied to FSRG to develop the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) 5.0, approximately 1000�primarily commercially packaged and restaurant foods�are impacted by manufacturers' efforts to reduce the sodium content and are being monitored for changes in label value by one of several methods (e.g., selected analysis, label checks, industry submissions). One hundred and twenty-five of these foods are designated as �Sentinel� foods. NDL scientists continue to collaborate with the National Cattlemen�s Beef Association to update beef data for many single ingredient fresh cuts. As a result of this collaboration, NDL has finalized dissection and proximate nutrient data for eight beef round and loin cuts in the third study phase of the overall project. USDA�s food composition data are supporting the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) efforts and those of the retail meat industry in the single ingredient meat labeling program begun in January, 2012. The planned studies of statistical analysis of the data for estimates of variance have begun but the addition of the sodium project and priority shifts in other projects (completion of the new sampling plan) have delayed anticipated progress. These efforts result in a repository of current and accurate values for nutrients in foods which are consumed by a large proportion of the population. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations: Ongoing collaboration with Oregon State/National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) visiting scientist, to identify important foods consumed by Asian Americans, consistent with oversampling in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Accomplishments 01 Release of the National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR25). Nutrient data for foods and other dietary components are critical to the assessment of dietary intake and support the investigation of hypotheses concerning the relationship of dietary intake to health status. During 2012, the Nutrient Data Laboratory developed and released the annual update of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR (www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata ) and its related subset for the Nationa Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): What We Eat in America New analytical data for about 100 foods were generated from the chemical analysis of sample units selected in a nationwide sampling program. Nutrient profiles for about 80 foods were added to SR25; the remainder a being reviewed and will be included in SR26. 02 Development of the Expanded Flavonoids Database for Assessing Flavonoids Intake by What We Eat in America (WWEIA), 2007-08 participants. This is collaborative effort between the Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL) and the Food Surveys Research Group (FSRG). USDA�s databases on the flavonoid content of selected foods were expanded to include full profiles for six subclasses (flavanols, flavonols, flavones, flavanones and anthocyanidin plus isoflavones) for 3,000 food items included in Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) 4.1 and used in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-08. Analytical values were taken from Release 3.1 of the flavonoid database and Release 2.0 of the isoflavones database. Release 3.0 of the flavonoid database was updated during FY2012 to correct a few values and add some additional food items to create Release 3.1. Other values needed for the expanded database we calculated from the analytical values or assigned an assumed �0�. The data will be used in the investigation of the relationship between dieta intakes of flavonoids and health benefits through epidemiological studie The expanded flavonoid database was delivered to FSRG in early July 201
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Moshfegh, A.J., Holden, J.M., Reedy, J., Cogswell, M.E., Kuklina, E.V., Patel, S.M., Gunn, J.P., Gillespie, C., Hong, Y., Merritt, R., Galuska, D. A. 2012. Vital Signs: Food categories contributing the most to sodium consumption - United States, 2007-2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 61(5):92-98. Available:
- Haytowitz, D.B., Lemar, L.E., Pehrsson, P.R., Exler, J., Patterson, K.K., Thomas, R.G., Nickle, M.S., Williams, J.R., Showell, B.A., Khan, M., Duvall, M., Holden, J.M. 2011. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24. Available:
- Haytowitz, D.B., Holden, J.M. 2012. Update of NDL�s list of key foods based on the 2007-2008 WWEIA-NHANES. Available: www.ars.usda. gov/nutrientdata.
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Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Objective 1: Determine and monitor the nutritional composition of foods commonly consumed by Americans. Compile, maintain, and disseminate electronic food composition databases utilizing standardized approaches according to specified timelines. Objective 2: Evaluate and update existing food composition data for adequacy and completeness for nutrients of high public health concern and/or identified as potential nutritional adequacy concerns in the �What We Eat in America/NHANES� dietary survey, such as vitamin E, potassium, magnesium, and vitamins K and D focusing on foods commonly consumed. Objective 3: Evaluate and update methods for food composition data acquisition, evaluation, compilation and dissemination of food composition data utilizing new, robust computer systems. Sub-Objective 3A: Expand methods for statistical sampling, sample handling, quality control, and data quality evaluation to ensure representative and accurate food composition estimates. Sub-objective 3B: Review, document and evaluate the existing method for estimating the nutrient content of processed, multi-ingredient foods. Sub-Objective 3C: Update existing food cooking yields and nutrient retention factors to reflect current food products, ingredients in formulations, and preparation procedures. Sub-objective 3D: Develop and modernize automated systems to electronically receive, evaluate, and compile food composition data from external sources and explore new methods for data dissemination. Objective 4: Investigate the variability of food composition data attributable to inherent food differences as well as analytical methodology. Approach (from AD-416) Objective 1: NDL will develop estimates of the nutrient content of foods and disseminate up-to-date food composition databases, including the Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR). Estimates will be based on the analysis of representative samples as well as on the calculation of related values. The updating of the composition of existing foods (e.g., pork cuts) and the addition of new foods (e.g., energy bars) will be determined according to the strategies defined under the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP). NDL will use a multi-factorial strategy for setting priorities for adding each new nutrient or class of nutrient to SR and potentially, to the WWEIA, NHANES- FNDDS survey subset of SR. Analyses will be performed at qualified commercial laboratories using AOAC (AOAC International, 2008) or equivalent methods. Data will be statistically analyzed to estimate nutrient means and to evaluate the variability of data points for sample units obtained. Other sources of nutrient data will include food industry and trade associations, other government agencies such as the FDA, and scientific literature. Final data will be approved and released in the SR. Objective 2: NDL will develop and maintain food composition databases with nationally representative values for nutrients of public health concern and/or identified potential nutritional adequacy concerns to be used as the foundation for the Food Surveys Research Group�s (FSRG) Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Surveys (FNDDS). NDL will monitor the U.S. food supply to identify those foods that should be added to SR or updated. Nutrient data for these foods will be obtained through NFNAP which focuses on foods commonly consumed (see Objective 1). Identification of foods will require close collaboration between NDL and FSRG. Objective 3: Methods to obtain and estimate representative and accurate food composition estimates will be reviewed and updated as required by the types of foods to be sampled. Protocols will be developed for correct handling of food samples to assure the stability of the nutrients of interest. NDL will plan and develop methods for enhancing electronic data transfer to expedite the acquisition of data from external sources. Objective 4: The variance estimates for select nutrients will be determined as part of the acquisition, preparation, and analysis of NFNAP samples. This project supports the food composition research to develop accurate, unbiased, and representative food composition data for over 7,500 foods and up to 140 nutrients and other components (e.g., flavonoids) which may be bioactive. These data are used as the foundation of most other food composition databases and related applications in the U.S. and worldwide to monitor food and nutrient intake, to conduct human nutrition research, to label foods, and to develop nutrition policy. During 2011, NDL released the annual update of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR24) (www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata) and its related subset of 3,000 foods and 65 components for the NHANES: What We Eat in America. Data for about 80 new foods were added to the database. The foods included frequently consumed products from supermarkets and quick service restaurants. The data were generated by NDL through the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP) or submitted by the food industry. NDL sampled and analyzed about 110 foods through qualified contractors and four USDA specific cooperative agreements (SCAs). Sample units were purchased in 12 cities nationwide to provide a group of products representative of the specific food type. NDL collaborated with the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, and the FDA to monitor sodium in 40 processed and prepared foods. Full nutrient profiles for those foods were generated. Sodium values for more than 125 �Sentinel� foods will be monitored in the years ahead as the food industry reduces sodium levels in many products. NDL scientists continue to collaborate with both the National Cattlemen�s Beef Association and the National Pork Board to update beef and pork data for many single ingredient fresh cuts. As a result of this collaboration NDL completed and disseminated data for 40 fresh pork loin cuts and new beef products. With regard to the mandatory labeling of single-ingredient products and ground or chopped meat and poultry products which goes into effect in January, 2012, discussions were held with FSIS regarding updates on selected meat cuts of beef, pork, chicken, and turkey, with AMS, and with the National Turkey Federation (NTF) regarding implementation of a new turkey study to update the existing turkey data in the Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. USDA�s food composition data is the primary support for FSIS efforts and those of the retail meat industry to initiate single ingredient meat labeling in 2012. These efforts result in a repository of current and accurate values for nutrients in foods which are consumed by a large proportion of the population. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations Samples of foods were collected from 12 Chinese Restaurants which prepare and serve items typical of what the average American consumes. The top seven were sampled in 2010 and results were added to SR23 and SR24. Across entrees and restaurants, total fat ranged from 1 to 23g/100g and total sodium ranged from 97 to 578mg/100g. These variations in sodium and fat concentrations become even more important when considering, from this study, an average portion is 535 to 718g. These foods have not been previously tracked in the food consumption surveys so the amounts reported as consumed is not yet available. These data are included in SR24 and initiate the expansion of Asian American foods in SR. Though work under this aim has progressed, there is the need to analyze additional selected new foods and reformulated forms of traditional foods as reported by NHANES respondents. During the NHANES 2011-12 cycle, Asian Americans will be oversampled; therefore, a visiting scholar has been working with NDL to develop demographic-based sampling approaches for and researching foods consumed by Asian American populations. In addition, plans for sampling and analyzing a limited number of American Indian/Alaska and Cherokee foods are being developed to add to the data already available. Accomplishments 01 Release of the National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR24). Nutrient data for foods and other dietary components are critical to the assessment of dietary intake and support the investigation of hypotheses concerning the relationship of dietary intake to health status. During 2011, NDL developed and released the annual update of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR24) (www.ars.usda. gov/nutrientdata) and its related subset for the NHANES: What We Eat in America. New analytical data for about 110 foods were generated from th chemical analysis of sample units selected in a nationwide sampling program. Nutrient profiles for about 80 foods were added to SR24. 02 NDL scientists developed and released the third revision of the �USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods� in August, 2011 (w ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata). These scientists collected the current analytical literature for 26 predominant monomeric dietary flavonoids distributed in five subclasses of flavonoids (flavan-3-ols, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, and anthocyanidins). The data were critically evaluated using USDA�s Data Quality Evaluation System to select those reports which contained data generated by valid analytical methods, good sampling techniques, and adequate quality control. The database now contains values for 500 foods. The database will support investigations of the relationships between dietary intakes of flavonoids and health effects.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Patterson, K.K., Exler, J., Byrdwell, W.C., Phillips, K.M., Horst, R., Lemar, L.E., Holden, J.M. 2010. Vitamin D content and variability in fluid milk from a USDA nationwide sampling to update values in the National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Journal of Dairy Science. 93(11) :5082-5090.
- Trainer, D., Pehrsson, P.R., Haytowitz, D.B., Holden, J.M., Phillips, K.M., Rasor, A.S., Conley, N.A. 2010. Development of sample handling procedures for foods under USDA's National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 23(8):843-851.
- Phillips, K.M., Ruggio, D.M., Haytowitz, D.B. 2011. Folate composition of ten types of mushrooms determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry. 129:63-636.
- Phillips, K.M., Ruggio, D.M., Horst, R.L., Minor, B., Simon, R., Feeney, M. , Byrdwell, W.C., Haytowitz, D.B. 2011. Vitamin D and sterol composition of ten types of mushrooms from retail suppliers in the United States. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 59(14):7841-7853.
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Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Objective 1: Determine and monitor the nutritional composition of foods commonly consumed by Americans. Compile, maintain, and disseminate electronic food composition databases utilizing standardized approaches according to specified timelines. Objective 2: Evaluate and update existing food composition data for adequacy and completeness for nutrients of high public health concern and/or identified as potential nutritional adequacy concerns in the �What We Eat in America/NHANES� dietary survey, such as vitamin E, potassium, magnesium, and vitamins K and D focusing on foods commonly consumed. Objective 3: Evaluate and update methods for food composition data acquisition, evaluation, compilation and dissemination of food composition data utilizing new, robust computer systems. Sub-Objective 3A: Expand methods for statistical sampling, sample handling, quality control, and data quality evaluation to ensure representative and accurate food composition estimates. Sub-objective 3B: Review, document and evaluate the existing method for estimating the nutrient content of processed, multi-ingredient foods. Sub-Objective 3C: Update existing food cooking yields and nutrient retention factors to reflect current food products, ingredients in formulations, and preparation procedures. Sub-objective 3D: Develop and modernize automated systems to electronically receive, evaluate, and compile food composition data from external sources and explore new methods for data dissemination. Objective 4: Investigate the variability of food composition data attributable to inherent food differences as well as analytical methodology. Approach (from AD-416) Objective 1: NDL will develop estimates of the nutrient content of foods and disseminate up-to-date food composition databases, including the Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR). Estimates will be based on the analysis of representative samples as well as on the calculation of related values. The updating of the composition of existing foods (e.g., pork cuts) and the addition of new foods (e.g., energy bars) will be determined according to the strategies defined under the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP). NDL will use a multi-factorial strategy for setting priorities for adding each new nutrient or class of nutrient to SR and potentially, to the WWEIA, NHANES- FNDDS survey subset of SR. Analyses will be performed at qualified commercial laboratories using AOAC (AOAC International, 2008) or equivalent methods. Data will be statistically analyzed to estimate nutrient means and to evaluate the variability of data points for sample units obtained. Other sources of nutrient data will include food industry and trade associations, other government agencies such as the FDA, and scientific literature. Final data will be approved and released in the SR. Objective 2: NDL will develop and maintain food composition databases with nationally representative values for nutrients of public health concern and/or identified potential nutritional adequacy concerns to be used as the foundation for the Food Surveys Research Group�s (FSRG) Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Surveys (FNDDS). NDL will monitor the U.S. food supply to identify those foods that should be added to SR or updated. Nutrient data for these foods will be obtained through NFNAP which focuses on foods commonly consumed (see Objective 1). Identification of foods will require close collaboration between NDL and FSRG. Objective 3: Methods to obtain and estimate representative and accurate food composition estimates will be reviewed and updated as required by the types of foods to be sampled. Protocols will be developed for correct handling of food samples to assure the stability of the nutrients of interest. NDL will plan and develop methods for enhancing electronic data transfer to expedite the acquisition of data from external sources. Objective 4: The variance estimates for select nutrients will be determined as part of the acquisition, preparation, and analysis of NFNAP samples. This project supports the food composition research to develop accurate, unbiased, and representative food composition data for about 7,500 foods and up to 146 nutrients and other components (e.g., flavonoids) which may be bioactive. These data are used as the foundation of most other food composition databases and related applications in the U.S. and worldwide to monitor food and nutrient intake, to conduct human nutrition research, to label foods, and to develop nutrition policy. During 2010, NDL released the annual update of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR23) (www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata) and its related subset of 2,800 foods, each containing 65 components for the NHANES: What We Eat in America. Those data were generated by NDL through the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP) or submitted by the food industry. NDL sampled and analyzed about 100 foods through qualified NFNAP contractors. Additional foods were analyzed through the USDA collaboration with the National Cattlemen�s Beef Association and the National Pork Board to update beef and pork data for many fresh cuts. In cooperation with the Egg Nutrition Center, cholesterol and other nutrient values for whole eggs were updated. Over 200 new foods were added to the database for SR23. Among these are: ground turkey (raw and cooked two ways) at three fat levels; a variety of new breakfast cereals; several new oils that are being used in commercial products; sorghum and millet flour; frozen brand-name pizzas; and 12 new beef chuck cuts, raw and cooked (braised, roasted, or grilled depending on the cut) at three grades. Foods with updated nutrient values include: 19 species of fish; raw eggs; selected non-enhanced fresh pork loin cuts; and fast-food French fries to reflect new fatty acid profiles. A section �Notes on Foods� has been added in the documentation, and �Notes for Beef and Pork� has been added as well. The notes give additional information about the foods such as the definitions of lean and fat and a brief description of research projects conducted to generate nutrient data. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations American Indians and Alaska Natives are at high risk for several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. NDL continues to work on the development of the American Indian/Alaska Native Foods Database as a part of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR). As part of the American Indian/Alaska Native Database, data for five Hopi foods were added to SR23. This database now includes about 200 subsistence (harvested, hunted, fished) foods and traditional mixed dishes. Tribes to date include Shoshone Bannock, Navajo, Hopi, Apache, Plains Indians, and Alaska Native. The data were generated with support from NIH and the Indian Health Service and through collaborations with tribes, other USDA researchers, local governments, regional health departments, and universities. Data will be shared with the tribes that provided the samples. Latino citizens and immigrants are also at high risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. NDL continued to expand the nutrient database with Latino foods which are important in the diets of this rapidly growing population segment. NDL efforts support NIH's National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)-National Cancer Institute (NCI) Hispanic Communities Health Study and the WWEIA, NHANES. With the support of NCI, NDL sampled and analyzed numerous foods, representing four regional study centers (and respective cultural groups) in New York (Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico), Miami (Cuba), Chicago (Mexico, Puerto Rico), San Diego (Mexico), and Minneapolis (Mexico). As part of an ongoing effort to expand the number of Latino food items in the Database, profiles for a number of Latino cheeses, fruits, crackers, sugar wafers, and restaurant items such as pupusas, arepas, bunuelos, and tamales have been added to SR23. The new values will be used to assess the relationship of nutrient intake of Latino groups to health status. Accomplishments 01 Release of the National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR23). Nutrient data for foods and other dietary components are critical to the assessment of dietary intake and support the investigation of hypotheses concerning the relationship of dietary intake to health status. During 2010, NDL developed and released the annual update of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR23) (www.ars.usda. gov/nutrientdata) and its related subset for the NHANES: What We Eat in America. New analytical data for about 100 foods were generated from th chemical analysis of sample units obtained in a nationwide sampling program. 02 NDL scientists developed and released the second edition of the ORAC (Oxygen-Radical Absorbance Capacity) Database. The updated ORAC Databas contains values for 326 food items for use in epidemiological studies to investigate the relationship between a measure of antioxidant intake and health status, and to consumers who want to know more about the foods th eat.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Objective 1: Determine and monitor the nutritional composition of foods commonly consumed by Americans. Compile, maintain, and disseminate electronic food composition databases utilizing standardized approaches according to specified timelines. Objective 2: Evaluate and update existing food composition data for adequacy and completeness for nutrients of high public health concern and/or identified as potential nutritional adequacy concerns in the �What We Eat in America/NHANES� dietary survey, such as vitamin E, potassium, magnesium, and vitamins K and D focusing on foods commonly consumed. Objective 3: Evaluate and update methods for food composition data acquisition, evaluation, compilation and dissemination of food composition data utilizing new, robust computer systems. Sub-Objective 3A: Expand methods for statistical sampling, sample handling, quality control, and data quality evaluation to ensure representative and accurate food composition estimates. Sub-objective 3B: Review, document and evaluate the existing method for estimating the nutrient content of processed, multi-ingredient foods. Sub-Objective 3C: Update existing food cooking yields and nutrient retention factors to reflect current food products, ingredients in formulations, and preparation procedures. Sub-objective 3D: Develop and modernize automated systems to electronically receive, evaluate, and compile food composition data from external sources and explore new methods for data dissemination. Objective 4: Investigate the variability of food composition data attributable to inherent food differences as well as analytical methodology. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations This project supports the Nutrient Data Laboratory�s (NDL) research to develop accurate, unbiased, and representative food composition data for 7,534 foods and up to 143 nutrients and other bioactive dietary components. These data are used as the foundation of most other food composition databases and related applications in the U.S. and worldwide to monitor food and nutrient intake, to conduct human nutrition research, to label foods, and to develop nutrition policy. During 2009, NDL released the annual update of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR22) (www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata) and its related subset of 2,900 foods and 65 components for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): What We Eat in America. Those data were generated by NDL through the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP) or submitted by the food industry. NDL sampled and analyzed about 40 foods through qualified contractors and four USDA specific cooperative agreements. NDL also completed the development of the vitamin D database, a subset of SR22. The vitamin D database provides estimates for the foods for the NHANES. These data were required for the estimation of vitamin D intakes for the 2005-2006 and 2007-2008 What We Eat in America Surveys by the Food Surveys Research Group (FSRG). The report of intake estimates was requested by and generated for the 2009 IOM Committee reviewing the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Calcium and vitamin D and by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Advisory Committee. NDL scientists continue to collaborate with both the National Cattlemen�s Beef Association and the National Pork Board to update beef and pork data, respectively, for many fresh cuts. As a result of the collaboration with the National Pork Board, NDL completed and disseminated new data for various ground pork products during 2009. The study determined the mathematical relationship between individual nutrients and fat content of raw ground pork using regression techniques. In collaboration with Texas Tech University, NDL determined the nutrient composition of boneless, skinless chicken breasts, using nationally representative samples of two types of chicken breast. Data have been generated for two SR items (Chicken, broilers or fryers, breast, meat only, raw; and, Chicken, broilers or fryers, breast, meat only, raw, enhanced). Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations American Indians and Alaska Natives are at high risk for several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. The Nutrient Data Laboratory (NDL) continues to work on the development of the American Indian/Alaska Native Foods Database which is part of the National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR). This database now includes approximately 200 subsistence (harvested, hunted, fished) foods and traditional mixed dishes consumed by Shoshone Bannock, Navajo, Hopi, Apache, Plains Indians, and Alaska Native tribes. During 2009, data for 5 foods were added. The data were generated with support from NIH and the Indian Health Service and through collaborations with tribes, other USDA researchers, local governments, regional health departments, and universities. Data were shared with the tribes that provided the samples. Latino immigrants are also at high risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. NDL continued to expand the database for nutrients in Latino foods which are important in the diets of this rapidly growing population segment. NDL efforts support the Hispanic Communities Health Study (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH) and the What We Eat in America survey, a component of NHANES. With the support of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), NDL sampled and analyzed about 30 foods, representing four regional study centers and respective cultural groups in New York (Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico), Miami (Cuba), Chicago (Mexico, Puerto Rico), San Diego and Minneapolis (both Mexico). During 2009 analytical values generated for those foods were migrated into SR, thus available for use in assessing dietary intake of Latino groups and health status. Technology Transfer Number of Web Sites managed: 1
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Combs, G.F., Midthune, D.N., Patterson, K.K., Canfield, W.K., Hill, A.D., Levander, O.A., Taylor, P.R., Moler, J.E., Patterson, B.H. 2009. Effects of Selenomethionine Supplementation on Selenium Status and Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in Healthy Adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 89(6):1808-1814.
- Guerrero, R., Gebhardt, S.E., Holden, J.M., Kretsch, M., Todd, K., Novotny, R., Murphy, S. 2009. White rice sold in Hawaii, Guam, and Saipan often lacks nutrient enrichment. Journal of American Dietetic Association. 109(10):1738:1743.
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