Progress 09/29/08 to 09/18/13
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): The objectives of this cooperative research project are to: (1) Determine nutrient requirements of target aquatic species and develop viable diet formulations as a foundation for commercial industry development; (2) Identify and characterize regionally based plant and animal co-products as ingredients for aquatic feeds; and, (3) Develop commercially- applicable ingredient and feed processing techniques that optimize economic potential and limit waste. Approach (from AD-416): Research will utilize tank and laboratory based trials to define key dietary requirements of Pacific white shrimp and marine fish of local interest (Pacific threadfin and amberjack); and, with PBARC, utilize molecular methods to identify expression sequences applicable to selective breeding and/or genetic modification. Efforts will also target novel and value-added regional plant and animal feedstuffs and waste- stream co-products from the biofuels and rendering industries in diets for target species. This project will also determine nutrient content, functional properties, nutrient digestibility, and attractability of potential ingredients and, with PBARC, identify and overcome anti- nutritional properties of novel ingredients through selective breeding and/or genetic modification. In addition, scale-up grinding, mixing, agglomeration, pre-conditioning, and post-conditioning methods applicable to commercial feed milling operations will be developed. Formerly 5320- 31000-007-03G (8/2008). Documents SCA with Oceanic Institute. Formerly 5320-31000-007-04S (2/2010). This project focused on determining nutrient requirements and developing feedstuffs and feeds for shrimp and finfish; this directly contributes to objectives 1, 2, and 3 of the in-house project 5320-31000-008-00D that this SCA was established under (expired in FY2011). To clarify, ARS did not fund this agreement for FY2012, thus there was no work done and nothing to report for that period. This is the final report for this agreement which will terminate 9/18/2013. 2012-13: No funds received; no work done. 2011-12: Prototype cost effective formulation for Pacific threadfin: Based on an 8-week feeding trial, established a diet formulation containing 26% fishmeal and 33% soybean meal, which showed the same effect on growth performance of fish as a diet formulated with 50% fishmeal. This suggests the possibility of a decreased dependence on fishmeal for moi culture. Comparison of different lab feed processing methods for Pacific threadfin: Prototype cost effective diets with 33% soybean meal and 26% fishmeal were processed using different methods (cold forming extrusion, pelleting with no steam and pelleting with steam). The processing methods did not cause a significant effect on the dietary quality of fish growth although the pelleting with steam method tended to promote higher growth in fish. A long term trial (>8 week) may be needed to further confirm this finding. Taurine stimulated the growth performance of Pacific threadfin fed a low fishmeal diet: An 8 week feeding trial demonstrated that supplementation of 0.3-0.6% taurine in a diet containing 33% soybean meal and 26% fishmeal significantly increased growth performance of Pacific threadfin, suggesting that taurine supplementation may be necessary for a plant based diet to obtain optimal growth and feed utilization for moi culture. Utilization of DDGS (dry distilled grain soluble) in a low fishmeal diet for Pacific threadfin: A low fat DDGS was used to replace soybean meal protein in a low fishmeal (26%) diet for Pacific threadfin. Test diets with 0-20% DDGS did not affect growth rate and survival after 8 week feeding trial, suggesting the potential application of this ingredient in a cost effective feed for culture of the Pacific threadfin. Nutrient analysis of Island co-products: The following local products or byproducts were analyzed, 2 microalgae meal products, 2 sea weeds, 7 fungal samples, 3 fishery byproducts, 9 oilseed presscakes, taro skin, and a banana meal product. Nutrient analysis included crude protein, crude lipid, ash, dry matter, fiber, minerals, gross energy, amino acids, fatty acids, carotenoid pigments, and/or protein pigments. Some of these ingredients have been used to formulate diets for fish and shrimp trials. A defatted microalgae meal was used as a protein ingredient to partially replace fishmeal in diets for Pacific white shrimp: This study demonstrated that the defatted microalgae meal could replace up to 50% fishmeal protein without any adverse effect on growth performance of shrimp. A manuscript for this trial has been published in Aquaculture, referred to by many microalgae and biofuel researchers and selected one of the Top 5 most-downloaded articles in Aquaculture in 2012. Develop commercially applicable feed processing techniques that optimize economic potential and limit waste: A workshop was held focusing on how to utilize co-products from the biofuel industry in aquatic feeds. Defatted algae meal, distilled dry grain solids, and oil seed press cakes were used as examples in feed formulations for shrimp, abalone and moi. Development of an extruded standard reference diet (SRD) for Shrimp, Pacific threadfin and Amberjack, were developed the previous year and 3 SRD diets for Urchin (uni), Opihi (limpet), and Abalone were also formulated and manufactured. The Biofuels co-product workshop listed all the SRDs defined in nutrient profile, ingredient and ingredient content, extrusion barrel and screw configuration, processing parameters, and the final pellet physical quality for each of the feeds manufactured. Major Accomplishments Over the Life of the Project: This project has achieved the following accomplishments: 1) Determined the optimal feeding rate of Pacific threadfin ranging from 3-75 g size, which is a common testing size for fish in laboratory studies; 2) determined the requirement of key nutrients (lysine, taurine, protein and lipid) for Moi; Dietary lipid level can range from 10% to 14%. This information provides a foundation for development of a cost effective and nutritionally balanced diet; 3) established a prototype cost effective feed formulation (with less protein and lipid; but using more plant protein and less fishmeal for Moi culture; and 4) determined the methionine requirement of juvenile Pacific white shrimp. Research also demonstrated 1) local macroalgae products and byproducts are valuable for aquaculture, and can partially replace fishmeal in aquafeed and improve shrimp growth and product quality; 2) many agricultural and fishery byproducts in Hawaii are rich in nutrient contents such as essential amino acids and fatty acids, and can be integrated into aquafeed productions; 3) biofloc from shrimp culture tanks can enhance shrimp growth performance; 4) bioactive compounds such as carotenoids and bromophenols can affect shrimp product quality such as flavor and color appearance; and 5) shrimp product has high protein content and low lipid content, its major lipid content is phospholipids. Finally, the development of standard research diets where ingredients were defined, open ingredient formulation with defined nutrient profiles of the diet and processing equipment set up, and processing conditions (temperature, moisture and time profiles) were documented and opened for the SRD feeds made for Pacific Threadfin (Moi), Pacific white shrimp, Longfin Amberjack (Kahala), Opihi (Limpet), Sea Urchin and Abalone Enzo.
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Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): The objectives of this cooperative research project are to: (1) Determine nutrient requirements of target aquatic species and develop viable diet formulations as a foundation for commercial industry development; (2) Identify and characterize regionally based plant and animal co-products as ingredients for aquatic feeds; and, (3) Develop commercially- applicable ingredient and feed processing techniques that optimize economic potential and limit waste. Approach (from AD-416): Research will utilize tank and laboratory based trials to define key dietary requirements of Pacific white shrimp and marine fish of local interest (Pacific threadfin and amberjack); and, with PBARC, utilize molecular methods to identify expression sequences applicable to selective breeding and/or genetic modification. Efforts will also target novel and value-added regional plant and animal feedstuffs and waste- stream co-products from the biofuels and rendering industries in diets for target species. This project will also determine nutrient content, functional properties, nutrient digestibility, and attractability of potential ingredients and, with PBARC, identify and overcome anti- nutritional properties of novel ingredients through selective breeding and/or genetic modification. In addition, scale-up grinding, mixing, agglomeration, pre-conditioning, and post-conditioning methods applicable to commercial feed milling operations will be developed. This project focused on determining nutrient requirements and developing feedstuffs and feeds for shrimp and finfish; this directly contributes to objectives 1, 2, and 3 of the in-house project 5320-31000-008-00D that this SCA was established under (expired in FY2011). Determine nutrient requirements of target species and develop viable diet formulations as a foundation for commercial industry development. Prototype cost effective formulation for Pacific threadfin: Based on an 8-week feeding trial, we established a diet formulation containing 26% fishmeal and 33% soybean meal, which showed the same effect on growth performance of fish as a diet formulated with 50% fishmeal. This suggests the possibility of a decreased dependence on fishmeal for moi culture. Comparison of laboratory feed processing methods for Pacific threadfin: Prototype cost effective diets with 33% soybean meal and 26% fishmeal were processed using different methods (cold forming extrusion, pelleting with no steam and pelleting with steam). The processing methods did not cause a significant effect on the dietary quality of fish growth although the pelleting with steam method tended to promote higher growth in fish. A long term trial (>8 week) may be needed to further confirm this finding. Taurine stimulated the feeding of Pacific threadfin fed a low fishmeal diet: An 8 week feeding trial demonstrated that supplementation of 0.3-0. 6% taurine in a diet containing 33% soybean meal and 26% fishmeal significantly increased feeding and growth performance of Pacific threadfin. This suggests that taurine supplementation may be necessary for a plant based diet to obtain optimal growth and feed utilization for moi culture. Utilization of DDGS (dry distilled grain soluble) in a low fishmeal diet for Pacific threadfin: A low fat DDGS was used to replace soybean meal protein in a low fishmeal (26%) diet formulation for Pacific threadfin. Test diets with 0-20% DDGS did not affect growth rate and survival after 8 a week feeding trial, suggesting the potential application of this ingredient in a cost effective feed for culture of the Pacific threadfin. Final samples are being processed for analysis. Identify and characterize regionally based plant and animal co-products as ingredients for aquatic feeds. Nutrient analyses of Island co-products: Nutrient analysis under this project include: crude protein, lipid, fiber, minerals, gross energy, amino acids, fatty acids and carotenoids pigments. The following local products or byproducts had been analyzed: two microalgae meal products (Haematococcus pluvialis & Spirulina platensis), two sea weeds (Pacific dulse & Ulva Lactuca), seven fungal samples, three fishery byproducts, nine oilseed presscakes, taro skin, and a banana meal product. Some information has been used to formulate diets for feeding trials with fish and shrimp. A defatted microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) meal was used as a protein ingredient to partially replace fishmeal in diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). This study demonstrated that the defatted microalgae meal could replace up to 50% fishmeal protein without any adverse effect on growth performance of shrimp. A manuscript for this trial has been accepted for publication in Aquaculture. Develop commercially applicable feed processing techniques that optimize economic potential and limit waste. Organized a workshop focusing on how to utilize co-products from the biofuel industry in aquatic feeds and demonstrate how manufacturing techniques using those ingredients to make aquatic feeds. Ingredients such as defatted algae meal, distilled dry grain solids, and oil seed press cakes were used as examples in feed formulations for shrimp, abalone and moi. These SRD feeds were extruded at OI. Development of an extruded standard reference diet (SRD) for Shrimp, Pacific threadfin and Amberjack, were developed the previous year and three (3) SRD diets for Urchin (uni), Opihi (limpet), and Abalone were also formulated and manufactured. The Biofuels co-product workshop listed all the Standard Research Diets which were defined in nutrient profile, ingredient and ingredient content, extrusion barrel and screw configuration, processing parameters, and the final pellet physical quality for each of the feeds manufactured.
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Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) The objectives of this cooperative research project are to: (1) Determine nutrient requirements of target aquatic species and develop viable diet formulations as a foundation for commercial industry development; (2) Identify and characterize regionally based plant and animal co-products as ingredients for aquatic feeds; and, (3) Develop commercially- applicable ingredient and feed processing techniques that optimize economic potential and limit waste. Approach (from AD-416) Research will utilize tank and laboratory based trials to define key dietary requirements of Pacific white shrimp and marine fish of local interest (Pacific threadfin and amberjack); and, with PBARC, utilize molecular methods to identify expression sequences applicable to selective breeding and/or genetic modification. Efforts will also target novel and value-added regional plant and animal feedstuffs and waste- stream co-products from the biofuels and rendering industries in diets for target species. This project will also determine nutrient content, functional properties, nutrient digestibility, and attractability of potential ingredients and, with PBARC, identify and overcome anti- nutritional properties of novel ingredients through selective breeding and/or genetic modification. In addition, scale-up grinding, mixing, agglomeration, pre-conditioning, and post-conditioning methods applicable to commercial feed milling operations will be developed. Determine nutrient requirements of target species and develop viable diet formulations as a foundation for commercial industry development: Dietary methionine (Met) and histidine (His) requirement for Pacific threadfin: Two 8-week feeding trials were conducted to determine Met requirement. The trial failed to establish Met requirements due to cataracts in fish for un-identified reasons. Optimal dietary protein and energy for Pacific threadfin: This study showed that 41% dietary protein can support the maximum growth rate of fish. There was no different effect on growth performance with a diet containing 10% or 14% lipid. The current commercial feed used in Moi culture is over formulated with protein and energy. The results were published in Aquaculture. Optimal feeding rate for Pacific threadfin: Three growth trials have been conducted to determine the optimal feeding rate for Pacific threadfin ranging from 3 g to 75g under laboratory conditions. A feeding table will be based on growth rate and nutrient utilization. Data is in the process of analysis and will be summarized for publication. Dietary Lysine requirement of Pacific white shrimp: An 8-week growth trial was conducted to establish a purified diet for the lysine requirement study under a flow through water system. No further study was conducted because Shrimp study was put on hold by ADODR of the project. Identify and characterize regionally based plant and animal co-products as ingredients for aquatic feeds. Nutrient analyses of Island co- products: A defatted algal meal (Haematococcus pluvialis) a co-product from Hawaii was characterized as a potential feed protein ingredient. Crude protein, lipid, fiber, minerals, gross energy, amino acids, and carotenoids were analyzed; data were used to formulate diets for fish and shrimp. A defatted microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis) meal was used as a protein ingredient to partially replace fishmeal in diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of the partial replacement of fishmeal protein with a defatted microalgae meal (DMM) in shrimp diets. The results from this study provide important information regarding the potential application of DMM as a valuable alternative protein and natural pigment source for shrimp culture. Develop commercially applicable feed processing techniques that optimize economic potential and limit waste: Developing a standard reference diet (SRD) for Shrimp, Moi and Kahala: In an Aquatic Feeds and Nutrition (AFN) workshop, three Standard Research Diets were manufactured for the Pacific White Shrimp, the Pacific Threadfin and the Kahala, where the nutrient profile, ingredient content, extrusion configuration, and processing parameters where defined in each of the feeds made. This project is monitored through meetings, conference calls, email communication, and on-site visits.
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Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) The objectives of this cooperative research project are to: (1) Determine nutrient requirements of target aquatic species and develop viable diet formulations as a foundation for commercial industry development; (2) Identify and characterize regionally based plant and animal co-products as ingredients for aquatic feeds; and, (3) Develop commercially- applicable ingredient and feed processing techniques that optimize economic potential and limit waste. Approach (from AD-416) Research will utilize tank and laboratory based trials to define key dietary requirements of Pacific white shrimp and marine fish of local interest (Pacific threadfin and amberjack); and, with PBARC, utilize molecular methods to identify expression sequences applicable to selective breeding and/or genetic modification. Efforts will also target novel and value-added regional plant and animal feedstuffs and waste- stream co-products from the biofuels and rendering industries in diets for target species. This project will also determine nutrient content, functional properties, nutrient digestibility, and attractability of potential ingredients and, with PBARC, identify and overcome anti- nutritional properties of novel ingredients through selective breeding and/or genetic modification. In addition, scale-up grinding, mixing, agglomeration, pre-conditioning, and post-conditioning methods applicable to commercial feed milling operations will be developed. Formerly 5320- 31000-007-03G (8/2008). Documents SCA with Oceanic Institute. Formerly 5320-31000-007-04S (2/2010). The goal of this project is to determine and develop nutrient requirements of target aquatic species which contributes directly to the Objective of the in-house project. Dietary lysine requirement for Pacific threadfin: An 8 wk growth trial was conducted to estimate the Lys requirement based on growth performance. Results showed that the Lys requirement is 1.79% (5.1% protein). Dietary methionine requirement for Pacific threadfin: Met is limiting amino acids in soy protein, which is widely used to replace fishmeal. An 8 wk feeding trial is ongoing; results will be available Sept. Optimal dietary protein and energy for Pacific threadfin: An 8 wk growth trial, fed diets containing 25-45% protein at 2 dietary levels (10% and 14%). Diet containing 35% protein and 14% lipid showed the best growth, which was equal to a commercial feed containing 50% protein and 14% lipid. Optimal feeding rate for juvenile Pacific threadfin: The optimal feeding rate was estimated by a 5 wk trial based on growth performance. The study found optimal feeding rate was 6% of body weight for the 3g juveniles. Methionine requirement of Pacific white shrimp: 2 feeding trials were conducted to estimate Met requirement of shrimp using crystalline and covalent bound soy protein-Met. The trials at TAMU and OI failed to estimate Met requirement of shrimp. Identify and characterize regionally based plant and animal co-products as ingredients for aquatic feeds. Nutrient analyses of Island co-products: 10 island co-products from fish wastes, biofuel oil extraction and cull agricultural products were characterized as potential feed ingredients. Mineral, gross energy, amino acid, fatty acid and carotenoids were analyzed; data will be used to formulate diets. Digestibility of Hawaiian Island co-products: 3 agricultural co- products: meat & bone meal, macadamia nut cake and spent fruit fly media were tested for their digestibility in Pacific white shrimp. Results showed the ingredients had acceptable digestibility for shrimp diets. Determination of fatty acid and carotenoid composition for Haematococcus pluvialis and its esterified astaxanthin product (BioAstin�SCE5): The fatty acid profiles of H. pluvialis and its astaxanthin product were determined. They had a low content of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic, but high content of oleic, linoleic and palmitic acid. In vitro digestibility of protein ingredients in diets: PH-Stat method was established to determine a quick way of in vitro digestibility of protein ingredients. Eleven protein ingredients were measured by in vivo digestibility and the results will be correlated with in vitro digestibility. Develop commercially applicable feed processing techniques that optimize economic potential and limit waste. Two extruder configurations were tested and two particle sizes of ingredients were evaluated for their effect on growth and feed efficiency. Growth performance was not affected by the two extruder configurations and the smaller ingredient size in shrimp feed can improve feed efficiency. This project is monitored through meetings, conference calls, email communication, and on-site v
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) The objectives of this cooperative research project are to: (1) Determine nutrient requirements of target aquatic species and develop viable diet formulations as a foundation for commercial industry development; (2) Identify and characterize regionally based plant and animal co-products as ingredients for aquatic feeds; and, (3) Develop commercially- applicable ingredient and feed processing techniques that optimize economic potential and limit waste. Approach (from AD-416) Research will utilize tank and laboratory based trials to define key dietary requirements of Pacific white shrimp and marine fish of local interest (Pacific threadfin and amberjack); and, with PBARC, utilize molecular methods to identify expression sequences applicable to selective breeding and/or genetic modification. Efforts will also target novel and value-added regional plant and animal feedstuffs and waste- stream co-products from the biofuels and rendering industries in diets for target species. This project will also determine nutrient content, functional properties, nutrient digestibility, and attractability of potential ingredients and, with PBARC, identify and overcome anti- nutritional properties of novel ingredients through selective breeding and/or genetic modification. In addition, scale-up grinding, mixing, agglomeration, pre-conditioning, and post-conditioning methods applicable to commercial feed milling operations will be developed. Formerly 5320- 31000-007-03G (8/2008). Documents SCA with Oceanic Institute. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations Because of the limited information concerning the amino acid requirements of the targeted species of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and the marine fish species, Pacific threadfin (Polydactylus sexfilis) and longfin amberjack (Seriola rivoliana), one of our objectives in this project is to define these species amino requirements. Ongoing discussion and cooperation among scientists at the Oceanic Institute (OI), Texas A & M University (TAMU) and the USDA-ARS Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center (PBARC) have been working, and planning research trials to define these amino acid requirements where diets can be formulated with optimum amino acid profiles for maximum feed efficiency and animal performance. Our collaborative efforts with researchers at TAMU have continued in defining the amino acid methionine requirements of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei using protein-bound (manufactured at OI) and crystalline sources for determining the requirements for Litopenaeus vannamei. Two studies at TAMU were conducted simultaneously in their recirculation system to evaluate apparent methionine requirement of juvenile Pacific white shrimp. A soy protein-based diet was formulated to be adequate in digestible essential amino acid concentrations with the exception of methionine. Dose-response diets were prepared using a basal diet (25% CP) supplemented with either covalently-bound (Study 1) or crystalline (Study 2) L-methionine. Results showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in survival of shrimp fed dietary treatments within studies. The result in Study 1 (covalently-attached supplementation) an estimated methionine requirement level of 0.45% was suggested. The result in Study 2 (crystalline supplementation), a methionine requirement level of 0.66% was suggested. A publication of the study is in progress; ESTIMATION OF APPARENT METHIONINE REQUIREMENT OF THE PACIFIC WHITE SHRIMP, Litopenaeus vannamei, USING PROTEIN-BOUND AND CRYSTALLINE SOURCES. A validation trial is being conducted at the Oceanic Institute, where a similar set of diets were made with the covalently-bound and crystalline L-methionine and being tested at the Oceanic Institute�s indoor clean flow through system. Our collaborative efforts with researchers at TAMU also included defining the amino acid lysine requirements of the marine fish Moi, Pacific threadfin (Polydactylus sexfilis). A collaborator at TAMU sent us a mash of an amino acid (AA) test diet comprising a combination of red drum muscle and free amino acids (FAA). Results, TAMU red drum muscle and FAA diet is not suitable for this work because of the poor growth and survival. However a similar diet made at OI of Pacific threadfin (moi) muscle with AA diet provided better survival, and growth than the TAMU red drum muscle AA diet. This finding will be used to formulate a series of diets based on the use of moi muscle and FAA with graded levels of lysine. This project is monitored through meetings, conference calls, email communication, and on-site visits.
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