Progress 07/24/08 to 06/13/13
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Develop and introduce new high quality and disease-resistant cultivars of almonds, grapes and stone fruits that will sustain American agriculture and supply high quality, nutritious fruits and almonds to U.S. consumers and international markets. 1. Continue evaluation of existing high-quality scion selections of stone fruit (apricots, nectarines, peaches, and plums) from the breeding program to identify those having desirable traits such as enhanced sugar content, novel peento flat shape and expanded ripening season, and table and raisin grapes with large seedless fresh fruit that stores and ships well, natural �dried on the vine� raisin trait, economic production levels with spur pruning, and enhanced anthocyanin content for fresh and processing markets. 2. Identify Vitis accessions resistant to powdery mildew and evaluate existing table grape and raisin breeding populations and selections for high fruit quality with host-plant disease resistance. 3. Evaluate existing self-compatible almond accessions adapted to California. Approach (from AD-416): Classical breeding techniques have been used to create segregating populations where the expression of quantitative traits has been concentrated and newly available characters have been transferred into adapted Prunus and Vitis germplasm. Plant materials in existing segregating populations of Prunus and Vitis will be selected and propagated for new cultivar development. Greenhouse and field screening will proceed to select Vitis seedlings with resistant to powdery mildew. The genetic control of raisins that dry on the vine and red flesh color in grapes will be determined through the evaluation of appropriate segregating progenies. Apricots will be selected for white flesh, for drying ability and for late maturity season from numerous segregating progenies. New self-compatible almonds will be selected having kernel qualities similar to Nonpareil, and four high kernel quality self- compatible almond selections will be trialed in isolated orchard conditions to evaluate the yield potential of self-compatible almonds in the absence of bee pollination. Formerly 5302-21220-004-00D (7/08). This is the final report for in-house project No. 5302-21220-005-00D. Research continues on cultivar development at this location through the new in-house project No. 5302-21220-006-00D. Stakeholders provided support for continued hybridizations of table and raisin grapes. During this project, over 920,000 emasculations were performed to create new table grape and raisin hybrids from parental vines. Powdery mildew (PM) resistant germplasm also has been used in hybridizations. Greenhouse screening was used to identify resistant seedlings prior to field planting. PM resistant vines were evaluated for fruit quality, and backcrossing of the PM resistant vines were accomplished through five generations. Natural dry-on-vine (NDOV) raisins have been identified. This character greatly increases efficiency of raisin production by reducing grower inputs (cane-cutting, tray drying). NDOV vines were used in hybridizations to create earlier-ripening and higher quality raisins. Nearly 100 NDOV selections are being evaluated in 2- or 7-vine plots. The NDOV trait also has been bred into PM resistant raisins, with four new NDOV PM resistant raisin selections added to 7-vine plots during 2012. Hybridizations in Prunus ceased after the 2008 bloom period. Remaining apricot seedling populations are being evaluated for late season fruit maturity and high quality drying types. Color retention in dry apricot has been used as an evaluation criterion, and numerous selections have been identified that retain the deep orange coloration better than California�s standard drying cultivar Patterson. Four self-compatible almonds were trialed under commercial conditions in the southern San Joaquin Valley for yield potential and kernel quality. Yield varied widely, with one self-compatible selection yielding similarly to the industry standard cultivar Nonpareil. Cumulative harvests from three successive years revealed varying degrees of high and low yield fluctuations in alternate years (alternate bearing) for the trialed almonds. A multivariate procedure was developed to separates Nonpareil Marketing Group almond kernels from kernels in other Marketing Groups. Discriminant analyses distinguished Nonpareil Marketing Group kernels from cultivar Carmel (California Marketing Group) and Padre (Mission Marketing Group) with less than 2% error using 16 kernel characters. The procedure can be used to identify almond accessions similar to Nonpareil in kernel shape and appearance. Twelve new cultivars were presented to growers during the life of this project. Valley Pearl and C51-63 were released as new table grapes, whereas Sunglo and Sunpreme are now available as new raisin cultivars. Three new apricots, Bolaroja, Primarosa and Twocot, are now available for propagation, with cultivar Twocot being used in either fresh fruit or dry production. Demko 10-17A was released as a new rootstock to provide grape growers with a nematode and phylloxera resistant stock that induced moderate vigor. Four new Prunus rootstocks (HBOK 10, HBOK27, HBOK 32 and HBOK 50) were introduced to provide growers with root knot nematode resistance and varying degrees of vigor reduction. Accomplishments 01 'Sunpreme' raisins dry themselves. Traditional tray-dried raisins may be a thing of the past when the new Sunpreme raisin comes into production. ARS researchers at Parlier, California, have developed �Sunpreme�, a new raisin grape that dries naturally on the vine without cutting canes. �Sunpreme� is particularly well-suited for mechanical harvesting, thereby significantly reducing production costs. Unlike �Thompson Seedless�, the major grape variety used for tray-dried raisin production, �Sunpreme� can be spur-pruned, further reducing grower inputs.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Ledbetter, C.A. 2012. Postharvest dried apricot color degradation of three California apricot accessions. Acta Horticulturae. 966:163-168.
- Zhebentyayeva, T., Ledbetter, C.A., Burgos, L., Llacer, G. 2012. Apricots. In: Badenes, M.L., Byrne, P.H., editors. Fruit Breeding, Handbook of Plant Breeding, Vol. 8. Available: Springer Science & Business Media. p.875
- Ledbetter, C.A., Mercure, E., Halasz, J., Hegedus, A. 2013. Yield, pollination aspects and kernel qualities of almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch) selections trialed in the Southern San Joaquin Valley. Journal of American Pomological Society. 67(3):126-136.
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Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Develop and introduce new high quality and disease-resistant cultivars of almonds, grapes and stone fruits that will sustain American agriculture and supply high quality, nutritious fruits and almonds to U.S. consumers and international markets. 1. Continue evaluation of existing high-quality scion selections of stone fruit (apricots, nectarines, peaches, and plums) from the breeding program to identify those having desirable traits such as enhanced sugar content, novel peento flat shape and expanded ripening season, and table and raisin grapes with large seedless fresh fruit that stores and ships well, natural �dried on the vine� raisin trait, economic production levels with spur pruning, and enhanced anthocyanin content for fresh and processing markets. 2. Identify Vitis accessions resistant to powdery mildew and evaluate existing table grape and raisin breeding populations and selections for high fruit quality with host-plant disease resistance. 3. Evaluate existing self-compatible almond accessions adapted to California. Approach (from AD-416): Classical breeding techniques have been used to create segregating populations where the expression of quantitative traits has been concentrated and newly available characters have been transferred into adapted Prunus and Vitis germplasm. Plant materials in existing segregating populations of Prunus and Vitis will be selected and propagated for new cultivar development. Greenhouse and field screening will proceed to select Vitis seedlings with resistantance to powdery mildew. The genetic control of raisins that dry on the vine and red flesh color in grapes will be determined through the evaluation of appropriate segregating progenies. Apricots will be selected for white flesh, for drying ability and for late maturity season from numerous segregating progenies. New self-compatible almonds will be selected having kernel qualities similar to Nonpareil, and four high kernel quality self- compatible almond selections will be trialed in isolated orchard conditions to evaluate the yield potential of self-compatible almonds in the absence of bee pollination. Nine new apricot selections were evaluated for floral self-(in) compatibility during the 2012 bloom period. Yield and fruit quality data were obtained from nine apricot accessions grown on two rootstocks to examine differences in fruit size and ripening date. Twelve apricot selections for fresh and industrial markets were propagated on Nemaguard rootstock for advanced trialing. An apricot variety trial in a low-chill environment began the third year of growth with first bloom period scored for timing and duration. Scion vigor differences are beginning to be evident in the low-chill plot. A late-ripening dual purpose (fresh market and dry) apricot selection, three nectarines and two plums were sent to the National Research Support Project 5, Washington State University, Prosser, Washington for virus indexing. Over 2,000 table grape seedlings were evaluated overall, with 550 advanced seedless selections evaluated in the field and laboratory. Nine promising table grape selections were added to the 27 vine test plot. Sixty-three advanced dry-on-the-vine (DOV) raisin selections fruited. Fifteen of these were harvested during the first week of October. The best DOV selection was harvested October 19, averaging 4.6 tons/acre with 12.2% moisture and a raisin grade of 89.8% B or better. Five seedless DOV raisins with red flesh from mBC1 family for red flesh were selected for propagation to determine production levels and raisin quality. The 252 table grape and 135 raisin advanced selections grown in no spray plots, were evaluated in August for powdery mildew (PM) resistance. Eighty-six table and 43 raisin selections have remained free of PM for three years. Twenty new table grape selections were made and added to the advanced no spray plot for use as parents, representing three sources of PM resistance. Five tray dry PM resistant raisin selections were propagated into production trials. Modified backcrosses combining high fruit quality with PM resistant were made. A total of 27 seedless x seedless table grape and 18 seedless x seedless raisin crosses using a total of 49,714, and 42,793 emasculations, respectively, were made. A total of 52 almond selections (36 self-compatible, 16 self- incompatible) as well as Nonpareil, Padre, Carmel (self-incompatible) and self-compatible Tuono were evaluated for bloom and hull split periods as well as shell and kernel characters. Almond shell granular activated carbon is being challenged with a DBCP- contaminated municipal water stream to examine filter longevity and extent of carbon breakdown in flow rates matched to standard GAC water treatment vessels. Multivariate analyses are being used to discriminate Nonpareil Marketing Group almond kernels from those of different marketing groups. Five new self-compatible almond selections have been propagated to Nemaguard rootstock to examine cropping efficiency, harvest timing and kernel quality. Accomplishments 01 New molecular markers for powdery mildew resistance in grape. Powdery mildew is the most important disease attacking grapes around the world. ARS researchers at Parlier, California and Geneva, New York identified single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers linked with Ren4 powdery mildew resistance and seedlessness on chromosome 18. Molecular markers allow pyramiding of resistant genes to provide more durable resistance t powdery mildew. 02 Release of new table grape cultivar Valley Pearl. Seedless table grape cultivars with large berry size, productivity and good storage capabilit are needed for commercial production in California. ARS researchers in Parlier, CA developed and tested grape selection F10 (now known as Valle Pearl) and found it produced large round attractive berries that were productive on spurs with good storability. Valley Pearl was released fo commercial production and will provide growers with a white seedless, hi yielding, good storage table grape for the early to mid-season. 03 Release of nematode resistant grape rootstock Demko 10-17A. Nematodes a a major pest for grape production, reducing yields and plant vigor makin vineyards uneconomical. ARS researchers in Parlier, California tested grape rootstock selection 10-17A (now known as Demko 10-17A) and found i resistant to most nematodes found in California. Demko 10-17A was releas as a grape rootstock and will provide growers with a moderately vigorous rootstock that provides protection against many nematodes as well as phylloxera. 04 Release of large red seedless table grape C51-63. Late ripening seedles table grapes with good production and storage ability are needed for commercial production in California. ARS researchers in Parlier, California developed and tested grape selection C51-63 and found it to b very productive with large red seedless fruit that store well. C51-63 wa released for commercial production and will provide growers with a late ripening red seedless grape that is very productive with good berry size and storage ability.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Ramming, D.W., Gabler, F., Smilanick, J.L., Cadle Davidson, M., Paola, B., Siraprapa, M., Omer, F., Milgroom, M.G., Cadle Davidson, L.E. 2011. Identification of race-specific resistance in North American Vitis species limiting Erysiphe necator hyphal growth. Phytopathology. 102(1):83-93.
- Mahanil, S., Ramming, D.W., Cadle-Davidson, M., Owens, C.L., Garris, A., Myles, S., Cadle Davidson, L.E. 2012. Development of marker sets useful in the early selection of Ren4 powdery mildew resistance and seedlessness for table and raisin grape breeding. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 124:23-33.
- Ledbetter, C.A. 2012. Register of new fruit and nut varieties list 46. HortScience. 47(5):536-562.
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Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Develop and introduce new high quality and disease-resistant cultivars of almonds, grapes and stone fruits that will sustain American agriculture and supply high quality, nutritious fruits and almonds to U.S. consumers and international markets. 1. Continue evaluation of existing high-quality scion selections of stone fruit (apricots, nectarines, peaches, and plums) from the breeding program to identify those having desirable traits such as enhanced sugar content, novel peento flat shape and expanded ripening season, and table and raisin grapes with large seedless fresh fruit that stores and ships well, natural �dried on the vine� raisin trait, economic production levels with spur pruning, and enhanced anthocyanin content for fresh and processing markets. 2. Identify Vitis accessions resistant to powdery mildew and evaluate existing table grape and raisin breeding populations and selections for high fruit quality with host-plant disease resistance. 3. Evaluate existing self-compatible almond accessions adapted to California. Approach (from AD-416) Classical breeding techniques have been used to create segregating populations where the expression of quantitative traits has been concentrated and newly available characters have been transferred into adapted Prunus and Vitis germplasm. Plant materials in existing segregating populations of Prunus and Vitis will be selected and propagated for new cultivar development. Greenhouse and field screening will proceed to select Vitis seedlings with resistant to powdery mildew. The genetic control of raisins that dry on the vine and red flesh color in grapes will be determined through the evaluation of appropriate segregating progenies. Apricots will be selected for white flesh, for drying ability and for late maturity season from numerous segregating progenies. New self-compatible almonds will be selected having kernel qualities similar to Nonpareil, and four high kernel quality self- compatible almond selections will be trialed in isolated orchard conditions to evaluate the yield potential of self-compatible almonds in the absence of bee pollination. Formerly 5302-21220-004-00D (7/08). Seven apricot selections were evaluated to determine self-(in) compatibility status, and two new California-Hunza hybrids were identified as self-compatible. A rootstock trial was established with two seed-propagated peach x almond hybrids and the commercial rootstock Nemaguard using two apricot and one plumcot scion selections. Robust sampling was performed on fruit from an advanced white fleshed apricot selection to examine sugar and acid levels throughout fruit maturity. Color degradation during storage was compared in an advanced late season drying apricot to both Patterson and Goldensweet cultivars. An apricot variety trial in a low-chill environment was maintained for a second year of growth in Riverside, CA. Eleven flat peach and nectarine selections were sent to National Research Support Project 5, Washington State Univ., Prosser, WA for virus indexing. Over 2400 table grape seedlings were evaluated overall, with 237 advanced seedless selections being evaluated in the field and laboratory. Eight table grape selections were promising and added to the 27 vine test plot. Forty-one advanced dried-on-the-vine (DOV) raisin selections fruited and seventeen were dry and harvested by the third week of October. The best DOV selection, averaged 4.49 tons/acre with 13.7% moisture and a raisin grade of 77.6% B or better. The Backcross1 family for red flesh was analyzed for flesh color and anthocyanin content of flesh and skin. Five seedless raisin selections with red flesh were selected for propagation to determine production levels and raisin quality. The 238 table grape and 141 raisin advanced selections in no spray plots were evaluated in August and September for powdery mildew (PM) resistance. Over 100 table and 36 raisin selections were free of mildew. Ninety- eight advanced table grape selections were evaluated and 29 noted for high fruit quality and resistance. Eleven new table grape selections were made and added to the advanced no spray plot for use as parents, representing 5 different sources of PM resistance. One DOV and 4 tray-dry raisin selections were propagated into production trials. Modified backcrosses combining high fruit quality with PM resistance were made. A total of 35 seedless x seedless, and 27 seeded x seedless table grape, and 25 seedless x seedless raisin crosses using a total of 57,373, 36,313, and 54,631 emasculations, respectively, were made. A total of 64 almond selections (42 self-compatible, 22 self- incompatible) as well as Nonpareil, Padre, Carmel (self-incompatible) and self-compatible Tuono were evaluated for shell and kernel characters. All remaining 2006 almond seedlings were evaluated for self-compatibility. A stakeholder meeting was conducted to provide growers and almond nurseries with information on breeding efforts to identify self-compatible almonds with Nonpareil-like kernel characteristics. Two self-compatible selections were identified through multivariate analysis as having kernel characteristics nearly identical with Nonpareil. Five self-compatible and two self-incompatible almond selections were propagated for production trials in the San Joaquin Valley. Accomplishments 01 A single dominant powdery mildew resistance gene was identified in the Chinese grape species Vitus romanetii. Powdery mildew is the most important fungus attacking grapes worldwide. ARS researchers at Parlier, CA and Geneva, NY identified the gene by creating a number of table and raisin grape families segregating for powdery mildew resistance. The single dominant gene was readily scored for in-laboratory, greenhouse an field assays. It is expected that resistant raisin and table grapes may developed with existing germplasm in 2 to 4 generations. Resistant grape would reduce production costs, reduce yield losses and increase fruit quality. 02 Improved color retention in dried apricot. Dried apricots produced duri early summer must endure half a year of storage before being sold during the winter holiday period. The color of dry apricots can darken dramatically during storage, with the degree of darkening being dependen on the particular apricot cultivar used. ARS apricot breeding efforts in Parlier, CA have led to the development of an apricot selection that hol color well in storage, even in non-refrigerated conditions. Color retention in the new selection was noticeably better than the standard apricot cultivar currently used for drying in California. Utilization of this new apricot selection would reduce dry apricot storage costs and ensure higher product quality for consumers. 03 Sunglo raisin grape released for production in Australia. Australian summer and fall rains cause fruit cracking, berry abscission and bunch r resulting in lower yields and raisin quality. ARS researchers in Parlier CA and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) researchers in Merbein, Australia developed and tested the grape selection G4-74 and found the thick skin resisted cracking and produced quality raisins when treated with standard alkaline, oil-in water drying emulsions and rack drying. G4-74 (Sunglo) will provide Australian grower with a seedless, high yielding, rain tolerant raisin grape.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Ramming, D.W., Gabler, F., Smilanick, J.L., Cadle Davidson, M., Barba, P., Consolie, N.H., Mahanil, S., Cadle Davidson, L.E. 2011. A single dominant locus Ren4 confers non-race-specific penetration resistance to grapevine powdery mildew. Phytopathology. 101(4):502-508.
- Ledbetter, C.A. 2010. Almond breeding and evaluation activities in central California: past and future. Options Mediterraneennes. 94:255-260.
- Siegel, J.P., Kuenen, L.P., Ledbetter, C.A. 2010. Variable development rate and survival of navel orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on wheat bran diet and almonds. Journal of Economic Entomology. 103(4):1250-1257.
- Riaz, S., Tenscher, A., Ramming, D.W., Walker, A. 2011. Using a limited mapping strategy to identify major QTL�s for resistance to grapevine powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) and their use in marker-assisted breeding.. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 122(6):1059-1073.
- Ledbetter, C.A., Sisterson, M.S. 2010. Carpological variability of almond (Prunus dulcis [Mill.] D.A. Webb cv Nonpareil) in a single orchard during seven consecutive harvests. HortScience. 45(12):1788-1792.
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Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Develop and introduce new high quality and disease-resistant cultivars of almonds, grapes and stone fruits that will sustain American agriculture and supply high quality, nutritious fruits and almonds to U.S. consumers and international markets. 1. Continue evaluation of existing high-quality scion selections of stone fruit (apricots, nectarines, peaches, and plums) from the breeding program to identify those having desirable traits such as enhanced sugar content, novel peento flat shape and expanded ripening season, and table and raisin grapes with large seedless fresh fruit that stores and ships well, natural �dried on the vine� raisin trait, economic production levels with spur pruning, and enhanced anthocyanin content for fresh and processing markets. 2. Identify Vitis accessions resistant to powdery mildew and evaluate existing table grape and raisin breeding populations and selections for high fruit quality with host-plant disease resistance. 3. Evaluate existing self-compatible almond accessions adapted to California. Approach (from AD-416) Classical breeding techniques have been used to create segregating populations where the expression of quantitative traits has been concentrated and newly available characters have been transferred into adapted Prunus and Vitis germplasm. Plant materials in existing segregating populations of Prunus and Vitis will be selected and propagated for new cultivar development. Greenhouse and field screening will proceed to select Vitis seedlings with resistant to powdery mildew. The genetic control of raisins that dry on the vine and red flesh color in grapes will be determined through the evaluation of appropriate segregating progenies. Apricots will be selected for white flesh, for drying ability and for late maturity season from numerous segregating progenies. New self-compatible almonds will be selected having kernel qualities similar to Nonpareil, and four high kernel quality self- compatible almond selections will be trialed in isolated orchard conditions to evaluate the yield potential of self-compatible almonds in the absence of bee pollination. Formerly 5302-21220-004-00D (7/08). Twelve apricot selections were bagged for self-(in) compatibility status. Six apricot cultivars varying in bloom dates were planted in Riverside County, CA to determine fruitfulness in a low-chill environment. Twelve advanced apricot selections of Central Asian-California parentage were propagated for continued evaluations. A rootstock trial (Nemaguard vs. Citation) was established to evaluate differences in tree performance and apricot fruit quality in nine cultivars and advanced selections. Three plum, 10 peach and 11 nectarine selections were propagated for virus testing. Ninety percent of the BC1 grape population for red flesh was evaluated for flesh color and correlation with a leaf disk assay. Initial tests to determine inheritance of red flesh were run. Over 500 seedlings for studying the natural dry-on-the-vine (DOV) raisin trait were harvested for moisture determination. Fresh fruit from the DOV parents and two control cultivars (Thompson Seedless and Summer Muscat) were tested for drying rates under controlled conditions. Skin wax and cuticle thickness were evaluated to determine if this affected speed of drying. Sixty-five DOV raisin selections were harvested for yield, and 35 were dry enough to harvest by October 1. Twelve produced more than 4 kg raisins/vine and four had >90% B or better grade raisins. The most advanced DOV selection continued to dry by October 1 with good yield and raisin quality. After evaluating seedlings for powdery mildew resistance and fruit quality, nine table grape, nine raisin and 14 DOV raisin selections were propagated for production trials. One table grape selection was propagated for comparison with current table grape cultivars. Seedlings from both seedless x seedless crosses and seed were evaluated for powdery mildew resistance, with only resistant plants being transplanted. Seedlings for genetic studies were also evaluated for powdery mildew and leaf samples were collected for DNA analyses. Over 1,300 seedlings from 17 families and 3 powdery mildew resistance sources were evaluated for infection levels on the leaves, stems, rachis and fruit. Leaf samples were collected for analyses examining molecular markers associated with resistance. Over 400 advanced table grape and raisin selections were evaluated twice for mildew resistance in the no spray plots. A total of 94 almond selections (63 self-compatible, 31 self- incompatible) as well as Nonpareil, Padre, Carmel (self-incompatible) and self-compatible Tuono were evaluated for shell and kernel characters. Three 6 kg in-shell almond samples from promising self-compatible accessions were shown to the Almond Board of California for independent evaluations of shells and kernels. During the 2010 bloom, 26 almonds were bagged to determine ability to set fruit without bee visitation. Nine trees were found to be sufficiently self-fruitful to warrant retention. Multiple flowering branches of advanced self-compatible selections provided to the Almond Board were also bagged, and their self- fruitfulness was re-confirmed during the 2010 bloom period. Accomplishments 01 Growers have new rootstock options for stone fruits and almonds. A successful orchard requires trees having a rootstock that can resist infection of soil-borne diseases and pests as well as providing trees wi water and nutrients necessary for a bountiful harvest. When an orchard replanted with the same rootstock as was previously used, tree vigor can suffer and yields are generally reduced. ARS researchers at Parlier, CA teamed with University of California Davis scientists to develop three n clonal rootstocks that are compatible with stone fruits and almonds. Th new rootstocks are resistant to the prevalent root knot nematode, and produce trees of slightly smaller stature, but fruit/nut bearing capability is not affected. Growers can expect enhanced growth of young trees when these rootstocks are utilized in previously planted orchard sites. An additional benefit lies in reduced pruning costs throughout t life of the orchard. 02 Leaf disk assay used to detect grapes with red flesh. Anthocyanins are considered an excellent source of antioxidant phytochemicals for health benefits. Only a few wine grapes and no table or raisin grapes have anthocyanins in their flesh. ARS researchers at Parlier, CA hybridized red flesh wine grape with a table grape, selected seedlings with red fle and crossed them to table and raisin grapes. Leaf disks of plants less than 6 months old were cultured in sugar solution. Rapid pigment development in leaf disks was associated with red flesh. This allows selection of plants with red flesh several years before plants produce fruit facilitating breeding of table and raisin grapes with red flesh an higher levels of antioxidants.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Ledbetter, C.A. 2010. �Bolaroja� and �Primarosa�: Two New Mid Season Apricots for the Fresh Market. HortScience. 45(3): 441-442.
- Ramming, D.W. 2010. Greenhouse Screening of Grape Rootstock Populations to Determine Inheritance of Resistance to Phylloxera. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 61(2):234-239.
- Breksa III, A.P., Takeoka, G.R., Hidalgo, M., Vilches, A.M., Vasse, J., Ramming, D.W. 2010. Phenolic Content of Raisin Grape Varieties and Genotypes. Food Chemistry. 121, 740-745.
- Ledbetter, C.A. 2010. Register of New Fruit and Nut Varieties List 45. HortScience. 45(5):716-756.
- Klasson, K.T., Ledbetter, C.A., Wartelle, L.H., Lingle, S.E. 2010. Feasibility of dibromochloropropane (DBCP) and trichloroethylene (TCE) adsorption onto activated carbons made from nut shells of different almond varieties. Industrial Crops and Products. 31:261-265.
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Develop and introduce new high quality and disease-resistant cultivars of almonds, grapes and stone fruits that will sustain American agriculture and supply high quality, nutritious fruits and almonds to U.S. consumers and international markets. 1. Continue evaluation of existing high-quality scion selections of stone fruit (apricots, nectarines, peaches, and plums) from the breeding program to identify those having desirable traits such as enhanced sugar content, novel peento flat shape and expanded ripening season, and table and raisin grapes with large seedless fresh fruit that stores and ships well, natural �dried on the vine� raisin trait, economic production levels with spur pruning, and enhanced anthocyanin content for fresh and processing markets. 2. Identify Vitis accessions resistant to powdery mildew and evaluate existing table grape and raisin breeding populations and selections for high fruit quality with host-plant disease resistance. 3. Evaluate existing self-compatible almond accessions adapted to California. Approach (from AD-416) Classical breeding techniques have been used to create segregating populations where the expression of quantitative traits has been concentrated and newly available characters have been transferred into adapted Prunus and Vitis germplasm. Plant materials in existing segregating populations of Prunus and Vitis will be selected and propagated for new cultivar development. Greenhouse and field screening will proceed to select Vitis seedlings with resistant to powdery mildew. The genetic control of raisins that dry on the vine and red flesh color in grapes will be determined through the evaluation of appropriate segregating progenies. Apricots will be selected for white flesh, for drying ability and for late maturity season from numerous segregating progenies. New self-compatible almonds will be selected having kernel qualities similar to Nonpareil, and four high kernel quality self- compatible almond selections will be trialed in isolated orchard conditions to evaluate the yield potential of self-compatible almonds in the absence of bee pollination. Formerly 5302-21220-004-00D (7/08). Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations A total of 35 plum, 135 nectarine and 92 peach selections were evaluated. One nectarine and 13 peaches with flat shaped fruit, and 6 peach, 19 nectarine and 5 plum selections with round fruit were promising enough for larger tests. A late freeze in early March eliminated young fruit on early flowering apricots. However, the event provided a chance to identify those selections that successfully set a crop in a late-frost year. Apricot seedlings from FY08 were field transplanted in April. Apricot fruit evaluations began the second week of May and continued through the first week of July. Six new selections were evaluated, along with 37 other existing apricot selections. Ripening curves for Brix and juice acidity were developed for a mid-season white flesh apricot. A total of 122 almond selections (91 self-compatible, 31 self- incompatible) were evaluated for important shell and kernel characteristics. Included among the evaluations were commercial standards Nonpareil, Padre, Carmel (self-incompatible) and self- compatible (SC) Tuono. Eight SC selections were shown for Almond Board of California Research and Nutrition committees during November. During the 2009 bloom, 68 seedling almonds were bagged to determine their ability to set fruit without bee visitation. Among the 68 bagged trees, 28 trees were found to be SC. For a second year, stratification and soaking treatments were imposed on seedlots from three male-sterile peach- almond hybrids to evaluate possible improvements in seedling emergence. A total of 99 seedless x seedless grape crosses were made consisting of 235,729 emasculations. One hundred sixty-nine table grape seedlings fruiting for the first time were selected and evaluated in the laboratory along with 200 existing selections. Fifteen seedless grape selections (9 red, 2 black and 4 white) were propagated in a 25 vine advanced test plot. One mid-season red, one early white, and one early black seedless selection show commercial promise. Ninety-seven raisin grape seedlings fruiting for the first time were selected for laboratory evaluation, as well as another 103 raisin selections with natural dry-on-the-vine (DOV) potential. From these evaluations, 15 new raisin selections were propagated into the natural DOV advanced test plots. Thirty-one of 101 advanced DOV selections that fruited the first time had good raisin quality and natural drying ability. Modified backcrosses were continued to combine high fruit quality from table and raisin selections with the best powdery mildew resistant selections. Twenty-seven table and raisin grape families were screened in the greenhouse and 420 resistant seedlings planted in the field. Ten new table grape selections resistant to powdery mildew with small aborted seeds had good fruit quality and natural berry size and some exceeded 5 g. Four raisin selections resistant to powdery mildew with aborted seeds smaller than Fiesta raisin were propagated into production trials. Technology Transfer Number of New/Active MTAs(providing only): 4 Number of Invention Disclosures submitted: 2
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Ledbetter, C.A. 2009. Using Central Asian germplasm to Improve Fruit Quality and Enhance Diversity in California Adapted Apricots. Acta Horticulturae. 814:77-80.
- Karayiannis,, I., Ledbetter, C.A. 2009. Susceptibility of certain apricot and plumcot cultivars to plum pox virus infection. Acta Horticulturae. (ISHS)825:153-156.
- Christensen, L., Fidelibus, M.W., Katayama, D.G., Ramming, D.W. 2008. Early-ripening grapevine cultivars for dry-on-vine (DOV) raisins on an open-gable trellis. HortTechnology:18(4):740-745.
- Ramming, D.W. 2009. Water Loss from Fresh Berries of Raisin Cultivars under Controlled Drying Conditions. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 60:2:208-214.
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Develop and introduce new high quality and disease-resistant cultivars of almonds, grapes and stone fruits that will sustain American agriculture and supply high quality, nutritious fruits and almonds to U.S. consumers and international markets. 1. Continue evaluation of existing high-quality scion selections of stone fruit (apricots, nectarines, peaches, and plums) from the breeding program to identify those having desirable traits such as enhanced sugar content, novel peento flat shape and expanded ripening season, and table and raisin grapes with large seedless fresh fruit that stores and ships well, natural �dried on the vine� raisin trait, economic production levels with spur pruning, and enhanced anthocyanin content for fresh and processing markets. 2. Identify Vitis accessions resistant to powdery mildew and evaluate existing table grape and raisin breeding populations and selections for high fruit quality with host-plant disease resistance. 3. Evaluate existing self-compatible almond accessions adapted to California. Approach (from AD-416) Classical breeding techniques have been used to create segregating populations where the expression of quantitative traits has been concentrated and newly availale characters have been transferred into adapted Prunus and Vitis germplasm. Plant materials in existing segregating populations of Prunus and Vitis will be selected and propagated for new cultivar development. Greenhouse and field screening will proceed to select Vitis seedlings with resistant to powdery mildew. The genetic control of raisins that dry on the vine and red flesh color in grapes will be determined through the evaluation of appropriate segregating progenies. Apricots will be selected for white flesh, for drying ability and for late muturity season from numerous segregating progenies. New self-compatible almonds will be selected having kernel qualities similar to Nonpareil, and four high kernel quality self- compatible almond selections will be trialed in isolated orchard conditions to evaluate the yield potential of self-compatible almonds in the absence of bee pollination. Formerly 5302-21220-004-00D (7/08). Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations The progress reported here relates specifically to Component 3 (Genetic Improvement of Crops) of National Program 301 (Plant Genetic Resources, Genomics, and Genetics Improvement) in the evaluation of stone fruits (apricot, peach, nectarine and plum), almonds and grapes for potential introductions as new cultivars. This project, approved on 2 July 2008, continues work accomplished throughout the life of Project No. 5302-21220- 004. Seedlings from hybridizations performed in 2007 were field planted during February � April 2008. Grape and apricot seedlings have been trained and cultivated to achieve maximum vegetative growth during the early juvenile period. Hull split in almond began in mid-July, with both self-compatible selections and self-incompatible comparison cultivars being scored weekly for hull split progression throughout the summer. In grapes, field populations having segregation for powdery mildew resistance were left in a natural condition (no fungicides) so that infection levels on specific plant organs could be evaluated systematically. Dry-on-vine (DOV) raisin selections were netted to prevent bird depredation and in anticipation of raisin quality evaluations later in the fall.
Impacts
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Publications
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