What do people do on the land? Understanding uses and stewardship of natural resources and natural places - USDA

WHAT DO PEOPLE DO ON THE LAND? UNDERSTANDING USES AND STEWARDSHIP OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND NATURAL PLACES

Sponsoring Institution

Forest Service/USDA

Project Status

EXTENDED

Funding Source

USDA INHOUSE

Reporting Frequency

Annual

Accession No.

0413634

Grant No.

(N/A)

Cumulative Award Amt.

(N/A)

Proposal No.

(N/A)

Multistate No.

(N/A)

Project Start Date

Aug 13, 2008

Project End Date

Sep 30, 2020

Grant Year

(N/A)

Program Code

[(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
USDA - Forest Service
NORTHERN RESEARCH STATION
NEWTOWN SQUARE,PA 19073

Performing Department
(N/A)

Non Technical Summary
â¿¿Conservation needs to put people back into the landscape,â¿ said then Associate Chief Collins. One of the ways that people have made themselves very much a part of the landscape is through their stewardship work and other activities in parks, forests, and backyards all across the country. These acts of use, management, and stewardship are conducted by private citizens, businesses, and public organizations. These practices influence the condition of forests and natural resources, the benefits they provide, and who has access to those benefits. Stewardship activities in particular are critical in passing on cultural knowledge, promoting healthy physical and mental development of individuals, and maintaining the health of the resources themselves. Management and stewardship issues also span the urban to rural gradient, taking on different characters and forms depending on population density, degree of urban-ness, health and state of the biophysical resources, and complexity of the social and ecological context. Research in this problem area documents the natural resource uses and stewardship practices of individuals and organizations and their socioeconomic, cultural and ecological effects. The work examines practices across a wide range of property jurisdictions in urban to rural areas, as well as interactions between governmental, nongovernmental, and private entities. It also targets a broad range of public lands users, including stewards, advocates, recreationists, gatherers, and people living nearby. Our research takes into account the health and status of biophysical resources and the equity and social justice considerations of different land management and use decisions. Fortified with this information, land managers and policy makers will be better able to partner with their stakeholders, meet expectations of their publics, and steward the land. Outcomes and impacts may occur as changes in people's knowledge, actions, or social conditions regarding natural resource management.

Animal Health Component

40%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

40%

Applied

40%

Developmental

20%

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
123	6099	3080	30%
124	0530	3080	25%
134	6099	3111	25%
605	0699	2060	20%

Knowledge Area
605 - Natural Resource and Environmental Economics; 134 - Outdoor Recreation; 124 - Urban Forestry; 123 - Management and Sustainability of Forest Resources;

Subject Of Investigation
6099 - People and communities, general/other; 0530 - Parks and urban green space; 0699 - Trees, forests, and forest products, general;

Field Of Science
3111 - Landscape architecture; 2060 - Geography; 3080 - Sociology;

Keywords

Goals / Objectives
â¿¿Conservation needs to put people back into the landscape,â¿ said then Associate Chief Collins. One of the ways that people have made themselves very much a part of the landscape is through their stewardship work and other activities in parks, forests, and backyards all across the country. These acts of use, management, and stewardship are conducted by private citizens, businesses, and public organizations. These practices influence the condition of forests and natural resources, the benefits they provide, and who has access to those benefits. Stewardship activities in particular are critical in passing on cultural knowledge, promoting healthy physical and mental development of individuals, and maintaining the health of the resources themselves. Management and stewardship issues also span the urban to rural gradient, taking on different characters and forms depending on population density, degree of urban-ness, health and state of the biophysical resources, and complexity of the social and ecological context. Research in this problem area documents the natural resource uses and stewardship practices of individuals and organizations and their socioeconomic, cultural and ecological effects. The work examines practices across a wide range of property jurisdictions in urban to rural areas, as well as interactions between governmental, nongovernmental, and private entities. It also targets a broad range of public lands users, including stewards, advocates, recreationists, gatherers, and people living nearby. Our research takes into account the health and status of biophysical resources and the equity and social justice considerations of different land management and use decisions. Fortified with this information, land managers and policy makers will be better able to partner with their stakeholders, meet expectations of their publics, and steward the land. There are four elements: 1) Civic natural resource stewardship, 2) Urban tree health and survival: Understanding the social and biophysical factors, 3) Management and use of nontimber forest product (NTFP), and 4) Changing recreation demands and trends.

Project Methods
We use a full range of social science data collection and analysis methods and are leaders in partnering and conducting research across disciplines.

Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
OUTPUTS: From a lot of different angles, we analyze how people interact with trees and associated natural resources in cities. We look specifically at tree planting and other types of ecological stewardship that people choose to participate in, patterns and trends in outdoor recreation, and the gathering of non-timber forest products such as plants, mushrooms, and fruit on public lands. Each of these topics requires different research approaches. PARTICIPANTS: Through cooperative agreements, we work with several universities, state and local government agencies, and not-for-profit groups on research related to the interaction of people and natural resources in cities. TARGET AUDIENCES: We have a wide variety of clients and customers for this research including public land managers at all levels of government, non-profit groups working on urban environmental stewardship, policy makers, land use planners and designers, university faculty, and professional researchers in related fields. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: None.

Impacts
This year we made a number of presentations related to this research and produced 16 publications. The following three publications are good examples: Campbell, L.K. 2014. Constructing New York City⿿s urban forest: The politics and governance of the MillionTreesNYC campaign. Chapter 16. In: Sandberg, L. Anders; Bardekjian, Adrina; Butt, Sadia, eds. Urban forests, trees and greenspace. A Policy Perspective. New York, NY: Routledge:242-260. Chapter 16. Grove, J. Morgan; Cadenasso, Mary L.; Pickett, Steward T.A.; Machlis, Gary E.; Burch, William R., Jr. 2015. The Baltimore school of urban ecology: space, scale, and time for the study of cities. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 248 p. Hurley, P.T.; Emery, M.R.; McLain, R.; Poe, M.; Grabbatin, B.; Goetcheus, C.L. 2015. Whose urban forest? The political ecology of foraging urban nontimber forest products. In: Isenhour, C.; McDonogh, G.; Checker, M., eds. Sustainability in the global city, myth and practice. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press: 187-212. Chapter 7.

Publications

Baltimore Department of Planning, Office of Sustainability. 2015. Green pattern book: using vacant land to create greener neighborhoods in Baltimore. NRS-INF-32-15. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 109 p.
Battaglia, Michael; Buckley, Geoffrey L.; Galvin, Michael; Grove, Morgan. 2014. It's not easy going green: Obstacles to tree-planting programs in East Baltimore. Cities and the Environment (CATE). 7(2):6.
Butler, William H.; Monroe, Ashley; McCaffrey, Sarah. 2015. Collaborative implementation for ecological restoration on US public lands: implications for legal context, accountability, and adaptive management. Environmental Management. 55(3): 564-577.
Campbell, Lindsay K. 2014. Constructing New York City's urban forest The politics and governance of the MillionTreesNYC campaign. In: Sandberg, L. Anders; Bardekjian, Adrina; Butt, Sadia, eds. Urban forests, trees and greenspace. A policy perspective. New York, NY: Routledge: 242-260. Chapter 16.
Connolly, James J.T.; Svendsen, Erika S.; Fisher, Dana R.; Campbell, Lindsay K. 2014. Networked governance and the management of ecosystem services: The case of urban environmental stewardship in New York City. Ecosystem Services. 10: 187-194.
Connolly, James J.T.; Svendsen, Erika S.; Fisher, Dana R.; Campbell, Lindsay K. 2015. Mixed methods analysis of urban environmental stewardship networks. In: Ruth, Matthias, ed. Handbook of research methods and applications in environmental studies. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing: 102-121. Chapter 5.
Fisher, Dana R.;Svendsen, Erika S.;Connolly, James. 2015. Urban Environmental Stewardship and Civic Engagement: How planting trees strengthens the roots of democracy. Routledge Press: Explorations in Environmental Studies Series, 24 February, 152 pgs.
Floress, Kristin; Akamani, Kofi; Halvorsen, Kathleen E.; Kozich, Andrew T.; Davenport, Mae. 2015. The role of social science in sucessfully implementing watershed management strategies. Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education. 154: 85-105.
Grove, J. Morgan; Cadenasso, Mary L.; Pickett, Steward T.A.; Machlis, Gary E.; Burch, William R., Jr. 2015. The Baltimore school of urban ecology: space, scale, and time for the study of cities. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 248 p.
Hurley, Patrick T.; Emery, Marla R.; McLain, Rebecca; Poe, Melissa; Grabbatin, Brian; Goetcheus, Cari L. 2015. Whose urban forest? The political ecology of foraging urban nontimber forest products. In: Isenhour, C.; McDonogh, G.; Checker, M., eds. Sustainability in the global city, myth and practice. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press: 187-212. Chapter 7.
Kurtz, Cassandra M.; Moser, W. Keith; Hansen, Mark H.; Gormanson, Dale D.; Hatfield, Mark A.; Sowers, Paul A.; Dockry, Michael J.; Emery, Marla R.; Woodall, Christopher W.; Walters, Brian F.; Domke, Grant M.; Gilbert, Jonathan; Wrobel, Alexandra. 2015. Forest resources within the Lake States ceded territories 1980 - 2013. Resour. Bull. NRS-96. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 89 p. [CD-ROM included].
Locke, Dexter H.; Grove, J. Morgan. 2014. Doing the hard work where it's easiest? Examining the relationships between urban greening programs and social and ecological characteristics. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy. doi: 10.1007/s12061-014-9131-1.
Metson, Genevieve S.; Iwaniec, David M.; Baker, Lawrence A.; Bennett, Elena M.; Childers, Daniel L.; Cordell, Dana; Grimm, Nancy B.; Grove, J. Morgan; Nidzgorski, Daniel A.; White, Stuart. 2015. Urban phosphorus sustainability: Systemically incorporating social, ecological, and technological factors into phosphorus flow analysis. Environmental Science & Policy 47: 1-11.
Schwarz, Kirsten; Fragkias, Michail; Boone, Christopher G.; Zhou, Weiqi; McHale, Melissa; Grove, J. Morgan; O'Neil-Dunne, Jarlath; McFadden, Joseph P.; Buckley, Geoffrey L.; Childers, Dan; Ogden, Laura; Pincetl, Stephanie; Pataki, Diane; Whitmer, Ali; Cadenasso, Mary L.; Loiselle, Steven Arthur. 2015. Trees grow on money: Urban tree canopy cover and environmental justice. PLOS ONE. 10(4): e0122051.
Svendsen, Erika S.; Campbell, Lindsay K.; Sonti, Nancy F.; Baine, Gillian. 2015. Urban stewardship as a catalyst for recovery and change. In: Brandt, D.H.; Nordenson, C.S., eds. Waterproofing New York. Urban Research. 2: 104-111.
Zellner, M.; Watkins, C.; Massey, D.; Westphal, L.; Brooks, J.; Ross, K. 2014. Advancing Collective Decision-Making Theory with Integrated Agent-Based Modeling and Ethnographic Data Analysis: An Example in Ecological Restoration. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation. 17(4):11.

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
OUTPUTS: From a lot of different angles, we analyze how people interact with trees and associated natural resources in cities. We look specifically at tree planting and other types of ecological stewardship that people choose to participate in, patterns and trends in outdoor recreation, and the gathering of non-timber forest products such as plants, mushrooms, and fruit on public lands. Each of these topics requires different research approaches. PARTICIPANTS: Through cooperative agreements, we work with several universities, state and local government agencies, and not-for-profit groups on research related to the interaction of people and natural resources in cities. TARGET AUDIENCES: We have a wide variety of clients and customers for this research including public land managers at all levels of government, non-profit groups working on urban environmental stewardship, policy makers, land use planners and designers, university faculty, and professional researchers in related fields. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: None.

Impacts
This year we made a number of presentations related to this research and produced 16 publications. The following three publications are good examples: Grove, J.M. 2014. Expanding the vision of the Experimental Forest and Range network to urban areas. In: Hayes, D.C.; Stout, S.L.; Crawford, R.H.; Hoover, A.P., eds. USDA Forest Service experimental forests and ranges research for the long term. New York, NY: Springer:631-650. Locke, D.H.; King, K.L.; Svendsen, E.S.; Campbell, L.K.; Small, C.; Sonti, N.F.; Fisher, D.R.; Lu, J.W.T. 2014. Urban Environmental Stewardship and Changes in Vegetative Cover and Building Footprint in New York City Neighborhoods (2000-2010). Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences. 4(3):250-266. McLain, R.; Hurley, P.T.; Emery, M.R.; Poe, M. 2014. Gathering ⿿wild⿝ food in the city: rethinking the role of foraging in urban ecosystem planning and management. Local Environment. 19(1):220-240.

Publications

Falxa-Raymond, Nancy; Palmer, Matthew I.; McPhearson, Timon; Griffin, Kevin L. 2014. Foliar nitrogen characteristics of four tree species planted in New York City forest restoration sites. Urban Ecosystems. 17(3): 807-824.
Fisher, D.R.; Svendsen, E. 2014. Hybrid Arrangements within the Environmental State. In: Lockie, Sonnenfeld and Fisher, eds. The Routledge International Handbook of Social and Environmental Change. Routledge Press.179-189.
Grove, J. Morgan. 2014. Expanding the vision of the Experimental Forest and Range network to urban areas. In: Hayes, D.C.; Stout, S.L.; Crawford, R.H.; Hoover, A.P., eds. USDA Forest Service experimental forests and ranges research for the long term. New York, NY: Springer: 631-650.
Heneghan, L.; Mulvaney, C.; Ross, K.; Stewart, S.; Umek, L.; Watkins, C.; Wali, A.; Westphal, L.; Wise, D. 2013. Local Assessment of Chicago: From Wild Chicago to Chicago Wilderness ⿿ Chicago⿿s Ecological Setting and Recent Efforts to Protect and Restore Nature in the Region. In: T. Elmqvist, M. Fragkias, J. Goodness, B. Güneralp, P. J. Marcotullio, R. I. McDonald, S. Parnell, M. Schewenius, M. Sendstad, K. C. Seto and C. Wilkinson, eds. Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities. 18: Springer Netherlands. 337-354.
Locke, Dexter H.; King, Kristen L.; Svendsen, Erika S.; Campbell, Lindsay K.; Small, Christopher; Sonti, Nancy F.; Fisher, Dana R.; Lu, Jacqueline W.T. 2014. Urban environmental stewardship and changes in vegetative cover and building footprint in New York City neighborhoods (2000-2010). Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences. 4(3): 250-262.
McLain, Rebecca J.; Hurley, Patrick T.; Emery, Marla R.; Poe, Melissa R. 2014. Gathering "wild" food in the city: rethinking the role of foraging in urban ecosystem planning and management. Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability. 19(2): 220-240.
Perhans, Karin; Haight, Robert G.; Gustafsson, Lena. 2014. The value of information in conservation planning: Selecting retention trees for lichen conservation. Forest Ecology and Management. 318: 175-182.
Polsky, Colin; Grove, J. Morgan; Knudson, Chris; Groffman, Peter M.; Bettez, Neil; Cavender-Bares, JJeannine; Hall, Sharon J.; Heffernan, James B.; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Larson, Kelli L.; Morse, Jennifer L.; Neill, Christopher; Nelson, Kristen C.; Ogden, Laura A.; O'Neil-Dunne, Jarlath; Pataki, Diane E.; Chowdhury, Rinku Roy; Steele, Meredith K. 2014. Assessing the homogenization of urban land management with an application to US residential lawn care. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111(12): 4432-4437.
Westphal, Lynne M.; Davis, Amelie Y.; Copp, Cindy; Ross, Laurel M.; Bouman, Mark J.; Fisher, Cherie L.; Johnston, Mark K. 2014. Characteristics of stewardship in the Chicago Wilderness Region. Cities and the Environment. 7(1): article 3.
Zalesny, Ronald S., Jr.; Hallett, Richard A.; Falxa-Raymond, Nancy; Wiese, Adam H.; Birr, Bruce A. 2014. Propagating native Salicaceae for afforestation and restoration in New York City's five boroughs. Native Plants Journal. 15(a):29-41.
Campbell, L.K. 2013. City of Forests, City of Farms: Constructing Nature in New York City. Graduate Program in Geography, Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Campbell, Lindsay K.; Monaco, Morgan; Falxa-Raymond, Nancy; Lu, Jacqueline; Newman, Andrew; Rae, Ruth A.; Svendsen, Erika S. 2014. Million TreesNYC: the integration of research and practice. New York, NY: New York City, Parks and Recreation. 43 p.
Campbell, Lindsay; Svendsen, Erika; Falxa-Raymond, Nancy; Baine, Gillian. 2014. Reading the landscape, a reflection on method. PLOT. 3: 90-95.
Childers, Daniel L.; Pickett, Steward T.A.; Grove, J. Morgan; Ogden, Laura; Whitmer, Alison. 2014. Advancing urban sustainability theory and action: Challenges and opportunities. Landscape and Urban Planning. 125: 320-328.
Emery, Marla R.; Ginger, Clare. 2014. Special Forest Products on the Green Mountain and Finger Lakes National Forests: a research-based approach to management. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-131. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 51 p.
Emery, Marla R.; Wrobel, Alexandra; Hansen, Mark H.; Dockry, Michael; Moser, W. Keith; Stark, Kekek Jason; Gilbert, Jonathan H. 2014. Using traditional ecological knowledge as a basis for targeted forest inventory: paper birch (Betula papyrifera) in the US Great Lakes Region. Journal of Forestry 112(2): 207-214.

Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13

Outputs
OUTPUTS: One of the questions we explored in this research area is how do stewardship groups contribute to the management of urban ecosystem services? We integrated the research on environmental stewardship with the social-ecological systems literature to explain how stewardship groups serve as bridge organizations between public agencies and civic organizations, working across scales and sectors to build the flexible and multi-scaled capacity needed to manage complex urban ecosystems. Analyzing data collected from a survey of stewardship groups in New York City, combined with open-ended semi-structured interviews with representatives from the most connected civic "hub" organizations, we use a mixed-method approach to understand the specific activities of bridge organizations in the process of preserving local ecosystem services. The final paper concludes that the role of bridge organizations in the management of urban ecosystem services in New York City is increasing, that these groups have a specific bi-modal role in the network, and that an initial presence of heterarchic organizational relations was crucial in their development. The paper ends with a discussion of the implications of these results. PARTICIPANTS: Non Forest Service researchers include: J.J. Connolly and D.R. Fisher. Forest Service Scientist: Erika Svendsen, Ph.D. and Lindsay Campbell. TARGET AUDIENCES: City and regional planners, municipal agencies, university researchers, land and natural resource managers, policymakers, and non-governmental conservation organizations. National forest planners and other natural resource and environmental policy makers, planners, and managers.

Impacts
As government research shrinks, partnerships with civil society is increasingly important to achieve an environment supportive of current and future generations. This work illuminates the ways in which successful government and civic partnerships occur across a metropolitan landscape, thereby increasing the ability to design policies and programs that meet mutual needs and interests of urban residents.

Publications

Romolini, M., S. Record, R. Garvoille, Y. Marusenko and R. Stuart Geiger. 2013. The Next Generation of Scientists: Examining the Experiences of Graduate Students in Network-Level Social-Ecological Science. Ecology and Society 18 (3): 42.
Romolini, Michele; Grove, J. Morgan; Locke, Dexter H. 2013. Assessing and comparing relationships between urban environmental stewardship networks and land cover in Baltimore and Seattle. Landscape and Urban Planning. 120: 190-207.
Shindler, B.; Gordon, R.; McCaffrey, S.; Toman, E. 2011. Collaborating for Healthy Forests and Communities: A Guide for Building Partnerships Among Diverse Interests. Oregon State University Publication. Department of Forest Ecosystems &Society (October 2011):1-14.
Svendsen, Erika S. 2013. Storyline and design: how civic stewardship shapes urban design in New York City. Chapter 13. In: Pickett, S.T.A.; Cadenasso, M.L.; McGrath, B., eds. Resilience in ecology and urban design: linking theory and practice for sustainable cities. Vol. 3. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands: 269-287. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5341-9
Falxa-Raymond, N.J. 2013. Book Review: Greening in the Red Zone. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening.
Falxa-Raymond, Nancy; Svendsen, Erika; Campbell, Lindsay K. 2013. From job training to green jobs: a case study for a young adult employment program centered on environmental restoration in New York City, USA. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 12: 287-295.
Gobster, Paul H. 2012. Alternative approaches to urban natural areas restoration: integrating social and environmental goals. Chapter 8. In: Stanturf, J.; Lamb, D.; Madsen, P., eds. Forest landscape restoration: integrating natural and social sciences. New York: Springer. World Forests. 15: 155-177.
King, Kristen L.; Locke, Dexter H. 2013. A comparison of three methods for measuring local urban tree canopy cover. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 39(2): 62-67.
Pickett, S.T.A.; Boone, C.G.; McGrath, B.P.; Cadenasso, M.L.; Childers, D.L.; Ogden, L.; McHale, M.; Grove, J.M. 2013. Ecological Science and Transformation to the Sustainable City. Cities. 32(S1):S10-S20.
Romolini, M. 2013. Governance of 21st century sustainable cities: Examining stewardship networks in Baltimore & Seattle (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Burlington, VT - University of Vermont.
Butler, B.J.; Kilgore, M.A.; Snyder, S.A.; Markowski-Lindsay, M.A.; Catanzaro, P.F.; Kitttredge, D.B.; Andrejczyk, K.; Dickinson, B.J.; Eryilmaz, D.; Hewes, J.H.; Randler, P.; Tadle, D. 2013. Evaluation of the effectiveness and reach of the educational programs and technical assistance activities of the US Forest Service, Forest Stewardship Program: Technical report. Amherst, MA: USDA Forest Service-University of Massachusetts Amherst Family Forest Research Center. 169 p.
Connolly, James J.; Svendsen, Erika S.; Fisher, Dana R.; Campbell, Lindsay K. 2013. Organizing urban ecosystem services through environmental stewardship governance in New York City. Landscape and Urban Planning. 109: 76-84.

Progress 10/01/11 to 09/30/12

Outputs
OUTPUTS: 1) Over 80% of the U.S. population is living in urban areas and those areas are experiencing rapid growth and large scale conversion of open space to development. Concerns regarding the loss of this open space and the services and resources they provide have led local organizations to implement policies and allocate funds to acquire land within or on the fringe of metropolitan areas, but, given limited budgets, questions of how to prioritize site selections for purchase arise. For example, should funds be spent to acquire small, expensive parcels under high risk of development, or to acquire larger, inexpensive parcels that are further away from population centers? With this in mind we set out to develop a conservation planning tool that incorporates the impact of site selection decisions on land price and development. 2) We are developing a program in futures research, a transdisciplinary field of inquiry that has been developing for more than 50 years. Current traditional scientitfic tools are blunt instruments for studying a future that does not yet exist. Futures research offers an underused but fruitful set of approaches to address the growing impacts of change on social-ecological systems and on our ability to anticipate the pace of change in order to better respond to that change. This unique course of study has the potential to enrich environmental planning and policy by offering new ideas and approaches and providing a more complete view of emerging environmental problems. PARTICIPANTS: 1) Sándor F. Tóth, School of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle; Stanley T. Asah of the University of Washington, Seattle. Forest Service Scientist: Robert G. Haight, Ph.D.. 2) Forest Service Scientists: David Bengston, Ph.D. TARGET AUDIENCES: 1) City and regional planners, municipal agencies, university researchers, land and natural resource managers, policymakers, and non-governmental conservation organizations. 2) National forest planners and other natural resource and environmental policy makers, planners, and managers.

Impacts
1) Nationwide, conservation organizations acquire sites to protect open space and wildlife habitat within or on the fringe of metropolitan areas. With the purchase of land for conservation, the increase in land price, which is reflective of increased development pressure, results in the conversion of some previously undeveloped land. A new planning tool helps organizations prioritize areas for open space conservation where development pressure is high and land conservation can have the unintended consequence of limiting future conservation options. The tool helped prioritize land conservation decisions on Lopez Island, Washington. The island⿿s proximity to the major population center of Seattle creates strong demand for residential properties. At the same time, the island supports many unique and sensitive wildlife species and habitats. Our results suggest that, on Lopez Island, it is better to acquire small, expensive, parcels that have both high conservation value and high risk of development. 2) We have launched the Strategic Foresight Group whose study will apply its potential to enrich environmental planning and policy by offering a cross-fertilization of new ideas and approaches, providing a more complete view of emerging environmental problems, and facilitating the development of strategies to increase adaptive capacity and deal more effectively with surprises.

Publications

Bengston, David N.; Kubik, George H.; Bishop, Peter C. 2012. Strengthening environmental foresight: potential contributions of futures research. Ecology and Society. 17(2): 10.
Brummel, Rachel F.; Nelson, Kristen C.; Jakes, Pamela J. 2012. Burning through organizational boundaries? Examining inter-organizational communication networks in policy-mandated collaborative bushfire planning groups. Global Environmental Change. 22: 516-528.
Davis, Emily J.; Moseley, Cassandra; Jakes, Pamela; Nielsen-Pincus, Max. 2011. The lost summer: Community experiences of large wildfires in Trinity County, California. Working Paper 30. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon, Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Ecosystem Workforce Program. 12 p.
Fisher, Dana R.; Campbell, Lindsay, K.; Svendsen, Erika S. 2012. The organisational structure of urban environmental stewardship. Environmental Politics. 21(1): 26-48.
McLain, Rebecca; Poe, Melissa; Hurley, Patrick T.; Lecompte-Mastenbrook, Joyce; Emery, Marla R. 2012. Producing edible landscapes in Seattle's urban forest. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 11: 187-194.
Snyder, Stephanie A.; Butler, Brett J. 2012. A national assessment of public recreational access on family forestlands in the United States. Journal of Forestry. 110(6): 318-327.
Svendsen, Erika S.; Northridge, Mary E.; Metcalf, Sara S. 2012. Integrating grey and green infrastructure to improve the health and well-being of urban populations. Cities and the Environment (CATE) 5(1): article 3.
Svendsen, Erika. 2011. Cultivating health and well-being through environmental stewardship. American Journal of Public Health. 101(11).
Toth, Sandor F.; Haight, Robert G.; Rogers, Luke W. 2011. Dynamic reserve selection: Optimal land retention with land-price feedbacks. Operations Research. 59(5): 1059-1078.

Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11

Outputs
OUTPUTS: Research in this area involved working on STEW-MAP, a scientific social assessment of stewardship organizations and an interactive, data-driven map designed to allow the public, municipal agencies and nonprofits to visualize where and how hundreds of civic environmental stewardship groups are working in New York City. This valuable tool has helped inform natural resource management, policymaking, and public outreach and the understanding of civic environmental action in support of urban ecosystems. The social data extracted is also being analyzed in concert with 20 years of geospatial land cover data through cutting edge interdisciplinary research via the NSF-funded ULTRA-EX. Other research in this problem area includes the study of how forest land conversion leads to ecological, (e.g changes in water quality and wildlife habitat), and socioeconomic effects, (e.g. expanding urban-forest interface, reduced long-term timber production possibilities and loss of open space), effects; the exploration of the meaning of ecological restoration in an urban context; using optimization modeling to explore the economic and spatial tradeoffs of retaining or restoring grassland habitat in contiguous patches of various sizes near Chicago's metropolitan area. PARTICIPANTS: Michele Romolini, University of Vermont and NRS Baltimore, Dana Fisher, University of Maryland College Park; James Connolly, Columbia University; Dexter Locke, NRS/NYC Department of Parks and Recreation; CUNY Center for Urban Research; Erika Svendsen, Ph.D.; Lindsay Campbell; J. Morgan Grove, Ph.D.; Lynne Westphal, Ph.D.; Cherie Leblanc-Fisher; Marla Emery, Ph.D.; David Nowak; Jarlath O'Neil-Dunne; Nancy Falxa-Raymond. TARGET AUDIENCES: City and regional planners, municipal agencies, university researchers, land and natural resource managers, policymakers, and public outreach, environmental, community gardeners and stewardship, and social advocacy groups, nonprofit organizations and public health professionals.

Impacts
Stewardship is one of the means by which civic groups contribute to urban sustainability efforts by conserving, managing, monitoring, advocating for, and educating the public about their local environments. STEW-MAP is both a path-breaking scientific study of New York City's stewardship network as well as a publicly available online tool to help support that network. It was developed by a team of Forest Service and university researchers working with dozens of municipal agencies and citywide environmental nonprofits who identified a need to create a common database and map. STEW-MAP's online interactive maps allow the public to find and connect with environmental groups that are working in New York City. Custom downloads of STEW⿐MAP data have been utilized by the NYC Mayor's Office of Long Term Planning and Sustainability, the NYC Department of Environmental Protection, MillionTreesNYC, and the NYC Department of Parks and Recreation, in support of policymaking and natural resource management activities. The stewardship analysis is a key component of New York City's interdisciplinary NSF-funded ULTRA-EX project, entitled ⿿Understanding the Dynamic Connections among Stewardship, Land Cover, and Ecosystem Services in New York City's Urban Forest⿝. This research has led to peer-reviewed articles and several White Papers on urban stewardship and civic engagement. Finally, the study is being replicated in Baltimore, Chicago, and Seattle, demonstrating knowledge sharing and further advancement of STEW-MAP concepts and tools.

Publications

Vogt, Christine; McCaffrey, Sarah; Winter, Greg. 2011. Defensible space features: impact of voluntary versus mandatory programs on a homeowner's attitudes and actions. In: McCaffrey, Sarah M.; Fisher, Cherie LeBlanc, eds. 2011. Proceedings of the second conference on the human dimensions of wildland fire. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-84. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 71-78.
Alexander, Susan J.; Oswalt, Sonja N.; Emery, Marla R. 2011. Nontimber forest products in the United States: Montreal Process indicators as measures of current conditions and sustainability. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-851. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 36 p.
Alig, Ralph; Stewart, Susan; Wear, David; Stein, Susan; Nowak, David. 2010. Conversions of forest land: trends, determinants, projections, and policy considerations. In: Pye, John M.; Rauscher, H. Michael; Sands, Yasmeen; Lee, Danny C.; Beatty, Jerome S., tech. eds. Advances in threat assessment and their application to forest and rangeland management. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-802. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest and Southern Research Stations: 1-26.
Charnley, Susan; Jakes, Pamela; Schelhas, John, tech. coords. 2011. A socioeconomic assessment of Forest Service American Recovery and Reinvestment Act projects: eight case studies. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-831. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 168 p.
Chowdhury, Rinku Roy; Larson, Kelli; Grove, Morgan; Polsky, Colin; Cook, Elizabeth; Onsted, Jeffrey; Ogden, Laura. 2011. A multi-scalar approach to theorizing socio-ecological dynamics of urban residential landscapes. Cities & the Environment. 4(1): Article 6. 19 p.
Fisher, Dana R.; Connolly, James J.; Svendsen, Erika S.; Campbell, Lindsay K. 2011. DIGGING TOGETHER: Why people volunteer to help plant one million trees in New York City. Environmental Stewardship Project at the Center for Society and Environment of the University of Maryland. White Paper #1:36 p.
Toth, Sandor F.; Haight, Robert; Snyder, Stephanie A.; George, Sonney; Miller, James R.; Gregory, Mark S.; Skibbe, Adam M. 2009. Reserve selection with minimum contiguous area restrictions: An application to open space protection planning in suburban Chicago. Biological Conservation. 142(8): 1617-1627.
Vogt, Christina; McCaffrey, Sarah; Winter, Greg. 2010. What parts of a house and yard landscape are homeowners maintaining for wildfire safety? Advances in Fire Practice, Wildland Fire Lessons Learned Center. Fall 2010 issue.

Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10

Outputs
OUTPUTS: In 2007, the Forest Service Northern Research Station participated in the Restorative Commons conference in New York City. This year, we published the proceedings from this conference (described below). Furthering research capacity in New York City, we partnered with NY Restoration (and NGO focused on greening the city) and NY Parks and Recreation to hold the first Million Trees Research Workshop. It was well attended by researchers, practitioners, and policy makers and led to several new research projects focused specifically on greening and sustainability issues faced by NYC and other major metropolitan areas. We also furthered our work in developing Urban Tree Canopy (UTC) assessment methods and analysis tools. UTC analyses were conducted in 15 cities of varying sizes, from Washington DC to Burlington, Vermont. We developed a tool based on the so-called "Maryland Method" for prioritizing communities for tree planting initiatives. We ran a 3-day workshop on Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) for the LTER Network and gave two OBIA webinars for collaborators in the LTER Network. We provided training on using LiDAR and automating geoprocessing tasks using ArcGIS Model Builder at one of Vermont Spatial Data Partnership's bi-annaul roundtables. PARTICIPANTS: Meristem, Inc., New York, NY was out key partner in producing Restorative Commons. Students at University of Vermont participated in developing UTC prioritization tools. NRS scientists involved in the work include J. Morgan Grove, Erika Svendsen, and Lindsay Campbell. Jarlath O'Neil-Dunne is a joint NRS and UVM GIS specialist and key to project success. Unit scientific staff that worked in this problem area: Robert Haight, PhD, David Bengston, PhD Erika Svendsen (in the scientist recruitment initiative) Lindsay Campbell (in the scientist recruitment initiative) Lynne Westphal, PhD, Marla Emery, PhD, J. Morgan Grove, PhD, Pamela Jakes, PhD, Paul Gobster, PhD, Stephanie Snyder, PhD Susan Stewart, PhD TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences for restorative Commons include city and regional planners, nonprofit environmental and social advocacy groups, public health professionals, parks and other land managers. Impacts from work guided by the findings and methods presented in the book may improve quality of life for vulnerable populations in urban areas by improving neighborhood quality and public health outcomes. Audiences for UTC analysis and tools includes city and regional planners and NGOs aiming to increase sustainability of cities and urbanizing areas. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: None

Impacts
One example of our impacts this year is the publication of Restorative Commons: The Value of the Urban Natural Environment to Human Health and Well-being. As urbanization increases, ways to make urban areas more livable and healthy are critical. In May 2009, the Northern Research Station (NRS) published the proceedings of a 2007 conference entitled Restorative Commons: Creating Health and Well-being through Urban Landscapes. Restorative commons are sites and programs that feature creative design, foster civic stewardship of natural resources, and promote sustainability. Participants at the conference shared lessons learned from the fields of urban natural resource management and design with other practitioners, policymakers, and the public. They explored the relationships of urban landscapes to human health and well-being and documented some of the most compelling practices and principles currently utilized to create ⿿restorative commons' as small-scale experiments or to institutionalize those innovations. The proceedings were published in a book (GTR-NRS-P-39) in partnership with the non-profit organization Meristem, which was the lead organizer of the conference. Along with the foreword by noted neurologist Dr. Oliver Sacks, the book includes articles by researchers in the fields of medical history, evolutionary psychology, and urban planning. These articles explore the history of park creation in America, the biophilia hypothesis, and civic stewardship's contribution to resilience, respectively. In order to share the experiential knowledge of practitioners, the book also features essays by and interviews with natural resource managers and designers. The first printing of 2,700 books was fully distributed within two months and thousands have downloaded the electronic version. Restorative Commons is being used in classroom, by non-governmental organizations, municipalities, and research labs around the world. The book is available from NRS publications (http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/8810). A second example of our impacts are the Urban Tree Canopy assessment tools. In partnership with the University of Vermont Spatial Analysis Lab, we have developed tools for the high resolution assessment of landcover. These tools have been applied to a range of cities and, based upon these assessments, cities have established UTC goals in order to address water quality and quantity problems, heat island effects, and green house gas build up. Because UTC priorities may vary with diverse social and environmental goals, UTC prioritization tools must be able to incorporate, standardize, and apply social and biophysical spatial data at a variety of scales. This helps ensure plans deliver intended outcomes of improved social and ecological health.

Publications

Becker, Dennis R.; Wilson, Grant L.; Snyder, Stephanie A. 2010. Private forest landowner attitudes toward off-highway vehicle access: A Minnesota case study. off-highway vehicles, private forestland, recreation access, motorized recreation. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. 27(2): 62-67.
Bengston, David N.; Gerlach, Luther P. 2010. The human dimensions of ecosystem management: Social, cultural, and economic challenges for sustainable forest management. Chapter in Zuomin Wen, D.N. Bengston, Y.C. Youn and H.K. Gupta (eds.), Proceedings of the First Global Forum on Ecological Economics in Forestry. Beijing, China: China Forestry Publishing House. pp. 1-11.
Boone, Christopher G.; Buckley, Geoffrey L.; Grove, J. Morgan; Sister, Chona. 2009. Parks and People: An Environmental Justice Inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99(4):1-21.
Boone, Christopher G.; Cadenasso, Mary L.; Grove, J. Morgan; Schwarz, Kirsten; Buckley, Geoffrey L. 2010. Landscape, vegetation characteristics, and group identity in an urban and suburban watershed: why the 60s matter. Urban Ecosystem. 13: 255-271.
Chapin, F. Stuart; Carpenter, Stephen R.; Kofinas, Gary P.; Folke, Carl; Abel, Nick; Clark, William C.; Olsson, Per; Smith, D. Mark Stafford; Walker,Brian; Young, Oran R.; Berkes, Fikret; Biggs, Reinette; Grove, J. Morgan; Naylor, Rosamond L.; Pinkerton, Evelyn; Steffen, Will; Swanson, Frederick J. 2009. Ecosystem Stewardship:Sustainability Strategies For A Rapidly Changing Planet. Trends In Ecology and Evolution. 25(4): 241-249.
Fisher, Cherie LeBlanc; Nowak, David. 2010. UFORE (i-Tree Eco) Analysis of Chicago. IAA Newsletter. 25(1): 5,8-9.
Fisher, Dana R.; Connolly, James J.; Svendsen, Erika; Campbell, Lindsay. 2010. Who Volunteers to Stewart the Urban Forest in New York City? An Analysis of Participants in MillionTreesNYC Planting Events. ULTRA White Paper.
Goldstein, Bruce Evan. 2009. Resilience To Surprises Through Communicative Planning. Ecology and Society. 14(2): 33.
Asah, Stanley T.; Bengston, David N.; DeVaney, L. 2010. Re-casting difficult forest management problems: Stakeholder insights on motorized recreation in state administered public lands. (Abstract). International Forestry Review. 12(3).
Atwell, Ryan C.; Schulte, Lisa A.; Westphal, Lynne M. 2010. How to build multifunctional agricultural landscapes in the U.S. Corn Belt: add perennials and partnerships. Land Use Policy. 27: 1082-1090.
Battaglia, Michael. 2010. A Multi-methods Approach to Determining Appropriate Locations for Tree Planting in Two of Baltimore's Tree-poor Neighborhoods. Athens, Ohio University. Ph.D . dissertation.
Goldstein, Bruce Evan; Butler, William Hale. 2010. Expanding the Scope and Impact of Collaborative Planning: Combining Multi-stakeholder Collaboration and Communities of Practice in a Learning Network. Journal of the American Planning Association. 76(2):238-249.
Lu, Jacqueline W.T.; Shane, Megan,; Svendsen, Erika; Campbell, Lindsay; Fragola, Cristiana; Krasny, Marianne; Lovasl, Gina; Maddox, David; McDonnell, Simon; McPhearson, P. Timon; Montalto, Franco; Newman, Andrew; Pehek, Ellen; Rae, Ruth A.; Stedman, Richard; Tidball, Keith G.; Westphal, Lynne; Whitlow, Tom. 2009. MillionTreesNYC, Green infrastructure, and urban ecology: building a research agenda. Report from the workshop. New York, NY: [Publisher unknown]. 44 p.
Merse, C.L. ; Buckley, G.L.; Boone, C.G. 2009. Street Trees and Urban Renewal: A Baltimore Case Study. The Geographical Bulletin. 50(2): 65-81.
Miller, James R.; Snyder, Stephanie A.; Skibbe, A.M.; Haight, Robert G. 2009. Prioritizing conservation targets in a rapidly urbanizing landscape
Nowak, David J.; Hoehn, Robert E. III; Crane, Daniel E.; Stevens, Jack C.; Leblanc Fisher, Cherie. 2010. Assessing urban forest effects and values, Chicago's urban forest. Resour. Bull. NRS-37. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 27 p.
Rittenhouse, Chadwick D.; Pidgeon, Anna M.; Albright, Thomas P.; Culbert, Patrick D.; Clayton, Murray K.; Flather, Curtis H.; Huang, Chengquan; Masek, Jeffrey G.; Stewart, Susan I.; Radeloff, Volker C. 2010. Conservation of forest birds: Evidence of a shifting baseline in community structure. PloS ONE. 5(8): 311938. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011938.
Watts, Clifton E., Jr.; Fisher, Cherie LeBlanc, eds. 2010. Proceedings of the 2009 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-66. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 276 p. [Online only].
Westphal, Lynne M.; Gobster, Paul H.; Gross, Matthias. 2010. Models for renaturing brownfield areas [Chapter 19]. In: Hall, Marcus, ed. Restoration and history: The search for a usable environmental past. New York, NY: Routledge: 208-217.

Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09

Outputs
OUTPUTS: In 2007, the Forest Service Northern Research Station participated in the Restorative Commons conference in New York City. This year, we published the proceedings from this conference (described below). Furthering research capacity in New York City, we partnered with NY Restoration (and NGO focused on greening the city) and NY Parks and Recreation to hold the first Million Trees Research Workshop. It was well attended by researchers, practitioners, and policy makers and led to several new research projects focused specifically on greening and sustainability issues faced by NYC and other major metropolitan areas. We also furthered our work in developing Urban Tree Canopy (UTC) assessment methods and analysis tools. UTC analyses were conducted in 15 cities of varying sizes, from Washington DC to Burlington, Vermont. We developed a tool based on the so-called "Maryland Method" for prioritizing communities for tree planting initiatives. We ran a 3-day workshop on Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) for the LTER Network and gave two OBIA webinars for collaborators in the LTER Network. We provided training on using LiDAR and automating geoprocessing tasks using ArcGIS Model Builder at one of Vermont Spatial Data Partnership's bi-annaul roundtables. PARTICIPANTS: Meristem, Inc., New York, NY was out key partner in producing Restorative Commons. Students at University of Vermont participated in developing UTC prioritization tools. NRS scientists involved in the work include J. Morgan Grove, Erika Svendsen, and Lindsay Campbell. Jarlath O⿿Neil-Dunne is a joint NRS and UVM GIS specialist and key to project success. Unit scientific staff that worked in this problem area: Robert Haight, PhD David Bengston, PhD Erika Svendsen (in the scientist recruitment initiative) Lindsay Campbell (in the scientist recruitment initiative) Lynne Westphal, PhD Marla Emery, PhD J. Morgan Grove, PhD Pamela Jakes, PhD Paul Gobster, PhD Stephanie Snyder, PhD Susan Stewart, PhD TARGET AUDIENCES: Target audiences for restorative Commons include city and regional planners, nonprofit environmental and social advocacy groups, public health professionals, parks and other land managers. Impacts from work guided by the findings and methods presented in the book may improve quality of life for vulnerable populations in urban areas by improving neighborhood quality and public health outcomes. Audiences for UTC analysis and tools includes city and regional planners and NGOs aiming to increase sustainability of cities and urbanizing areas. PROJECT MODIFICATIONS: None

Impacts
One example of our impacts this year is the publication of Restorative Commons: The Value of the Urban Natural Environment to Human Health and Well-being. As urbanization increases, ways to make urban areas more livable and healthy are critical. In May 2009, the Northern Research Station (NRS) published the proceedings of a 2007 conference entitled Restorative Commons: Creating Health and Well-being through Urban Landscapes. Restorative commons are sites and programs that feature creative design, foster civic stewardship of natural resources, and promote sustainability. Participants at the conference shared lessons learned from the fields of urban natural resource management and design with other practitioners, policymakers, and the public. They explored the relationships of urban landscapes to human health and well-being and documented some of the most compelling practices and principles currently utilized to create ⿿restorative commons⿿ as small-scale experiments or to institutionalize those innovations. The proceedings were published in a book (GTR-NRS-P-39) in partnership with the non-profit organization Meristem, which was the lead organizer of the conference. Along with the foreword by noted neurologist Dr. Oliver Sacks, the book includes articles by researchers in the fields of medical history, evolutionary psychology, and urban planning. These articles explore the history of park creation in America, the biophilia hypothesis, and civic stewardship⿿s contribution to resilience, respectively. In order to share the experiential knowledge of practitioners, the book also features essays by and interviews with natural resource managers and designers. The first printing of 2,700 books was fully distributed within two months and thousands have downloaded the electronic version. Restorative Commons is being used in classroom, by non-governmental organizations, municipalities, and research labs around the world. The book is available from NRS publications (http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/8810). A second example of our impacts are the Urban Tree Canopy assessment tools. In partnership with the University of Vermont Spatial Analysis Lab, we have developed tools for the high resolution assessment of landcover. These tools have been applied to a range of cities and, based upon these assessments, cities have established UTC goals in order to address water quality and quantity problems, heat island effects, and green house gas build up. Because UTC priorities may vary with diverse social and environmental goals, UTC prioritization tools must be able to incorporate, standardize, and apply social and biophysical spatial data at a variety of scales. This helps ensure plans deliver intended outcomes of improved social and ecological health.

Publications

Fingerman Johnson, J.; D.N. Bengston, and D.P. Fan. 2009. U.S. Policy Response to Wildfire Fuels Management: An Analysis of the Public Debate about the Healthy Forests Initiative and the Healthy Forests Restoration Act. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 11(2):129⿿142.
Grove, Jonathan M. 2009. Cities: Managing densely settled social-ecological systems. In: Principles of Ecosystem Stewardship: Resilience-based natural resource management in a changing world. F. Stuart Chapin, Gary P. Kofinas and Carl Folke, eds. New York Springer-Verlag: 281-294.
Sugarman, Jeffery 2009. Environmental and community health: a reciprocal relationship. In: Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne, eds. Restorative commons: creating health and well-being through urban landscapes. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-P-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 138-153.
Zhou, Weigi; Huang, G.; Troy, Austin; Cadenasso, M. 2009. Object-titled land cover classification of shaded areas in high spatial resolution imagery of urban areas: a comparison study. Remote Sensing of Environment. 113(8):1769-1777.
Zhou, Weiqi and Austin Troy. 2009. Can Money Buy Green? Demographic and Socioeconomic Predictors of Lawn-Care Expenditures and Lawn Greenness in Urban Residential Areas. Society and Natural Resources 22:744-760.
Zhou, Weiqi; Troy, Austin; Grove, Morgan. 2009. Modeling Residential Lawn Fertilization Practices: Integrating High Resolution Remote Sensing with Socioeconomic Data. Environmental Management 41(742-752).
Svendsen, Erika 2009. Cultivating resilience: urban stewardship as a means to improving health and well-being. In: Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne, eds. Restorative commons: creating health and well-being through urban landscapes. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-P-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 58-87.
Syphard, Alexandra D.; Radeloff, Volker C.; Hawbaker, Todd J.; Stewart, Susan I. 2009. Conservation Threats Due to Human-Caused Increases in Fire Frequency in Mediterranean-Climate Ecosystems. Conservation Biology. 23(3):758-769.
Toth, Sandor F.; Haight, Robert G.; Snyder, Stephanie A.; George, Sonney; Miller, James R.; Gregory, Mark S.; Skibbe, Adam M. 2009. Reserve selection with minimum contiguous area restrictions: An application to open space protection planning in suburban Chicago. Biological Conservation. 142(8):1617-1627.
Becker, Dennis R.; Abbas, Dalia; Halvorsen, Kathleen E.; Jakes, Pamela J.; McCaffrey, Sarah M.; Moseley, Cassandra. 2009. Conventional Wisdoms of Woody Biomass Utilization. Final Report to the Joint Fire Science Program [Internet] Available from: http://www.forestguild.org/biomass/resources/ISE_Biomass.pdf. 60 pages.
Bengston, David N. and Michele A. Schermann. 2008. Hmong Americans: Issues and strategies related to outdoor recreation. Pages 19-24 in: Maria Allison and Ingrid Schneider (eds.), Diversity and the Recreation Profession: Organizational Perspectives (Revised Edition). State College, PA: Venture Publishing. (Published Sept. 30, 2008).
Bengston, David N., Michele A. Schermann, MaiKia Moua, and Tou Thai Lee. 2008. Listening to Neglected Voices: Hmong Americans and Public Lands in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Society and Natural Resources 21(10): 876⿿890. Nov.-Dec.
Bengston, David N.; Butler, Brett J.; Asah, Stanley T. 2009. Values and motivations of private forest owners in the United States: a framework based on open-ended responses in the national woodland owner survey. In: Klenosky, David B.; Fisher, Cherie LeBlanc, eds. Proceedings of the 2008 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium; 2008 March 30 - April 1; Bolton Landing, NY. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-42. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 60-66.
Bennett, Victoria J.; Beard, Matthew; Zollner, Patrick A.; Fernandez-Juricic, Esteban; Westphal, Lynn; LeBlanc, Cherie L. 2009. Understanding wildlife responses to human disturbance through simulation modeling: A management tool. Ecological Complexity. 6: 113-134.
Boone, Christopher G.; Buckley, Geoffrey L.; Grove, J. Morgan; Sister, Chona. 2009. Parks and People: An Environmental Justice Inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99(4):1-21.
Brdanovic, Davorin. 2009. Gardens for peace and reconciliation. In: Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne, eds. Restorative Commons: Creating Health and Well-being Through Landscapes. Gen. Tech. Rep. S-P-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 248-263.
Brown, Hillary 2009. Re-naturing the city: a role for sustainable infrastructure and buildings. In: Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne, eds. Restorative commons: creating health and well-being through urban landscapes. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-P-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 90-95.
Campbell, Lindsay 2009. Memoryscape. In: Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne, eds. Restorative commons: creating health and well-being through urban landscapes. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-P-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 188-199.
Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne 2009. Introduction. In: Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne, eds. Restorative commons: creating health and well-being through urban landscapes. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-P-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 11-23.
Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne 2009. Restorative Commons: Creating Health and Well-Being Through Urban Landscapes. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-39. Newtown Square, PA : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 278 p.
Dennis, Donald F.; Masozera, Michel 2009. An analysis of local stakeholder values for tropical protected areas in Madagascar. In: Klenosky, David B.; Fisher, Cherie LeBlanc, eds. Proceedings of the 2008 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium; 2008 March 30 - April 1; Bolton Landing, NY. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-42. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 115-121.
Diamond, Allaire K. 2009. Local color: Finding wild sources for dye in the forest. Northern Woodlands Magazine. Fall: 24-29.
Diamond, Allaire K. 2009. The Art of Finding What's Needed: Ethnoecological Knowledge of Basket and Dye Species in New England. University of Vermont. Master of Science, Plant Biology, Field Naturalist Concentration: 20 pages.
Diamond, Allaire K. 2009. The creative forest: Artisan use of non-timber forest products. New England Society of American Foresters News Quarterly 10(69):7-8.
Fisher, Cherie LeBlanc and Adam H. Wiese. 2009. The Crush And Spray: A Patented Design for Herbicide Application With Less Waste. Native Plants Journal 10(1):53-56.
Gobster, Paul H. 2009. Review of Ethan Carr: ⿿Mission 66: Modernism and the National Park Dilemma.⿝ Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. Journal of Leisure Research 41(2):287-290.
Gobster, Paul H. 2009. Review of Peter Coates: ⿿American Perceptions of Immigrant and Invasive Species: Strangers on the Land.⿝ Berkeley: University of California Press. Society and Natural Resources 22(3):287-289.
Gobster, Paul H. 2008. Yellowstone Hotspot. Reflections on scenic beauty, ecology, and the aesthetic experience of landscape. Landscape Journal 27:2-08: 291-308.
Diamond, Allaire K. 2009. Working with Non-Timber Forest Products on Your Land: Ideas for Stewardship - A Companion to: Art from the Forest: A Guide for Landowners. A Publication of the Vermont Land Trust: 4 pages.
Diamond, Allaire K. 2009. Woven Harvest. Edible Green Mountains Spring(7):26-31.
Atwell, R. C.; Schulte, L. A.; Westpha, L. M. 2008. Linking resilience theory and diffusion of innovations theory to understand the potential for perennials in the U.S. Corn Belt. Ecology and Society 14(1): 30. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss1/art30/
Atwell, Ryan C. ; Schulte, Lisa A. ; Westphal, Lynne M. 2009. Landscape, community, countryside: linking biophysical and social scales in US Corn Belt agricultural landscapes. Landscape Ecology 24:6, 791-806.
Barron, Elizabeth S.; Emery, Marla R. 2009. Protecting resources: Assessing visitor harvesting of wild morel mushrooms in two national capital region parks. N. P. S. Washington, Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NCR/NCRO/TR-2009/002. 51 pages.
Haight, Robert G.; Gobster, Paul H. 2009. Social and economic considerations for planning wildlife conservation in large landscapes. In: Millspaugh, J.J.; Thompson, F.R., eds. Models for planning wildlife conservation in large landscapes. Burlington, MA: Academic Press: 123-152).
Heerwagen, Judith 2009. Biophilia, health, and well-being. In: Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne, eds. Restorative commons: creating health and well-being through urban landscapes. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-P-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 38-57.
Jiler, James 2009. Restoring lives, transforming landscapes: the greenhouse program at Rikers Island jail. In: Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne, eds. Restorative commons: creating health and well-being through urban landscapes. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-P-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 178-187.
Kamp, David 2009. Creating restorative settings: inclusive design considerations. In: Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne, eds. Restorative commons: creating health and well-being through urban landscapes. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-P-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 110-121.
Klenosky, David B.; Fisher, Cherie LeBlanc; eds. 2009. Proceedings of the 2008 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-42. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 356 p. Online only.
Lacerte, Susan 2009. Adapting the botanical garden into a sustainable, multicultural resource. In: Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne, eds. Restorative commons: creating health and well-being through urban landscapes. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-P-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 216-231.
LeBlanc, Cherie. 2009. i-Tree: Measuring the Urban Forest. Federal Laboratory Consortium Newslink Newsletter.
Marshall, Victoria; Hoda, Dil 2009. Creative uncertainty. In: Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne, eds. Restorative commons: creating health and well-being through urban landscapes. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-P-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 164-177.
Martensen, Robert 2009. Landscape designers, doctors, and the making of healthy urban spaces in 19th century America. In: Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne, eds. Restorative commons: creating health and well-being through urban landscapes. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-P-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 26-37.
Marvy, Ian 2009. Youth empowerment through urban agriculture: Red Hook Community Farm. In: Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne, eds. Restorative commons: creating health and well-being through urban landscapes. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-P-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 202-215.
McCaffrey, Sarah. 2009. Key factors influencing public acceptance of fuels treatments. Fire Management Today. Winter,69(1): 9-12.
Murphy-Dunning, Colleen 2009. From front yards to street corners: revitalizing neighborhoods through community-based land stewardship. In: Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne, eds. Restorative commons: creating health and well-being through urban landscapes. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-P-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 154-163.
Paveglio, Travis B.; Jakes, Pamela J.; Carroll, Matthew S.; Williams, Daniel R. 2009. Understanding Social Complexity Within the Wildland-Urban Interface: A New Species of Human Habitation? Environmental Management. 43:1085-1095.
Ryan, Robert L.; Hamin, Elisabeth. 2008. Wildfires, Communities, and Agencies: Stakeholders' Perceptions of Postfire Forest Restoration and Rehabilitation. Journal of Forestry October/November: 370-379.
Ryan, Robert L.; Wamsley, Mark B. 2008. Public perceptions of wildfire risk and forest management in the Central Pine Barrens of Long Island. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies. Online journal. http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/2008-2/ryan.html
Sacks, Oliver 2009. Foreword. In: Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne, eds. Restorative commons: creating health and well-being through urban landscapes. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-P-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 1-3.
Seitz, John 2009. Urban gardens: catalysts for restorative commons infrastructure. In: Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne, eds. Restorative commons: creating health and well-being through urban landscapes. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-P-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 96-107.
Snyder, Stephanie A.; Kilgore, Michael A.; Taff, Steven J.; Schertz, Joseph M. 2008. Estimating a family forest landowner''s likelihood of posting against trespass. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. 25(4): 180-185.
Snyder, Stephanie A.; Smail, Robert A. 2009. Are all-terrain vehicle riders willing to pay trail user fees to ride on public lands in the USA?. Tourism Economics. 15(2): 437-451.
Stone, Edie 2009. The benefits of community-managed open space: community gardening in New York City. In: Campbell, Lindsay; Wiesen, Anne, eds. Restorative commons: creating health and well-being through urban landscapes. Gen. Tech Rep. NRS-P-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 122-137.
Wagner, Mimi M. 2008. Acceptance by knowing? The social context of urban riparian buffers as a stormwater best management practice. Society and Natural Resources. 21(10):908-920.