Progress 05/01/08 to 12/31/11
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416): Investigate the length of persistence of the new soft insecticides in pistachios that target navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella). Approach (from AD-416): Pistachios will be sprayed by commercial cooperators and collected at intervals over a one month period. These pistachios will be challenged in the lab by infesting them with known numbers of eggs and assessing adult emergence. Additional experiments conducted in the field will assess insecticide efficacy against sentinel eggs and adults. This trust agreement supports objective 2.B of the parent project, by controlling navel orangeworm populations in pistachios to reduce the need for post harvest treatment, as well as promoting the use of selective rather than broad spectrum insecticides. We investigated the duration of control (as long as 30 days) of several newly registered classes of insecticides. Split pistachios (early split or hull tear) were collected at intervals after insecticide application and placed in glass jars (half gallon or full gallon), challenged with navel orangeworm eggs and incubated at 80�F. When mature nuts were assessed on day 24 after treatment, Proclaim 4.5 oz, Intrepid 24 oz, Voliam Xpress 10 oz, and Belt 4 oz + Warrior II 2.5 oz, provided equivalent control (95.3 - 96.7% kill), followed by Intrepid 18oz + Lambda Cy 5 oz and Proclaim 4.5 oz + Warrior II 2.5 oz. (91.5 - 93.25% kill). The least protection was provided by Bifenture EC 10 oz and Intrepid 8 oz + Warrior II 2.5 oz (88.75 - 89.5% kill). This new EC formulation of Bifenture extended substantial activity by 5+ days as compared to the previous formulation. Protection at 30 days after application was equivalent to protection at 24 days after insecticide treatment. Belt 4 oz + Warrior II 2.5 oz, Intrepid 24 oz, Proclaim 4.5 oz + Warrior II 2.5 oz, and Intrepid 18 oz + Lambda Cy 5 oz, provided equivalent control (94.38 - 97.25% kill). The least amount of protection was provided by Intrepid 8 oz + Warrior II 2.5 oz, Bifenture EC 10 oz, and Proclaim 4.5 oz (89.83 - 92.00%). These results indicate narrow spectrum insecticides can provide protection for as long as 30 days and growers can choose from several classes of insecticide. This flexibility will delay the onset of resistance as well as increase nut quality, resulting in greater sales. Mention of a commercial product is not an endorsement by ARS.
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Progress 10/01/10 to 09/30/11
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Investigate the length of persistence of the new soft insecticides in pistachios that target navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella). Approach (from AD-416) Pistachios will be sprayed by commercial cooperators and collected at intervals over a one month period. These pistachios will be challenged in the lab by infesting them with known numbers of eggs and assessing adult emergence. Additional experiments conducted in the field will assess insecticide efficacy against sentinel eggs and adults. This Trust Agreement supports Objective 2.B of the parent project, reducing insect pest populations to reduce the need for post harvest treatment as well as promoting the use of selective rather than broad spectrum insecticides to control navel orangeworm. The duration of control of several newly registered classes of insecticides used to control navel orangeworm in pistachios by bioassay was investigated. Split pistachios (early split or hull tear) were collected at intervals after insecticide application and placed in glass jars (half gallon or full gallon),challenged with navel orangeworm eggs and incubated at 80�F. The insecticides Belt (flubendiamide), Warrior (cyhalothrin) and Intrepid (methoxyfenozide) were applied to pistachios in Tulare County. Nuts were collected at 7 day intervals for challenge. All three insecticides had an excellent duration of control lasting longer than 54 days. A final study was conducted to determine the persistence of Warrior and Intrepid applied post harvest on October 8. Warrior lost its efficacy when assessed on day 8 while Intrepid lost its efficacy by day 21 after application.
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Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Investigate the length of persistence of the new soft insecticides in pistachios that target navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella). Approach (from AD-416) Pistachios will be sprayed by commercial cooperators and collected at intervals over a one month period. These pistachios will be challenged in the lab by infesting them with known numbers of eggs and assessing adult emergence. Additional experiments conducted in the field will assess insecticide efficacy against sentinel eggs and adults. Documents Trust with CAL Pistachio Research Board. Log No. 36394. Formerly 5302-43000-031- 17T (6/08) & 5302-43000-034-06T (6/09). This agreement was established in support of Objective 2 of the in-house project, by providing data necessary to evaluate the narrow spectrum insecticides recently registered for pistachios and determine the best way to incorporate them into existing management schemes for navel orangeworm. Adoption of these tools will decrease navel orangeworm infestation and the need to fumigate pistachios to control this insect post-harvest. Studies conducted in Madera County in July and August evaluated insecticide coverage following ground application using navel orangeworm egg masses as targets. The anilinic diamide Altacor, neonicitinoid Assail, and insect growth regulator methoxyfenozide were evaluated. Methoxyfenozide had the greatest toxicity when applied to navel orangeworm eggs and the other two insecticides were equally toxic when neonate and early instar mortality was assessed. The efficacy of aerial applications of permethrin and bifenthrin was assessed in September. Bifenthrin lasted for several weeks while permthrin broke down in a few days.
Impacts
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Investigate the length of persistence of the new soft insecticides in pistachios that target navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella). Approach (from AD-416) Pistachios will be sprayed by commercial cooperators and collected at intervals over a one month period. These pistachios will be challenged in the lab by infesting them with known numbers of eggs and assessing adult emergence. Additional experiments conducted in the field will assess insecticide efficacy against sentinel eggs and adults. Documents Trust with CAL Pistachio Research Board. Log No. 36394. Formerly 5302-43000-031- 17T (6/08). Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations Studies conducted in Madera County in June evaluated insecticide coverage following ground application using navel orangeworm egg masses as targets. There is ongoing research assessing the persistence of lambda cyhalothrin and the insect growth regulator methoxyfenozide. Applications were made to mummy pistachios in mid October and the nuts were sampled weekly and the persistence of the insecticides assessed by bioassay. Methoxyfenozide protected these clusters for 3 weeks before breaking down. Lambda cyhalothrin broke down after two weeks. In contrast, when pistachio clusters were treated with a mixture of lambda cyhalothrin and methoxyfenozide in July or August, the insecticide protection lasted more than six weeks. Cooperator activity was monitored by means of oral presentations on Statewide Pistachio Day, January 16, 2005-2008; presentations made to the California Pistachio Commission and California Pistachio Research Board; presentation made at the Annual Bayer Conference on Tree Fruit and Grapes, January 2009; written reports to the California Pistachio Commission and California Pistachio Research Board; telephone calls and e-mail.
Impacts
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Investigate the length of persistence of the new soft insecticides in pistachios that target navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella). Approach (from AD-416) Pistachios will be sprayed by commercial cooperators and collected at intervals over a one month period. These pistachios will be challenged in the lab by infesting them with known numbers of eggs and assessing adult emergence. Additional experiments conducted in the field will assess insecticide efficacy against sentinel eggs and adults. Documents Trust with CAL Pistachio Research Board. Log No. 36394. Formerly 5302-43000-031- 17T (6/08). Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations Preliminary studies in Madera County conducted in July evaluated insecticide coverage following aerial and ground application using navel orangeworm egg masses as targets. In follow up studies mummy pistachios were collected from the trees and emergence calculated; this is ongoing research. Cooperators were enlisted to evaluate the pyrethroid insecticides cyhalothrin (Warrior), bifenthrin (Brigade), the insect growth regulator methoxyfenozide (Intrepid), and the calcium channel agonist flubendiamide (Belt). Evaluation will begin August 6 and consist of assessing spray coverage using eggs as targets and assessing insecticide persistence using challenge assays. Cooperator activity is monitored by means of telephone calls to researchers, personal meetings with cooperating growers and e-mails.
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