Progress 10/01/05 to 05/15/08
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) 1. Develop breeder-friendly markers for QTLs linked to soybean cyst nematode and Phytophthora sojae resistance. 2. Identify QTLs for Coleopteran insect resistance of soybean. 3. Identify soybean germplasms for resistance/partial resistance to bean pod mottle virus (BPMV). 4. Develop novel soybean germplasm with disease and/or insect tolerance. Approach (from AD-416) Genes involved in disease and insect resistance and other target traits will be identified through molecular mapping. Segregating mapping populations will be developed for all target traits. The genes will be tagged with DNA markers to permit incorporation into advanced soybean germplasm. Molecular markers will be identified to facilitate marker- assisted selection of enhanced germplasm. Appropriate methods and technology will be identified or developed to facilitate gene identification and mapping. Soybean germplasms with resistance or tolerance to soybean aphid, beetles, and Phytophthora root rot will be developed through a combination of the conventional and marker assisted plant breeding approaches. Virus identification and detection procedures will be developed, and sources of partial resistance to bean pod mottle virus will be identified by greenhouse and laboratory screenings of plant introductions. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations Highly significant progress was made in the soybean project in insect resistance, disease resistance and developing improved germplasm of soybean. We have identified and mapped a new gene, Rag2, for soybean aphid resistance to either of the two known biotypes of soybean aphids. The inheritance of this new gene from PI 243540 was also determined. We have published our research results in refereed journals and presented them in national and international professional meetings. We have also confirmed and published our discovery of the Ohio biotype of soybean aphids. Two new germplasms with Rps1-k gene for resistance to Phytophthora stem and root rot were registered in the new Journal of Plant Registrations. One cultivar with high protein and pest resistance was also registered in this journal. Two new germplasm with beetle resistance were advance to the second year of field testing. Four recombinant inbred populations for mapping partial resistance to Phytophthora stem and root rot were advanced to the F7 generation. The mapping work can now be completed on these populations in 2009. We have identified 4 plant introductions with partial resistance to the bean pod mottle virus and initiated crossing for developing mapping populations using these lines. A new five year OSQR plan was completed. The research met NP-301 Research Component II: Genomic Characterization and Genetic Improvement objective.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Mian, R.M., Missaoui, A.M., Walker, D.R., Phillips, D.V., Boerma, H.R. 2008. Frogeye Leaf Spot of Soybean: A Review and Proposed Race Designations for Isolates of Cercospora Sojina Hara. Crop Science. 48:14- 24.
- Mian, R.M., Hammond, R.B., St. Martin, S.K. 2008. New Plant Introductions with Resistance to the Soybean Aphid. Crop Science. 48:1055-1061.
- Kim, K.S., Hill, C.B., Hartman, G.L., Mian, R.M., Diers, B.W. 2008. Discovery of Soybean Aphid Biotypes. Crop Science. 48(3):923-928.
- Sappington, T.W., Siegfried, B.D., Guillemaud, T. 2006. Coordinated Diabrotica genetics research: accelerating progress on an urgent insect pest problem. American Entomologist. 52:90-97.
- Mian, R.M., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Cheng, X., Chen, L., Mao, C., Dai, X., He, J., Zhao, X., Scott, A.D., May, G.D. 2008. Analysisi of Tall Fescue Ests Representing Abiotic Stresses, Tissue Types and Developmental Stages. Biomed Central (BMC) Plant Biology. 8:22.
- Mian, R.M., Cooper, R.L. 2008. Registration of Strong-Rps soybean germplasm with Phytophthora stem and root rot resistance. Journal of Plant Registrations. 2:143-145.
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Progress Report 1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? Soybean ranks third only after corn and wheat in total acres grown for a seed crop in the USA. The USA earned $9.7 billion from export of soybean and soybean products in 2003. The economic losses caused by soybean diseases have been estimated to be at least $250 million/year in the United States alone. The soybean yield loss worldwide from diseases was 15.0 million tones valued at $3.3 billion in 1998. Soybean yield loss due to diseases was estimated to fluctuate between 10 and 15 percent annually. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most damaging of all soybean diseases in the U.S., as well as worldwide, with an estimated yield loss of nine million metric tons worldwide in 1998. Phytophthora root and stem rot caused by P. sojae is the second leading disease for soybean yield loss in the
USA. Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is widely distributed in most soybean growing regions of the United States. BPMV was first reported in soybean in Arkansas and North Carolina in 1958. Now it is prevalent in most of mid-western, eastern, and southern soybean growing states. BPMV was first reported in Ohio in 1999. BPMV can cause severe leaf mottling and clorosis. In addition to seed coat mottling, BPMV can reduce soybean yield up to 60%. Although efforts to identify soybean germplasm with immunity to BPMV have failed, the differential responses of currently available germplasm to infection with BPMV suggest that partial resistance to the virus exists. Our long-term objective is to identify and characterize soybean germplasm with high-level of partial resistance to BPMV. The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines, was first found in Midwest of the USA in 2000. The aphids rapidly spread throughout the Midwestern region and to other parts of the USA. By 2003, over 7 million acres were treated
with insecticides in Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota to control soybean aphid and yet yield losses in Illinois and Minnesota were estimated at >$170 million. By 2004, 80% of the US soybean production area was infested (Venette and Ragsdale, 2004). In 2005, the aphids have spread to 23 soybean growing states reaching as far south as Mississippi and Georgia. Many soybean fields in the North Central soybean growing states, including those in northern half of Ohio crossed the economic threshold of infestation. Millions of dollars were spent for spraying chemicals to control the aphids in infested soybean fields. Severe aphid infestations can reduce soybean seed yield directly with damages such as stunting, leaf distortion, and reduced pod set. The average yield loss in Minnesota was estimated between 101 to 202 kg/ha in most infected fields. In China, soybean yields were reduced up to 52% with an average of about 220 aphids per plant. Spraying soybean fields with insecticides to control
aphids cost money, environmentally unfriendly, and totally unacceptable to the producers and consumers of organic soybean products. In addition, a potentially large threat posed by the aphid is its ability to transmit certain plant viruses such as Alfalfa mosaic virus, Soybean dwarf virus, and Soybean mosaic virus to soybean. Soybean aphids have been reported to create serious problems in cucumber, squash, pumpkin, and dry beans by colonizing and transmitting viruses to these plants in Michigan. This is the first soybean-colonizing aphid in the U.S., and the full extent of its consequences on future virus disease problems in soybeans and other crops is still unknown. Of particular concern in the eastern Great Lakes region with the potential for the soybean aphid to increase transmission of viruses from nearby forage legumes to soybeans. In short, the soybean aphid is a significant threat in the northern soybean growing region of the USA and needs to be taken seriously. Continued
improvement in the biotic (disease and pest) stress resistance of soybeans is needed to enable U.S. farmers to improve their competitive edge in world markets and to maintain an economic food supply for the domestic market. Research on soybean germplasm improvement is needed to increase production efficiency and reduce yield losses to pests and diseases. We have four objectives under this project. These are to: (1) Develop breeder-friendly markers for QTLs linked to soybean cyst nematode and Phytophthora sojae resistance, (2) Tag gene for aphid resistance in soybean, (3) Identify soybean germplasms for resistance/partial resistance to bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), and (4) Develop novel soybean germplasm with disease and/or insect tolerance. This project falls mainly under National Program - 301 Plant, Microbial, and Insect Genetic Resources, Genomics and Genetic Improvement and its component Genomic Characterization and Genetic Improvement, because objectives include improvement of
soybean germplasm. It also relates, in part, to National Program 303 - Plant Diseases, Component V Host Plant Resistance to Disease. Soybean farmers, breeders, seed companies, and consumers will benefit from improved soybean germplasm by permitting better control of pests and diseases, higher yields, and an overall increase in production efficiency. 2. List by year the currently approved milestones (indicators of research progress) Objective 1A: Disease resistance QTLs -SCN Milestones: Year 1. Complete DNA extraction and screening of parents and progeny subset with SSR markers. Initiate SCN phenotyping of the mapping populations. Year 2. Complete SSR genotyping of the mapping population. Complete SCN phenotyping of mapping population. Analyze data, construct linkage map and identify QTLs. Year 3. Write manuscript(s) and publish results. Objective 1B: Disease resistance QTLs: Phytophthora sojae Milestones: Year 1. Make crosses to initiate at least two mapping populations. Test
the F1s for Phytophthora resistance and get the F2 seeds. Year 2. Grow the F2s in the field, collect leaf materials, extract DNA and initiate SSR mapping. Get the F2:3 seeds and initiate phenotyping of the F2:3 families. Year 3. Complete genotyping and Phenotyping. Analyze data identify QTL and write manuscript(s). Objective 2A. Insect resistance, QTL Milestones: Year 1. Complete phenotyping of the two mapping populations from Georgia. Make crosses to initiate three new mapping populations. Year 2. Analyze data and identify beetle resistance QTLs in the Georgia mapping populations and write manuscript(s). Phenotype the F1s for beetle resistance and get the F2 seeds of new populations. Year 3. Grow F2 plants, collect leaves, extract DNA, initiate mapping SSRs in new populations. Get F2:3 seeds and phenotype F2:3 families. Objective 2B. Insect resistance, germplasm Milestones: Year 1. Screen F2:3 families of the two crosses with William 82 for insect resistance. Grow replicated
single row plots in two locations of resistant lines Year 2. Repeat insect screening for next generation. Grow replicated multiple row plots at two locations. Year 3. Compile data and release germplasm. Objective 3. BPMV resistance Year 1. Initiate and complete greenhouse screenings Year 2. Field trials at two locations Year 3. Repeat field trials at two locations. Analyze and publish results. Initiate crossing for developing mapping populations for QTL mapping Objective 4. Develop germplasm Year 1. Initiate crossing soybean lines to develop populations segregating for beetle resistance. Initiate other crosses to transfer aphid resistance into Ohio cultivars. Year 2. MAS of F2-derived families homozygous QTLs for beetle resistance and cross them with aphid resistant lines. MAS of F2-derived families homozygous for aphid resistance. Year 3. MAS of lines that are homozygous for both beetle and aphid resistance. Greenhouse and field evaluation of the selected lines. 4a List the
single most significant research accomplishment during FY 2006. Aphid resistant soybean gerlpasm: National Program component: 301 Plant, Microbial, and Insect Genetic Resources, Genomics and Genetic Improvement and its component "Genomic Characterization and Genetic Improvement". We have identified two Plant Introductions from China that are highly resistant to soybean aphids, Aphis glycines. The resistance of these lines has been confirmed in field cages this summer and crosses of these lines with Ohio cultivars were initiated to develop mapping populations and germplasm adapted to Ohio. The soybean aphid is one of the emerging threats to soybean production in the USA and by 2005, the aphids had spread to 23 soybean growing states. Severe aphid infestations can reduce soybean seed yield directly and can transmit certain plant viruses such as Alfalfa mosaic virus, Soybean dwarf virus, and Soybean mosaic virus to soybean. U.S. soybean cultivars have no resistance to the soybean aphids.
No resistant germplasm is publicly available in the USA. Nearly 300 lines from the USDA soybean germplasm collection were screened for aphid resistance using a rapid protocol that we have developed. The resistant lines were screened in the field to confirm the resistance under field conditions. This discovery provides new genetic resources for resistance to soybean aphids for mapping and cultivar development in the public sector. 4b List other significant research accomplishment(s), if any. Disease resistant high yielding soybean germplasm: National Program component: 301 Plant, Microbial, and Insect Genetic Resources, Genomics and Genetic Improvement and its component "Genomic Characterization and Genetic Improvement". We have released three soybean cultivars (one with SCN tolerance and high-yield; one with high-protein and high-yield, and one with high-yield) . Released a germplasm with race specific Rps1k gene for resistance to Phytophthora stem and root rot. Confirm the
preliminary findings of 2005 on partial resistance to BPMV in the greenhouse and confirmation in the field is underway this summer. Soybean yield loss due to diseases is estimated to fluctuate between 10 and 15 percent annually. Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most damaging of all soybean diseases in the USA, with an estimated yield loss of nine million metric tons worldwide in 1998. Phytophthora root and stem rot caused by P. sojae is the second leading disease for soybean yield loss in the USA. Also high-protein content with high-yield of soybean has been a demand of the soybean growers for a long time. Resistances to the two most important diseases were introgressed into soybean cultivars adapted to Ohio and neighboring states through conventional backcross breeding. Similarly, high-protein content was incorporated in high-yielding soybean background through early generation forward breeding. These soybean germplasm have the potential to increase soybean yield and quality in
Ohio and surrounding states. Also, will provide the basis for further improvement of soybean in the USA. 4d Progress report. 1. Received two grants (one from United Soybean Board and one from The Ohio State University) totalling $57,000 over two years (2007 & 2008). 2. A visiting scientist from South Korea (an investigator at the South Korean Department of Agriculture) will join my lab for one year starting in early 2007 to work on soybean aphid and high-protein soybeans. This scientist will be primarily funded by the government of South Korea. 3. Received an invitation to present a seminar at the Seoul National University in October and develop research collaborations with Dr. Suk-Ha Lee at the University. 5. Describe the major accomplishments to date and their predicted or actual impact. National Program component: 301 Plant, Microbial, and Insect Genetic Resources, Genomics and Genetic Improvement and its component "Genomic Characterization and Genetic Improvement". Development of
high-yielding soybean varieties with disease resistance and high-protein content: Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is the most damaging of all soybean diseases in the U.S., as well as worldwide, with an estimated yield loss of nine million metric tons worldwide in 1998. Phytophthora root and stem rot is the second leading disease for soybean yield loss in the USA. Two high-yielding indeterminate soybean cultivar with resistance to SCN and field resistance to Phytophthora stem and root rot, one indeterminate cultivar with high-protein and high-yield, two semi-dwarf germplasm with Rps1k gene for race specific resistance to P. sojae have been developed. One germplasm was released in 2005 and all others are in the process of being released in 2006. These new germplasm and cultivars will have significant impact in increasing the productivity of conventional soybeans in Ohio and in the neighboring states as well. Identification of aphid resistant soybean germplasm: We have identified two highly
resistant Plant Introductions from China. The resistance of these lines has been confirmed in field cages this summer and crosses of these lines with Ohio cultivars were initiated to develop mapping populations and germplasm adapted to Ohio This finding will lead to a series of publications and provide new sources of aphid resistance genes. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). New direction of USDA-ARS soybean research in Ohio. January 11, 2006. The Ohio Seed Growers Association annual meeting. Columbus, Ohio Antiviral Vigilance. 2006. Agricultural Research 54(6):10-11.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Zhang, Y., Mian, R.M., Bouton, J.H. 2006. Recent molecular and genomic studies in stress tolerance of forage and turf grasses. Crop Science. 46:497-511.
- Mian, R.M., Saha, M.C., Hopkins, A.A., Wang, Z. 2005. Use of tall fescue EST-SSR markers in phylogenetic analysis of cool-season forage grasses. Genome. 48:637-647.
- Mian, R.M., Zwonitzer, J.C., Chen, Y., Saha, M.C., Hopkins, A.A. 2005. AFLP diversity within and among hardinggrass populations. Crop Science. 45:2591-2597.
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