Progress 04/06/05 to 03/04/10
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) The goal is to maximize the effect of physical, chemical, and biological stressors to control stored-product insects in raw grains and processed grain products. Stored-product insect pests reduce the quality of stored grain and grain-related products in the U.S. and in the world. We will identify new methods of controlling insect pests in stored products, targeting controls to specific sites or areas, and determining how insect immune systems can be exploited to improve efficacy of new control strategies. We will identify and refine alternative insecticides, biologically-based control methods, and physical controls to manage stored-product insect pests. We will evaluate selective targeted controls and application strategies to manage insect pests in different stored-product systems. Approach (from AD-416) Laboratory and field experiments will identify new biologically-based methods and reduced-risk insecticides to control stored-product insect pests, evaluate synergistic and additive effects from selected control agents, and to further refine physical controls, such as heat and aeration, to modify storage environments. Laboratory and field tests will investigate targeted applications of control agents, detect pathogen virulence in field populations of stored-product insects, and examine new methods for using pathogenic controls to regulate pest populations in stored products. Our research will also include detailed analysis of the cuticular lipids in the insect cuticle, and analysis of how these properties affect their response to various control agents. We will investigate how insect immune responses are regulated and how physiological responses can be interrupted and manipulated to enhance efficacy of control agents. Our research will provide new methods to control insects in raw grains and processed grain products, strategies for integrating different control agents, information on using targeted controls for specific areas within stored-product facilities, and knowledge of how the insect immune system could be exploited to improve control from reduced-risk insecticides and insect pathogens. Results will provide practical information for minimizing risk, quality deterioration, and economic damage caused by stored-product insects. This is the final report for the Project 5430-43000-025-00D terminated in April 2010. All experiments described in the Project Plan for Project 5430-43000-025-00D were completed. This project is continued in the Bridging Project 5430-43000-029-00D. The results of the 5-year plan were extensive and substantial. Aeration is an under-utilized pest management strategy to manage temperature in stored grains, and our studies showed the potential for the expanded use of aeration to control insect pests of stored rice. In addition, suction aeration gave quicker cooling of the top layer of stored wheat during the summer months when compared to standard pressure aeration, resulting in improved insect control. We also showed that rice varieties with a greater percentage of splits and cracks were more likely to be infested with the lesser grain borer. Varietal resistance could be integrated with other methods for control of stored-product insects. We have shown that insect growth regulators and diatomaceous earth, an inert dust, could be used instead of conventional insecticides to protect stored wheat and also stored rice from insect damage. These growth regulators could be combined with other reduced-risk insecticides, microbial pathogens, or fungal pathogens to enhance insect control. Several new insecticides and insect pathogens were evaluated for control of stored-product insects. Registration for the contact insecticide chlorfenapyr was expanded to include flour beetles. We demonstrated that various stresses, including reduced oxygen and desiccation, enhance the efficacy of a fungal biological control agent for several stored-products pests. We demonstrated enhanced efficacy of the fungus Beauveria bassiana for red flour beetles under dietary stress, and further, that the fungus, itself, can contribute to dietary stress because it deters feeding. We found that B. bassiana and two other fungal species were lethal to the larvae of the hide beetle, an emerging pest species. Of several substrates that were tested, only wood, on which the spores of all three species die quickly, had an impact on the performance of the fungi. We developed an immunoassay to detect beetle infections with a naturally occurring protozoan pathogen of insects and used it to test seven rusty grain beetle laboratory cultures from the US and elsewhere, all but one of which were infected with the pathogen. Another protozoan pathogen of beetles was found in a new host and, after bioassays and genetic analysis, was transferred to the appropriate genus. Accomplishments 01 Biological insecticide spinosad controls lesser grain borer. Spinosad is biological insecticide that is being evaluated for insect control in stored grains, but there is no information as to the effectiveness of th insecticide if grains receive only partial treatment. ARS scientists in Manhattan, KS, conducted laboratory tests by exposing lesser grain borer rice weevils, and several psocid species to different amounts of treated wheat mixed with untreated wheat. Partial treatments were effective for the lesser grain borer but not as effective for rice weevils or psocids. Results show the effectiveness of spinosad will depend on the target species, the depth of the treated layer, and the upward or downward mobility of the insect species. 02 Psocid susceptibility varies with insecticide. Psocids, or booklice, are emerging pests in stored products, including stored grains, but new data indicate psocids are tolerant to insecticides used to control other stor grain insect pests. We evaluated several grain protectants registered in the United States for control of different psocid species. On wheat and rice, the insecticide chlorpyriphos-methyl + deltamethrin (Storicide II� was generally more effective in controlling adults and reducing progeny production than either spinosad or pyrethrum, and pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic�) was more effective on corn than spinosad or pyrethrum. Our results show that if psocids are the target pests on wheat and corn, the insecticides that will give the best control are Storicide II on wheat a Actellic on corn. 03 Surface treatments with methoprene are not completely effective for less grain borer control. Grain protectants can be used to treat the top portion of a grain mass during storage, but there is little information regarding control of insects using this method. ARS scientists in Manhattan, KS, conducted laboratory studies using the insect growth regulator methoprene, which affects immature stages of insects but not adults, to determine if treating the top of portion of wheat, rice, and corn would control the lesser grain borer, an important economic pest of stored grains. In wheat and rice, the layer treatments were not as effective as whole-grain treatment, but there were fewer progeny produce as the application rate of methoprene increased. However, on corn the partial treatments were as effective as the whole-grain treatment. Resul show that partial layer treatments with methoprene can be used to contro lesser grain borers on corn but not on wheat and rice. 04 Catmint oil potential new repellent for flour beetles. Repellents are us in insect pest management programs for some insect species but there are few repellents that can be used for stored-product insects. ARS scientis in Manhattan, KS, evaluated two types of oils made from catmint plants a repellents for the red flour beetle and the confused flour beetle. Visua assessments and video recordings were used to evaluate the reactions of the beetles to the repellents. Simple visual assessments were inconclusi but the video recordings showed that both oil products were more repellent to the red flour beetle than to the confused flour beetle. Red flour beetles would avoid the area that was treated with the oils. The results show that the catmint oil products are effective as repellents f the red flour beetle. 05 Fungus deters feeding by the red flour beetle. Beauveria bassiana, a fungus that is commercially produced for biological control, has previously been shown to be more efficacious for red flour beetles when they are under dietary stress. ARS scientists in Manhattan, KS, demonstrated that the presence of the fungus in a beetle food source reduces feeding and slows larval development. This means that the fungu causes population development effects beyond simply killing the target insects. It also could have a negative impact on the proposed use of the fungus in self-exposure traps for spreading the fungus among insect populations. 06 Symbiotic fungus identified in mealworms. ARS scientists in Manhattan, K found an unusual symbiont in nervous tissue, fat body, and male reproductive tissue of the yellow mealworm. Its identity as a fungus tha is distinct from known species was established by sequencing a key diagnostic gene. This is a rare case of transmission from male to female during mating with apparent transfer to the eggs as they are deposited. This research will improve the understanding of transmission of diseases that are carried by insects.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Arthur, F.H., Casada, M. 2010. Directional Flow of Summer Aeration to Manage Insect Pests in Stored Wheat. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 26: 115-122.
- Lord, J.C., Hartzer, K.L., Toutges, M.J., Oppert, B.S. 2010. Evaluation of Quantitative PCR Reference Genes for Gene Expression Studies in Tribolium castaneum After Fungal Challenge. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 80: 219-221.
- Athanasiou, C.G., Arthur, F.H., Throne, J.E. 2009. Efficacy of Grain Protectants Against Four Psocid Species on Maize, Rice, and Wheat. Pest Management Science. 65: 1140-1146.
- Arthur, F.H. 2009. Efficacy of Chlorfenapyr Against Adult Tribolium castaneum Exposed on Concrete: Effects of Exposure Interval, Concentration, and the Presence of a Food Source After Exposure. Insect Science. 16: 157- 163.
- Arthur, F.H., Johnson, J.A., Neven, L.G., Hallman, G.J., Follett, P.A. 2009. Insect Pest Management in Postharvest Ecosystems in the United States of America. Outlooks on Pest Management. 20: 279-284.
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) The goal is to maximize the effect of physical, chemical, and biological stressors to control stored-product insects in raw grains and processed grain products. Stored-product insect pests reduce the quality of stored grain and grain-related products in the U.S. and in the world. We will identify new methods of controlling insect pests in stored products, targeting controls to specific sites or areas, and determining how insect immune systems can be exploited to improve efficacy of new control strategies. We will identify and refine alternative insecticides, biologically-based control methods, and physical controls to manage stored-product insect pests. We will evaluate selective targeted controls and application strategies to manage insect pests in different stored-product systems. Approach (from AD-416) Laboratory and field experiments will identify new biologically-based methods and reduced-risk insecticides to control stored-product insect pests, evaluate synergistic and additive effects from selected control agents, and to further refine physical controls, such as heat and aeration, to modify storage environments. Laboratory and field tests will investigate targeted applications of control agents, detect pathogen virulence in field populations of stored-product insects, and examine new methods for using pathogenic controls to regulate pest populations in stored products. Our research will also include detailed analysis of the cuticular lipids in the insect cuticle, and analysis of how these properties affect their response to various control agents. We will investigate how insect immune responses are regulated and how physiological responses can be interrupted and manipulated to enhance efficacy of control agents. Our research will provide new methods to control insects in raw grains and processed grain products, strategies for integrating different control agents, information on using targeted controls for specific areas within stored-product facilities, and knowledge of how the insect immune system could be exploited to improve control from reduced-risk insecticides and insect pathogens. Results will provide practical information for minimizing risk, quality deterioration, and economic damage caused by stored-product insects. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations Our research has shown that insect growth regulators, alone or in combination with either pyrethrin or pyrethroid insecticides, will control Indianmeal moth eggs and larvae. These insect growth regulators may be used in combination with other control strategies, including inert dusts, microbial pathogens, and fungal pathogens, to manage insect pest populations in bulk grains, flour mills, and processed food warehouses. We have shown that suction aeration may be preferable over standard pressure aeration for cooling wheat during the summer months, and that controlled aeration will effectively manage insect pest populations in rice stored in Texas. We have shown that dietary stress improves the efficacy of a mycoinsecticide. We are also making progress in quantifying the genetic responses of stored-product beetles to selected insecticides and microbial pathogens. Normalization reference genes for RT-qPCR have been established, documented changes in gene expression induced by fungal pathogens, and are currently conducting experiments with silencing of key genes. Technology Transfer Number of Active CRADAS: 1
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Lord, J.C. 2009. Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana for control of Tribolium castaneum with reduced oxygen and increased carbon dioxide. Journal of Applied Entomology 133: 101-107.
- Chanbang, Y., Arthur, F.H., Wilde, G.E., Throne, J.E. 2008. Control of Rhyzopertha dominica in rough rice through a combination of diatomaceous earth and varietal resistance. Insect Science 15: 455-460.
- Lord, J.C. 2009. Beauveria bassiana Infection of Eggs of Stored-Product Beetles. Entomological Research 39: 155-157.
- Arthur, F.H., Yang, Y., Wilson, L.T., Siebenmorgen, T.J. 2008. Feasibility of automatic aeration for insect pest management for rice stored in East Texas. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 24: 345-350.
- Park, S., Arthur, F.H., Bean, S., Schober, T.J. 2008. Impact of differing population levels of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) on milling and physicochemical properties of sorghum kernel and flour. Journal of Stored Products Research 44: 322-327.
- Arthur, F.H., Liu, S., Zhao, B., Phillips, T.W. 2009. Residual Efficacy of Pyriproxyfen and Hydroprene Applied to Wood, Metal, and Concrete for Controlling Stored-Product Insects. Pest Management Science 65: 791-797.
- Chintzoglou, G., Athanassiou, C.G., Arthur, F.H. 2008. Insecticidal Effect of Spinosad Dust, in Combination with Diatomaceous Earth, Against Two Stored-Grain Beetle Species. Journal of Stored Products Research 44: 347- 353.
- Toews, M.D., Arthur, F.H., Campbell, J.F. 2009. Monitoring Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in Pilot-Scale Warehouses Treated with B-Cyfluthrin: Are Residual Insecticides and Trapping Compatible?. Bulletin of Entomological Research 99: 121-129.
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) The goal is to maximize the effect of physical, chemical, and biological stressors to control stored-product insects in raw grains and processed grain products. Stored-product insect pests reduce the quality of stored grain and grain-related products in the U.S. and in the world. We will identify new methods of controlling insect pests in stored products, targeting controls to specific sites or areas, and determining how insect immune systems can be exploited to improve efficacy of new control strategies. We will identify and refine alternative insecticides, biologically-based control methods, and physical controls to manage stored-product insect pests. We will evaluate selective targeted controls and application strategies to manage insect pests in different stored-product systems. Approach (from AD-416) Laboratory and field experiments will identify new biologically-based methods and reduced-risk insecticides to control stored-product insect pests, evaluate synergistic and additive effects from selected control agents, and to further refine physical controls, such as heat and aeration, to modify storage environments. Laboratory and field tests will investigate targeted applications of control agents, detect pathogen virulence in field populations of stored-product insects, and examine new methods for using pathogenic controls to regulate pest populations in stored products. Our research will also include detailed analysis of the cuticular lipids in the insect cuticle, and analysis of how these properties affect their response to various control agents. We will investigate how insect immune responses are regulated and how physiological responses can be interrupted and manipulated to enhance efficacy of control agents. Our research will provide new methods to control insects in raw grains and processed grain products, strategies for integrating different control agents, information on using targeted controls for specific areas within stored-product facilities, and knowledge of how the insect immune system could be exploited to improve control from reduced-risk insecticides and insect pathogens. Results will provide practical information for minimizing risk, quality deterioration, and economic damage caused by stored-product insects. Accomplishments � Pathogenic fungi can control stored-product insects. Fungi that infect only insects can be used for environmentally benign pest control, but they are often dismissed as inappropriate for the dry conditions of stored products. Scientists at the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center tested Beauveria bassiana, a fungus that is registered for insect control on crops, by comparing efficacy against stored grain insects under various moisture conditions. The fungus� efficacy for larvae of the Indianmeal moth and adults of the rice weevil and maize weevil was greatest under dry conditions that caused desiccation stress. Moisture conditions did not affect the fungus� performance for adults of the rusty grain beetle or larvae of the cigarette beetle or sawtoothed grain beetle. The red flour beetle, a pest that is difficult to control with any available technology, was found to be most susceptible to the fungus under dry conditions that caused desiccation stress. The stress was confirmed by exposure to desiccation prior to exposure to the fungus and by low weight gain. These results demonstrate that dry stored-grain conditions are favorable for B. bassiana efficacy against many stored- product pests and will provide a basis for exploring their physiological vulnerabilities with molecular methods. This research addresses National Program 304, Crop Protection and Quarantine, Component II, Biology of Pests and Natural Enemies (Microbes), Section A., Basic Biology: Identification of key factors that influence the development and other life processes of pests and their natural enemies. � Hull hardness in rough rice is a barrier to insect attack. In most cereal grains kernel hardness is correlated with resistance to damage from the lesser grain borer, however, the hull of rough rice could offer some level of protection. Scientists at the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, KS, exposed young larvae of the lesser grain borer on different rice types with solid hulls, cracked hulls, and brown rice with the hull removed, and analyzed kernels for hardness and amylose content. More larvae entered the kernel and developed to the adult stage when the hulls were cracked, but there was no differences in kernel hardness, amylose content, or hulled rice that were related to larval development. This study shows that sound hulls are a barrier to lesser grain borer larvae, and that the characteristics of the kernel may not be important in determining risk or susceptibility to this insect. This research addresses National Program 304, Component IV Crop Protection and Quarantine, Stored Product Insects, Section E. Biology and Ecology of Stored Product Insects: Determining how nutritional factors and commodity quality can affect stored product pest population dynamics and pest management decisions. � Insect growth regulator methoprene affects eggs of the lesser grain borer. One of the insecticides used to control the lesser grain borer on stored rice is the insect growth regulator methoprene, and while this insecticide limits development of immature insects, we have limited information regarding direct toxicity to eggs of the lesser grain borer. Scientists at the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, KS, exposed eggs of the lesser grain borer on filter paper and on rice treated with methoprene, and also exposed adults on treated rice. Mortality of eggs increased as the concentration of methoprene on filter paper increased, and eggs exposed directly on rice either failed to hatch, or larvae died before they could penetrate the hull, or died inside the kernel and did not reach the adult stage. When adult females were exposed on rice treated with methoprene, egg-laying was reduced. Results show that eggs of the lesser grain borer are extremely sensitive to methoprene, and it could be used effectively in management programs that are targeted toward this insect. This research addresses National Program 304, Component IV Crop Protection and Quarantine, Stored Product Insects, Section G. Development of New and Improved Control Technologies: Determining new control technologies and improving existing control technologies, including combined use of different control technologies. � Rice varieties vary in susceptibility to stored-grain insects. Scientists at the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, KS, in cooperation with scientists at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, AR, exposed adult lesser grain borers and rice weevils on several cultivars of long-grain and medium-grain rice from several growing locations. Progeny production of both species and resultant feeding damage varied with both rice types and with the specific cultivar and location, but the physical characters we measured were not correlated with progeny production. Location and cultivar were important in determining the susceptibility of rough rice to the lesser grain borer and the rice weevil, but this susceptibility probably relates more to the condition of the exterior hull than the physical characteristics of the kernel itself. This research addresses National Program 304, Crop Protection and Quarantine, Component IV Stored Product Insects, Section E. Biology and Ecology of Stored Product Insects: Determining how nutritional factors and commodity quality can affect stored product pest population dynamics and pest management decisions. Technology Transfer Number of New CRADAS and MTAS: 2 Number of Active CRADAS and MTAS: 3 Number of Non-Peer Reviewed Presentations and Proceedings: 12
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Mohandass, S.M., Arthur, F.H., Zhu, K.Y., Throne, J.E. 2007. Biology and management of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in stored products. Journal of Stored Products Research 43: 302-311.
- Lord, J.C. 2006. Detection of Mattesia oryzaephili (Neogregarinorida: Lipotrophidae) in grain beetle laboratory colonies with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 94: 74-76.
- Arthur, F.H., Bautista, R.C., Siebenmorgen, T.J. 2007. Influence of growing location and cultivar on Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.) infestation of rough rice. Insect Science 14: 231-239.
- Toews, M.D., Campbell, J.F., Arthur, F.H., Ramaswamy, S.B. 2006. Outdoor flight activity and immigration of Rhyzopertha dominica into seed wheat warehouses. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 121: 73-85.
- Tilley, D.R., Casada, M., Arthur, F.H. 2007. Heat treatment for disinfestation of empty grain storage bins. Journal of Stored Products Research. 43:221-228.
- Butts, C.L., Dorner, J.W., Brown, S.L., Arthur, F.H. 2006. Aerating farmer stock peanut storage in the southeastern u.s.. Transactions of the ASAE. 49(2):457-465.
- Chanbang, Y., Arthur, F.H., Wilde, G.E., Throne, J.E. 2007. Efficacy of diatomaceous earth to control Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)(Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in rough rice: impacts of temperature and relative humidity. Crop Protection 26: 923-929.
- Lord, J.C. 2007. Enhanced efficacy of Beauveria bassiana for the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, with reduced moisture. Journal of Economic Entomology 100: 1071-1074.
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Progress Report 1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? Stored-product insect pests reduce the quality of stored grain and grain- related products in the U.S. and in the world. Over 12 billion bushels of corn and wheat are grown in the U.S. each year, with a value of over 25 billion dollars. In addition, over a billion bushels of barley, oats, rice, rye, and sorghum are grown in the U.S. each year, with a value of over 3 billion dollars. It is estimated that postharvest losses to these grains due to insects are 5 to 10%, or about 1.4 to 2.8 billion dollars. Losses to processed commodities, which are difficult to quantify, may greatly exceed dollar losses to raw commodities because of their greater economic value. There is a need to improve integrated pest management (IPM) of stored product insects by identifying new control agents, that are
safer and more environmentally friendly, and the factors that affect susceptibility to these agents; developing effective control strategies using combinations of these agents; testing the application and integration of these control strategies in actual industrial environments; and determining the vulnerabilities of economically important insect pests to various control agents. Insect pathogens are potential additions to integrated pest management programs for stored products, but they may not give effective control by themselves. However, control could be enhanced by using them in combinations or along with disruption of insect immune systems. The loss of methyl bromide used as a fumigant to treat the entire plant, presents us with a unique opportunity to develop smaller-scale insect control strategies that specifically target locations within a food production or storage facility that are vulnerable to insect pest infestation. Our goal is to improve IPM through selective
application of safer control agents and non-chemical control methods and to identify the vulnerabilities in insect immune systems that can be exploited to make these control agents more effective. This will benefit food manufacturers and handlers by decreasing the levels of chemicals currently needed to protect our food supply from insect pests and it will lead to a wholesome, more dependable food supply for consumers. This research has three major objectives: 1) Identify and refine safe, environmentally friendly control methods and physical controls to manage stored-product insect pests; 2) Evaluate selective targeted controls and application strategies to manage insect pests in actual industrial environments; and 3) Identify vulnerabilities in insect physiological and biochemical stress responses that could be exploited to improve the effectiveness of these control methods. The research supports National Program 304, Crop Protection and Quarantine, and addresses elements of Research
Component A, Insects and Mites, and focuses primarily on the subcomponents Postharvest, Pest Exclusion, and Quarantine Treatment; Pest Control Technologies; Biology of Pests and Natural Enemies (including microbes); and Integrated Pest Management Systems and Areawide Suppression Programs. The results are also relevant to National Program 308 Methyl Bromide Alternatives, particularly the subcomponent Post-harvest Commodity Treatment (Including Structural). Attaining these objectives will result in new products and methods for managing insect pests in diverse storage systems, including milling and processing facilities, food warehouses, urban storage, and stored raw grain. Knowledge of specific physiological responses can be used to enhance and improve control when using newer reduced-risk low- toxicity insecticides, pathogens, and physical methods. 2. List by year the currently approved milestones (indicators of research progress) 2006 Continue evaluations for new applications or
uses of the Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) hydroprene and methoprene on different surface substrates. Evaluate new techniques for using the pathogens Beauveria and Mattesia for control of insects in stored grain. Conduct bioassays of physical controls combined with pathogens for control of insects in stored grain. Develop assays for stress biomarkers for insects in stored grain. Continue with studies for heat treatment of rice kernels for control of insects. Initiate project for summer aeration of stored wheat for control of insects. Complete data analysis for aeration projects for control of insects in stored grain. Evaluate surface treatments to floors and walls of milling facilities for control of insects. Initiate second year of targeted studies for insect control in grain bins. Initiate second year of study with surface compared to whole-bin treatments of insecticides for control of insects in stored wheat. Collect insect population and Mattesia prevalence data in stored grain.
Initiate study with Mattesia and parasitic wasps for control of insects in stored wheat. Initiate studies to determine interaction between DE dusts and lipids in different species of insects. Prepare micro-arrays for genetic tests with insect immune responses to stress. Develop experimental protocols for initial experiments with gene systems in pathogens to study insect immune response. 2007 Continue evaluations for new applications or uses of the IGRs hydroprene and methoprene on different surface substrates. Analyze data from completed studies on new applications or uses of the IGRs hydroprene and methoprene on difference surface substrates. Correlate stress response in insects with susceptibility to pathogens. Evaluate combinations of IGRs and DEs as surface treatments for control of insects in stored grain. Continue with heat treatment studies of rice kernels for control of insects (test different species of insects). Conduct second year of study on summer aeration of stored wheat
for control of insects. Analyze data for lab and field studies with targeted treatments for control of insects in grain bins. Analyze data and write manuscript from study with surface compared to whole-bin treatments of insecticides for control of insects in stored wheat. Continue study to collect insect population and Mattesia prevalence data in stored grain. Continue study with Mattesia and parasitic wasps for control of insects in stored wheat. Complete studies to determine interaction between DE dusts and lipids in different species of insects, and analyze data from initial studies. Continue micro-array studies for genetic tests with insect immune responses to stress. Quantify genetic responses of insects to pathogens, heat treatments, and other physical controls. 2008 Continue evaluations for new applications or uses of IGRs on different surface substrates. Write manuscripts on completed studies on new applications or uses of the IGRs hydroprene and methoprene on difference
surface substrates. Analyze data and write manuscripts on combination studies of IGRs and DEs as surface treatments for control of insects in stored grain. Analyze data for heat treatment studies of rice kernels for control of insects (test different species of insects). Conduct third year of study on summer aeration of stored wheat for control of insects. Complete analyses and write manuscripts for lab and field studies with targeted treatments for control of insects in grain bins. Model effectiveness of Mattesia to suppress specific stored-product insect species. Complete data analysis and write manuscripts on studies to determine interaction between DE dusts and lipids in different species of insects, and analyze data from initial studies. Develop experimental protocols to measure insect immune responses. Document susceptibility of insects with silenced immune response genes to pathogens. Continue to quantify genetic responses of insects to pathogens, heat treatments, and other
physical controls. 2009 Continue evaluations for new applications or uses of IGRs on different surface substrates. Complete analysis of data and write manuscripts for heat treatment studies of rice kernels for control of insects. Analyze data for study on summer aeration of stored wheat for control of insects. Write manuscripts on studies with Mattesia and parasitic wasps for control of insects in stored wheat. Complete data analysis and write manuscripts on studies to determine interaction between DE dusts and lipids in different species of insects, and analyze data from initial studies. Determine gene regulation by insects in response to stress induced by control agents. Begin analysis of results on susceptibility of insects with silenced immune response genes to pathogens. Confirm gene systems involved and regulation of production of heat shock proteins by insects in response to physical controls and begin analysis of results. 4a List the single most significant research
accomplishment during FY 2006. Food material negatively affects control from aerosol insecticides. Aerosol insecticides are used to control insects in food processing facilities, but we need more information to optimize the effectiveness of these aerosols. Scientists at the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, KS, conducted a field test whereby adult confused flour beetles were exposed with 0 to 2,000 mg of flour to a pyrethrin-cabon dioxide aerosol inside an open warehouse. Survival of beetles increased with the presence of flour, indicating that the food material compromised effectiveness of the aerosol. There were also problems with uneven distribution of the aerosol inside the test warehouse. Although aerosols show potential for replacing whole-plant fumigations, if proper sanitation is not practiced the aerosol will be less effective for insect control, particularly with adult beetles. Also, the aerosol systems must deliver the product throughout the
entire facility that is being treated. This research addresses National Program 304, Crop Protection and Quarantine, Research Component A, Insects and Mites, subcomponents Postharvest, Pest Exclusion, and Quarantine Treatment and Pest Control Technologies. 4b List other significant research accomplishment(s), if any. Diatomaceous earth is not equally effective on all grains. Diatomaceous earth (DE) is used for insect control in stored grain, but more information is needed to optimize efficacy. Scientists at the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, KS, treated rough rice with the labeled application rates of two commercial DE products and exposed adult lesser grain borers, a major pest of stored grains, for different time periods and temperatures. Adult mortality increased with increasing time of exposure up to a maximum of 60 to 70% for both commercial formulations, and there was extensive progeny production in the treated rice. Results show that although these
two commercial DE formulations had previously given good control of the lesser grain borer on stored wheat, they were not as effective on rough rice. Therefore, different application rates of DE may be necessary to give complete control of the lesser grain borer on different grain types. This research addresses National Program 304, Crop Protection and Quarantine, Research Component A, Insects and Mites, subcomponents Postharvest, Pest Exclusion, and Quarantine Treatment and Pest Control Technologies. The insect growth regulator methoprene eliminates progeny production of the lesser grain borer. Scientists at the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, KS, combined the natural inert dust diatomaceous earth (DE) with the insect growth regulator (IGR) methoprene and applied the combination at different rates to long-grain, medium- grain, and short-grain rough rice. Mortality of adults was only 60% at the label rate of DE, and there were differences among the rice
types. However, when methoprene was included in the insecticide treatment, no offspring were produced. Results show that methoprene by itself will eliminate progeny production of the lesser grain borer, but the addition of DE will give some control of adults and could limit damage from adult feeding. This research addresses National Program 304, Crop Protection and Quarantine, Research Component A, Insects and Mites, subcomponents Postharvest, Pest Exclusion, and Quarantine Treatment and Pest Control Technologies. Biological pesticide spinosad controls the lesser grain borer in stored wheat. New insecticides are needed to control insects in stored grain. Scientists at the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, KS, tested the newly-approved and environmentally safe insecticide spinosad on Kansas farms and in laboratory studies to examine efficacy and persistence under typical field conditions. In the field tests, no live lesser grain borers were found in any
grain treated with spinosad, the residues killed adults during a 6-9 month storage period, there were few progeny, and residues did not degrade over time. Data were used to support registration, which was granted by the US-EPA. This reduced-risk insecticide is scheduled to be marketed in the 2007 season. This research addresses National Program 304, Crop Protection and Quarantine, Research Component A, Insects and Mites, subcomponents Postharvest, Pest Exclusion, and Quarantine Treatment and Pest Control Technologies. Test assay developed to detect insect pathogens in stored-product insect pests. Naturally occurring pathogens of insects can potentially be exploited for insect control, but a simpler way to determine their presence in insects is required. Scientists at the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, KS, developed a test assay to detect Mattesia oryzaephili, a pathogen of grain beetles through tests with laboratory colonies from different field
sources. This assay will enable researchers to assess the impact of M. oryzaephili on pest populations and to determine the potential to exploit the pathogen by conservation or introduction where it does not occur, and will also allow scientists to maintain health and vigor of laboratory colonies by monitoring these cultures for insect pathogens. This research addresses National Program 304, Crop Protection and Quarantine, Research Component A, Insects and Mites, subcomponents Postharvest, Pest Exclusion, and Quarantine Treatment and Pest Control Technologies. 5. Describe the major accomplishments to date and their predicted or actual impact. Combination treatments of reduced-risk insecticides can be more effective than either product used alone. Although some newer insecticides may appear to be less effective than older conventional insecticides, using the combination may offer more complete control. An example is pairing the insect growth regulator methoprene, which does not kill
adult insects, with diatomaceous earth, a natural dust that often will not completely control the lesser grain borer in stored grains. The methoprene eliminates progeny production, while the DE kills many but not all of the exposed adults. This new scientific knowledge describes a potential impact in that the adoption of these reduced-risk insecticides may decrease reliance on the use of phosphine, a potentially lethal fumigant that is heavily used by the grain industry for insect control. Customers of this research include anyone involved in pest management in stored bulk grains. This research addresses National Program 304, Crop Protection and Quarantine, Research Component A, Insects and Mites, subcomponents Postharvest, Pest Exclusion, and Quarantine Treatment and Pest Control Technologies. Targeted treatments with contact insecticides and with aerosols can effectively control insects in mills, processing facilities, and food warehouses. Our research has shown that selective use
of targeted surface treatments and aerosols can potentially replace whole-plant fumigations with methyl bromide, which is scheduled for phase-out and is being used now under a critical use exemption (CUE) process. This new knowledge has a potentially huge impact in that reliance on methyl bromide fumigation can be eliminated through new management and control technologies. Some of our customers have already eliminated methyl bromide fumigations through the use of targeted aerosol treatments. Customers of this research include persons involved in quality maintenance and insect control in processed grain products. This research addresses National Program 304, Crop Protection and Quarantine, Research Component A, Insects and Mites, subcomponents Postharvest, Pest Exclusion, and Quarantine Treatment and Pest Control Technologies. Interaction of microbial pathogens and insect immune responses. Knowledge developed regarding the response of insects and the detection of pathogens in pest
populations offers new potential for using naturally- occurring insect pathogens as part of control programs. This alternative provides a means of using insect control in those areas where insecticides are limited, such as organic food production, a rapidly- growing economic segment of the food industry. The potential impact of a natural means of insect control in organic production would be a significant benefit for this specialized industry. Customers of this research include persons involved in insect control in bulk grains, and with responses of insect populations to microbial pathogens. This research addresses National Program 304, Crop Protection and Quarantine, Research Component A, Insects and Mites, Biology of Pests and Natural Enemies (including microbes). 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if
known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? We provided scientific information, data, interpretation, and technical support for several segments of the stored-product market, including grain storage, milling and processing, and warehousing. New reduced risk low toxicity insecticides were identified as potential registrations for the postharvest market. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Arthur, F. H. Controlling Stored Product Pests with Insecticides: A New Look. Pest Control Technology Stored Product Pest Seminar, November, 16- 18, 2005, Minneapolis, MN. Arthur, F. H. Control of Indianmeal Moth Using Insect Growth Regulators and Surface Treatment for Controlling insects in Stored Grain: Laboratory and Field Studies. 2006 Nebraska Urban Pest Management Conference, January 26-27, 2006, Lincoln. NE. Arthur, F. H.
Diatomaceous Earth Plus Methoprene for Control of Lesser Grain Borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, in Rough Rice and Susceptibility of Long, Short, and Medium-Grain Rice to Rhyzopertha dominica F., the Lesser Grain Borer. 31st Rice Technical Group Meeting, February 26 March 1, 2006, Woodlands, TX. Arthur, F. H. Insect Pest Complex and Control in Stored Farmers Stock Peanuts and Storage and Management of Peanuts. Training session organized by Birdsong Peanut Company and Wellmark International. April 18 in Blakely GA, April 20, 2006, Suffolk, VA.
Impacts
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Publications
- Arthur, F.H., Siebenmorgen, T.J. 2005. Historical weather data and predicted aeration cooling periods for stored rice in Arkansas. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 21: 1017-1020.
- Arthur, F.H., Casada, M. 2005. Feasibility of summer aeration to control insects in stored wheat. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 21: 1027-1038.
- Arthur, F.H. 2005. Initial and delayed mortality of late-instar larvae, pupae, and adults of Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) exposed at variable temperatures and time intervals. Journal of Stored Products Research 42: 1-7.
- Arthur, F.H., Hagstrum, D.W., Flinn, P.W., Reed, C.R., Phillips, T.W. 2005. Insect populations in grain residues associated with commercial Kansas grain elevators. Journal of Stored Products Research 42: 226-239.
- Mohandass, S.M., Arthur, F.H., Zhu, K.Y., Throne, J.E. 2006. Hydroprene: mode of action, current status in stored-product pest management, insect resistance, and future prospects. Crop Protection Journal 25: 902-909.
- Mohandass, S., Arthur, F.H., Zhu, K., Throne, J.E. 2006. Hydroprene prolongs development time and increases mortality of eggs of Indianmeal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 99: 1007- 1016.
- Vardeman, E.A., Arthur, F.H., Nechols, J.R., Campbell, J.F. 2006. Effect of temperature, exposure internal and depth of diatomaceous earth on distribution, mortality, and reproduction of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in stored wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology 99: 1017-1024.
- Arthur, F.H. 2005. Impact of aeration on insect pest management in stored rice [abstract]. National Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, November 6-9, 2005.
- Arthur, F.H. 2006. Insect growth regulators (IGRs) in pest management programs [abstract]. 5th National IPM Conference, St. Louis, MO, April 3-6, 2006.
- Lord, J.C. 2005. Perspectives for biological control of stored-product pests using entomopathogens, alone and in combination with beneficial insects [abstract]. National Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, November 6-9, 2005.
- Lord, J.C. 2006. Interaction of Mattesia oryzaephili with Cephalonomia spp. (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) and their hosts Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Biological Control 37: 167-172.
- Toews, M.D., Pearson, T.C., Campbell, J.F. 2006. Imaging and automated detection of Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) pupae in hard red winter wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology 99: 583-592.
- Campbell, J.F., Toews, M.D. 2005. Monitoring Indianmeal moth inside and outside. AIB Quarterly, Quality Assurance and Food Safety, Fall, 2005.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? Stored-product insect pests reduce the quality of stored grain and grain- related products in the U.S. and in the world. Over 12 billion bushels of corn and wheat are grown in the U.S. each year, with a value of over 25 billion dollars. In addition, over a billion bushels of barley, oats, rice, rye, and sorghum are grown in the U.S. each year, with a value of over 3 billion dollars. It is estimated that postharvest losses to corn and wheat due to insects are 5 to 10%, or about 1.25 to 2.5 billion dollars. Losses to processed commodities, which are difficult to quantify, may greatly exceed dollar losses to raw commodities because of their greater economic value. There is a need to improve integrated pest management (IPM) of stored-product insects by identifying new reduced- risk control agents and the
biotic and abiotic factors that affect susceptibility to those agents, maximizing effects of control strategies through synergistic combinations, developing new approaches for application and integration of control strategies, and determining vulnerabilities in physiological and biochemical responses that could affect susceptibility to various control agents. Insect pathogens are potential additions to integrated management programs for stored products, but they may not give effective control by themselves. However, control could be enhanced through synergies and disruption of insect immune systems. The loss of methyl bromide also presents a need to investigate specific targeted applications in storage structures as an alternative to fumigation. Our goal is to improve integrated pest management of stored- product insects through selective targeting of alternative insecticides, biologically-based control methods, and physical controls, and by identifying vulnerabilities in insect
immune systems that could be exploited to improve efficacy of control strategies. This research has three major objectives: 1) Identify and refine alternative insecticides, biologically-based control methods, and physical controls to manage stored-product insect pests; 2) Evaluate selective targeted controls and application strategies to manage insect pests in different stored-product systems; and 3) Identify vulnerabilities in insect physiological and biochemical stress responses that could be exploited to improve efficacy of reduced-risk controls, biological agents, and physical control methods. The research supports National Program 304, Crop Protection and Quarantine and addresses elements of Research Component A, Insects and Mites, and focuses primarily on the subcomponents Postharvest, Pest Exclusion, and Quarantine Treatment; Pest Control Technologies; Biology of Pests and Natural Enemies (including microbes); and Integrated Pest Management Systems and Areawide Suppression
Programs. The results are also relevant to National Program 308 Methyl Bromide Alternatives, particularly the subcomponent Post-harvest Commodity Treatment (Including Structural). Attaining these objectives will result in new products and methods for managing insect pests in diverse storage systems, including milling and processing facilities, food warehouses, urban storage, and stored raw grain. Knowledge of specific physiological responses can be used to enhance and improve control when using newer reduced-risk low- toxicity insecticides, pathogens, and physical methods. This project underwent OSQR review during FY-04 and FY-05. Milestones relevant to the ongoing work associated with the current project are recorded in the final FY2005 report for 5430-43000-024-00D. The Year 1 milestones for this new project are listed below with a description of the anticipated outcomes. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. 2005 Begin evaluations for new
applications or uses of the IGRs hydroprene and methoprene on different surface substrates. Determine effectiveness of methoprene combined with diatomaceous earth on stored rice. Initiate studies of heat to kill insects inside of rice kernels. Analyze data for aeration management of stored rice in south-central USA and peanut aeration in southern USA. Determine effectiveness of surface applications of the IGR hydroprene and the pyrethroid cyfluthrin in lab and small-scale studies. Initiate first year of multi-year study with surface compared to whole- bin treatments in wheat. Develop ELISA for field populations of Mattesia in stored-product insects. Identify cuticular lipids that could affect susceptibility to inert dusts. Identify specific genes for insect immune responses through the Tribolium genome. Identify specific genes for heat shock reactions in beetles. 2006 Continue with IGR evaluations. Evaluate new techniques for using the pathogens Beauveria and Mattesia on stored grain.
Conduct bioassays of physical controls combined with pathogens. Develop assays for stress biomarkers. Continue with studies for heat treatment of rice kernels. Initiate project for summer aeration of stored wheat. Complete data analysis for aeration projects. Evaluate surface treatments to floors and walls of milling facilities. Initiate second year of targeted studies in grain bins. Initiate second year of study with surface compared to whole-bin treatments in wheat. Collect insect population and Mattesia prevalence data. Initiate study with Mattesia and parasitic wasps on stored wheat. Initiate studies to determine interaction between DE dusts and lipids in different species. Prepare micro-arrays for genetic tests with insect immune responses. Develop experimental protocols for initial experiments with gene systems in pathogens. 2007 Continue with on-going IGR evaluations. Analyze data from completed studies with hydroprene and methoprene on surface substrates. Present results of
insect control using IGRs to industry and other user groups. Correlate stress response with pathogen susceptibility. Evaluate combinations of IGRs and DE as surface treatments to stored grains. Continue with heat treatment studies of rice kernels (different species of insects). Present results of aeration modeling projects in stored rough rice and stored peanuts to industry groups. Write manuscripts on aeration modeling projects for stored rice and stored peanuts. Conduct second year of aeration study on summer aeration of stored wheat. Analyze data for lab and field studies with targeted insecticide treatments of milling facilities. Analyze data from study comparing surface applications versus whole-bin treatments in stored wheat. Draft and prepare manuscripts for surface application wheat study. Continue with data collection for field population study and with wasp study in grain. Complete lipid studies with different DE products. Analyze data from initial studies on role of
cuticular lipids in efficacy of DE. Continue with preparation of genetic tests for insect immune systems. Quantify genetic responses to pathogens, heat treatments, and other physical controls. 2008 Continue with evaluation of new reduced-risk insecticides. Submit completed manuscripts on efficacy of hydroprene and methoprene as surface treatments. Present results of studies with IGRs to industry and other user groups. Present results to industry and other user groups regarding potential of using pathogens to control insect pests in stored grain. Analyze data for combination studies and draft manuscripts. Analyze data for heat treatment studies. Submit manuscripts on aeration modeling in stored rice and stored peanuts for publication. Conduct third year of summer aeration study for stored wheat. Complete analyses and draft manuscripts on targeted treatments. Present results on targeted treatments in mills and warehouses to industry and other user groups. Submit manuscripts on surface
treatments in stored wheat for publication. Model effectiveness of Mattesia to suppress specific stored-product insect species. Complete data analysis for effects of different DE products on cuticular lipids of insects. Draft manuscripts on the interactions of DE with cuticular lipids for journal submission. Develop experimental protocols to measure insect immune responses. Document susceptibility of insects with silenced immune response genes to the pathogen. Continue research with genetic systems. 2009 Continue with on-going evaluations of new reduced-risk insecticides. Draft and submit for publication manuscripts on combination studies with IGRs and stored rice. Complete data analysis for heat treatment studies to kill insects in stored rough rice. Draft and submit for publication manuscripts on using heat to kill internal insect infestations in stored rough rice Analyze data for summer aeration study and draft manuscript. Submit final manuscripts for targeted treatment studies.
Present results of studies with surface treatments in stored grain to industry and other user groups. Complete data analysis for modeling studies with Mattesia. Draft manuscript on insect suppression using Mattesia to control pest insects in stored wheat. Complete manuscript submission process for studies with cuticular lipids and DE. Determine gene regulation in response to stress induced by control agents. Analyze data from silenced immune system studies. Confirm gene systems and regulation of production of heat shock proteins in response to physical controls. Analyze data from heat shock protein study. 3a List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2005. For each milestone, indicate the status: fully met, substantially met, or not met. If not met, why. 1. Begin evaluations for new applications or uses of the IGRs hydroprene and methoprene on different surface substrates. Milestone Fully Met 2. Determine effectiveness of methoprene combined with diatomaceous
earth on stored rice. Milestone Fully Met 3. Initiate studies of heat to kill insects inside of rice kernels. Milestone Fully Met 4. Analyze data for aeration management of stored rice in south-central USA and peanut aeration in southern USA. Milestone Fully Met 5. Determine effectiveness of surface applications of the IGR hydroprene and the pyrethroid cyfluthrin in lab and small-scale studies. Milestone Fully Met 6. Initiate first year of multi-year study with surface compared to whole- bin treatments in wheat. Milestone Fully Met 7. Develop ELISA for field populations of Mattesia in stored-product insects. Milestone Fully Met 8. Identify cuticular lipids that could affect susceptibility to inert dusts. Milestone Fully Met 9. Identify specific genes for insect immune responses through the Tribolium genome. Milestone Fully Met 10. Identify specific genes for heat shock reactions in beetles. Milestone Fully Met 3b List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY
2006, 2007, and 2008). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? 2006 Continue with IGR evaluations. Determining effectiveness of the IGR methoprene as a protectant of stored rough rice will provide information to improve pest control in stored rice. Evaluate new techniques for using the pathogens Beauveria and Mattesia on stored grain. New laboratory techniques and procedures will improve the use of pathogens to control stored-grain insects. Conduct bioassays of physical controls combined with pathogens. Identifying effective combination treatments will improve management programs for stored grains. Develop assays for stress biomarkers. Markers that show specific stress responses to stored-product insects will be useful for evaluating efficacy of new reduced-risk insecticides and of insect pathogens. Continue with studies for heat treatment of rice kernels. Determining optimum time/temperature combinations for using heat plus NIR to
control internal feeders inside rice kernels will improve pest management programs. Initiate project for summer aeration of stored wheat. Data will be useful for developing effective methods for using summer aeration to control insects in stored wheat. Complete data analysis for aeration projects. Models constructed will enable pest managers to predict the impact of aeration on insect pest populations in stored rice. Evaluate surface treatments to floors and walls of milling facilities. Knowledge will be developed and transferred to industry regarding new surface treatments that can be used for pest control inside mills and food warehouses. Initiate second year of targeted studies in grain bins. Data collected will help refine how targeted treatments can be used to replace broad-scale applications of insecticides in stored wheat. Initiate second year of study with surface compared to whole-bin treatments in wheat. Data collected will help refine how surface treatments can be used for
pest control in stored wheat. Collect insect population and Mattesia prevalence data. Knowledge regarding field distribution of natural occurrence of the pathogen Mattesia in insect pests of stored grain will improve integrated control programs for stored grain. Initiate study with Mattesia and parasitic wasps on stored wheat. Knowledge will help optimize the use of parasites and pathogens as biological controls of stored wheat. Initiate studies to determine interaction between DE dusts and lipids in different species. Role of cuticular lipids in conferring susceptibility to DE will be useful for improving the efficacy of DE. Prepare micro-arrays for genetic tests with insect immune responses. Knowledge will be useful for improving pathogen efficacy. Develop experimental protocols for initial experiments with gene systems in pathogens. Manipulation of gene systems in pathogens of stored-product insects will be useful for improving pest control using pathogens. 2007 Continue with
on-going IGR evaluations. New IGRs could replace conventional chemicals for control of stored- product insects. Analyze data from completed studies with hydroprene and methoprene on surface substrates. Knowledge will help improve insect control programs involving applications of IGRs to different flooring surfaces. Present results of insect control using IGRs to industry and other user groups. Knowledge of the efficacy of IGRs could enhance and expand their use by the stored-product industry. Correlate stress response with pathogen susceptibility. Knowledge will be useful for improving pest control using the pathogens Mattesia and Beauveria. Evaluate combinations of IGRs and DE as surface treatments to stored grains. Pest control would be enhanced through reduced application rates when using combination treatments of insecticides. Continue with heat treatment studies of rice kernels (different species of insects). Knowledge will be useful for optimizing use of heat treatments for pest
control in stored rice. Present results of aeration modeling projects in stored rough rice and stored peanuts to industry groups. Knowledge concerning the expanded use of aeration will help the rice industry to optimize pest control in stored rough rice. Write manuscripts on aeration modeling projects for stored rice and stored peanuts. Models constructed will enable pest managers to predict the impact of aeration on insect pest populations in stored rice. Conduct second year of aeration study on summer aeration of stored wheat. Information will be used by the wheat industry to optimize pest control in stored wheat. Analyze data for lab and field studies with targeted insecticide treatments of milling facilities. Effectiveness of targeted application treatments will identify replacements for whole-plant treatments such as fumigation. Analyze data from study comparing surface applications versus whole-bin treatments in stored wheat. Determining effectiveness of surface applications
will help optimize pest control programs in stored wheat. Draft and prepare manuscripts for surface application wheat study. Data collected will help refine how surface treatments can be used for pest control in stored wheat. Continue with data collection for field population study and with wasp study in grain. Data on Mattesia distribution in pest populations will help determine the best methods for using this pathogen to control pests in stored grain. Complete lipid studies with different DE products. Information on the impact of commercial DE products on lipids in the insect cuticle will be useful for improving the efficacy of these products. Analyze data from initial studies on role of cuticular lipids in efficacy of DE. Information will allow specific targeting of cuticular lipids using different DE products. Continue with preparation of genetic tests for insect immune systems. Insect responses could be measured through manipulation of genetic systems. Quantify genetic responses
to pathogens, heat treatments, and other physical controls. Information will be useful for enhancing pest control using these methods. 2008 Continue with evaluation of new products. New IGRs could replace conventional chemicals for control of stored- product insects. Submit completed manuscripts on efficacy of hydroprene and methoprene as surface treatments. Knowledge will help improve insect control programs involving applications of IGRs to different flooring surfaces. Present results of studies with IGRs to industry and other user groups. Knowledge of the efficacy of IGRs could enhance and expand their use by the stored-product industry. Present results of studies with pathogens to industry and other user groups. Knowledge of the efficacy of pathogens could enhance and expand their use by the stored-product industry. Analyze data for combination studies and draft manuscripts. Pest control would be enhanced through reduced application rates when using combination treatments of
insecticides. Analyze data for heat treatment studies. Knowledge will enhance optimization of heat treatments for pest control in stored rice. Submit manuscripts on aeration modeling in stored rice and stored peanuts for publication. Models constructed will enable pest managers to predict the impact of aeration on insect pest populations in stored rice. Conduct third year of summer aeration study for stored wheat. Data will show how summer aeration can reduce insect pest populations in stored wheat. Complete analyses and draft manuscripts on targeted treatments. Effectiveness of targeted application treatments will identify replacements for whole-plant treatments such as fumigation. Present results on targeted treatments in mills and warehouses to industry and other user groups. Effectiveness of targeted application treatments will identify replacements for whole-plant treatments such as fumigation. Submit manuscripts on surface treatments in stored wheat for publication. New methods
for surface treatments may enable replacement of whole-bin treatments, thereby reducing costs and pesticide applications. Model effectiveness of Mattesia to suppress specific stored-product insect species. Models will optimize the use of pathogens to control insect pests. Complete data analysis for effects of different DE products on cuticular lipids of insects. Pest control would be enhaced through specific knowledge on the effects of DE on cuticular lipids in pest insects. Draft manuscripts on the interactions of DE with cuticular lipids for journal submission. Different DE products could be optimized to specifically target particular pest species. Develop experimental protocols to measure insect immune responses. Pest control would be optimized by a more thorough understanding of the responses to different stressing agents. Document susceptibility of insects with silenced immune response genes to the pathogen Beauveria. Knowledge would help optimize the use of Beauveria in control
programs. Continue research with genetic systems. Knowledge of gene and system functions would improve pest control through selective stresses and application methods. 4a What was the single most significant accomplishment this past year? Aeration for Insect Control in Stored Wheat. Insect pests often cause economic damage in stored grain, and cooling storage bins in autumn through aeration (using low-volume airflow rates of ambient air) can be an important component of integrated management plans for stored wheat. Model simulation studies show that a summer aeration cycle would cool stored wheat in Kansas and also reduce insect populations, but field studies have not been done to verify model predictions. Scientists at the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, KS, conducted a 3-year study in which summer aeration was included along with aeration in early and late autumn. Summer aeration reduced temperatures in stored wheat and generally reduced insect
populations, but year-to- year variations in temperatures affected the level of control. Results warrant further research into the timing and optimization of summer aeration. 4b List other significant accomplishments, if any. Assay for the Detection of Insect Pathogens. Naturally occurring insect pathogens can impact pest populations, but the existing tools for measuring their impacts are inadequate. Better detection tools are needed in order to monitor pathogen prevalence in controlled experiments and wild populations so that decisions can be made regarding pathogen preservation or introduction for pest suppression. Scientists at the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center obtained highly specific monoclonal antibodies to two widely-occurring pathogens and developed serological assays that will rapidly detect pathogen presence in large numbers of insects. Results show that these assays can be used in controlled experimentation and environmental monitoring to determine the
impact of these beneficial organisms and find ways to integrate these pathogens into control programs. Stress Improves Pathogen Efficiency. The stored-product environment has relatively dry conditions that are generally believed to be an impediment to the use of fungal insecticides. Scientists at the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center, Manhattan, KS, have discovered that a commercial fungal insecticide is more efficacious for some key insect pest of stored products in low moisture environments than in high moisture environments, probably due to desiccation stress and enhanced survival of the spores. In addition, exposure to desiccation stress prior to exposure to the fungus also increases fungal efficacy, and therefore could be an alternative to traditional chemical-dependent pest management practices. These results show how performance of a non-chemical approach to insect control could be improved through manipulation of stress factors, and provide a means to identify
other stress factors that impact efficacy of fungal pathogens. Use of Hydroprene for Insect Control. Hydroprene is an insect growth regulator used for control of stored-product insects, but there are no data to show that this insecticide can control late-stage larvae of the Indianmeal moth, a major pest of stored food. Scientists at the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, KS, exposed last instar larvae of the Indianmeal moth on concrete treated with the label rate of hydroprene. Exposure caused either a delay in adult emergence or larval mortality, depending on temperature or how long the larvae were exposed. Results show that hydroprene could be used to control larvae of the Indianmeal moth in stored-product facilities. Diatomaceous Earth for Insect Control. Stored wheat is often treated with the inert dust diatomaceous earth (DE) by mixing the dust into the top surface of the wheat mass, but there are no data to show if this method of application would
effectively control the lesser grain borer, a major pest of stored wheat. Scientists at the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, KS, put 6, 9, and 12-inch layers of treated wheat on top of untreated wheat in a vertical column, and released live adult lesser grain borers on the surface. Adult mortality increased with increasing depths of the DE-treated layer, as expected, but adults apparently were able to penetrate through the DE-treated layer and lay eggs and produce progeny in the untreated wheat. Results indicate that surface-layer treatments may not give complete control of the lesser grain borer. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. During our first year, we have identified several new reduced-risk insecticides, biological pathogens, and physical controls that can be integrated into insect management programs for grain and processed food products. We have also investigated
different methods for optimizing the use of these control agents. Initial research with contact insecticides and aerosols has shown that targeted applications of insecticides can be used instead of whole-plant treatments such as methyl bromide to control insects. We have identified physiological processes and genetic pathways that are part of the insect immune system and the responses to stressing agents. Specific genetic targets have been examined for future, more comprehensive studies integrating new control strategies with immune responses. The research reported is conducted under National Program 304, Crop Protection and Quarantine, and directly contributes to research Component V, Pest Control Technologies, and are also relevant to Components II, Biology of Pests and Natural Enemies (includes microbes); IV, Postharvest, Pest Exclusion, and Quarantine Treatment; and VI, Integrated Pest Management Systems and Areawide Suppression Programs. The results are also relevant to National
Program 308 Methyl Bromide Alternatives, particularly subcomponent Post-harvest Commodity Treatment (Including Structural). Research activities are further related to ARS Strategic Plan Goal 3, Enhance protection and safety of the nation's agriculture and food supply; Objective 3.2, Develop and deliver science-based information and technologies to reduce the number and severity of agricultural pest, insect, weed, and disease outbreaks. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? We provided scientific information, data, interpretation, and technical support for several segments of the stored-product market, including grain storage, milling and processing, and warehousing. New reduced-risk, low toxicity insecticides were identified as potential
registrations for the postharvest market. Insect pathogens were combined with other control agents for improved efficacy toward stored-product insects. Scientific information was developed that has led to improved packaging materials and designs to reduce insect contamination of processed foods. Technology was transferred through Specific Cooperative Agreements at scientific meetings, training sessions, and industry symposia. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Arthur, F.H. Insect pest management in stored grain. GEAPS/NGFA Grain Quality Management Seminar, Kansas City, MO, July 25-28, 2005. Arthur, F.H. Progeny production of stored-product beetles on rough rice in response to geographic location and harvest date. 2005 Industry Alliance Meeting, U. of Arkansas Rice Processing Program, Fayetteville, AR, May 25-26, 2005. Arthur, F.H.
Results from Arkansas Field Studies. University Extension training session entitled On-Farm Rice Storage Management Strategies, presented on October 26, Dexter, MO, October 27, Little Rock, AR, and October 28, Beaumont, TX. Arthur, F.H. Historical weather data to plan aeration strategies. University Extension training session entitled On-Farm Rice Storage Management Strategies, presented on October 26, Dexter, MO, October 27, Little Rock, AR, and October 28, Beaumont, TX. Arthur, F.H. Controlled atmospheres. North American Millers Association Pest Management Alternatives Workshop, Chicago, IL, September 29, 2004. Arthur, F.H. Residuals, aerosols, and new formulations. North American Millers Association, Pest Management Alternatives Workshop, Chicago, IL, September 29, 2004. Arthur, F.H. New Research with Insect Control in Stored Grain, Kansas Grain and Feed Association, Grain Handlers Workshop, Garden City and Salina KS, September 1-2, 2004. Arthur, F.H. Methoprene to control the
Indianmeal moth. Presentation to Actinic, Inc., Greensboro, NC, August 3, 2004. Toews, M.D., T.C. Pearson, F.H. Arthur, and J.F. Campbell. Imaging and automated detection of rice weevil pupae in wheat. Rice Industry Alliance Meeting, Fayetteville, AR, May 25-26, 2005. Toews, M.D. Insect management for grain storage and processing. State of Kansas Cooperative Extension Service commercial pesticide applicator training programs, Topeka, KS, October 22, 2004.
Impacts
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Publications
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