Progress 11/12/04 to 11/11/09
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Develop and refine year-round production of hybrid striped bass fingerlings through photothermal, dietary, and culture manipulation. Increase hybrid striped bass production efficiency through physiological control of stress, gender, and hormonal growth factors. Increase hybrid striped bass production efficiency by refining nutrient requirements, manipulating feeding strategy and diet nutrient density, and reducing fish meal and oil content. Develop genetically superior Morone species. Approach (from AD-416) Evaluate photothermal manipulation and hormonal stimulation to induce off- season spawning of Morone sp. Evaluate the effects of stocking density, feeds and feeding strategies, and environmental conditions on survival and growth of hybrid striped bass and fingerlings in tanks/ponds. Characterize the physiological stress response to production practices with respect to environmental, nutritional, and genetic factors. Characterize gender-related production characteristics and develop methods of sex reversal to produce monosex populations. Determine conditions that increase growth-promoting actions of growth factors such as growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factors. Determine the nutrient digestibility of traditional and alternative feed ingredients to replace fish meal. Determine or refine nutrient requirements for different life stages and production systems. Use phenotypic and genotypic characters to evaluate new strains for economically revelant traits. Identify phenotypic and molecular differences among stocks of white/striped bass. Implement a selective breeding program to produce progeny with desired traits. Develop molecular markers for economically relevant traits to aid selective breeding efforts. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations This project will terminate in early FY10. Patterns of succession in ponds of live food organisms consumed by first-feeding hyrbrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x Morone saxatilis; HSB) fingerlings were determined, which enables prediction of when to stock fingerlings to ensure high growth and survival. Indoor, year-round HSB fingerling production was advanced. An inexpensive, modular system was developed that produced a continuous supply of rotifers for feeding larvae. Brine shrimp microcysts were identified as a good live food substitute for rotifers in feeding larval HSB. Automated harvest of zooplankton from outdoor ponds to feed HSB fingerlings in indoor tanks was accomplished during the off-season. A relationship was described between stocking density and HSB fry growth in indoor tanks with unlimited food that optimizes commercial hatchery production. Plasma IGF-I concentrations in HSB were highly correlated with temperature, photoperiod, feed intake, and dietary carbohydrate or tryptophan levels, and confirm that IGF-I levels can be used earlier than previously thought to identify diets and culture conditions that optimize growth. The composition, digestibility of nutrients, and the availability of amino acids, fatty acids, and energy in a variety of plant and animal feedstuffs and oils as alternatives to marine fish meal and oil were determined for HSB. Pet-food-grade poultry by-product meal (PBM) supplemented with the two most-limiting amino acids on an ideal protein basis can substitute 50% of the fish meal in HSB diets for pond and tank production. Supplementing diets with free-amino acids did not result in more nitrogen excretion when compared to unsupplemented diets. The dietary requirements for the essential amino acids tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine, and valine were determined for HSB. Although manipulation of the dietary ratio of highly branched (amylopectin) to less-branched starch (amylose) somewhat increased carbohydrate use and decreased fat deposition, the compositional gains and losses were minimal. Carbohydrate is not a major oxidative substrate for HSB, and the limits for dietary manipulation of carbohydrate use may be extremely narrow barring selection for improved strains. Upper and lower temperature limits of HSB feeding activity were determined and resulted in temperature-specific feeding recommendations and more efficient commercial diet formulations. We produced and performance-tested 122 unique genetic groups of white bass and 147 unique genetic groups of hybrid striped bass, which yielded 290,000 larvae and 134,000 Phase-I fingerlings, and generated over 6,700 genotypes for assigning family lineage to fingerlings. Larvae size at 5 days post-hatch depended on the female, but not the male parent. White bass egg size was independent of female size. A cortisol dose response curve, the first such response curve published on this species, to a low water stressor was created using 3-year-old adult white bass and yearling Phase II white bass fingerlings. Cortisol concentrations differed significantly between male and female white bass when stressed, with females having a significantly lower response.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Perschbacher, P., Ludwig, G.M., Edzigie, R. 2008. Effects of atrazine drift on production pond plankton communities and water quality using experimental mesocosms. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 39(1) :126-130.
- Ludwig, G.M., Lochmann, S. 2007. Effect of tank stocking density on larval sunshine bass growth and survival to the fingerling stage. North American Journal of Aquaculture. 69:407-412.
- Rawles, S.D., Smith, S.B., Gatlin, D.M. 2008. Hepatic glucose utilization and lipogenesis of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis) in response to dietary carbohydrate level and complexity. Aquaculture Nutrition. 14:40-50.
- Ludwig, G.M., Rawles, S.D., Lochmann, S.E. 2008. Effect of rotifer enrichment with fatty acids on sunshine bass morone chrysops X M. saxatilis larvae growth and survival. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 39(2):158-173.
- Fuller, S.A., Henne, J., Seals, J., Mudrak, V. 2008. Performance of commercially available Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tag systems used for fish identification and interjurisdictional fisheries management. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 28(2):386-393.
- Fuller, S.A., Carmichael, G.J. 2007. Cryopreservation of sperm of the endangered gila trout, Oncorhynchus gilae. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 19(1):71-79.
- Thompson, K.R., Rawles, S.D., Metts, L.S., Smith, R., Wimsatt, A., Gannam, A.L., Twibrll, R.G., Johnson, R.B., Bardy, Y.J., Webster, C.D. 2008. Digestibility of dry matter, protein, lipid, and organic matter of two fish meals, two poultry by-product meals, soybean meal, and distiller's grains with solubles in practical diets for sunshine bass. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 39:352-363.
- Rawles, S.D., Gaylord, T.G., McEntire, M.E., Freeman, D.W. 2009. Evaluation of poultry by-product meal in commercial diets for hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X M. saxatilis) in pond production. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 40:141-156.
- Rawles, S.D., Thompson, K.R., Metts, L.S., Gannam, A.L., Twibell, R.G., Brady, Y.J., Webster, C.D. 2009. A comparison of two fecal collection methods for protein and amino acid digestibility coefficients for menhaden fish meal and two grades of pultry-by-product meals in market-size sunshine bass (Morone chrysops X M. saxatilis). Aquaculture Nutrition. [DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2008.00643].
- Gaylord, T.G., Barrows, F., Rawles, S.D., Liu, K., Bregitzer, P.P., Hang, A., Obert, D.E., Morris, C.F. 2009. Apparent digestibility of nutrients in extruded diets from cultivars of barley and wheat selected for nutritional quality in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture Nutrition. 15:306-312.
- Gaylord, T.G., Barrows, F., Rawles, S.D. 2009. Apparent Amino Acid Availability from Feedstuffs in Extruded Diets for Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture Nutrition. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009. 00678.x
- Ludwig, G.M., Lochmann, S. 2009. Tank culture of sunshine bass without using rotifers. North American Journal of Aquaculture. 71:224-228.
- Ludwig, G.M., Lochmann, S.E. 2009. Effect of temperature on larval sunshine bass growth and survival to the fingerling stage. North American Journal of Aquaculture. 71:260-266.
- Subhadra, B., Lochmann, R., Rawles, S.D., Chen, R. 2006. Effect of fish- meal replacement with poultry by-product meal on the growth, tissue composition and hematological parameters of largemouth bass (micropterus salmoides) fed diets containing different lipids. Aquaculture. 260:221-231.
- Davis Jr, K.B., McEntire, M.E. 2009. Comparison of the cortisol and glucose stress response to acute confinement among white bass, Monrone chrysops, striped bass, Monrone saxatilis and sunshine bass, Monrone chrysops x Morone saxatilis. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 40(4):567-572.
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Develop and refine year-round production of hybrid striped bass fingerlings through photothermal, dietary, and culture manipulation. Increase hybrid striped bass production efficiency through physiological control of stress, gender, and hormonal growth factors. Increase hybrid striped bass production efficiency by refining nutrient requirements, manipulating feeding strategy and diet nutrient density, and reducing fish meal and oil content. Develop genetically superior Morone species. Measure genetic variation in production traits of striped bass and white bass and correlations between traits; develop genomic resources for integrating functional genomics into the striped bass and white bass applied breeding programs; and, increase biological efficiency through selective breeding of hybrid striped bass and transfer improved germplasm to the U.S. hybrid striped bass industry. Develop year-round spawning strategies for captive broodstock and larviculture methods for sustainable seed production of important warmwater finfish species, especially hybrid striped bass. Offset reliance on fish meal and fish oil in feeds for all life stages of hybrid striped bass, increase use of plant products (particularly biofuel co-products in warm water aquafeeds), investigate immune enhancement, disease and stress resistance in hybrid striped bass by probiotics, nutraceuticals, and feed additives, and develop feeds and feeding practices for optimal water quality in pond and tank-reared fish. Correlate growth, feed efficiency, carbohydrate use, disease and stress resistance to key hormones, regulatory genes, and proteins in striped bass and white bass that can be used to genetically select and improve strains of broodstock used in the U.S. hybrid striped bass industry. Approach (from AD-416) Evaluate photothermal manipulation and hormonal stimulation to induce off- season spawning of Morone sp. Evaluate the effects of stocking density, feeds and feeding strategies, and environmental conditions on survival and growth of hybrid striped bass and fingerlings in tanks/ponds. Characterize the physiological stress response to production practices with respect to environmental, nutritional, and genetic factors. Characterize gender-related production characteristics and develop methods of sex reversal to produce monosex populations. Determine conditions that increase growth-promoting actions of growth factors such as growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factors. Determine the nutrient digestibility of traditional and alternative feed ingredients to replace fish meal. Determine or refine nutrient requirements for different life stages and production systems. Use phenotypic and genotypic characters to evaluate new strains for economically revelant traits. Identify phenotypic and molecular differences among stocks of white/striped bass. Implement a selective breeding program to produce progeny with desired traits. Develop molecular markers for economically relevant traits to aid selective breeding efforts. Accomplishments REPLACEMENT OF FISH MEAL WITH POULTRY BY-PRODUCT IN DIETS FOR POND-RAISED HYBRID STRIPED BASS: The reduction of fishmeal in aquafeeds is a high priority need of the aquaculture industry due the high cost of fish meal and its high demand by other livestock producers. Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center replaced nearly half the fishmeal in commercial hybrid striped bass diets with a lower cost poultry by-product and two added amino acids without significant changes to yield and with a lower cost than previous commercial diets. Test diets were commercially manufactured to mimic the nutrient profile of hybrid striped bass fillets and then fed to fish stocked in ponds at commercial rates. Results found that replacement of fishmeal with poultry by-product above 50% is feasible if the kinds and amounts of amino acids added to the diet are appropriately adjusted. The lower cost of these diets has the potential impact of significantly increasing the sustainability of marine aquaculture in the U.S. The actual impact is that some commercial growers are now field testing updated versions of these diets, and that a similar strategy for replacing fishmeal is being pursued in other marine fish culture. (NP 106: Component 6c, Growth, Development, and Nutrition, sustainable sources of nutrients, nutrient use and feed evaluation) ANOTHER STEP ELIMINATED FROM INDOOR HYBRID STRIPED BASS PRODUCTION: Scientists at the HKD-SNARC were able to produce hybrid striped bass fingerlings this season without feeding rotifers. Microscopic organisms called rotifers are actually the first step in a three-step process of weaning newly hatched fish (fry) from live to manufactured food. Because of their tiny mouths, it was once thought essential to begin feeding rotifers to hybrid striped bass fry before progressing to larger food like brine shrimp (Artemia nauplii) and manufactured feed. However, rotifer production is expensive, complicated, and risky. By feeding a new product on the market, microcysts of Artemia nauplii, scientists achieved good survival of hybrid striped bass fry without feeding rotifers. Eliminating the use of rotifers in hybrid striped bass production has the potential impact of tremendously reducing overall production costs and risks. (NP 106: Components 5e, Reproduction and Early Development, early life stage development and survival) POND DYES REDUCE RISKS TO HYBRID STRIPED BASS HARVESTS: Pond Scum, otherwise known as filamentous blue-green algae, as well as rooted aquatic plants increase risks and losses on hybrid striped bass farms by interfering with fingerling harvest. Organic dyes are sometimes applied to ponds to inhibit the growth of these undesirable plants. However, dyes can also interfere with the natural production of live foods in the pond that are needed to produce healthy stocks of fingerling fish. Scientists at the HKD-SNARC found that by timing the application of organic dyes to just before fry are stocked in the ponds, or until they are weaned to manufactured feed, reduced undesirable (blue-green) algae without interfering with live food or hybrid striped bass fingerling production. The reduction or elimination of blue-green algae from fish ponds has the added benefit of reducing the chances of producing off-flavor fish, as well. This accomplishment has the potential impact of reducing financial costs and risks associated with hybrid striped bass fingerling production. (NP 106: Component 6b Aquaculture Production Systems, production intensity) IGF-I/IGFBPs ARE AN INDICATOR OF OPTIMUM PRODUCTION CONDITIONS: The primary determinants of fish growth are nutrition, temperature, photoperiod, and stress that the fish are exposed to during aquaculture operations. Two of the primary chemical regulators of growth in response to these environmental determinants are insulin-like growth factors, or IGFs, and IGF binding proteins, or IGFBPs. The mechanisms through which IGFs and IGFBPs are regulated by culture conditions were studied in hybrid striped bass, and results indicate that high levels of these chemical factors are correlated with culture conditions that are optimal for growth. The potential impact of these results is that IGF and IGFBP levels in the blood may be a useful tool for optimizing culture conditions in any production scenario for hybrid striped bass. The actual impact is that this information is among the first of its kind in hybrid striped bass and lays important groundwork for future understanding of the regulation of fish growth in relation to environmental factors that will increase the profitability of U.S. fish farmers. (NP 106: Component 6b, Growth and Development, and Nutrition, tissue growth and development) Technology Transfer Number of Non-Peer Reviewed Presentations and Proceedings: 12 Number of Newspaper Articles,Presentations for NonScience Audiences: 1
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Ludwig, G.M., Hobbs, M.S., Perschbacher, P. 2006. Ammonia, pH and plankton in sunshine bass nursery ponds: The effect of inorganic fertilizer or sodium bicarbonate. North American Journal of Aquaculture. 69:80-89.
- Davis Jr, K.B., Peterson, B.C. 2006. The effect of temperature, stress and cortisol on plasma IGF-I and IGFBPS in sunshine bass. General and Comparative Endocrinology. 149:219-225.
- Davis Jr, K.B., McEntire, M.E. 2006. Effect of photoperiod on feeding, intraperitoneal fat, and IGF-I in sunshine bass. Annual Meeting World Aquaculture Society. 37:431-436.
- Perscbacher, P., Ludwig, G.M. 2007. High draft rate effects of propanil and basis gold on the plankton communites and water quality of a prestocking sunshine bass morone chrysops X M. isaxatilis, fry pond. Journal of Applied Aquaculture. 19(2):101-112.
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Progress Report 1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? Nearly 1/3 of U.S. seafood consumption is composed of aquacultured products. Of that total, fish of the taxon Morone--i.e., striped bass and their hybrids-ranked fourth in the market, at 13 million pounds, representing a farm-gate value of $40 million in 2003. U.S. producers face increasing competition in the market. Efficiency and bottlenecks in the production of Morone sp. must be improved or alleviated to sustain and expand the U.S. industry. Morone sp. are typically spawned in spring because breeders depend on mature fish captured from the wild. For the U.S. industry to remain globally competitive, stocks of domesticated broodstock must be developed and coupled with off-season spawning and larval feeding strategies to ensure year-round availability of genetically superior seedstock.
Additionally, reduction of culture and handling stress must be accomplished through better understanding of the stress response of Morone sp. Gender-related differences in commercially relevant traits must be defined before they can be exploited in industry breeding programs. Understanding the regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factors I and II and their binding proteins (IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBPs) in fish is critical to increasing growth efficiency of Morone sp. The availability of nutrients and energy to Morone sp. in traditional and novel feedstuffs must be defined as the logical first step in the reduction of fishmeal in aquatic feeds. New diets with reduced fish meal and oil must be vetted in commercial settings before industry adoption. Nutrient requirements as well as feeding strategies for different life stages, culture systems, and seasons are currently lacking. Genetic variation among stocks influences commercially important traits such as reproductive success, fry survival,
response to stress, disease resistance, nutrient utilization, and growth. In order for Morone producers to remain globally competitive, a sustained research program must be initiated to 1) identify phenotypic and molecular differences among stocks of white and striped bass, 2) selectively breed progeny with desired traits, and 3) develop molecular markers for economically relevant traits to aid selective breeding efforts. The objectives of this project are: 1) develop and refine year-round production of hybrid striped bass fingerlings through photothermal, dietary, and culture manipulation, 2) increase hybrid striped bass production efficiency through physiological control of stress, gender, and hormonal growth factors, 3) increase hybrid striped bass production efficiency by refining nutrient requirements, manipulating feeding strategy and diet nutrient density, and reducing fish meal and oil content, and 4) develop genetically superior Morone sp. This project addresses the following
components of NP 106 - Aquaculture: 1) genetic improvement, 2) reproduction and early development; 3) growth and development, and nutrition; 4)aquaculture production systems; and 5) sustainability and environmental compatibility of aquaculture. Striped bass growers as well as State and Federal hatcheries will benefit from improved culture methods for year-round production of fry and fingerlings. Commercial as well as government hatcheries and managers will have tangible recommendations with respect to stress management, nutrient requirements, and alternate diet formulations. Farmers will be able to utilize improved strains of striped bass, white bass and their hybrids to increase profitability and sustainability. Increased numbers of hybrid striped bass producers will provide jobs and support collateral industries, including agriculture, feed manufacturers, processors, and supply companies. Wholesalers, retailers, and consumers will benefit from increased supplies of safe, quality
seafood products. 2. List by year the currently approved milestones (indicators of research progress) Year 1 (FY 2005) Determine the effects of hybrid striped bass larval density on survival and growth in tank culture in order to optimize indoor fry culture. Provide guidelines from stress experiments on white bass and striped bass that can be used as characteristics for broodstock selection in support of National efforts on genetic improvement and selective breeding for the Hybrid Striped Bass Industry. Produce monosex populations of striped bass using hormonal sex reversal techniques and select potential broodstock for producing all female populations for use in aquaculture in support of National efforts on genetic improvement and selective breeding for the Hybrid Striped Bass Industry. Establish optimum temperatures for sunshine bass culture using insulin- like growth factor I (IGF-I) response profiles in order to optimize production management practices of the hybrid striped bass
industry. Provide the hybrid striped bass industry with recommendations regarding optimum dietary protein to energy ratio for different culture temperatures in order to optimize summer and winter production practices of the hybrid striped bass industry. Year 2 (FY 2006) Determine effects of enriched rotifers on sunshine bass fry growth and survival in order to optimize fry culture. Determine initial photothermal effects on early maturation of broodstock. Establish desirable handling intensity and frequency conditions for sunshine bass to optimize commercial culture and management practices. Establish the effects of photoperiod on plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations and feeding in sunshine bass to optimize commercial culture and management practices. Provide information to scientists and producers regarding the effects of stress on plasma IGF-I in sunshine bass to optimize commercial culture and management practices. Provide recommendations regarding optimum
dietary levels of poultry meal for tank/recirculated system culture of hybrid striped bass. Year 3 (FY 2007) Determine the effect of culture temperature on the growth rates of hybrid striped bass fry to optimize off-season fry culture. Characterize reproductive output of normal Morone broodstock as a prerequisite to achieving reliable off-season spawning. Provide recommendations regarding optimum dietary levels of poultry meal for pond culture of hybrid striped bass. Provide digestibility coefficients for nutrients and essential amino acids in traditional and novel animal and plant products to feed mills. Quantify dietary essential fatty acid requirements for hybrid striped bass fed high fat diets. Characterize growth performance of hybrid striped bass fed diets in which fishmeal is replaced by animal or plant processing by-products such as fish processing offal, barley or soy protein isolates, or other promising by-product. Year 4 (FY 2008) Determine earliest time-to-wean to prepared
diet for sunshine bass fry. Characterize reproductive output of second-year normal vs. first-year phase-shifted Morone broodstock as a prerequisite to achieving reliable off-season spawning. Quantify dietary requirements for the essential amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine in hybrid striped bass. Quantify dietary requirements for the essential amino acids phenylalanine and histidine in hybrid striped bass. Year 5 (FY 2009) Determine optimum live feed densities for hybrid striped bass fry. Characterize reproductive output of third-year normal vs. second-year phase-shifted Morone broodstock as a prerequisite to achieving reliable off-season spawning. Provide recommendations to feed mills regarding optimum levels of an animal or plant processing by-product, barley, or vegetable protein isolate to replace fishmeal in hybrid striped bass diets. Characterize growth performance of hybrid striped bass fed diets in which fish oil is replaced with alternate oil sources such as Alaskan
fishery visceral meal. Re-estimate hybrid striped bass requirements for the essential amino acid lysine and total sulfur amino acids (methionine + cysteine) using soy-based diets. Quantify the requirement of hybrid striped bass for essential fatty acids when fed different ratios of arachidonic (20:4) to eicosapentaenoic acids (20:5). 4a List the single most significant research accomplishment during FY 2006. REPLACEMENT OF FISH MEAL WITH POULTRY BY-PRODUCT IN DIETS FOR TANK RAISED HYBRID STRIPED BASS: The reduction of fishmeal in aquafeeds is a high priority need of the aquaculture industry in order to lower costs and sustain a natural resource in high-demand. Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center and Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Ft. Pierce, FL, were able to replace nearly half the fishmeal in commercial hybrid striped bass diets with a lower-cost poultry by-product and two added amino acids without significant changes in production and at a
lower feed cost than current commercial diets. In cooperation with the hybrid striped bass industry, the test diets were commercially formulated and manufactured to mimic the nutrient profile of hybrid striped bass fillets and then fed to fish in commercial-scale recirculated tanks in Ft. Pierce, FL. Results also found that replacement of fishmeal with poultry by-product above 50% is feasible if the kind and amount of amino acids added to the diet are appropriately adjusted. The lower cost of these diets along with water-reuse technology has the potential impact of significantly increasing the sustainability of marine aquaculture in the U.S.. The actual impact is that some commercial growers are now field testing updated versions of these diets and that a similar strategy for replacing fishmeal is being pursued in other marine fish culture. This accomplishment addresses Year 2 (2006) milestone of CRIS Project No. 6225-31630-005-00D: Provide recommendations regarding optimum dietary
levels of poultry meal for tank/recirculated system culture of hybrid striped bass and the following components of NP 106 - Aquaculture: Growth, Development, and Nutrition; Aquaculture Production Systems; and Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture; and also addresses ARS Strategic Plan Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems, Performance Measures 1.2.1, 1.2.2, and 1.2.5. 4b List other significant research accomplishment(s), if any. QUALITY OF JUVENILE HYBRID STRIPED BASS ENHANCED: Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center found an optimum combination of commercial algal paste and nutrient supplement for larval hybrid striped bass production. Sunshine bass production starts with feeding newly hatched fish live food in the form of microscopic animals called rotifers. The nutritional profile, particularly essential fats, of the rotifers is beefed up with commercial algae pastes and supplements in
order to improve the quality of the fry prior to stock-out; however, this process costs time, effort, and money. Various combinations of the most popular commercial algal pastes and supplements were tested and newly hatched fish fed rotifers enhanced with the algae Nannochloropsis plus the supplement Culture Selco 3000RG had the greatest survival, total length, and weight, as well as the highest content of essential fats than all other combinations tested. The potential impact of these results will be to reduce costs and increase efficiency of year-round production of fingerling hybrid striped bass. This accomplishment addresses Year 2 (2006) milestone of CRIS Project No. 6225-31630-005-00D: Determine effects of enriched rotifers on sunshine bass fry growth and survival in order to optimize fry culture and the following components of NP 106 - Aquaculture: Reproduction and Early Development; Growth, Development, and Nutrition; Aquaculture Production Systems; and Sustainability and
Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture; and also addresses ARS Strategic Plan Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems, Performance Measures 1.2.1, 1.2.2, and 1.2.5. OFF-SEASON SPAWNING OF WHITE BASS: Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center succeeded in altering the timing of the normal spawning cycle of white bass broodstock. Year-round spawning of hybrid striped bass broodstock is desirable to even out production and marketing spikes in the industry. White bass normally spawn during early April; however, by changing the water temperature profile at which the fish were conditioned and by significantly reducing the amount of injected hormone used to initiate spawning, white bass were spawned in mid-June and approximately 300,000 eggs were obtained. An estimated 200,000 fry were hatched (66% hatch rate) and 80,000 were subsequently stocked into ponds for further grow-out. The ability to manipulate hybrid striped
bass spawning has the potential impact of promoting a year-round supply of fingerlings that will decrease price and supply volatility at both the farm and sea-food market level. This accomplishment addresses Year 2 (2006) milestone of CRIS Project No. 6225-31630-005-00D: Determine initial photothermal effects on early maturation of broodstock and the following components of NP 106 - Aquaculture: Reproduction and Early Development; Growth, Development, and Nutrition; Aquaculture Production Systems; and Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture; and also addresses ARS Strategic Plan Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems, Performance Measures 1.2.1, 1.2.2, and 1. 2.5. PARENTAL CONTRIBUTION TO STRESS TOLERANCE IN HYBRID STRIPED BASS: Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center measured the relative contributions of the parental species (white bass and striped bass) to the stress tolerance and growth
factor (IGF-I) levels in the sunshine bass which are hybrids produced by crossing female white bass with male striped bass. Typical indicators of stress, plasma cortisol and glucose, were compared before and after defined stressors as well as concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) among the parents and hybrid. Stress responses were higher and longer lasting in striped bass than in white bass or sunshine bass. Plasma IGF-I (growth hormone) concentrations were not different among the three fish types. The stress tolerance appears to be derived from the white bass but the source of the hormonal growth rate (IGF-I) stimulation is not clearly from either of the parental species. These results will impact scientific and commercial research efforts and the National Breeding Program aimed at elucidating physiological mechanisms and maximizing stress tolerance in hybrid striped bass. This accomplishment addresses Year 2 (2006) milestones of CRIS Project No. 6225-31630-005-00D:
Establish desirable handling intensity and frequency conditions for sunshine bass and Provide information to scientists and producers regarding the effects of stress on plasma IGF-I in sunshine bass. Additionally, this accomplishment addresses the following components of NP 106 - Aquaculture: Reproduction and Early Development; Growth, Development, and Nutrition; Aquaculture Production Systems; and Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture; and also addresses ARS Strategic Plan Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems, Performance Measures 1.2.1, 1.2.2, and 1.2.5. GENDER VS. GROWTH HORMONE (IGF-I) IN HYBRID STRIPED BASS: The growth of female sunshine bass is faster than male fish and sex hormones secreted during sexual maturation in females may be stimulating this gender biased growth by stimulating insulin-like growth factorI (IGF-I)-the growth factor now thought to be responsible for directly stimulating growth of fish.
Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center measured gonadal development, plasma sex hormone concentrations, and IGF-I in market size sunshine bass from a commercial farm during and after the spring peak of gonadal development and spawning and in tank-reared fish fed diets containing different sex hormones. IGF-I concentrations increased throughout the season and were always higher in males rather than females. In the tank study, those fish fed estrogen in the feed ate less, grew less, and had lower IGF-I concentrations than fish fed diets containing testosterone, methyl testosterone, or no hormone. Apparently the reason for the growth advantage seen in female fish is not stimulated by estrogen, and the physiological reason for the gender-based growth bias is not yet clear. These results will impact scientific and commercial research efforts and the National Breeding Program aimed at elucidating physiological mechanisms of growth and maximizing growth in
hybrid striped bass. This accomplishment addresses Objective 2. Increase hybrid striped bass production efficiency through physiological control of stress, gender, and hormonal growth factors of CRIS Project No. 6225-31630-005-00D and the following components of NP 106 - Aquaculture: Growth, Development, and Nutrition; Aquaculture Production Systems; and Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture; and also addresses ARS Strategic Plan Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems, Performance Measures 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.2.4, and 1.2.5. 5. Describe the major accomplishments to date and their predicted or actual impact. Major accomplishments during the first two years (FY2005 & FY2006) include: POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE IN HYBRID STRIPED BASS FRY PONDS: Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center determined that the chemical potassium permanganate may temporarily harm the aquatic food chain in hybrid striped bass
(HSB) fry ponds. Potassium permanganate is a chemical that shows promise in killing disease organisms in HSB ponds. Before it can be labeled by FDA for public use, however, the environmental effects of potassium permanganate must be determined. Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center treated several HSB ponds with potassium permanganate during the summer when nutrient levels in the ponds were high and then measured the types and numbers of organisms at the base of the aquatic food chain. Zooplankton concentrations, principally rotifer and algae, significantly declined after the permanganate treatment. If accepted by FDA, the potential impact of this data would be to help set limits and conditions of future use of potassium permanganate as a treatment against diseases in hybrid striped bass culture. This accomplishment addresses Objective 1. Develop and refine year-round production of hybrid striped bass fingerlings through photothermal, dietary, and
culture manipulation of CRIS Project No. 6225-31630-005-00D and Year 5 (2009) milestone of CRIS Project No. 6225-32000-004-00D: Gain FDA-approval of potassium permanganate for external columnaris and the following components of NP 106 - Aquaculture: Aquaculture Production Systems; Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture; and Integrated Aquatic Animal Health Management; and also addresses ARS Strategic Plan Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems, Performance Measures 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.2.4, 1.2.5 as well as Objective 3.2 - Develop and Deliver Science-Based Information and Technologies To Reduce the Number and Severity of Agricultural Pest, Insect, Weed, and Disease Outbreaks, Performance Measures 3.2.1, and 3.2.3. LETHAL PH IN HYBRID STRIPED BASS FRY PONDS: Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center found a relationship between fertilization method, water pH, and survival of hybrid striped bass (HSB)
fry that may increase production in commercial fry ponds. Fry ponds are fertilized to stimulate the growth of live food organisms; however, when producers use chemical fertilizers the fry often die when pH levels become too high. Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center treated several HSB fry ponds with chemical or organic fertilizers, or commercial baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) and observed the change in pond acidity (pH) and fry survival. Adding baking soda failed to prevent lethal increases in pH during algae blooms, but using organic fertilizers did. If adopted by industry, this information has the potential impact of improving year- round production of HSB fingerlings. This accomplishment addresses Objective 1. Develop and refine year-round production of hybrid striped bass fingerlings through photothermal, dietary, and culture manipulation of CRIS Project No. 6225-31630-005-00D and the following components of NP 106 - Aquaculture: Reproduction and
Early Development; Growth, Development, and Nutrition; Aquaculture Production Systems; and Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture; and also addresses ARS Strategic Plan Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems, Performance Measures 1.2.1, 1.2.2, and 1.2.5. GROWTH FACTOR (IGF-I) VS. TEMPERATURE IN HYBRID STRIPED BASS: Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center demonstrated that growth factor (IGF-I) in hybrid striped bass (HSB) is higher at 25C and 30C than at lower temperatures. Plasma IGF-I is a hormone produced by the liver that stimulates growth. Knowing the optimum temperature that stimulates the release of natural growth hormones could improve the efficiency of hybrid striped bass production. By measuring IGF-I in HSB grown at various controlled temperatures, scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center determined the optimum culture temperatures for commercial tank
producers. If adopted by industry, this information has the potential impact of optimizing management practices of the hybrid striped bass industry. This accomplishment addresses Year 1 (2005) milestone of CRIS Project No. 6225- 31630-005-00D: Establish optimum temperatures for sunshine bass culture using insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) response profiles and the following components of NP 106 - Aquaculture: Growth, Development, and Nutrition; Aquaculture Production Systems; and Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture; and also addresses ARS Strategic Plan Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems, Performance Measures 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.2.4, and 1.2.5. CORTISOL VS. GROWTH FACTOR (IGF-I) IN STRESSED HYBRID STRIPED BASS: Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center demonstrated that a natural hormone (IGF-I) that stimulates growth decreases significantly in stressed hybrid striped (HSB) and that
cortisol, another natural hormone, delivered orally has no effect on IGF- I levels. Better understanding of the stress response of HSB is necessary to develop management strategies to reduce disease and mortality due to handling stress. Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center subjected HSB to acute low-water confinement and measured IGF-I in the blood before and after oral cortisol treatments and found no improvement in IGF-I. The potential impact of these findings is to stimulate research in alternative physiological mechanisms of stress in order to improve culture practices that optimize commercial production of fish. This accomplishment addresses Year 2 (2006) milestone of CRIS Project No. 6225-31630-005-00D: Provide information to scientists and producers regarding the effects of stress on plasma IGF-I in sunshine bass and the following components of NP 106 - Aquaculture: Growth, Development, and Nutrition; Aquaculture Production Systems; and
Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture; and also addresses ARS Strategic Plan Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems, Performance Measures 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1. 2.4, and 1.2.5. GROWTH AND GROWTH FACTOR (IGF-I) IN TWO HYBRIDS OF STRIPED BASS: Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center found that the two main hybrids of striped bass, the palmetto and sunshine bass, grew at similar rates in an 18-month pond study and that growth and growth factor (IGF-I) levels in the blood were similar between the two hybrids. There were no consistent differences in IGF-I between males and females. Advantages and disadvantages exist for the commercial production of either hybrid; however, most of the industry is based on the sunshine bass. The growth trial and hormone measurements were conducted with palmetto bass produced and donated by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission and sunshine bass produced and donated by a
commercial fish farm. These data will impact current commercial and scientific research efforts toward maximizing sunshine bass production. This accomplishment addresses Objective 2. Increase hybrid striped bass production efficiency through physiological control of stress, gender, and hormonal growth factors of CRIS Project No. 6225-31630-005-00D and the following components of NP 106 - Aquaculture: Growth, Development, and Nutrition; Aquaculture Production Systems; and Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture; and also addresses ARS Strategic Plan Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems and specifically Performance Measures 1.2. 1, 1.2.2, 1.2.4, and 1.2.5. OPTIMAL STOCKING RATES FOR HYBRID STRIPED BASS FRY: Both commercial and publicly funded hybrid striped bass (HSB) hatcheries need to know the optimum number of fry (juvenile fish immediately after hatching) to stock in culture tanks to maximize fingerling production.
Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center discovered a relationship between stocking density and growth of HSB fry raised in tanks with unlimited feed that could optimize commercial fry production. We stocked indoor tanks with different densities of HSB fry and offered live food in abundance. When fry were weaned from live to artificial feed, we counted and weighed the fish and found that fish grew less at higher stocking densities, but total yield (fish number x average weight) was similar. If adopted by industry, these stocking recommendations have the potential impact of allowing HSB hatcheries to optimize fry production for their particular production needs. This accomplishment addresses Year 1 (2006) milestone of CRIS Project No. 6225- 31630-005-00D: Determine optimum hybrid striped bass larval density in tank culture and the following components of NP 106 - Aquaculture: Reproduction and Early Development; Growth, Development, and Nutrition; Aquaculture
Production Systems; and Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture; and also addresses ARS Strategic Plan Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems and specifically Performance Measures 1.2.1, 1.2.2, and 1.2.5. ORAL ESTROGEN VS. HYBRID STRIPED BASS GROWTH: Aquaculture producers and scientists need to understand how fish gender and sex hormones affect commercially relevant production traits. Little is understood about the effect and timing of sex hormones on fish growth, but we do know that female striped bass grow faster by harvest time. Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center found that growth and growth factor hormone (IGF-I) in very young (phase- I) hybrid striped bass (HSB) were actually reduced when fish were fed diets containing the female sex hormone estrogen. This scientific knowledge is an important step in further characterizing HSB genetic resources and has the potential impact of
optimizing HSB production systems. This accomplishment addresses Year 1 (2005) milestone of CRIS Project No. 6225-31630-005-00D: Produce monosex populations of striped bass using hormonal sex reversal techniques and select potential broodstock for producing all female populations for use in aquaculture and the following components of NP 106 - Aquaculture: Reproduction and Early Development; Growth, Development, and Nutrition; Aquaculture Production Systems; and Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture; and also addresses ARS Strategic Plan Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems, Performance Measures 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.2.4, and 1.2.5. SUMMER AND WINTER DIETS FOR HYBRID STRIPED BASS: Hybrid striped bass producers need diet recommendations for summer and winter culture. Seasonal extremes in pond temperatures reduce feed consumption, nutrient assimilation, and nutrient retention and result in deterioration of water quality, wasted
feed, stress, disease, and increased cost. In two cooperative studies with the hybrid striped bass industry, scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center determined the influence of different diet protein and energy levels on feed consumption, growth, composition of growth, and protein and energy retention in fish reared at temperatures simulating summer (32 C) and winter (8 25 C). The actual impact of this accomplishment is that HSB pond producers adopted the seasonal diet formulations developed in this research. This accomplishment addresses Year 1 (2005) milestone of CRIS Project No. 6225-31630-005-00D: Provide the hybrid striped bass industry with recommendations regarding optimum dietary protein to energy ratio for different culture temperatures and the following components of NP 106 - Aquaculture: Growth, Development, and Nutrition; Aquaculture Production Systems; and Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture; and also addresses ARS
Strategic Plan Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems, Performance Measures 1.2.1, 1.2.2, and 1.2.5. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Results of research studies and technologies developed were made available to customers and the general public through oral presentations (technical and non technical), poster presentations at local, state, national and international meetings, and scientific papers. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Ludwig, G.M. 2006. Advances in tank culture of sunshine bass fry. Global Aquaculture Advocate. 8(4):56-57. Rawles,
S.D. February 2006. USDA/ARS-SNARC hybrid striped bass program. Fourth Annual Workshop on Genetic Improvement and Selective Breeding for the Hybrid Striped Bass Industry, Las Vegas, Nevada. Rawles, S.D., Gaylord, T.G., Snyder, G.S., McEntire, M.E., Freeman, D.W. 2006. The influence of dietary protein and energy on the performance of hybrid striped bass reared at extreme temperature. Striped Bass Grower's Association, February 2006, Las Vegas, Nevada. Rawles, S.D., Riche, M., Webb, J., Gaylord, T.G., Freeman, D.W., Davis, M. 2006. Evaluation of poultry by-product meal in commerical diets for hybrid striped bass in recirculated tank production. Striped Bass Grower's Association, February 2006, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Ludwig, G.M. 2005. White Sucker Culture. In: Kelly, A.M., Siverstein, J., editors. Aquaculture in the 21st Century. American Fisheries Society Book Series 46. Bethesda, MD. p.591-606.
- Ludwig, G.M., Hobbs, M.S., Perschbacher, P. 2005. Sodium bicarbonate, inorganic fertilizer and pH in sunshine bass fingerling culture ponds [abstract]. American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting. p. 1428.
- Ludwig, G.M. 2006. Review of tank culture of sunshine bass fingerlings. International Journal of Recirculating Aquaculture. 7:53-68.
- Ludwig, G.M., Lochmann, S. 2006. Stocking density effects on phase 1 sunshine bass Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis growth and survival in tank culture [abstract]. Aquaculture America 2006 Book of Abstracts. p. 813.
- Ludwig, G.M., Lochmann, S. 2006. Growth and survival of sunshine bass larvae stocked in tanks at different densities [abstract]. Southern Division American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting. Paper No. 100672.
- Perschbacher, P.W., Edziyie, R., Ludwig, G.M. 2006. Herbicide drift studies at UAPB: New paradigms based on natural communities [abstract]. The 1890 Association of Research Directors 14th Biennial Research Symposium. p. 8.
- Hobbs, M.S., Grippo, R.S., Farris, J.L., Griffin, B.R., Ludwig, G.M., Harding, L.L. 2006. Environmental fate and effects of agriculture therapeutant potassium permanganate: Summary of tier III (mesocosm) studies [abstract]. Arkansas Chapter of the American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting. p. 13.
- Hobbs, M.S., Grippo, R.S., Farris, J.L., Griffin, B.R., Ludwig, G.M., Harding, L.L. 2006. Environmental fate and effects of aquaculture therapeutant potassium permanganate [abstract]. Aquaculture America 2006 Book of Abstracts. p. 137.
- Rawles, S.D., Riche, M.A., Webb, J., Gaylord, T.G., Freeman, D.W., Davis, M. 2006. Evaluation of poultry by-product meal in commercial diets for hybrid striped bass in recirculated tank production [abstract]. Aquaculture America 2006 Book of Abstracts. p. 346.
- Ludwig, G.M., Lochmann, S. 2006. Stocking density effects on phase 1 sunshine bass Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis growth and survival in tank culture [abstract]. Book of Abstracts, World Aquaculture Society. p. 507.
- Rawles, S.D., Gaylord, T.G., Gatlin, D.M. 2005. Digestibility of gross nutrients by sunshine bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis) from animal by- products and commercially blended products used as fishmeal replacements. North American Journal of Aquaculture. 68:74-80.
- Gaylord, T.G., Rawles, S.D. 2005. The modification of poultry by-product meal for use in hybrid striped bass diets. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 36(3):365-376.
- Gaylord, T.G., Rawles, S.D., Davis Jr., K.B. 2005. Dietary tryptophan requirement of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis). Aquaculture Nutrition. 11:367-374.
- Rawles, S.D., Snyder, S.G., Gaylord, T.G., McEntire, M.E., Freeman, D.W. 2006. The influence of dietary protein and energy on the performance of hybrid striped bass reared at extreme temperature [abstract]. Aquaculture America 2006 Book of Abstract. p. 345.
- Rawles, S.D., Riche, M.A., Webb, J., Gaylord, T.G., Freeman, D.W., Davis, M. 2005. Evaluation of poultry by-product meal in commercial diets for hybrid striped bass in recirculated tank production [abstract]. International Sustainable Marine Fish Culture Conference and Workshop Book of Abstracts. p. 15.
- Subhadra, B., Lochmann, R., Rawles, S.D., Chen, R. 2006. Effect of dietary lipid source on the growth, tissue composition and hematological parameters of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Aquaculture. 255:210-222.
- Subhadra, B., Lochmann, R., Rawles, S.D. 2006. Effect of dietary lipid sources on the growth, tissue composition and hematological parameters of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fed diets with poultry meal as the primary protein source [abstract]. Aquaculture America 2006 Book of Abstracts. p. 307.
- Davis Jr., K.B., McEntire, M.E. 2006. Comparison of the cortisol and glucose stress response to acute confinement and resting insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations among white bass, striped bass and sunshine bass [abstract]. Aquaculture America 2006 Book of Abstracts. p. 79.
- Davis Jr., K.B. 2006. Management of physiological stress in finfish aquaculture. North American Journal of Aquaculture. 68:116-121.
- Davis Jr., K.B., Small, B.C. 2006. Rates of cortisol increase and decrease in channel catfish and sunshine bass exposed to acute confinement stressor. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Toxicology and Pharmacology:CBP. 143:134-139.
- Hobbs, M.S., Grippo, R.S., Farris, J.L., Griffin, B.R., Ludwig, G.M., Harding, L.L. 2006. Environmental fate and effects of aquaculture therapeutant potassium permanganate [abstract]. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Abstracts. p. 8.
- Ludwig, G.M., Lochmann, S. 2006. An examination of different stocking densities of sunshine bass larvae reared in tanks [abstract]. Arkansas Chapter of the American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting. p. 20.
- Perschbacher, P.W., Ludwig, G.M. 2006. Evaluation of propanil and atrazine high drift impacts on fry pond plankton and water quality [abstract]. Book of Abstracts, World Aquaculture Society. Paper No. 813. p. 731.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? Nearly 1/3 of U.S. seafood consumption is composed of aquacultured products. Of that total, fish of the taxon Morone-i.e., striped bass and their hybrids-ranked fourth in the market, at 13 million pounds, representing a farm-gate value of $40 million in 2003. U.S. producers face increasing competition in the market. Efficiency and bottlenecks in the production of Morone sp. must be improved or alleviated to sustain and expand the U.S. industry. Morone sp. are typically spawned in spring because breeders depend on mature fish captured from the wild. For the U.S. industry to remain globally competitive, stocks of domesticated broodstock must be developed and coupled with off-season spawning and larval feeding strategies to ensure year-round availability of genetically superior seedstock. Additionally,
reduction of culture and handling stress must be accomplished through better understanding of the stress response of Morone sp. Gender-related differences in commercially relevant traits must be defined before they can be exploited in industry breeding programs. Understanding the regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factors I and II and their binding proteins (IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBPs) in fish is critical to increasing growth efficiency of Morone species. The availability of nutrients and energy to Morone sp. in traditional and novel feedstuffs must be defined as the logical first step in the reduction of fishmeal in aquatic feeds. New diets with reduced fish meal and oil must be vetted in commercial settings before industry adoption. Nutrient requirements as well as feeding strategies for different life stages, culture systems, and seasons are currently lacking. Genetic variation among stocks influences commercially important traits such as reproductive success, fry survival, response
to stress, disease resistance, nutrient utilization, and growth. In order for Morone producers to remain globally competitive, a sustained research program must be initiated to 1) identify phenotypic and molecular differences among stocks of white and striped bass, 2) selectively breed progeny with desired traits, and 3) develop molecular markers for economically relevant traits to aid selective breeding efforts. The objectives of this project are: 1) develop and refine year-round production of hybrid striped bass fingerlings through photothermal, dietary, and culture manipulation, 2) increase hybrid striped bass production efficiency through physiological control of stress, gender, and hormonal growth factors, 3) increase hybrid striped bass production efficiency by refining nutrient requirements, manipulating feeding strategy and diet nutrient density, and reducing fish meal and oil content, and 4) develop genetically superior Morone sp. This project addresses the following
components of NP 106--Aquaculture: 1) genetic improvement, 2) reproduction and early development; 3) growth and development, and nutrition; 4) aquaculture production systems; and 5) sustainability and environmental compatibility of aquaculture. Striped bass growers as well as State and Federal hatcheries will benefit from improved culture methods for year-round production of fry and fingerlings. Commercial as well as government hatcheries and managers will have tangible recommendations with respect to stress management, nutrient requirements, and alternate diet formulations. Farmers will be able to utilize improved strains of striped bass, white bass and their hybrids to increase profitability and sustainability. Increased numbers of hybrid striped bass producers will provide jobs and support collateral industries, including agriculture, feed manufacturers, processors, and supply companies. Wholesalers, retailers, and consumers will benefit from increased supplies of safe, quality
seafood products. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Year 1 (FY 2005) Determine the effect of culture temperature on the growth rates of hybrid striped bass fry to optimize off-season fry culture. Provide guidelines from stress experiments on white bass and striped bass that can be used as characteristics for broodstock selection. Produce monosex populations of striped bass using hormonal sex reversal techniques and select potential broodstock for producing all female populations for use in aquaculture. Establish optimum temperatures for sunshine bass culture using insulin- like growth factor I (IGF-I) response profiles. Provide the hybrid striped bass industry with recommendations regarding optimum dietary protein to energy ratio for different culture temperatures. Year 2 (FY 2006) Determine initial photothermal effects on early maturation of broodstock. Determine optimum live feed densities for hybrid striped bass fry. Identify the stress effects
of salinity and therapeutic drug exposure to sunshine bass to develop better culture conditions. Establish the effects of photoperiod and salinity on plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations and feeding in sunshine bass to refine optimum culture conditions. Provide digestibility coefficients for nutrients in Alaskan fish processing by-products and grain protein isolates to feed mills as a first step in replacing fishmeal in diet formulations. Select first year broodstock based on maximum sperm density, motility and milt volume for male striped bass and egg yield for female white bass. Correlate stress response of striped bass (or white bass) to stock origin. Year 3 (FY 2007) Characterize reproductive output of normal Morone broodstock as a prerequisite to achieving reliable off-season spawning. Determine optimum hybrid striped bass larval density in tank culture. Characterize differences in the stress response among strains of white and striped bass. Establish the
heritability of the stress response in Morone sp stocks. Produce and identify XX male striped bass. Establish strain differences in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) plasma concentrations of white bass and striped bass that might be used as selection criteria for improved broodstock. Quantify dietary requirements for the essential amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine in hybrid striped bass. Provide recommendations regarding optimum dietary levels of poultry meal for pond, tank, and recirculated system culture of hybrid striped bass. Characterize growth performance of hybrid striped bass fed diets in which fishmeal is replaced by Alaskan fishery processing byproducts. Characterize strain differences in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF I) and carbohydrate use in striped bass (or white bass) stocks. Year 4 (FY 2008) Characterize reproductive output of second-year normal vs. first-year phase-shifted Morone broodstock as a prerequisite to achieving reliable off-season spawning.
Determine earliest time-to-wean to prepared diet for sunshine bass fry. Establish desirable handling intensity and frequency conditions for sunshine bass based on stress response. Produce XX, all female, strains of striped bass by crossing hormonally sex-reversed XX males with normal, XX, females. Correlate stress effects with plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in sunshine bass to help optimize culture conditions. Quantify dietary requirements for the essential amino acids phenylalanine and histidine in hybrid striped bass. Quantify dietary essential fatty acid requirements for hybrid striped bass fed ultrahigh fat (>15%) diets. Provide recommendations to feed mills regarding optimum levels of Alaskan fishery processing byproducts to replace fishmeal in hybrid striped bass diets. Characterize growth performance of hybrid striped bass fed diets in which fishmeal is replaced with grain protein isolates. Characterize growth performance of hybrid striped bass fed diets in which
fish oil is replaced with Alaskan fishery byproducts (visceral meal) . Characterize strain differences in weaning time of striped bass (or white bass) fry to prepared feed. Establish the heritability of the stress response in hybrid striped bass (sunshine bass) from selected striped and white bass broodstock. Year 5 (FY 2009) Characterize reproductive output of third-year normal vs. second-year phase-shifted Morone broodstock as a prerequisite to achieving reliable off-season spawning. Determine effects of enriched rotifer and Artemia on sunshine bass fry growth and survival. Produce YY male striped bass by mating hormonally feminized XY female striped bass with normal (XY) males. Produce an all male strain of YY striped bass males. Provide recommendations to hatcheries regarding the use of plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations of white and striped bass broodstock for selecting ideal parental sources from which to produce sunshine bass. Provide recommendations to
feed mills regarding optimum levels of grain protein isolates to replace fishmeal in hybrid striped bass diets. Provide recommendations to feed mills regarding optimum levels of Alaskan fishery byproducts (visceral meal) to replace fish oil in hybrid striped bass diets. Re-estimate hybrid striped bass requirements for the essential amino acid lysine and total sulfur amino acids (methionine + cystiene) using soy-based diets. Quantify the requirement of hybrid striped bass for essential fatty acids when fed different ratios of arachidonic (20:4) to eicosapentanoic acids (20:5). Summarize and present data to the industry on the heritability of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF I) secretion capacity, weaning time, and carbohydrate use in hybrid striped bass. 3a List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2005. For each milestone, indicate the status: fully met, substantially met, or not met. If not met, why. 1. Determine the effect of culture temperature on the growth
rates of hybrid striped bass fry to optimize off-season fry culture. Milestone Not Met Redirection of Research focus due to change in priorities 2. Determine optimum hybrid striped bass larval density in tank culture. (FY 2007 milestone) Milestone Substantially Met 3. Provide guidelines from stress experiments on white bass and striped bass that can be used as characteristics for broodstock selection. Milestone Substantially Met 4. Produce monosex populations of striped bass using hormonal sex reversal techniques and select potential broodstock for producing all female populations for use in aquaculture. Milestone Substantially Met 5. Establish optimum temperatures for sunshine bass culture using insulin- like growth factor I (IGF-I) response profiles. Milestone Fully Met 6. Provide the hybrid striped bass industry with recommendations regarding optimum dietary protein to energy ratio for different culture temperatures. Milestone Fully Met 3b List the milestones that you expect to
address over the next 3 years (FY 2006, 2007, and 2008). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? Year 2 (FY 2006) Determine initial photothermal effects on early maturation of broodstock. Results will lead to year-round spawning of hybrid striped bass. Determine optimum live feed densities for hybrid striped bass fry. Results will improve the efficiency of fry culture and lead to year-round production of hybrid striped bass fry. Identify the stress effects of salinity and therapeutic drug exposure to sunshine bass to develop better culture conditions. Management practices that reduce handling losses will be provided to the hybrid striped bass industry. Establish the effects of photoperiod and salinity on plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations and feeding in sunshine bass to refine optimum culture conditions. Management practices that maximize indoor production of hybrid striped bass will be provided to the
industry. Provide digestibility coefficients for nutrients in Alaskan fish processing by-products and grain protein isolates to feed mills. Feed mills will obtain critical data for least-cost feed formulation and scientists will gain novel ingredients as potential replacements for fishery products in aquafeeds. Select first year broodstock based on maximum sperm density, motility and milt volume for male striped bass and egg yield for female white bass. Outcomes will improve commercial and scientific efforts to domesticate and select improved hybrid striped bass broodstock. Correlate stress response of striped bass (or white bass) to stock origin. Outcomes will improve commercial and scientific efforts to domesticate and select improved hybrid striped bass broodstock. Year 3 (FY 2007) Characterize reproductive output of normal Morone broodstock as a prerequisite to achieving reliable off-season spawning. Results will lead to year-round spawning of hybrid striped bass. Determine
optimum hybrid striped bass larval density in tank culture. Substantial progress was made toward this milestone in FY 2005. Results will improve the efficiency of fry culture and lead to year-round production of hybrid striped bass fry. Characterize differences in the stress response among strains of white and striped bass. Outcomes will improve commercial and scientific efforts to domesticate and select improved hybrid striped bass broodstock. Establish the heritability of the stress response in Morone sp stocks. Outcomes will improve commercial and scientific efforts to domesticate and select improved hybrid striped bass broodstock. Produce and identify XX male striped bass. Outcomes will further efforts to exploit gender differences in commercial traits (growth, size, fillet yield, etc.). Establish strain differences in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) plasma concentrations of white bass and striped bass that might be used as selection criteria for improved broodstock. Outcomes
will improve commercial and scientific efforts to domesticate and select improved hybrid striped bass broodstock. Quantify dietary requirements for the essential amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine in hybrid striped bass. Feed mills will be provided with specific numbers for formulating nutritious, least-cost hybrid striped bass diets. Provide recommendations regarding optimum dietary levels of poultry meal for pond, tank, and recirculated system culture of hybrid striped bass. Levels of fishmeal in hybrid striped bass diets will be reduced, the sustainability of fishery resources will be improved, and by-products of the poultry industry will be provided with an alternate market. Characterize growth performance of hybrid striped bass fed diets in which fishmeal is replaced by Alaskan fishery processing byproducts. Levels of fishmeal in hybrid striped bass diets will be reduced, the sustainability of fishery resources will be improved, and by-products of the Alaskan fishing
industry will become productive rather than waste. Characterize strain differences in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF I) and carbohydrate use in striped bass (or white bass) stocks. Outcomes will improve commercial and scientific efforts to domesticate and select improved hybrid striped bass broodstock. Year 4 (FY 2008) Characterize reproductive output of second-year normal vs. first-year phase-shifted Morone broodstock as a prerequisite to achieving reliable off-season spawning. Results will lead to year-round spawning of hybrid striped bass. Determine earliest time-to-wean to prepared diet for sunshine bass fry. Results will improve the efficiency of fry culture and lead to year-round production of hybrid striped bass fry. Establish desirable handling intensity and frequency conditions for sunshine bass based on stress response. Management practices that reduce fish losses due to handling will be provided to the hybrid striped bass industry. Produce XX, all female, strains of
striped bass by crossing hormonally sex-reversed XX males with normal, XX, females. Outcomes will further efforts to exploit gender differences in commercial traits (growth, size, fillet yield, etc.). Correlate stress effects with plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in sunshine bass to help optimize culture conditions. Outcomes will improve management practices of indoor tank producers and lead to year- round production of hybrid striped bass. Quantify dietary requirements for the essential amino acids phenylalanine and histidine in hybrid striped bass. Feed mills will be provided with specific numbers for formulating nutritious, least-cost hybrid striped bass diets. Quantify dietary essential fatty acid requirements for hybrid striped bass fed ultrahigh fat (>15%) diets. Feed mills will be provided with specific numbers for formulating nutritious, least-cost hybrid striped bass diets for different production goals. Provide recommendations to feed mills regarding optimum
levels of Alaskan fishery processing byproducts to replace fishmeal in hybrid striped bass diets. Levels of fishmeal in hybrid striped bass diets will be reduced, the sustainability of fishery resources will be improved, and by-products of the Alaskan fishing industry will become productive rather than waste. Characterize growth performance of hybrid striped bass fed diets in which fishmeal is replaced with grain protein isolates. Levels of fishmeal in hybrid striped bass diets will be reduced, the sustainability of fishery resources will be improved, and by-products of the grain processing industry will become productive rather than waste. Characterize growth performance of hybrid striped bass fed diets in which fish oil is replaced with Alaskan fishery byproducts (visceral meal) . Levels of fish oil in hybrid striped bass diets will be reduced, the sustainability of fishery resources will be improved, and by-products of the Alaskan fishing industry will become productive rather than
waste. Characterize strain differences in weaning time of striped bass (or white bass) fry to prepared feed. Outcomes will improve commercial and scientific efforts to domesticate and select improved hybrid striped bass broodstock. Establish the heritability of the stress response in hybrid striped bass (sunshine bass) from selected striped and white bass broodstock. Outcomes will improve commercial and scientific efforts to domesticate and select improved hybrid striped bass broodstock. 4a What was the single most significant accomplishment this past year? Development of Nutritional Strategies for Summer and Winter Culture of Hybrid Striped Bass. Diet recommendations for summer and winter culture of hybrid striped bass (HSB) were developed at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center and adopted by commercial producers. Seasonal extremes in pond temperatures reduce feed consumption, nutrient assimilation, and nutrient retention and result in deterioration of water
quality, wasted feed, stress, disease, and increased cost. In two cooperative studies with the HSB industry, we determined the influence of different diet protein and energy levels on feed consumption, growth, composition of growth, and protein and energy retention in fish reared at temperatures simulating summer (32 C) and winter (8 25 C). This work provided essential information requested by industry and improved production efficiency during summer and winter production at commercial pond facilities. 4b List other significant accomplishments, if any. Potassium Permanganate Reduces Primary Productivity in Hybrid Striped Bass Ponds. Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center determined that the chemical potassium permanganate may temporarily harm the aquatic food chain in hybrid striped bass (HSB) ponds when used during the summer to kill fish diseases. Potassium permanganate is a chemical that shows promise in killing disease organisms in HSB ponds. Before
it can be labeled by FDA for public use, however, the environmental effects of potassium permanganate must be determined. We treated several HSB ponds with potassium permanganate during the summer when nutrient levels in the ponds were high and then measured the types and numbers of organisms at the base of the aquatic food chain. We found a significant decline in zooplankton concentrations, principally rotifer, and algae after the permanganate treatment. This data will be used by FDA to set limits and conditions of future use of potassium permanganate as a treatment against diseases in hybrid striped bass. Lethal pH in Hybrid Striped Bass Ponds Reduced by Fertilization Method, Not Baking Soda. Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center found a relationship between fertilization method, water pH, and survival of hybrid striped bass (HSB) fry that may increase production in commercial fry ponds. Fry ponds are fertilized to stimulate the growth of live food
organisms; however, when producers use chemical fertilizers the fry often die when pH levels become too high. We treated several HSB fry ponds with chemical or organic fertilizers, or commercial baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) and observed the change in pond acidity (pH) and fry survival. Adding baking soda failed to prevent lethal increases in pH during algae blooms but using organic fertilizers did. These findings suggest that commercial HSB hatcheries can significantly improve year- round production of HSB by using only organic fertilizers during most of the fry phase. Growth Factor (IGF-I) Higher in Hybrid Striped Bass at Optimal Temperatures. Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center demonstrated that growth factor in hybrid striped bass (HSB) is higher at 25C and 30C than at lower temperatures. Knowing the optimum temperature that stimulates the release of natural growth hormones could improve the efficiency of fish production. Plasma IGF I is a
hormone produced by the liver that stimulates growth. By measuring IGF-I in HSB grown at various controlled temperatures we determined the optimum culture temperatures for commercial tank producers. Oral Cortisol Does Not Improve Stress-Induced Decreases in Hybrid Striped Bass Growth Factor. Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center demonstrated that a natural hormone (IGF-I) that stimulates growth decreases significantly in stressed hybrid striped (HSB) and that cortisol, another natural hormone, delivered orally has no effect on IGF I levels. Better understanding of the stress response of HSB is necessary to develop management strategies to reduce disease and mortality due to handling stress. We subjected HSB to acute low-water confinement and measured IGF-I in the blood before and after oral cortisol treatments and found no improvement in IGF-I. If cortisol does not mediate the stress-induced decrease in IGF-I, it becomes important to identify the
physiological cause. Growth and Growth Factor (IGF-I) Similar in Two Kinds of Hybrid Striped Bass. In an 18-month pond study, scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center found that the two main hybrids of striped bass, the palmetto and sunshine bass, grew at similar rates. Advantages and disadvantages exist for the commercial production of either hybrid; however, most of the industry is based on the sunshine bass. Growth and growth factor (IGF-I) levels in the blood were similar at the end of the trial between the two hybrids, and there were no consistent differences in IGF-I between males and females. The growth trial and hormone measurements were conducted at the ARS - H.K. Dupree Stuttgart National Aquaculture Center using palmetto bass produced by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission and sunshine bass produced at a commercial fish farm. These data support current commercial and research efforts toward maximizing sunshine bass production in the U.S. 5.
Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Stocking Rates of Hybrid Striped Bass Fry Affect Growth but not Total Yield. Both commercial and publicly funded hybrid striped bass (HSB) hatcheries need to know the optimum number of fry (juvenile fish immediately after hatching) to stock in culture tanks to maximize fingerling production. Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center discovered a relationship between stocking density and growth of HSB fry raised in tanks with unlimited feed that could optimize commercial fry production. We stocked indoor tanks with different densities of HSB fry and offered live food in abundance. When fry were weaned from live to artificial feed, we counted and weighed the fish and found that fish grew less at higher stocking densities, but total yield (fish number x average weight) was similar. If adopted by industry, this information has the potential impact of
allowing HSB hatcheries to optimize fry production for their particular production needs. This accomplishment addresses Year 3 (2007) milestone of CRIS Project No. 6225-31630-005-00D: Determine optimum hybrid striped bass larval density in tank culture, and the following components of NP 106 - Aquaculture: Reproduction and Early Development; Growth, Development, and Nutrition; Aquaculture Production Systems; and Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture. This accomplishment also addresses ARS Strategic Plan Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems and specifically Performance Measures 1.2.1, 1.2.2, and 1.2.5. Oral Estrogen Does not Improve Growth of Juvenile Hybrid Striped Bass. Aquaculture producers and scientists need to understand how fish gender and sex hormones affect commercially relevant production traits. Little is understood about the effect and timing of sex hormones on fish growth, but we do know that female striped
bass grow faster by harvest time. Scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center found that growth and growth factor hormone (IGF-I) in very young (phase- I) hybrid striped bass (HSB) were actually reduced when fish were fed diets containing the female sex hormone, estrogen. This scientific knowledge is an important step in further characterizing HSB genetic resources and has the potential impact of optimizing HSB production systems. This accomplishment addresses Year 1 (2005) milestone of CRIS Project No. 6225-31630-005-00D: Produce monosex populations of striped bass using hormonal sex reversal techniques and select potential broodstock for producing all female populations for use in aquaculture and the following components of NP 106 - Aquaculture: Reproduction and Early Development; Growth, Development, and Nutrition; Aquaculture Production Systems; and Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture. This accomplishment also addresses ARS
Strategic Plan Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems and specifically Performance Measures 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.2.4, and 1. 2.5. Nutritional Strategies for Summer and Winter Culture of Hybrid Striped Bass. Hybrid striped bass producers need diet recommendations for summer and winter culture. Seasonal extremes in pond temperatures reduce feed consumption, nutrient assimilation, and nutrient retention and result in deterioration of water quality, wasted feed, stress, disease, and increased cost. In two cooperative studies with the hybrid stiped bass industry, scientists at the HKD Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center determined the influence of different diet protein and energy levels on feed consumption, growth, composition of growth, and protein and energy retention in fish reared at temperatures simulating summer (32 C) and winter (8 25 C). The actual impact of this accomplishment is that HSB pond producers adopted the seasonal diet
formulations developed in this research. This accomplishment addresses Year 1 (2005) milestone of CRIS Project No. 6225-31630-005-00D: Provide the hybrid striped bass industry with recommendations regarding optimum dietary protein to energy ratio for different culture temperatures and the following components of NP 106 - Aquaculture: Growth, Development, and Nutrition; Aquaculture Production Systems; and Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture. This accomplishment also addresses ARS Strategic Plan Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems and specifically Performance Measures 1.2.1, 1.2.2, and 1.2.5. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Results of research studies and technologies
developed were made available to customers and the general public through oral presentations (technical and non technical), poster presentations at local, state, national and international meetings, and scientific papers. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Ludwig, G.M., Perschbacher, P., Edziyie, R. 2004. Effects of aerially- applied corn herbicides Atrazine, Rimsulfuron and Nicosulfuron on the plankton communities and water quality of sunshine bass ponds. University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Aquaculture Field Day. Gaylord, T.G.G., Rawles, S.D. 2005. Advancements in hybrid striped bass nutrition research at ARS/HKD-SNARC. Invited talk to faculty of NCSU and the NC Aquaculture Association, Raleigh, NC. Ludwig, G.M., Hobbs, M.S., Perschbacher, P. 2004. Control of pH in sunshine bass fingerling production ponds [abstract]. Book of
Abstracts, University of Arkansas-Pine Bluff Aquaculture Field Day. p. 51.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Ludwig, G.M. 2004. Sunshine bass fingerling culture in tanks. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Recirculating Aqauaculture. p. 102- 110.
- Ludwig, G.M. 2004. Sunshine bass fingerling culture in tanks [abstract]. Book of Abstracts, Aquaculture America. p. 251.
- Ludwig, G.M., Hobbs, M.S., Perschbacher, P. 2004. Control of pH in sunshine bass fingerling production ponds [abstract]. Book of Abstracts, Aquaculture America. p. 253.
- Ludwig, G.M., Edzigie, R., Perschbacher, P. 2004. Effects of Basis Gold herbicide on sunshine bass culture ponds [abstract]. American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting. p. 2.
- Ludwig, G.M., Perschbacher, P., Egzigie, R. 2004. The effects of Basis Gold herbicide on water quality and plankton in sunshine bass fingerling production ponds [abstract]. Book of Abstracts, Aquaculture America. p. 252.
- Perschbacher, P., Ludwig, G.M., Edzigie, R. 2005. Effects of propanil, diuron and atrazine on sunshine bass plankton and water quality [abstract]. Book of Abstracts, Aquaculture America. p. 322.
- Davis Jr, K.B. 2004. Consequences of stress in aquaculture [abstract]. American Fisheries Society Annual Meeting. p. 159.
- Davis Jr, K.B. 2005. Influence of temperature stress and cortisol on plasma insulin-like growth factor-i in sunshine bass [abstract]. Comparative Endocrinology International Congress Abstracts (Final Program). p. 62.
- Davis Jr, K.B. 2004. Temperature affects physiological stress responses to acute confinement in sunshine bass (Morone chrysops x Morone saxatilis). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 139:433-440.
- Trimpey, J., Engle, C., Heikes, D., Davis Jr, K.B., Goodwin, A. 2004. A comparison of new in-pond grading technology to live car grading for food- sized channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquacultural Engineering. 31:276.
- Rawles, S.D., Gaylord, T.G., Lochmann, R. 2005. Glucose oxidation and lipogenesis in hybrid striped bass fed diets with different starch ratios [abstractM72]. American Society of Animal Science Annual Meeting. Journal of Animal Science 83 (Supplement 1):24.
- Rawles, S.D., Gaylord, T.G., Lochmann, R. 2005. Heptic glucose oxidation and lipogenesis in sunshine bass fed diets with different amylose to amylopectin ratios [abstract]. Book of Abstracts, Aquaculture America. p. 357.
- Lochmann, R., Rawles, S.D., Gaylord, T.G. 2005. Body indices, blood lipid class composition and proximateanalysis of sunshine bass fed diets with different amylose to amylopectin [abstract]. Book of Abstracts, Aquaculture America. p. 246.
- Gopinathan, B., Lochmann, R., Rawles, S.D. 2005. Growth and hematological parameters of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides fed practical diets with different lipid sources [abstract]. Book of Abstracts, Aquaculture America. p. 157.
- Gaylord, T.G., Rawles, S.D., Gatlin, D.M. 2004. Amino acid availability from animal, blended, and plant feedstuffs for hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis). Aquaculture Nutrition. 10(5):345-352.
- Davis Jr, K.B., Gaylord, T.G. 2005. Metabolic consequences of feed deprivation in sunshine bass [abstract]. Book of Abstracts, Aquaculture America. p. 101.
- Davis Jr, K.B. 2005. Influence of the photoperiod on feed consumption, growth, intraperitoneal fat composition and insulin-like growth factor-i on sunshine bass [abstract]. Book of Abstracts, Aquaculture America. p. 100.
- Green, B.W., Perschbacher, P., Ludwig, G.M. 2005. Impact of threadfin shad on plankton in channel catfish production ponds. Book of Abstracts, Aquaculture America. p. 159.
- Davis Jr, K.B., Simco, B.A., Silverstein, J. 2005. Relationship of gonadal development to body size and plasma estrogen concentrations in channel catfish inctalurus punctatus. North American Journal of Aquaculture. 67:259-264.
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