Progress 10/01/09 to 09/30/10
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) The objective of this cooperative research project is to develop efficacious control of various pests (insects, diseases and weeds) of artichoke using cultural, biological, and chemical means. Approach (from AD-416) IPM procedures using various available pest control techniques and develop monitoring procedures for various pests. Formerly 5305-21000-011- 03T (6/04). Documents Trust with Artichoke Research Foundation. Log 27247. Formerly 5305-21000-011-10T (12/08). The close out report was submitted with the Annual Report for FY 2009. Therefore, there is no Annual Report required for this project it was supposed to be terminated FY 2009.
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Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) The objective of this cooperative research project is to develop efficacious control of various pests (insects, diseases and weeds) of artichoke using cultural, biological, and chemical means. Approach (from AD-416) IPM procedures using various available pest control techniques and develop monitoring procedures for various pests. Formerly 5305-21000-011- 03T (6/04). Documents Trust with Artichoke Research Foundation. Log 27247. Formerly 5305-21000-011-10T (12/08). Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations Several insecticides were tested for their efficacy against artichoke aphid. The reduced-risk spirotetramat (Movento�) was found to be highly effective. Additional information can be found in the report of the in- house project 5305-21220-004-00D. The continued study on the auto- confusion technique against the artichoke plume moth with the use of electrostatic powder impregnated with its female sex pheromone, Z-11, hexadecenal was carried out at two different locations. The results were similar to those from previous year trial. A preliminary study conducted on the suppression of the artichoke plume moth by mass trapping adult males into pheromone baited traps (one trap/acre) indicated a significant reduction in crop losses during March-May production period. Among various pre-emergence herbicides applied as pre-plant sprays during fall and winter planting seasons, pendimethalin (Prowl H2O) applied at 1- gallon rate appeared quite effective against the major weeds common in artichoke fields. The herbicide was also found to have little phytotoxicity to the host crop. Among the various fungicides tested against botrytis of artichokes affecting artichoke buds in the field, a mixture of pyraclostrobin and boscalid (Pristine�) gave significant control of the disease.
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Progress 10/01/07 to 09/30/08
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) The objective of this cooperative research project is to develop efficacious control of various pests (insects, diseases and weeds) of artichoke using cultural, biological, and chemical means. Approach (from AD-416) IPM procedures using various available pest control techniques and develop monitoring procedures for various pests. Formerly 5305-21000-011- 03T (6/04). Documents Trust with Artichoke Research Foundation. Log 27247. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations Several insecticides were tested for their efficacy against the artichoke plume moth. The reduced-risk Chlorantraniliprole (rynazxypyr) was found to be highly effective. A preliminary study on the auto-confusion technique against the artichoke plume moth with the use of electrostatic powder impregnated with its female sex pheromone, Z-11, hexadecenal was carried out in a 25-acre isolated field of artichokes. During the first crop year the bud loss resulting from worm damage was reduced by 65%. Among various pre-emergence herbicides applied as pre-plant sprays during fall and winter planting seasons, flumioxazin (3-6 oz/a) seems to cause plant injury only when applied to artichokes that were transplanted in or just before rainy and cold weather favoring lift-off and co-distillation of the active ingredient. Applied in late winter with decreasing rain and increasing soil temperature flumioxazin appeared to be less injurious to the host while remaining quite effective against several broadleaf weeds. Among the various brands of mollusk baits containing metaldehyde, Durham 7.5% granular bait provided the best control of two mollusk pests, viz., gray garden slugs and brown garden snail regardless of time of application with respect to the irrigation cycle. Plant growth regulator, mepiquat chloride applied to transplanted artichokes increased the bud size and total yield significantly.
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) The objective of this cooperative research project is to develop efficacious control of various pests (insects, diseases and weeds) of artichoke using cultural, biological, and chemical means. Approach (from AD-416) IPM procedures using various available pest control techniques and develop monitoring procedures for various pests. Formerly 5305-21000-011- 03T (6/04). Documents Trust with Artichoke Research Foundation. Log 27247. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations This report serves to document research conducted under a trust agreement between ARS and Artichoke Research Association. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the in-house associated project 5305-21000-011-00D, Evaluation, Enhancement, Genetics and Breeding of Lettuce, Spinach, Melon and Closely Related Species. Several insecticides were tested for their efficacy against the artichoke plume moth. The reduced-risk XDE-175 (spinetoram: second generation spinosyn) was found to be as effective as its predecessor, spintor. In a preliminary study, the halosulfuron-methy and metasulfuron- methy (herbicides in Sulfonylurea group) were found to be highly effective against the perennial weed bermuda buttercup (Oxalis pes-caprae) and several other broadleaf weeds common in artichoke fields maintained under perennial culture. Both herbicides used at rates ranging from 0.2 to 1.0 oz/acre as post-emergence directed sprays did not cause any injury to the host plant. Among various pre-emergence herbicides applied as pre- plant sprays during fall and winter planting seasons, while flumioxazin (4 and 6 oz/a) and thiazopyr (2 pt and 3 pt/A) caused significant crop injury, oxyfluorfen (8 oz/A) was quite safe to the host. Flumioxazin used at 4-6 oz/a applied in late winter with decreasing rain and increasing soil temperature appeared to be less injurious to the host while remaining quite effective against several broadleaf weeds. Among the various brands of mollusk baits containing metaldehyde, Durham 7.5% granular bait provided the best control of two mollusk pests, viz., gray garden slugs and brown garden snail at significantly lower cost as compared to Orcal 3.25% pellets. In the field applications, when Durham bait consisting of sand granules coated with metaldehyde-clay mixture was used at half the rate of Orcal bait still provided 2-3 times more bait particles per unit area and resulted in high field efficacy at significantly lower cost. Insecticides Phosmet and Carbofuran were tested for their efficacy in controlling the mollusk pests were found to have profound repellent effect in laboratory tests. However, in field experiments they did not yield significant control of the mollusks. This project is monitored through monthly and annual meetings.
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Progress Report 4d Progress report. This report serves to document research conducted under a trust agreement between ARS and the Artichoke Research Association. Additional details of research can be founding the report for the in-house associated project 5305-21000-011-00D, Evaluation, Enhancement, Genetics and Breeding of Lettuce, Spinach, Melon and Closely Related Species. After discontinuing the mating disruption techniques employed for four consecutive seasons from 2001-2005 for the suppression of the artichoke plume moth in the same experimental fields under commercial production the daily average trap catches and the shoot and bud infestations increased significantly in the 2005-06 season by reaching the levels, which were recorded one year before the initiation of this project. From these trends we concluded that the gradual reduction in infestation levels from 2001-2005 were due to mating disruption resulting from the deployment of Suterra puffers. In another
field study initiated in 2005, the deployment of Suterra puffers in three commercial fields with rolling grounds significantly decreased the trap catches. Shoot and bud infestations were reduced by 60 and 67 percent respectively as compared to the infestations in the control field which was located downwind from the mating disruption blocks. These data suggest that the rolling terrain did not affect the efficacy of the Suterra puffers. The 67 percent reduction in bud infestation appears to have paid for the cost of deploying the puffers. Several new insecticides were tested for their effectiveness against the artichoke plume moth and proba bug. The insecticide deltamethrin was found to be slightly more effective against the artichoke plume moth than esfenvalerate the most commonly used pyrethroids. However, its efficacy against the proba bug was not high enough to pursue its registration. The various fungicides evaluated for the control of botrytis (Botrytis cinerea) were a mixture
of Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin, Myclobutanil, and Azoxystrobin. The incidence of botrytis disease in the experimental plot was very low. Instead, the incidence Ramularia (Ramularia cynarae) was intense. All fungicides reduced the incidence of this disease significantly as compared to Control. Boscalid + Pyraclostrobin mixture was significantly more effective than the other test materials. In another field trial the biofungicide consisting of a naturally occurring strain of bacterium, Bacillus pumilus appeared to be less effective than the registered materials such as Myclobutanil, and Azoxystrobin against the powdery mildew caused by Leveillula taurica. However, it appears to be significantly effective against this disease as compared to control. Therefore, this fungicide could play an important role in resistance management. Being a biofungicide derived by a naturally occurring bacterium, its use is approved for all organically grown fruits and vegetables including artichokes.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
4d Progress report. This report serves to document research conducted under a trust agreement between ARS and the Artichoke Research Association. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the in-house associated project 5305-21000-011-00D, Evaluation, Enhancement, Genetics and Breeding of Lettuce, Spinach, Melon and Closely Related Species. Several new insecticides were tested for their effectiveness against Proba Californica (Heteroptera: Miridae), which has increasingly become a major pest in the late decade. Thiomethoxam (second generation neonicotinoid) was found to be highly effective among all the registered and unregistered materials evaluated in the test. Artichoke Research Association is actively seeking its registration on artichokes. In the interim, an emergency use permit was obtained based on the results of this test and the economic losses ensuing due to its infestation. In the studies pertaining to the effectiveness of pheromone
puffers used for the mating disruption of the artichoke plum moth and the economic analysis of the use of this strategy, it was concluded that though this control strategy was highly effective, it was economically not feasible at the current cost of puffers. These studies would continue to evaluate lower rates of puffer deployment and/or greater cutback of insecticide use for the control efficacy and economic feasibility. Field studies were conducted on the effectiveness of the new formulation of the herbicide Oxyfluorfen (Goal Tender) sprayed directly on the bed tops immediately after the annual cutback of the perennially grown artichokes. The herbicide was found to be highly effective against many major weeds in artichoke fields. However, while the herbicide was found to be quite safe with minimal phytotoxicity to the host crop when used on the artichokes cutback in spring (May), with the same rate of application, it caused severe injury to the crop that was cutback in November
(slated for summer production). Hard winter rain received in December causing lift off and seasonally low soil temperature resulting in longer persistence of the chemical in the soil must have contributed to this injury. Studies are in progress to evaluate lower rates of the herbicide on the artichokes that are cutback in November.
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