Progress 06/04/04 to 01/28/07
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Determine genetic factors for salt and ion tolerances. Identify primary, fundamental causes of salt-induced yield and growth reduction. Identify salt-induced changes in morphology and physiology. Approach (from AD-416) Quantify effects of morphological and physiological characters which influence yield and quality under saline conditions; conduct genetic analysis; establish screening techniques; and develop salt tolerant germplasm. Identify effects of salinity on energy metabolism and partitioning. Develop mechanistic model for ion uptake and transport across membranes. Identify salinity-induced differences in carbon allocation, metabolism and transport to include sugars, amino and organic acids, and other metabolites. Identify positive and controlling factors for differential changes in salt tolerance during crop growth stages. Replaces 5310-21000-003-00D (12/00) and 5310-21000-006-00D (5/04). 5302- 21000-007-00D combined into this project (1/04). Accomplishments Determining physiological and genetic controls of ion influx in small grains: Identifying mechanisms regulating net ion influx is critical to forming a rational basis for breeding salt tolerant crops. In this study, we focused on physiological and hormonal control of ion influx. Earlier at the U.S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, California, we determined that part of the salinity stress response in cereals involved a regulation of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and JA-responsive genes. The physiological effect of applying JA to rice plants was determined by monitoring leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration, and relating these events to sodium-ion accumulation after 1) salinity stress, 2) JA treatment, and 3) JA pretreatment followed by salinity stress. Our results will benefit 1) scientists investigating the genetic and physiological parameters of salt tolerance by providing them a reference dataset for further study of the role of JA in salinity tolerance of rice and, perhaps, other cereals, and 2) also benefit plant breeders by providing them with a rational approach to developing more salt tolerant crops. This research directly relates to National Program 201- Water Resource Management and addresses Problem area 2 Irrigation Water Management. Technology Transfer Number of Non-Peer Reviewed Presentations and Proceedings: 1
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Walia, H., Wilson, C., Condamine, P., Ismail, A.M., Xu, J., Cui, X., Close, T.J. 2007. Array-Based Genotyping and Expression Analysis of Barley cv. Maythorpe and Gold Promise. Biomed Central (BMC) Genomics. Vol 8:87-100
- Walia, H., Wilson, C., Zeng, L., Ismail, A.M., Condamine, P., Close, T. 2006. Genome-wide transcriptional analysis of salinity stressed japonica and indica rice genotypes during panicle initiation stage. Plant Molecular Biology. Vol 63:609-623
- Walia, H., Wilson, C., Condamine, P., Ismail, A.M., Close, T.J. 2007. Large-scale expression profiling and physiological characterization of jasmonic acid mediated adaptation of barley to salinity stress. Plant Cell and Environment. Vol. 30:410-421
- Walia, H., Wilson, C., Condamine, P., Liu, X., Ismail, A.M., Zeng, L., Wanamaker, S.I., Mandal, J., Xu, J., Cui, X., Close, T.J. 2005. Comparative Transcriptional Profiling of Two Contrasting Rice Genotypes under Salinity Stress during the Vegetative Growth Stage. Plant Physiology. Vol 139:822-835
- Walia, H., Wilson, C., Wahid, A., Condamine, P., Cui, X., Close, T.J. 2006. Expression analysis of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) during salinity stress. Functional and Integrative Genomics. Vol 6: 143-156
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Progress Report 1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? While salinity is one of many environmental factors resulting in suboptimal crop yield, its impact is one of the most far-reaching in agronomic terms. Unlike most toxins or herbicides, salinity has no specific cellular target. Thus, most of the early work on salinity focused on the manifestations of salt-stress. The exact physiological, biochemical, molecular biological, and biophysical mechanisms remain unresolved. The thrust of this research is to identify the array of cellular, biochemical and physiological mechanisms utilized by the plant to adapt to saline environments so that a rational basis may be formed for the development of salt-tolerant plants. Because of increases in global population, world agriculture must produce a greater yield per unit area than ever before. However,
worldwide one-half of all irrigated lands are seriously affected by salinity or water logging. Currently, more land is not being irrigated due to salinity problems than there is new land coming under irrigation. It is believed that in the past soil salinity has contributed to the decline of several ancient civilizations. Irrigated agriculture takes on a special importance in this regard as it has a high yield per unit area and is less dependent on the uncertainties of weather. Furthermore, high- quality water needed for agriculture is becoming increasingly scarce due to changing environmental standards and rising demands from urban areas. Research is aligned with National Program 201-Water Quality Management, Problem Area 2.7-Salinity and Trace Element Management, Goals 2.7.1- Salinity and Trace Element Management Practices; Goals 2.7.3- Salinity Assessment Methods and Models; also relates to National Program 302, Plant Biological and Molecular Processes. 2. List by year the
currently approved milestones (indicators of research progress) Milestone 1 (FY 2004) Relation of physiological characters to salinity tolerance in grain crops: Initiate greenhouse experiments with rice to investigate the interrelationships among individual physiological characters, ion uptake and accumulation, growth and yield. Identify appropriate stages of growth when specific characters and their interrelationships are best determined. Heritability and selection: Introduce Recombinant Inbreeding Lines from the International Rice Research Institute, The Philippines. Increase seed under stringent quarantine protocol. Begin first selection of plants based on ion content and ion selectivity. Milestone 2 (FY 2005) Relation of physiological characters to salinity tolerance in grain crops: Initiate greenhouse experiments with wheat to investigate the interrelationships among individual physiological characters, ion uptake and accumulation, growth and yield. Identify appropriate stages
of growth when specific characters and their interrelationships are best determined. Relation of physiological characters to salinity tolerance in grain crops: Analyze/evaluate results of rice study. Complete greenhouse wheat experiment. Heritability and selection: Complete first selection of RILs based on ion content and ion selectivity. Mapping of ion selectivity in rice: Extract DNA for PCR marker screening by Dr. Tai (U.C. Davis). Screen RILs and backcross populations for PCR markers at Davis and Riverside. Milestone 3 (FY 2006) Field studies (first year): Construct specially designed facilities for paddy fields using aluminum rings at Davis. Grow plants, analyze physiological characters, and compare data with greenhouse results. Develop rice growth model that incorporates physiological characters, ion selectivity, and stage of plant growth. Heritability and selection: Complete second selection on ion contents and ion selectivity in genetic populations. Determine realized
heritability using ion selectivity as selection criterion. Mapping of ion selectivity in rice: Continue analyzing genotypes of SSR using MapQTL for QTLs controlling ion uptake in rice. Field selection (first year) using the QTLs identified by molecular markers. Milestone 4 (FY 2007) Field studies (second year): Complete field trials and analyze physiological characters. Heritability and selection: Conduct field trials of the selected RILs and backcross families at Biggs, California. Mapping of ion selectivity in rice: Complete field selection (second year) using the QTLs identified by molecular markers. Milestone Time Line. Publication and presentation of results will occur as significant outcomes arise. 4a List the single most significant research accomplishment during FY 2006. Gene expression under salinity stress In order for plant breeders to select for salt tolerance at early stages of crop growth, relationships between physiological parameters and genetic variation must be
developed. ARS scientists in collaboration with scientists from the University of California, Riverside initiated a study at the GEB, Jr. Salinity Laboratory to examine the effects of salinity on physiological and transcriptional response of rice (Oryza sativa) during the panicle initiation stage. Four rice genotypes were used as test crops, several ion homeostasis-related genes were identified, including SKC1, a cation transporter which is generally believed to be a major source of variation in salt tolerance in rice. The concentration of SKC1 was unchanged in response to salinity stress at panicle initiation stage in the shoot tissue of all four genotypes. However, the transcript abundance of SKC1 was significantly higher in the salt tolerant genotype, Agami, relative to the salt sensitive M103 under both nonsaline control and stressed conditions during panicle initiation stage. Potential impact: This information can provide plant breeders with a rational basis for the
development of salt-tolerant plants. Accomplishments are aligned with National Program 201-Water Quality Management, Problem Area 2.7-Salinity and Trace Element Management, Goals 2.7.1-Salinity and Trace Element Management Practices; Goals 2.7.3- Salinity Assessment Methods and Models. 4b List other significant research accomplishment(s), if any. 1) Physiological parameters involved in salinity tolerance Recent studies on salinity stress response in cereals had led to the hypothesis that jasmonic acid (JA) may be involved in salt-stress adaptation of cereals. Researchers at the GEB, Jr. Salinity Laboratory tested that hypothesis by applying JA exogenously to rice plants and observing the physiological response. Photosynthetic response and sodium- ion accumulation response were compared after each of three treatments: 1) salinity stress, 2) JA treatment, and 3) JA pretreatment followed by salinity stress. Results indicate the JA-pretreated salt-stressed plants accumulated strikingly
high levels of sodium in the shoot tissue compared to untreated salt-stressed plants. In addition, pretreatment with JA influenced photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Potential impact: These results contribute to an improved knowledgebase of rice response to salinity and provide a reference dataset for further study of the role of JA in salinity tolerance of rice and, perhaps, other cereals. 2) Understanding the physiological processes in plants related to biomass accumulation, photosynthesis, nutrient uptake and ion selectivity is fundamental to improving crop and water management to minimize yield losses in salt-affected areas. ARS scientists in collaboration with scientists at the University of California. Riverside conducted a study in greenhouse sand cultures at the GEB, Jr. Salinity Laboratory to determine the suitability of twelve cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cultivars for production in the arid inland valleys of Southern California. Seven salinity treatments (EC = 2, 4,
5, 8, 12, 17 and 20 dS/m) were imposed. Cultivars were ranked for salt tolerance based on biomass production. Comparison of leaf gas exchange of four cowpea varieties differing in salt tolerance revealed no cultivar differences in photosynthetic patterns. Potential Impact: Research provides growers with information of cowpea cultivars that may be useful as cover crops or as mulch for weed control in the inland valleys of Southern California during the summer months when traditional vegetables are not usually grown. Accomplishments are aligned with National Program 201-Water Quality Management, Problem Area 2.7-Salinity and Trace Element Management, Goals 2.7.1-Salinity and Trace Element Management Practices; Goals 2.7.3- Salinity Assessment Methods and Models. 5. Describe the major accomplishments to date and their predicted or actual impact. Accomplishments are aligned with National Program 201-Water Quality Management, Problem Area 2.7-Salinity and Trace Element Management, Goals
2.7.1-Salinity and Trace Element Management Practices; Goals 2.7.3- Salinity Assessment Methods and Models; also relates to National Program 302, Plant Biological and Molecular Processes. Improved water management practices are needed to minimize rice yield losses in salt-affected paddies. Scientists at the GEB Jr. Salinity Laboratory in cooperation with extension specialists at the University of California and farm advisors conducted field studies in Colusa and Glenn counties (CA) to evaluate the basin-to-basin variation in salinity patterns and to determine the limitations that salinity imposed on rice yield components (stand establishment, numbers of panicles, tillers and spikelets per plant, floret sterility, grain size). Results indicate that rice is more salt sensitive than current guidelines suggest. Improved water management practices to mitigate salinity-induced yield reductions in rice include raising water depths, increased seeding rates, recirculating water among basins,
reducing the duration of water-holding periods. Potential impact: Current salinity guidelines for California- grown rice have been modified and older guidelines have been adjusted to account for the research presented herein. Identification of physiological traits linked to salt tolerance will provide a method for improved selection efficiency for salt tolerance in small grain crops. Scientists at the GEB Jr. Salinity Laboratory conducted greenhouse sand tank studies to establish the relative salt tolerance of 31 rice genotypes based on physiological parameters, determined at an early growth stages, and overall agronomic performance. Results of the study revealed that most important characters controlling salt tolerance were plant selectivity of essential mineral nutrients (potassium, calcium) and exclusion of potentially toxic ions (sodium). Wards minimum-variance cluster analysis was used to classify and rank plant genotypes based on their physiological responses to salinity.
Cluster analysis proved to be an effective new tool for selection of promising salt tolerant rice genotypes at early stages of development. Potential impact: Provides plant breeders/geneticists with a new procedure for evaluating salt tolerance of rice at an early stage of plant growth. One major approach to plant breeding is maximizing the genetic variation between parental genotypes for salt intercrosses. ARS scientists at the GEB, Jr. Salinity Laboratory conducted a greenhouse sand tank study to characterize, by means of DNA-based microsatellite markers, the genetic diversity with a subset of 33 rice genotypes differing in adaptation to salinity. Morphological characters (leaf area, plant height, shoot dry weight, grain weight per panicle, grain weight per plant, harvest index) and physiological traits (shoot ion concentration, mineral ion ratios and ion selectivity) were determined. DNA was extracted from leaf tissues; PCR products were amplified and analyzed. Results of the
study suggest that improving salt tolerance in rice can be achieved by selecting parental genotypes prior to intercrossing based on microsatellite markers. Potential impact: This novel approach for analyzing for salt tolerance using molecularly-classified germplasm will be useful for plant breeders and geneticists concerned with improving the salt tolerance of rice. Development of salt-tolerant germplasm of lesquerella, a promising new oil seed crop, would permit cost-effective production on marginal lands. ARS scientists in cooperation with scientists at the ARS Water Conservation Laboratory, Phoenix, AZ conducted an outdoor lysimeter study to evaluate the agronomic performance of Lesquerella fendleri using bulk (unselected) seed. The initial experiment indicated that the crop was moderately salt sensitive. However, among the dead and dying plants were individual plants growing vigorously. These survivors were rescued and crossed to yield a lesquerella line (WCL-SL1) with improved
salt tolerance. In a subsequent salt tolerance trial, WCL-SL1 dramatically out-performed two non-selected lines as measured by plant survival, shoot dry matter production, plant height and seed yield. WCL-SL1 was registered and offered to the scientific community. Potential impact: The growing region for lesquerella is expected to be in the southwestern states where irrigation costs, saline water and soil conditions and changing government programs limit the area where crops can be grown. WCL-SL1, a stress tolerant germplasm, may be a valuable and cost- effective crop for these marginal lands. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Improved management practices for rice cultivation in California were developed. This technology was
transferred to growers, farm advisors, extensions specialists, irrigation water district managers, and the scientific community through field tours and demonstrations, presentations at professional meetings, and publication in peer-reviewed journals. Technology is currently available to end-users. Technology from laboratory studies aimed at providing plant breeders and geneticists with better criteria for developing crops with improved salt tolerance have been transferred to the scientific community through presentations at professional meetings and publication in peer-reviewed journals. Technology is currently available. A lesquerella genotype with improved salt tolerance (WCL-SL1) has been developed and registered. Science has been presented to scientists, extension specialists and growers at professional meetings and published in peer-reviewed journals. Seed has been made available to growers and the scientific community. Field trials of the line have been conducted in Texas,
Arizona and Mexico. Technology is currently available to end- users.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Wilson, C., Soliman, M.S., Shannon, M.C. 2005. Electrostatic changes in root plasma membrane of glycophytic and halophytic species of tomato. Plant Science. 169:805-811.
- Wilson, C., Liu, X., Lesch, S.M., Suarez, D.L. 2006. Growth response of major usa cowpea cultivars. I. Biomass accumulation and salt tolerance. HortScience. 41:225-230.
- Wilson, C., Liu, X., Lesch, S., Suarez, D.L. 2006. Growth response of major usa cowpea cultivars. II. Effect of salinity on leaf gas exchange. Plant Science. 170:1095-1101.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? While salinity is one of many environmental factors resulting in suboptimal crop yield, its impact is one of the most far-reaching in agronomic terms. Unlike most toxins or herbicides, salinity has no specific cellular target. Thus, most of the early work on salinity focused on the manifestations of salt-stress. The exact physiological, biochemical, molecular biological, and biophysical mechanisms remain unresolved. The thrust of this research is to identify the array of cellular, biochemical and physiological mechanisms utilized by the plant to adapt to saline environments so that a rational basis may be formed for the development of salt-tolerant plants. Because of increases in global population, world agriculture must produce a greater yield per unit area than ever before. However, worldwide
one-half of all irrigated lands are seriously affected by salinity or water logging. Currently, more land is not being irrigated due to salinity problems than there is new land coming under irrigation. It is believed that in the past soil salinity has contributed to the decline of several ancient civilizations. Irrigated agriculture takes on a special importance in this regard as it has a high yield per unit area and is less dependent on the uncertainties of weather. Furthermore, high- quality water needed for agriculture is becoming increasingly scarce due to changing environmental standards and rising demands from urban areas. The research falls under National Program 201, Water Quality and Management and contributes to National Program 302, Plant Biological and Molecular Processes. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Milestone 1 (FY 2004) Relation of physiological characters to salinity tolerance in grain crops: Initiate greenhouse experiments
with rice to investigate the interrelationships among individual physiological characters, ion uptake and accumulation, growth and yield. Identify appropriate stages of growth when specific characters and their interrelationships are best determined. Heritability and selection: Introduce Recombinant Inbreeding Lines from the International Rice Research Institute, The Philippines. Increase seed under stringent quarantine protocol. Begin first selection of plants based on ion content and ion selectivity. Milestone 2 (FY 2005) Relation of physiological characters to salinity tolerance in grain crops: Initiate greenhouse experiments with wheat to investigate the interrelationships among individual physiological characters, ion uptake and accumulation, growth and yield. Identify appropriate stages of growth when specific characters and their interrelationships are best determined. Relation of physiological characters to salinity tolerance in grain crops: Analyze/evaluate results of rice
study. Complete greenhouse wheat experiment. Heritability and selection: Complete first selection of RILs based on ion content and ion selectivity. Mapping of ion selectivity in rice: Extract DNA for PCR marker screening by Dr. Tai (U.C. Davis). Screen RILs and backcross populations for PCR markers at Davis and Riverside. Milestone 3 (FY 2006) Field studies (first year): Construct specially designed facilities for paddy fields using aluminum rings at Davis. Grow plants, analyze physiological characters, and compare data with greenhouse results. Develop rice growth model that incorporates physiological characters, ion selectivity, and stage of plant growth. Heritability and selection: Complete second selection on ion contents and ion selectivity in genetic populations. Determine realized heritability using ion selectivity as selection criterion. Mapping of ion selectivity in rice: Continue analyzing genotypes of SSR using MapQTL for QTLs controlling ion uptake in rice. Field selection
(first year) using the QTLs identified by molecular markers. Milestone 4 (FY 2007) Field studies (second year): Complete field trials and analyze physiological characters. Heritability and selection: Conduct field trials of the selected RILs and backcross families at Biggs, California. Mapping of ion selectivity in rice: Complete field selection (second year) using the QTLs identified by molecular markers. Milestone Time Line. Publication and presentation of results will occur as significant outcomes arise. 3a List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2005. For each milestone, indicate the status: fully met, substantially met, or not met. If not met, why. 1. Relation of physiological characters to salinity tolerance in grain crops: Initiate greenhouse experiments with wheat to investigate the interrelationships among individual physiological characters, ion uptake and accumulation, growth and yield. Milestone Not Met Progress slowed by resource limitation
(human,fiscal,equipment, etc. 2. Relation of physiological characters to salinity tolerance in grain crops: Identify appropriate stages of growth in rice when specific characters and their interrelationships are best determined. Milestone Substantially Met 3. Relation of physiological characters to salinity tolerance in grain crops: analyze/evaluate results of rice study. Milestone Fully Met 4. Complete greenhouse wheat experiment. Milestone Not Met Progress slowed by resource limitation (human,fiscal,equipment, etc. 3b List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2006, 2007, and 2008). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? FY 2006 Field studies (first year): Construct specially designed facilities for rice paddy fields using aluminum rings at Davis, CA. Grow plants, analyze physiological characters, and compare data with greenhouse results. Develop rice growth model that incorporates physiological
characters, ion selectivity, and stage of plant growth. Heritability and selection: Complete second selection on ion contents and ion selectivity in genetic populations. Determine realized heritability using ion selectivity as selection criterion. Mapping of ion selectivity in rice: Continue analyzing genotypes of SSR using MapQTL for QTLs controlling ion uptake in rice. Field selection (first year) using the QTLs identified by molecular markers. FY 2007 Milestone 4 (FY 2007) Field studies (second year): Complete field trials and analyzing physiological characters. Heritability and selection: Field trials of the selected RILs and backcross families at Biggs, California. Mapping of ion selectivity in rice: Complete field selection (second year) using the QTLs identified by molecular markers. Milestone Time Line. Publication and presentation of results will occur as significant outcomes arise. 4a What was the single most significant accomplishment this past year? What were the most
significant accomplishments this past year? Gene expression under salinity stress Identification of genetic variation for salt tolerance is necessary for plant breeders to develop more salt tolerant varieties. In cooperation with Drs. Timothy J. Close, UC Riverside, and Abdelbagi Ismail, International Rice Research Institute, the Philippines, ARS scientists at the George E. Brown, Jr. Salinity Laboratory exploited the recent completion of the rice genome sequence (2004) and the enhanced annotations of the rice genome (TIGR rice pseudomolecules, release 3; www. tigr.org/tdb/e2kl/osa1) by using the whole genome microarray from Affymetrix to identify genetic variation at the transcriptional level. Our study focused on two indica rice genotypes, FL478, a salt-tolerant recombinant inbred line (RIL), and IR29, the salt-sensitive parent. The response of the sensitive genotype, IR29, was characterized by induction of a relatively large number of probe sets compared to tolerant FL478.
Additionally, salinity stress induced a number of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in IR29 and cell-wall restructuring in both IR29 and FL478. This information can impact plant breeding and serve as a rational basis for the development of salt-tolerant plants. 4b List other significant accomplishments, if any. Physiological parameters involved in salinity tolerance In order or plant breeders to select for salt tolerance at early growth stages, it is useful to identify the relationships between physiological parameters and growth performance of seedlings. Plants of 31 genotypes were grown in sand tanks to study the effect of salinity on the physiological parameters such as sodium (Na), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) uptake, K-Na selectivity, Na-Ca selectivity, and growth performance characters such as tiller number, leaf area, plant height, and shoot dry weight. Wards minimum-variance cluster analysis was used to group genotypes into distinct clusters based on ion selectivity
and Na shoot content. These results provide the first example of the effectiveness of cluster analysis for evaluating physiological responses to salinity stress. More importantly, information concerning the differential genotypic response to salinity will provide the plant breeder with important tools for improving the salt tolerance in rice. Carbohydrate physiology in salinity tolerance mechanisms Identification of osmotically active metabolites produced by the plant in response to salinity stress is needed to provide plant breeders with physiological tools to develop salt tolerant plants. Two halophytic species of Limonium, L. perezii and L. sinuatum, were grown in greenhouse sand culture by ARS scientists at the George E. Brown, Jr. Salinity Laboratory in order to identify organic constituents in these species which may contribute to salt tolerance. Chiro-inositol, was isolated and identified from leaf tissues of both species. The enhanced accumulation of this unique sugar in
response to salt stress contributes to cellular osmotic pressure and appears to be an important physiological process for the adaptation of Limonium to salinity stress. This work should provide new information for gene target search in transformation for enhanced crop salt tolerance. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Accomplishments are linked to NP201 Water Quality, and Managment; Components, Salinity, and Trace Element Management, Wastewater reuse. The presence of a Na+/H+ antiport mechanism in root membranes of tomato plants was reported by ARS Salinity Laboratory scientists. Impact: This finding was recently extended by molecular biologists working at the University of Toronto who reported the overexpression of a similar antiport mechanism in transgenic tomato which resulted in increased salt tolerance. Customers: Government, University, and private industry scientists, plant breeders. ARS scientists at
the Salinity Laboratory identified physiological characters (leaf area index, Na-Ca selectivity, and K-Na selectivity) which contributed to salt tolerance in rice genotypes. Potential impact: Provides information for improving salt tolerance in rice. Customers: Government, University, and private industry scientists, plant breeders. A genetic population of rice from crosses between M202 and IR08 was developed by ARS scientists at the Salinity Laboratory. Leaf area index (LAI) was identified as a reliable physiological character which can be used to identify QTLs related to salt tolerance in rice. Potential impact: Provides plant breeders with physiological mechanism which can be exploited to improve salt tolerance in rice. Customers: Government, University, and private industry scientists, plant breeders. In a cooperative study, ARS scientists at the George E. Brown Jr. Salinity and at the Water Conservation Laboratory, Phoenix, AZ identified, selected, and registered a
salt-tolerant germplasm of Lesquerella, WCL-SL1. Potential impact: A more salt-tolerant line of Lesquerella will result in increased production in salt-affected areas. Oil from this plant is used for industrial purposes. Customers: Seed companies, farmers, Government, University, and private industry scientists, plant breeders The effect of saline irrigation waters on biomass accumulation in Haas avocadogrown in greenhouse sand cultureswas studied by ARS scientists at the Salinity Laboratory. Chloride ion influx adversely influenced photosynthesis, thus limiting biomass accumulation in avocado. Provides plant breeders with physiological mechanism of salt tolerance. Customers: Government, University, and private industry scientists, plant breeders.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Liu, X., Wilson, C., Grieve, C.M. 2005. Effect of salinity on accumulation of chiro-inositol and other non-structural carbohydrates in limonium. In: Proceedings of the International Salinity Forum, Managing Saline Soils and Water: Science, Technology, and Soil Issues. April 25-27, 2005. Riverside, CA pp:93-96.
- Wilson, C., Liu, X., Zeng, L. 2005. Elevated CO2 influences salt tolerance of rice. In: Proceedings of the International Salinity Forum, Managing Saline Soils and Water: Science, Technology, and Soil Issues. April 25-27, 2005. Riverside, CA pp:481-484.
- Zeng, L. 2005. Exploration of relationship between physiological parameters and growth performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings under salinity stress using multivariate analysis. Plant and Soil Journal. 268:51-59.
- Walia, H., Wilson, C., Close, T.J. 2005. Comparative transcriptional profiling of barley cultivar maythorpe and its derived mutant golden promise under salinity stress. Plant & Animal Genome XIII International Conference, San Diego, CA. Abstracts. Pg. 234.
- Zeng, L. 2004. Response and correlated response to salt tolerance selection in rice by yield parameters. Cereal Research Communications. 32(4):477-484.
- Zeng, L., Wilson, C., Grieve, C.M. 2004. Genetic improvement of salt tolerance in rice. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting Abstracts, CD-ROM, Seattle, WA.
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