Progress 10/01/08 to 09/30/09
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) This study proposes to investigate attraction and effects on non-target organisms of ME, CL, GF-120 protein bait and BioLure bait. Approach (from AD-416) A - Short interval studies in traps in different habitats, where traps are cleared daily to avoid attraction of saprophagous organisms to the dead fruit flies. Documents SCA with U of HI. Formerly 0500-00044-007-08S; 03/2005. B - Direct application of attractants to potential treatment areas: evaluation with tree leaves treated with attractant and fixed to sticky boards on sticky traps and untreated controls, and direct attractant application onto plants, with observations on feeding. Habitats to be covered by the above sampling should follow gradients that include a diversity of habitats such as native forests, exotic forests, ecotone areas (eg. strawberry guava invading a native forest), agricultural farmlands, fruit production orchards, residential areas and riparian habitats. Study sites will cover the main fruit-producing islands (Hawai'i, Maui, Oahu, and Kauai) C - Possibility of rearing in laboratory, if feasible, several native Hawaiian insects (especially Drosophilidae) or biological control agents, and the application of attractant treatments to confirm and further investigate the nature of attraction. D - Identification of native areas potentially impacted by area-wide fruit fly suppression/eradication methods (GF-120 and male annihilation treatments). Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations Past studies in Hawaii have suggested that as many as 37 nontarget species were attracted to methyl eugenol. Among them were 10 species of Hawaiian Drosophilidae, a very diverse endemic group (> 900 species) that includes 12 endangered species. Before male lures can be registered, it is essential to determine whether Drosophilidae are attracted to male lure or to decaying fruit flies inside traps. Traps baited with the food attractant BioLure, male lures (cue-lure and methyl eugenol) and unbaited control traps were maintained and emptied weekly along transects, from endemic forest to agricultural and backyard habitats, at 81 sites on Hawaii and Maui Islands. Propylene glycol was used as a liquid preservative in all traps, and traps artificially baited with decaying flies were also maintained at most sites. Cue-lure did not attract any species other than target melon flies. Methyl eugenol, on the other hand, attracted small numbers (0.04-0.15/trap/day) of five species of flower- associated insects (honeybees, syrphid flies, nitidulid beetles, and 2 species of endemic crambid moths). The association may be explained by the natural presence of methyl eugenol in flower blossoms of numerous plants. One endemic species of fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae) and one endemic plant bug species (Hemiptera: Miridae) were also attracted to methyl eugenol. Scavenger flies, including Drosophilidae, were abundant and diverse in traps baited with decaying flies and in male lure traps where accumulation of dead flies occurred, but not in male lure traps that had captured few or no fruit flies. Most of the published methyl eugenol attraction records are demonstrated to actually be secondary attraction to decaying fruit flies. None of the 123 endemic drosophilids collected in BioLure and decaying fly traps and no beneficial predators or parasitoids were attracted to methyl eugenol. Endemic species were captured when traps were used in native and immediately adjacent ecotone forest, but almost exclusively immigrant species were attracted in non- endemic habitats. Based on these results, attractants may safely be used to control pest fruit flies in non-native environments given a minimum distance of 200m from native habitats, to avoid attracting endemic nontargets. Attraction of flower-associated species may be minimized if methyl eugenol traps are placed in trees after flowering season in orchards. BioLure also attracted large numbers of mostly scavenger flies, especially Drosophilidae, and did not attract beneficial predators, parasitoids or pollinators. Testing non-target attraction to the individual components of BioLure suggest that ammonium acetate and, to a lesser extent, putrescine, are potent non-target attractants. However, as documented for C. capitata before, the three components act in synergy, attracting much larger numbers of most nontarget species that the added numbers attracted by their components used in separate traps. Progress is monitored through meetings with cooperator, telephone and email communications, and progress reporting.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 09/24/04 to 09/23/09
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) This study proposes to investigate attraction and effects on non-target organisms of ME, CL, GF-120 protein bait and BioLure bait. Approach (from AD-416) A - Short interval studies in traps in different habitats, where traps are cleared daily to avoid attraction of saprophagous organisms to the dead fruit flies. Documents SCA with U of HI. Formerly 0500-00044-007-08S; 03/2005. B - Direct application of attractants to potential treatment areas: evaluation with tree leaves treated with attractant and fixed to sticky boards on sticky traps and untreated controls, and direct attractant application onto plants, with observations on feeding. Habitats to be covered by the above sampling should follow gradients that include a diversity of habitats such as native forests, exotic forests, ecotone areas (eg. strawberry guava invading a native forest), agricultural farmlands, fruit production orchards, residential areas and riparian habitats. Study sites will cover the main fruit-producing islands (Hawai'i, Maui, Oahu, and Kauai) C - Possibility of rearing in laboratory, if feasible, several native Hawaiian insects (especially Drosophilidae) or biological control agents, and the application of attractant treatments to confirm and further investigate the nature of attraction. D - Identification of native areas potentially impacted by area-wide fruit fly suppression/eradication methods (GF-120 and male annihilation treatments). Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations Traps baited with female attractants (solulys, torula yeast, BioLure) and male lures (cue-lure, methyl eugenol), as well as unbaited controls, were maintained and emptied weekly in native, mixed native and non-native forests, farmlands, orchards and residential areas, on Hawaii Island (35 sites, May-Aug 2005, and 1 site, Dec-Feb 2005) and Maui (46 sites, May- Nov 2006). Traps artificially baited with decaying fruit flies were also maintained to emulate the common situation where fruit flies die and accumulate in male lure traps. During FY08, counting and identification to species level of all specimens from all catches were finalized. All data have been entered on spreadsheets, and are being analyzed as repeated measures. Once data have been completely analyzed, at least five publications will be completed and submitted to journals during FY09. Results were presented at the Annual Hawaii Conservation Conference (Honolulu, July 2007), the Entomological Society of America meeting (San Diego, December 2007) and the International Congress of Entomology (Durban, July 2008). Progress was monitored through regular meetings with cooperator, teleconference calls, and scientific manuscripts.
Impacts
(N/A)
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) This study proposes to investigate attraction and effects on non-target organisms of ME, CL, GF-120 protein bait and BioLure bait. Approach (from AD-416) A - Short interval studies in traps in different habitats, where traps are cleared daily to avoid attraction of saprophagous organisms to the dead fruit flies. Documents SCA with U of HI. Formerly 0500-00044-007-08S; 03/2005. B - Direct application of attractants to potential treatment areas: evaluation with tree leaves treated with attractant and fixed to sticky boards on sticky traps and untreated controls, and direct attractant application onto plants, with observations on feeding. Habitats to be covered by the above sampling should follow gradients that include a diversity of habitats such as native forests, exotic forests, ecotone areas (eg. strawberry guava invading a native forest), agricultural farmlands, fruit production orchards, residential areas and riparian habitats. Study sites will cover the main fruit-producing islands (Hawai'i, Maui, Oahu, and Kauai) C - Possibility of rearing in laboratory, if feasible, several native Hawaiian insects (especially Drosophilidae) or biological control agents, and the application of attractant treatments to confirm and further investigate the nature of attraction. D - Identification of native areas potentially impacted by area-wide fruit fly suppression/eradication methods (GF-120 and male annihilation treatments). Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations This report documents research conducted under a specific cooperative agreement # 58-5320-4-0501, between ARS and the University of Hawaii. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the parent CRIS 0500-00044-016-00D, Areawide Management of Fruit Flies in Hawaii. Traps baited with female attractants and male lures were setup in native, mixed native and non-native forests, farmlands, orchards and residential areas. Traps were maintained for 10-12 weeks and emptied weekly at 35 sites on Hawaii Island (2005) and 46 sites on Maui (2006). Trap catches were compared against catches from unbaited control traps. To isolate the effect of decaying fruit flies that frequently accumulate in traps and may secondarily attract non-targets, propylene glycol was used as a liquid preservative in all traps, and additional traps artificially baited with decaying flies were maintained at most sites. Most of FY07 was spent processing samples, with every specimen counted and identified to species level whenever possible. The preliminary results and implications are as follows. Male lures (cue-lure, methyl eugenol) failed to attract insects other than target fruit flies, except for a weak attraction to methyl eugenol for flower-associated insects, one or several species of possibly endemic fungus gnats, and possibly endemic plant bugs. Again numbers of non- targets were very low. Non-target insects were abundant in traps baited with decaying flies, and the same species were also observed in male lure traps with large accumulations of dead trapped fruit flies. Protein attractants (solulys, torula yeast), BioLure and decaying flies attracted large numbers of mostly Dipteran non-targets. Endemic species were attracted to traps set up in invasive forests, orchards, farmlands and backyards. Details of the geographic range of non-target attraction are forthcoming. Attraction of Medfly and non-target to 2-component and 3-component BioLure and its individual components was thoroughly investigated in native forest and orchards. Ammonium acetate was found to be the most attractive componenet to both target Medflies and non-target insects. Also, the putrescine component is not a necessary component in BioLure traps because it did not add significant extra attraction to Medflies, compared to using only two components. Comprehensive literature reviews on past studies of non-target effects of male lures were compiled as technical support to the lure registration application packages to EPA. The reviews critically assessed all published records of possible lure attraction. and concluded that cue- lure attracts only target fruit flies, only a few species of non-targets are attracted in small numbers to methy eugenol, and most published records of methyl eugenol attraction were actually attraction to decaying Oriental fruit flies accummulating in traps. Progress was monitored through regular meetings with cooperator and an annual meeting held each April. A detailed progress report was received from the cooperator.
Impacts
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Progress Report 4d Progress report. This report documents research conducted under a specific cooperative agreement # 58-5320-4-0501, between ARS and the University of Hawaii. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the parent CRIS 0500-00044-016-00D, Areawide Management of Fruit Flies in Hawaii. Non-target insects from the 2005 field season (over 3500 samples) are being identified and counted. Using similar trap array and components, we are investigating non-target attraction in the Kula (coffee and persimmon orchards) and Haleakala regions (intact native forest) of Maui Island (May to August, 2006). Emphasis is on Biolure, as it is used by persimmon growers in the Kula area, and demonstrating that male lures (Cue-lure and methyl eugenol) do not attract native Hawaiian insects in forest.
Impacts
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
4d Progress report. This report serves to document research conducted under a specific cooperative agreement between ARS and University of Hawaii. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the parent project 0500-00044-016-00D Areawide Pest Management of Fruit Flies in Hawaii. Field investigations are underway to assess the possible attraction of non-target organisms to two proteinaceous attractants commonly used in fruit fly monitoring (solulys and Torula yeast), BioLure 3-component attractant to control Mediterranean fruit fly, and two male lures (Cue- lure and methyl eugenol). Traps are maintained along ecological gradients ranging from native forests, mixed forests, and secondary forests, to agricultural farmlands and residential areas. On Hawaii Island, 330 traps are serviced along three gradients (Stainback Highway, Saddle Road and North Kohala forest). Preliminary results show a strong attraction to solulys, Torula yeast and especially
BioLure. Native and invasive species are collected in traps set in native and mixed forests, but only invasive species are collected in traps set in farmland and residential areas. Past studies have suggested that a small number of non-target organisms, including some native species, may be attracted to methyl eugenol. At least some of these past records were actually attraction to dead flies accumulating in traps and not the lures. Our traps baited with Cue-lure and methyl eugenol have not collected non-target organisms so far, except when a large number of dead flies accumulate in traps. Large numbers of invasive and native non-targets are, on the other hand, attracted to control traps baited with decaying fruit flies. Future investigations will concentrate on attraction to the individual chemical components of BioLure, attraction to GF-120 and its components, and further studies on methyl eugenol. The risks to native Hawaiian fauna of using BioLure traps for Mediterranean fruit fly
control near high altitude forests will also be assessed. Transects will be established on Oahu and Maui Islands.
Impacts
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