Progress 09/25/03 to 09/24/08
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Evaluate and develop animal manure handling systems to reduce gaseous emissions. Confined animal feeding operations are seriously being considered for regulation under national air quality rules. Recently, the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, the US-EPA and the Idaho United Dairymen Association entered into an agreement that mandates a dairy implement approved practices if the dairy emits more than 100 tons of gaseous ammonia per year. Even with a conservative 50% loss estimate of the nitrogen excreted, a 1000-milking cow dairy would exceed the 100 ton limit. Significant amounts of ammonia emissions are widely known to occur from concentrated animal feeding operations. Information is lacking on losses from specific operations or areas of either open-lot or free-stall dairy operations. In addition, the effectiveness of the approved management practices on ammonia emissions in western, arid climate production environments are not well-defined. An existing FTIR (open-path Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy instrument is available that will characterize gaseous losses of ammonia, methane and nitrous oxide over space and time. The additional funds of $131,466 will fund the use of FTIR to identify gas emission point sources and to develop remedial management practices. The proposed project is a continuation of project number 5368-12630-002-01S. Approach (from AD-416) Land sites will be selected where application methods can be evaluated. Site preference will be somewhat dictated by the type of material and methods of application. Liquid dairy or swine lagoon and wet solid manure materials will be evaluated. In general, materials will be either surface applied (surface broadcast or overhead sprinkler) or incorporated by different methods and, where possible, in each of the four calendar seasons. Studies will measure gaseous emissions of ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrous oxide following the different material/application treatments. Concentrations in the air stream up-stream and down-stream from the respective land treatments will be determined with an open-path Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) instrument. Standard gas sampling techniques and analyses protocols will be used to calibrate and validate the open-path FTIR data. Micrometerological instrumentation and methods will be used to estimate mass transport from data obtained by recording portable weather stations at each site. All measurements will be taken at appropriate time intervals over 24 hours for one to two weeks after each seasonal land application. Air transported particulates will be sampled up-stream and down-stream at each land application site. Pathogenic organisms associated with transported particulates or in the air stream will also be determined if time and resources permit. All materials being applied will be physical and chemically characterized with the proper methods. Data will be used to estimate gaseous emissions from each of the respective material application methods for each season. Time permitting in the two year study, gaseous emissions will be measured from sheds/houses/free-stalls, liquid lagoons, dry holding lots, and/or solid manure storage areas of representative dairies, beef or swine production facilities. Experimental protocols and instrumentation will be similar to that used in the land application studies. Extra precautions will be made to account for effects of buildings and other physical structures on air flow patterns and distribution. If possible, a nitrogen mass balance will be estimated for each component of each production system studied. Measurements will be taken in each of the four calendar seasons. Documents SCA with U. of Idaho. Formerly 5368-12000-005-05S (11/05). Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations During the past year, research conducted by a former University of Idaho (UI) postdoc and one graduate student has been supported by this agreement. The UI postdoc worked on the final stages of the development of the automated Open Path Fourier Transform Infrared (OP/FT-IR) spectrometer. This work involved improving the graphical user interface, making a small change to improve quantification of species at very low concentration, and the development of novel techniques for the detection of molecules when their signal-to-noise ratio in an individual spectrum is less than 1 and for automatically correcting for non-zero baselines. This work is also trying to determine the detection limits for target factor analysis under a variety of experimental conditions. The UI graduate student has been working on the speciation of particulate matter after collection on a filter by diffuse reflection infrared spectroscopy. This student has also been investigating the factors that determine the infrared and Raman spectra of inorganic materials that could be formed by the atmospheric reaction of gases emitted in agricultural environments, i. e., salts with oxyanions such as nitrate, sulfate and carbonate. Preliminary experiments were designed to detect the presence of ammonium, nitrate, sulfate and carbonate ions in the material collected on filters. No evidence of any of these ions was seen in the measured spectra, despite the sharpness of the strongest band in the spectra of these ions. Progress on the project has been monitored via e-mail and telephone correspondence. This research contributes to National Program 206, Component I�Atmospheric Emissions, Problem Statement b�Emission Factors from Livestock Facilities. L. Shao, Griffiths, P.R. 2008. Correcting Nonlinear Response of Mercury- Cadmium-Telluride (MCT) Detectors in Open Path Fourier Transform Infrared (OP/FT-IR) Spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry. 80(13):5219-5224.
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Evaluate and develop animal manure handling systems to reduce gaseous emissions. Confined animal feeding operations are seriously being considered for regulation under national air quality rules. Recently, the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, the US-EPA and the Idaho United Dairymen Association entered into an agreement that mandates a dairy implement approved practices if the dairy emits more than 100 tons of gaseous ammonia per year. Even with a conservative 50% loss estimate of the nitrogen excreted, a 1000-milking cow dairy would exceed the 100 ton limit. Significant amounts of ammonia emissions are widely known to occur from concentrated animal feeding operations. Information is lacking on losses from specific operations or areas of either open-lot or free-stall dairy operations. In addition, the effectiveness of the approved management practices on ammonia emissions in western, arid climate production environments are not well-defined. An existing FTIR (open-path Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy instrument is available that will characterize gaseous losses of ammonia, methane and nitrous oxide over space and time. The additional funds of $131,466 will fund the use of FTIR to identify gas emission point sources and to develop remedial management practices. The proposed project is a continuation of project number 5368-12630-002-01S. Approach (from AD-416) Land sites will be selected where application methods can be evaluated. Site preference will be somewhat dictated by the type of material and methods of application. Liquid dairy or swine lagoon and wet solid manure materials will be evaluated. In general, materials will be either surface applied (surface broadcast or overhead sprinkler) or incorporated by different methods and, where possible, in each of the four calendar seasons. Studies will measure gaseous emissions of ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrous oxide following the different material/application treatments. Concentrations in the air stream up-stream and down-stream from the respective land treatments will be determined with an open-path Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) instrument. Standard gas sampling techniques and analyses protocols will be used to calibrate and validate the open-path FTIR data. Micrometerological instrumentation and methods will be used to estimate mass transport from data obtained by recording portable weather stations at each site. All measurements will be taken at appropriate time intervals over 24 hours for one to two weeks after each seasonal land application. Air transported particulates will be sampled up-stream and down-stream at each land application site. Pathogenic organisms associated with transported particulates or in the air stream will also be determined if time and resources permit. All materials being applied will be physical and chemically characterized with the proper methods. Data will be used to estimate gaseous emissions from each of the respective material application methods for each season. Time permitting in the two year study, gaseous emissions will be measured from sheds/houses/free-stalls, liquid lagoons, dry holding lots, and/or solid manure storage areas of representative dairies, beef or swine production facilities. Experimental protocols and instrumentation will be similar to that used in the land application studies. Extra precautions will be made to account for effects of buildings and other physical structures on air flow patterns and distribution. If possible, a nitrogen mass balance will be estimated for each component of each production system studied. Measurements will be taken in each of the four calendar seasons. Documents SCA with U. of Idaho. Formerly 5368-12000-005-05S (11/05). Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations This report serves to document research conducted under a specific cooperative agreement (SCA) between Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory (NWISRL), Kimberly, ID, and the University of Idaho (UI). Additional details of research can be found in the report for the parent project (5368-12630-002-00D, Assessing Nutrient Losses, Emissions, and Pathogen Transport from Manure Application and Animal Production Sites in the Western U.S.). During the past year, research conducted by two UI postdocs and three graduate students has been supported by this SCA. The 1st UI postdoc worked on the final stages of the development of the automated Open Path Fourier Transform Infrared (OP/FT-IR) spectrometer. This work involved improving the graphical user interface, making a small change to improve quantification of species at very low concentration, and the development of novel techniques for the detection of molecules when their signal-to- noise ratio in an individual spectrum is less than 1 [see 1 below] and for automatically correcting for non-zero baselines [see 2 below]. The 2nd UI postdoc has been working on the speciation of particulate matter after collection on a filter by diffuse reflection infrared spectroscopy. One graduate student investigated the feasibility of measuring small particulate matter in the atmosphere by OP/FT-IR spectroscopy [see 3 below]. A 2nd graduate student (who was not funded by the SCA) has been investigating the factors that determine the infrared and Raman spectra of inorganic materials that could be formed by the atmospheric reaction of gases emitted in agricultural environments, i.e., salts with oxyanions such as nitrate, sulfate and carbonate. Research from a 3rd and a 4th student involve the application of Raman spectroscopy to the speciation of inorganic particulate matter. Preliminary experiments were designed to detect the presence of ammonium, nitrate, sulfate and carbonate ions in the material collected on filters by NWISRL personnel. No evidence of any of these ions was seen in the measured spectra, despite the sharpness of the strongest band in the spectra of these ions. Progress on the SCA has been monitored via e-mail correspondence and site visitation (University of Idaho coming to the NWISRL and the Space Dynamics Laboratory, Logan, UT, for field work). 1. Shao, L., Griffiths, P.R. 2007. Obtaining Qualitative Information on Trace Species in Continuous Open-Path Fourier Transform Spectroscopic Measurements Using Target Factor Analysis and Related Techniques. Analytical Chemistry. 79(5):2118-2124. 2. Shao, L., Griffiths, P.R. 2007. Automatic Baseline Correction by Wavelet Transform for Quantitative Open Path Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Environmental Science and Technology. In Press. 3. Pollard, M.J., Griffiths, P.R., Nishikida. K. 2007. Investigation of the Christiansen Effect in the Mid-Infrared Region for Airborne Particles. Applied Spectroscopy. In Press.
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Progress Report 4d Progress report. This report documents research conducted under a Specific Cooperative Agreement between Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory (NWISRL) and the University of Idaho, Department of Chemistry, Moscow, Idaho. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the parent project 5368-12000-005-00D, Improving Soil Resource Management for Irrigated Agricultural Systems. Research will continue under 5368-12630- 002-00D, Assessing Nutrient Losses, Emissions and Pathogen Transport From Manure Application and Animal Production Sites in the Western U.S. after June 3, 2005. The overall objective of this project is to evaluate and develop animal manure handling systems to reduce gaseous emissions. Field studies will measure gaseous emissions of ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulfide or nitrous oxide following animal waste applications in each season of the year. Air transported particulates will be sampled up- stream and
down-stream at each land application site. Micrometeorological instrumentation and methods will be used to estimate flux and mass transport. This project is scheduled to continue until September 24, 2008.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. This report documents research conducted under a Specific Cooperative Agreement between ARS and the University of Idaho, Department of Chemistry, Moscow, Idaho. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the parent project 5368-12000-005-00D, Improving Soil Resource Management for Irrigated Agricultural Systems. Research will continue under 5368-12630-002-00D, Assessing Nutrient Losses, Emissions and Pathogen Transport From Manure Application and Animal Production Sites in the Western U.S. after June 3, 2005. The overall objective of this project is to evaluate and develop animal manure handling systems to reduce gaseous emissions. Field studies will measure gaseous emissions of ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulfide or nitrous oxide following animal waste applications in each season of the year. Air transported particulates will be sampled
up-stream and down-stream at each land application site. Micrometeorological instrumentation and methods will be used to estimate flux and mass transport. Significant progress was made toward development of open path Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for in situ assessment of gaseous and fine particulate emissions at sites having land application of animal waste, and at concentrated animal rearing sites. Understanding actual atmospheric losses and transport of gaseous and fine particulate emission from land application sites of animal wastes and from concentrated animal rearing operations is hampered by lack of a robust technology that can be used to continuously monitor emissions in situ over a large integrated area representative of the emissions and transport phenomena. ARS Scientists from the Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory in Kimberly, Idaho, in collaboration with University of Idaho scientists, performed field monitoring at a production dairy
site and land application site in southern Idaho to refine instrumentation protocols and data analysis techniques for application of FTIR spectroscopy to in situ emissions assessment. Preliminary analysis shows that most ammonia losses occur within 24 hours after the land application in this arid environment. Ambient dust and water vapor interfere with parts of the open path FTIR spectrum. As this research matures, it will provide the capability to detect and quantify emissions of gaseous and particulate materials of concern related to utilization and management of animal wastes, allowing development of improved management practices to protect the environment, conserve resources and reduce downwind urban-ag interface conflicts stemming from current lack of understanding of emissions management effectiveness. This project is scheduled to continue until December 31, 2006. Additional monitoring of selected study sites are planned for fall, winter, spring and summer of FY2006.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? D. Progress Report. This report documents research conducted under a Specific Cooperative Agreement (Gaseous Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations, 5368-12000- 005-05S) between ARS and the University of Idaho, Department of Chemistry, Moscow, Idaho. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the parent project 5368-12000-005-00D Improving Soil Resource Management for Irrigated Agricultural Systems. This project started September 25, 2003. The overall objective of this project is to evaluate and develop animal manure handling systems to reduce gaseous emissions. Field studies will measure gaseous emissions of ammonia, methane, hydrogen sulfide or nitrous oxide following animal waste applications in each season of the year. Air transported particulates will be sampled up-stream and down-stream at each land application site. Micrometerological instrumentation and methods will be
used to estimate flux and mass transport. Laboratory studies, 2003-2004, evaluated the use of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to detect the presence and formation of particulate materials, 2.5 micron size. Preliminary field monitoring with the open path-FTIR for ammonia emissions was initiated in FY2004. Sites included the land application of dairy lagoon sludge to alfalfa stubble and swine lagoon liquids to permanent pasture. Also monitored were the respective lagoons before or during emptying. One additional study evaluated ammonia emissions after dairy manure was surface applied and either incorporated or not incorporated. Emission and micrometerological data are being evaluated and summarized. Preliminary analysis shows that most ammonia losses occur within 24 hours after the land application in this arid environment, even when applied with an overhead irrigation system. Ambient dust and water vapor interfere with parts of the OP-FTIR spectrum. This project is
scheduled to continue until December 31, 2006. Additional field monitoring studies of land application sties are planned for fall, winter, spring and summer of FY2005, and perhaps into FY2006. Time and resources permitting, different production facilities may also be evaluated.
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