Progress 07/16/03 to 03/11/08
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Objective 1: Acquire, via field expeditions, potato genetic diversity currently underrepresented in US genebanks. Objective 2: Assess the amount and apportionment of genetic diversity in potato and its wild relatives via traditional and new molecular/genomic approaches. Objective 3: Elucidate the systematic relationships of domesticated potato and its wild relatives. Objective 4: Test if new taxonomic classifications and new ecogeographical information are effective tools for planning and conducting efficient, comprehensive assessments of the intrinsic horticultural merit of potato genetic resources. Approach (from AD-416) Approaches and Procedures Goal 1: Determine the wild potato species known to occur in a country to be collected through literature searches; determine countries most in need of germplasm acquisition through a comparison of genebank holdings to total distribution as determined by taxonomic names as a first proxy for diversity; present a long-range plan of collecting to the Potato Crop Germplasm Committee and get their input and concordance for this plan; prepare herbarium collections, perform seed extractions, and keep records of trip in a regular and timely manner to safeguard collections and maintain mobility in field. Approaches and Procedures Goal 2 Accurately measure morphological traits of germplasm accessions planted in replicated field trials. Three plants are measured per replicate of an accession; two replications are performed (total = six plants per accession), and up to 65 traits are measured per plant. These data are treated with univariate and multivariate analyses to investigate morphological coherence of species. Because most wild potato species are very similar and have a paucity of species-specific morphological characters (they are recognized by a complex of overlapping character states - polythetic support), cladistic analysis of morphological data have limited utility in wild potatoes. A range of molecular markers will be used to help define species limits to include nuclear RFLPs, RAPDs, nuclear microsatellites, and isozymes. The data are analyzed with appropriate cladistic and/or phenetic procedures to generate branching trees or other output (as ordination analyses) to examine species coherence. These molecular investigations are done coordinately with morphological examinations of the same accessions for a more comprehensive investigation of species limits. Data sets of different markers are combined into common analyses, if appropriate. Approaches and Procedures Goal 3 The existing chloroplast DNA phylogenies will be complimented by DNA sequence data from single copy nuclear genes (as waxy) and ITS (multiple- copy), and other genes will be investigated such as alcohol dehydrogenase genes. As well, AFLPs will be used. Approaches and Procedures Goal 4 201 accessions of 53 species that span the taxonomic, ecological, and geographical coverage of sect. Petota will be screened for various disease or other use traits. These trait data will be compared to existing and new molecular taxonomy systems of the PI, and ecogeographical data, via Chi-square tests and spatial autocorrelation statistics for the point observations and for the grids. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations To elucidate the systematic relationships of potato, conducted research trips to Peru (six weeks) and Russia (three weeks); hosted a visiting Russian researcher in laboratory for three months, worked to obtain visits of two new Chinese researchers to lab (to begin in August), and published nine peer-reviewed scientific papers. Regarding Peru, as part of a National Science Foundation (NSF)funded Solanum taxonomy grant, herbarium specimen data was gathered at the National herbarium in Cuzco Peru. Represented the Agency at an international conference, sponsored by the International Potato Center, celebrating the International Year of the Potato (see http://www.cipotato.org/Cuzco_conference/program.asp). Worked with collaborators there and initiated (now finished writing and submitting six peer-reviewed scientific papers. Published results from an international scientific conference on the Solanaceae. Regarding Russia, a Russian scientist worked in lab for three months to gather data for a study of polyploid evolution of potato. Went to this scientist�s lab (Vavilov Institute in Pushkin and St. Petersburg Russia) to work on writing up the results of this paper that we will submit in the next reporting year, as well as writing a renewal of this grant and to gather herbarium specimen data for a paper we are writing on cultivated potato nomenclature. Regarding Chinese researchers, two visiting scientists will work in lab beginning in August (one year visit and a two-year visit) as a follow up to a visit mad eto China last year. To test the predictivity of taxonomy, or alternatively of ecogeographical associations, published a scientific paper testing associations to the fungal pathogen of potato early blight. Generated data for the insect pest Colorado potato beetle and the bacterial pathogen soft rot; wrote a paper (currently under review) on Colorado potato beetle and are writing the paper on soft rot. Just beginning work on the viral disease potato virus Y. In addition, gave two invited talks: 1) Testing taxonomic predictivity: An example in the Solanaceae. University of Wisconsin Department of Agronomy, February 13, 2008, 2) Invited keynote lecture presented at an international conference entitled "Potato Science for the Poor: Challenges for the New Millennium" Cuzco, Peru, "Domestication and Diffusion of Potato." March 25, 2008. Awarded the USDA Midwest Area Scientist of the Year Award for 2008. This research addresses National Program 301, Component 1: Plant and Microbial Genetic Resource Management; Problem statement 1B: Assess the Systematic Relationships and Genetic Diversity of Crop Genetic Resources.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Spooner, D.M., Fajardo, D., Bryan, G. 2007. Species limits of Solanum berthaultii Hawkes and S. tarijense the implications for species boundaries in Solanum sect. Petota. Taxon. 56:987-999.
- Spooner, D.M., Rodriquez, F., Polgar, Z., Ballard, H., Jansky, S.H. 2008. Genomic origins of potato polyploids: GBSSI gene sequencing data. The Plant Genome. 48(S1):27-36.
- Ames, M., Spooner, D.M. 2008. DNA from herbarium specimens settle a long- held controversy about origins of the European potato. American Journal of Botany. 95:252-257.
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Progress 10/01/06 to 09/30/07
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Objective 1: Acquire, via field expeditions, potato genetic diversity currently underrepresented in US genebanks. Objective 2: Assess the amount and apportionment of genetic diversity in potato and its wild relatives via traditional and new molecular/genomic approaches. Objective 3: Elucidate the systematic relationships of domesticated potato and its wild relatives. Objective 4: Test if new taxonomic classifications and new ecogeographical information are effective tools for planning and conducting efficient, comprehensive assessments of the intrinsic horticultural merit of potato genetic resources. Approach (from AD-416) Approaches and Procedures Goal 1: Determine the wild potato species known to occur in a country to be collected through literature searches; determine countries most in need of germplasm acquisition through a comparison of genebank holdings to total distribution as determined by taxonomic names as a first proxy for diversity; present a long-range plan of collecting to the Potato Crop Germplasm Committee and get their input and concordance for this plan; prepare herbarium collections, perform seed extractions, and keep records of trip in a regular and timely manner to safeguard collections and maintain mobility in field. Approaches and Procedures Goal 2 Accurately measure morphological traits of germplasm accessions planted in replicated field trials. Three plants are measured per replicate of an accession; two replications are performed (total = six plants per accession), and up to 65 traits are measured per plant. These data are treated with univariate and multivariate analyses to investigate morphological coherence of species. Because most wild potato species are very similar and have a paucity of species-specific morphological characters (they are recognized by a complex of overlapping character states - polythetic support), cladistic analysis of morphological data have limited utility in wild potatoes. A range of molecular markers will be used to help define species limits to include nuclear RFLPs, RAPDs, nuclear microsatellites, and isozymes. The data are analyzed with appropriate cladistic and/or phenetic procedures to generate branching trees or other output (as ordination analyses) to examine species coherence. These molecular investigations are done coordinately with morphological examinations of the same accessions for a more comprehensive investigation of species limits. Data sets of different markers are combined into common analyses, if appropriate. Approaches and Procedures Goal 3 The existing chloroplast DNA phylogenies will be complimented by DNA sequence data from single copy nuclear genes (as waxy) and ITS (multiple- copy), and other genes will be investigated such as alcohol dehydrogenase genes. As well, AFLPs will be used. Approaches and Procedures Goal 4 201 accessions of 53 species that span the taxonomic, ecological, and geographical coverage of sect. Petota will be screened for various disease or other use traits. These trait data will be compared to existing and new molecular taxonomy systems of the PI, and ecogeographical data, via Chi-square tests and spatial autocorrelation statistics for the point observations and for the grids. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations As part of an NSF-funded Solanum taxonomy grant, herbarium specimen data was gathered at the National herbaria of Chile (in Santiago), herbaria in Argentina (in Balcarce and Mendoza) and in Peru (in Cusco). Descriptions of species (the Solanum berthaultii complex) were placed on the "Solanaceae Source" website (http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research- curation/projects/solanaceaesource//). A $15,000 grant from the USDA National Research Initiative was funded to organize the International Solanaceae Conference in Madison, Wisconsin (http://www.horticulture.wisc. edu/PAA-Solanaceae/). The proceedings are published in Acta Horticulturae volume 745 (see http://www.ishs.org/acta/index.htm). A Russian scientist worked in our lab for six months to gather data for a study of polyploid evolution of potato. A grant from the Fulbright Foundation was funded to teach a course on molecular markers and conduct potato research in Argentina for 6 weeks. A grant from the International Potato Center was funded to allow work in Lima, Peru on potato research for one month. A grant from the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service was funded to visit potato research institutes in three cities in China (Beijing, Wuhan, and Enshi) for two weeks, and to establish research collaborations there. In collaboration with colleagues from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Cornell University, and the International Potato Center, a competitive grant from the USDA National Research Initiative for $400,000 entitled "COSII-based mapping and diversity in the Solanaceae," was funded. The grant will use single-copy nuclear DNA markers to investigate diversity and construct molecular linkage maps of potato and related crops. Accomplishments Molecular studies addressed the long-disputed origin of the European potato. For years, researchers have debated the birthplace of the European potato; while some scientists hypothesized that landrace introductions originated in the Andes, others believed that the introductions came from Chile. Using molecular markers, we found that the Canary Island landraces possessed both Andean and Chilean types, as well as possible hybrids of the two. In combination with other historical, molecular, agronomic, and crossing data, these findings support a hypothesis of multiple early introductions of both Andean and Chilean germplasm to the Canary Islands and to Europe. The results of these studies are providing data to rewrite the history of the cultivated potato and will aid breeders to better interpret the true pedigrees of our modern potato. This research addresses National Program 301, Component 1: Plant and Microbial Genetic Resource Management; Problem statement 1B: Assess the Systematic Relationships and Genetic Diversity of Crop Genetic Resources. Studies of the ability of taxonomy to serve as a useful predictive tool for germplasm assessment. A major justification for taxonomic research is its assumed ability to predict the presence of traits in a group for which the trait has been observed in a representative subset of the group, and taxonomy is regularly used by breeders interested in choosing potential sources of disease resistant germplasm for cultivar improvement. However, this �predictive� component of taxonomy has rarely been tested, nor subjected to statistical tests. We designed a study to test this prediction by associating resistance to a fungal disease of potato called white mold to diverse potato taxonomies and to geographical and environmental associations. We found tremendous variation for resistance to white mold that occurs both within and among species, and no consistent association was observed between white mold resistance and taxonomy, place of collection, or environments. Therefore, taxonomic relationships and ecogeographic data cannot be reliably used to predict where additional sources of white mold resistance genes will be found, and these results point out the need to conduct such tests in other traits in potato and indeed in all crops. This research addresses National Program 301, Component 1: Plant and Microbial Genetic Resource Management; Problem statement 1B: Assess the Systematic Relationships and Genetic Diversity of Crop Genetic Resources. Technology Transfer Number of Web Sites managed: 1 Number of Non-Peer Reviewed Presentations and Proceedings: 5 Number of Newspaper Articles,Presentations for NonScience Audiences: 2
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Jansky, S.H., Simon, R., Spooner, D.M. 2006. Testing taxonomic predictivity: a test with disease resistance data. Crop Science. 46:2561- 2570.
- Knapp, S., Spooner, D.M., Leon, B. 2007. Solanaceae end�micas del Per�. Revista Peruana de Biolog�a. 13:612-643.
- Rios, D., Ghislain, M., Rodriguez, F., Spooner, D.M. 2007. What is the origin of the European potato? Evidence from Canary Island landraces. Crop Science. 47:1271-1280.
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Progress Report 1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? This mission is relevant to the Agricultural Research Service's National Program 301 Plant Microbial and Insect Genetic Resources, Genomics and Genetic Improvement, with 100% of research devoted to this Program. The mission is four-fold: 1) To acquire, via field expeditions, potato genetic diversity currently underrepresented in US genebanks, 2) To assess the amount and apportionment of genetic diversity in potato and its wild relatives via traditional and new molecular/genomic approaches, 3) To elucidate the systematic relationships of domesticated potato and its wild relatives, and 4) To test the ability of taxonomic classifications and/or ecogeographical information to provide effective tools for planning and conducting efficient, comprehensive assessments of the intrinsic horticultural
merit of potato genetic resources (tests of prediction). This is important to serve the potato breeding community with germplasm for their breeding programs, and to use taxonomic and diversity data to advise them on choice or avoidance of germplasm for their breeding programs. Wild species are very useful as breeding stock against the disease, pest, and environmental problems for the cultivated potato crop. Cultivated potatoes are plagued by a variety of viral (e.g., leaf roll virus), fungal (e.g., potato late blight), and bacterial (e.g., soft rot) diseases, are plagued by insects (e.g., Colorado potato beetle) and nematodes, and are affected by environmental problems of heat, cold, and drought. The wild potato species have natural resistances to all of these problems, as well as the ability to impart economically valuable agronomic traits such as improved ability to produce potato chips. The wild species added to the US potato collection are providing new diversity for breeders to
use in their potato improvement programs. Regarding collecting work, the United States germplasm collection of wild potatoes is incomplete relative to the total described species in the literature. I collect wild potatoes from throughout their range, from the southwestern United States to central Chile, on yearly expeditions of approximately two months each to fill in these gaps in collections. This has been halted since 2000 because of international restrictions on gaining collecting permits, but the USDA is working on gaining permission to collect again. Regarding taxonomy and diversity research, there are widely conflicting interpretations of the number of species and their interrelationships of wild potatoes. We are reevaluating these issues using traditional morphological data but in controlled studies using germplasm accessions planted in common gardens and by using computer- assisted analytical techniques. We combine these morphological studies with DNA studies using
chloroplast and nuclear genes, using techniques technically referred to as DNA sequencing, DNA restriction site data, RAPDs, SSRs and isozyme data. Predictivity research is underway with plant pathologists to assess germplasm in taxonomically diverse groups and assessing the resistance traits to taxonomic hypotheses. 2. List by year the currently approved milestones (indicators of research progress) Milestone 1: Acquire, via field expeditions, potato genetic diversity currently underrepresented in US genebanks. (years 1-5) Milestone 2: Assess the amount and apportionment of genetic diversity in potato and its wild relatives via traditional and new molecular/genomic approaches. (years 1-5) Milestone 3: Elucidate the systematic relationships of domesticated potato and its wild relatives. (years 1-5) Milestone 4: Test if new taxonomic classifications and new ecogeographical information are effective tools for planning and conducting efficient, comprehensive assessments of the intrinsic
horticultural merit of potato genetic resources. (years 1-5) 4a List the single most significant research accomplishment during FY 2006. This project is aligned with NP301, Component 1, Genetic Resources Management. The discovery on the origin of cultivated potato showing a single origin of cultivated potato, in southern Peru, from members of the Solanum brevicaule complex. This study addressed long-standing controversies about the origin of cultivated potato. The study examined 367 accessions of cultivated potato and putative relatives of these potatoes from wild potato species with a phylogenetic analysis of AFLP data. This study was significant because it aids potato breeders in the choice of closely related wild species for crop improvement. It aids plant phylogeneticists in the more informed choice of closely related species for studies of relationships. 4b List other significant research accomplishment(s), if any. This project is aligned with NP301, Component 1, Genetic
Resources Management. Published a manual on the use of molecular markers for genebank studies. This manual is significant because it updates prior studies on this subject. It has led to a successfully-funded application to the Fulbright Foundation to teach and do research with collaborators in Argentina on wild species taxonomy and therefore stimulated international cooperation in a country rich in potato diversity. The discovery that the modern "European" cultivated potato had its origin in the high Andes, not much farther south in lowland Chile. This discovery corrects the history of the origin of potato in crop evolution texts, and clarifies the relationship of modern potato to the Chilean landraces. This study is changing our understanding of potato origins, and will stimulate potato breeders to reevaluate the historical importance of Andean potatoes for the production of adapted varieties outside of the tropics of the Andes Mountains. 4d Progress report. As part of an
NSF-funded Solanum taxonomy grant, the National herbarium of Spain in Madrid was visited, and two National Science Foundation- funded students spent six weeks each (12 weeks total) visiting 21 herbaria throughout England, Scotland, Ireland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, The Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, and France. All of the specimens assembled from these 22 herbaria are assembled for study in herbarium cabinets in Madison Wisconsin as nomenclatural material (as type specimens) and as sources of morphological and locality data for the Solanum monograph. The third meeting of the four researchers for the NSF Plant Biotic Inventories (PBI) Solanum grant in Durham, North Carolina was attended in collaboration with researchers at the International Potato Center in Peru. These studies are providing critical data for a comprehensive revision of wild and cultivated potatoes. In conjunction with collaborators Iris Peralta (Argentina) and Sandra Knapp (England), we completed and submitted for
peer review a taxonomic revision of the 13 species of wild tomatoes and four immediate outgroup species. Microsatellites were used to study the origin of Canary Island landrace populations of potato, and a paper was submitted on this work to Crop Science. A combined international meeting of Solanaceae scientists was organized which resulted in the Botanical Society of America Centennial Award and a Botanical Society of America "Special Award" for service to the Society. 5. Describe the major accomplishments to date and their predicted or actual impact. This project is aligned with NP301 Component 1, Genetic Resources Management and is in its third year. The major accomplishments of the project are determining the origin of cultivated potatoes, developing a molecular marker manual for genebanks, producing of a book-length taxonomic monograph of the 30 species wild potatoes of North and Central America, and refining our understanding of the number of wild tomato and potato species and
their interrelationships. These accomplishments have been made through an integrated series of studies measuring plant form (morphology) of species in common garden plots and studying the species boundaries and interrelationships of these same accessions through molecular methods, and relating these to plant form and distribution through examination of herbarium sheets from worldwide herbaria. Taxonomy has as one its major goals the understanding of the diversity and relationships of plant groups, the interpretation of these facts into a taxonomic treatment that defines what is a species and how they are related, and the communication of this taxonomic treatment to users of the species, whether they be breeders, ecologists, plant pathologists, or any other theoretical or applied user. The goal of taxonomy is to have this taxonomic treatment be "predictive," that is, to be used by these users so that it serves as a guide to choose species that share traits. Such prediction can help to
better design experiments or initiate a breeding program that saves time and money. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Information about plant taxonomy was transferred to college students, genebanks, and researchers. In collaboration with the Botanical Society of America a web-based education module for high-school children entitled "Scientific Inquiry Through Plants" was developed. Scientific advice was provided to the International Potato Center (CIP) in Lima Peru on taxonomic and germplasm research. A manual was published by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI)on the use of molecular markers for genebanks. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and
articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). 1. MSNBC News on-line web - http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9584420/ 2. Natural History Magazine, February, 2006, pg. 19. 3. Fitchburg [Wisconsin] Star 31 (9) July 13, 2006, pgs. 1,3.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Villamon, F.G., Spooner, D.M., Orrillo, M., Mihovilovich, E., Bonierbale, M. 2005. Late blight resistance linkages in a novel cross of the wild potato solanum series piurana clade. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 111:1201-1214.
- Spooner, D.M., Mclean, K., Ramsay, G., Waugh, R., Bryan, G.J. 2005. A single domestication for potato based on multilocus AFLP genotyping. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120:14694-14699.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? My mission is relevant to the Agricultural Research Service's National Program 301 Plant Microbial and Insect Genetic Resources, Genomics and Genetic Improvement, with 100% of my research devoted to this Program. My mission is four-fold: 1) To acquire, via field expeditions, potato genetic diversity currently underrepresented in US genebanks, 2) To assess the amount and apportionment of genetic diversity in potato and its wild relatives via traditional and new molecular/genomic approaches, 3) To elucidate the systematic relationships of domesticated potato and its wild relatives, and 4) To test the ability of taxonomic classifications and/or ecogeographical information to provide effective tools for planning and conducting efficient, comprehensive assessments of the intrinsic horticultural merit of
potato genetic resources (tests of prediction). This is important to serve the potato breeding community with germplasm for their breeding programs, and to use taxonomic and diversity data to advise them on choice or avoidance of germplasm for their breeding programs. Wild species are very useful as breeding stock against the disease, pest, and environmental problems for the cultivated potato crop. Cultivated potatoes are plagued by a variety of viral (e.g., leaf roll virus), fungal (e.g., potato late blight), and bacterial (e.g., soft rot) diseases, are plagued by insects (e.g., Colorado potato beetle) and nematodes, and are affected by environmental problems of heat, cold, and drought. The wild potato species have natural resistances to all of these problems, as well as the ability to impart economically valuable agronomic traits such as improved ability to produce potato chips. The wild species added to the US potato collection are providing new diversity for breeders to use in
their potato improvement programs. Regarding my collecting work, the United States germplasm collection of wild potatoes is incomplete relative to the total described species in the literature. I collect wild potatoes from throughout their range, from the southwestern United States to central Chile, on yearly expeditions of approximately two months each to fill in these gaps in collections. This has been halted since 2000 because of international restrictions on gaining collecting permits, but the USDA is working on gaining permission to collect again. Regarding my taxonomy and diversity research, there are widely conflicting interpretations of the number of species and their interrelationships of wild potatoes. I am reevaluating these issues using traditional morphological data but in controlled studies using germplasm accessions planted in common gardens and by using computer-assisted analytical techniques. I combine these morphological studies with DNA studies using chloroplast and
nuclear genes, using techniques technically referred to as DNA sequencing, DNA restriction site data, RAPDs, SSRs and isozyme data. Regarding the predictivity research I am working with plant pathologists to assess germplasm in taxonomically diverse groups and assessing the resistance traits to taxonomic hypotheses. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Milestone: Acquire, via field expeditions, potato genetic diversity currently underrepresented in US genebanks. Milestone: Assess the amount and apportionment of genetic diversity in potato and its wild relatives via traditional and new molecular/genomic approaches. Milestone: Elucidate the systematic relationships of domesticated potato and its wild relatives. Milestone: Test if new taxonomic classifications and new ecogeographical information are effective tools for planning and conducting efficient, comprehensive assessments of the intrinsic horticultural merit of potato genetic resources. 3a List
the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2005. For each milestone, indicate the status: fully met, substantially met, or not met. If not met, why. 1. Acquire, via field expeditions, potato genetic diversity currently underrepresented in US genebanks. Milestone Not Met Other 2. Assess the amount and apportionment of genetic diversity in potato and its wild relatives via traditional and new molecular/genomic approaches. Milestone Fully Met 3. Elucidate the systematic relationships of domesticated potato and its wild relatives. Milestone Fully Met 3b List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2006, 2007, and 2008). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? FY2006 Milestone: Acquire, via field expeditions, potato genetic diversity currently underrepresented in US genebanks. Anticipated Accomplishment: Collect wild potatoes in Peru. Milestone: Assess the amount and apportionment of genetic
diversity in potato and its wild relatives via traditional and new molecular/genomic approaches. Anticipated Accomplishment: Publish an AFLP study of the Solanum tarijense complex. Milestone: Elucidate the systematic relationships of domesticated potato and its wild relatives. Anticipated Accomplishment: Publish a study of waxy gene sequence variation of wild potatoes. Milestone: Test if new taxonomic classifications and new ecogeographical information are effective tools for planning and conducting efficient, comprehensive assessments of the intrinsic horticultural merit of potato genetic resources. Anticipated Accomplishment: Publish a study of ploidy levels of wild potatoes and its relationship to ecogeographical factors. FY2007 Milestone: Acquire, via field expeditions, potato genetic diversity currently underrepresented in US genebanks. Milestone: Assess the amount and apportionment of genetic diversity in potato and its wild relatives via traditional and new molecular/genomic
approaches. Anticipated Accomplishment: Publish a comparative AFLP study of genetic diversity in different ploidy levels and breeding systems in wild potatoes. Milestone: Elucidate the systematic relationships of domesticated potato and its wild relatives. Anticipated Accomplishments: Publish a study of nitrate reductase phylogeny of wild potatoes. Publish a study of COS marker single gene phylogeny of wild potatoes. Milestone: Test if new taxonomic classifications and new ecogeographical information are effective tools for planning and conducting efficient, comprehensive assessments of the intrinsic horticultural merit of potato genetic resources. Anticipated Accomplishment: Publish a study of Sclerotinia disease resistances of wild potatoes and its relationship to taxonomy and ecogeographical factors. FY2008 Milestone: Test if new taxonomic classifications and new ecogeographical information are effective tools for planning and conducting efficient, comprehensive assessments of
the intrinsic horticultural merit of potato genetic resources. Anticipated Accomplishment: Summarize overall disease resistances of wild potatoes and its relationship to taxonomy and exogeographical factors. 4a What was the single most significant accomplishment this past year? I published papers on the species boundaries and relationships of wild tomatoes. These papers are significant because they are critical background research for a book-length taxonomic monograph of wild tomatoes in preparation this year and to be submitted for publication next year. The completion of this book will clarify the taxonomic and distributional knowledge of all 13 wild tomato species to be used as information by all tomato researchers. 4b List other significant accomplishments, if any. I published a paper and an abstract on the origin of modern "European" cultivated potato. These papers challenged a long-held concept that the modern potato had its origin in the high Andes, but these new
investigations support an origin much farther south in lowland Chile. This discovery will correct the history of the origin of potato in crop evolution texts, and will clarify the relationship of modern potato to the Chilean landraces. 4d Progress report. Collecting in northern Peru. I am working with colleagues at the International Potato Center to gain collecting permission from the Peruvian Ministry of Agriculture, INRENA Office (the Office that grants collecting permits). This permit is not yet provided from them for political reasons. In order to gain this permission I hired two students from Peru and one from Colombia in my research program to show my desire to address the reciprocity issues desired by Peru and other South American countries. It appears as if these students will collect in Peru in 2005, but the germplasm must remain there until international agreements are finalized on germplasm exchange internationally. I spent two weeks visiting 12 herbaria throughout
Austria, the Czech Republic, and Germany, and in collaboration with my students funded on the NSF PBI Grant visited 12 additional herbaria throughout the United States. All of the specimens assembled from these 24 herbaria are assembled for study in herbarium cabinets in Madison Wisconsin as nomenclatural material (as type specimens) and as sources of morphological and locality data for the Solanum monograph. I attended the second meeting of the four researchers for the NSF PBI Solanum grant (4A above) in Vienna Austria. In collaboration with Iris Peralta at the University of Cuyo and with funds from a USDA Specific Cooperative Agreement, I spent one month studying morphology of members of the wild potato Solanum brevicaule complex from germplasm samples. In collaboration with researchers at the International Potato Center in Peru and with funds from a USDA Specific Cooperative Agreement I spent six weeks studying morphology of members of Solanum series Conicibaccata and series
Piurana in a mountain field station in Peru (Huancayo). These Argentinean and Peruvian morphological studies will provide critical data (in conjunction with molecular data to be obtained at a later date) for the NSF-funded Solanum monograph. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. This project is in its second year, and the major accomplishments of the project this year are listed in Section 4 A and B, above, and the following two major accomplishments listed last year which include: a) Publish a 209 page taxonomic monograph of the 30 species wild potatoes of North and Central America. b) Awarded $945,000 as part of a four-person NSF PBI Grant (5-year, $4.3 million total) that with three other Solanum researchers (Lynn Bohs, Sandra Knapp, and Michael Nee) will revise the genus Solanum worldwide. At the end of this project, the taxonomy of wild potatoes and tomatoes will be much better understood relative to the
number of described wild species and knowledge of their interrelationships. The number of validly recognized wild potato species likely will be reduced from about 180 today to about 150, and the distribution, nomenclature, and genetic diversity of these will be much better understood. Ongoing or planned projects on the relationship between taxonomy and traits of breeding interest likely will provide breeders and other users of potato germplasm with a much clearer understanding the limits of taxonomy to predicting traits of interest for their breeding programs. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Invited scientific presentations Taxonomy research at the USDA Potato Genebank (Presentation given to the Door and Kewanee County Wisconsin
County extension and county board agents). USDA Potato Introduction Station, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, August 28, 2004. Is taxonomy predictive? New York Botanical Garden, October 7, 2004. Cultivated plants of Mesoamerica. Horticulture 375 (Tropical Horticulture), University of Wisconsin-Madison, October 19, 2004. Comparison of taxonomic concepts in tomato and potato (presented in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (Argentinean Agricultural Research Service), Mendoza, Argentina, February 11, 2005. Testing the value of taxonomy for agriculture (presented in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (Peruvian Agricultural Research Service), Huancayo Peru, March 21, 2005. Collecting and diversity of potato (presented in Spanish). Conference on plant genetic resources in the Andes, Graduate School, Universidad National Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru, March 28, 2005. Is taxonomy predictive? A test with disease resistance data. Department of Plant Pathology,
University of Minnesota Annual Symposium Series entitled The Role of Plant Pathogens in Natural Ecosystems. University of Minnesota Continuing Education Conference Center, April 7, 2005. Service to Scientific Societies I serve as Secretary of the Botanical Society of America, a member of the Executive Council of the Society and an elective post in the society. This duty necessitates attending two meetings each year, keeping minutes of these meetings, maintaining records of Society Business, making decisions about society initiatives, and working with the Executive Council to schedule all activities and maintain the records of the Society. I serve as Chair of the Economic Botany Section of the Botanical Society of America. This duty involves making initiatives about Section initiatives, communicating with Section members on a yearly basis about Section business, and scheduling Section scientific programs and social events (a yearly luncheon) at the Annual Meeting of the Botanical
Society of America. In collaboration with other members of the Executive Council of the Botanical Society of America I authored and conducted a web-based survey of a reevaluation of the Sectional structure of the society. I summarized this data in a PowerPoint presentation for presentation at a Society-wide symposium discussing this issue. I serve as a member of the Potato Crop Advisory Committee, a USDA Committee that advises the National Plant Germplasm System on the functioning of the US Potato Genebank. This includes approving germplasm collecting trips and suggesting and approving grant proposals that are forwarded to the US National Plant Germplasm System for potato evaluation proposals. I served as President (for 2005/6) of the NCR-84 Potato Genetics Committee, a group of potato researchers from the Midwest Area that meet on a yearly basis to discuss potato research. This duty involves scheduling the annual meeting and keeping and distributing meeting notes. Editorial Boards I
serve as Associate Editor for the peer-reviewed scientific journal American Journal of Botany. I serve on the Editorial Board of the peer-reviewed Scientific Journal Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. Scientific Advisor I serve as a Scientific Advisor to the International Potato Center (CIP) in Lima Peru on taxonomic and germplasm research. I have visited CIP for two months each year in 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005, and am invited back for 2006. These visits entail two months each year, during which time I conduct research in field plots in Peru or collaborate in writing papers with International Potato Center scientific staff. As well, CIP paid my travel and per-diem for 2004 and 2005, and is doing so again for 2006 (about $7000 each year). 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). The following popular articles appeared about my research
on the origin of the cultivated potato: Science Daily April 11, 2005. (http://www.sciencedaily. com/releases/2005/03/050325180330.htm) The Grower Vol. 38, No. 5, May 2005: 8.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Spooner, D.M., Van Den Berg, R., Bryan, G.J., Del Rio, A. 2004. Species concepts and relationships in wild and cultivated potatoes. Acta Horticulture Proceedings. 619: 63-75.
- Spooner, D.M., Van Den Berg, R.G., Rodriguez, A., Bamberg, J.B., Hijmans, R.J., Lara-Cabrera, S.I. 2004. Wild potatoes (Solanum section Petota) of North and Central America. Michigan: American Society of Plant Taxonomists. 209 p.
- Spooner, D.M. 2003. Strengths and weaknesses of molecular markers for studies of diversity in genebank holdings. Aplicaciones De Los Marcadores Moleculares En La Conservacion Y Manejo De La Agrobiodiversidad. p. 1-20.
- Knapp, S., Bohs, L., Nee, M., Spooner, D.M. 2004. Solanaceae - a model for linking genomics with organisms[abstract]. Plant and Animal Genome Abstracts. p.66.
- Knapp, S., Bohs, L., Nee, M., Spooner, D.M. 2004. Solanaceae - a model for linking genomics with biodiversity. Comparative and Functional Genomics. 5:285-291.
- Ghislain, M., Spooner, D.M., Rodriguez, F., Villamon, F., Nunez, J., Vasquez, C., Waugh, R., Bonierbale, M. 2004. Selection of microsatellites (ssrs) maximally useful for cultivated potato genotyping. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 108:881-890.
- Spooner, D.M., Williams, K.A. 2004. Germplasm acquisition. In: Goodman, R., editor. Encyclopedia of Plant and Crop Science. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. p. 537-540.
- Spooner, D.M., Stephenson, S.A., Ballard, Jr., H.E., Polgar, Z. 2004. Dna sequences of single-copy waxy gene support allopolyploid origins of wild potatoes (solanum section petota)[abstract]. Plant and Animal Genome Conference. p.79.
- Stephenson, S.A., Spooner, D.M., Ballard, Jr, H.E. 2004. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (its) dna sequence phylogeny of wild potatoes (solanum section petota) [abstract]. Plant and Animal Genome Conference. p.80.
- Rodriguez, F., Spooner, D.M. 2004. Nitrate reductase based phylogeny of wild potatoes (solanum section petota) [abstract]. Plant and Animal Genome Conference. p.80.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? My mission is relevant to the Agricultural Research Service's National Program 301 Plant Microbial and Insect Genetic Resources, Genomics and Genetic Improvement, with 100% of my research devoted to this Program. My mission is four-fold: 1) To acquire, via field expeditions, potato genetic diversity currently underrepresented in US genebanks, 2) To assess the amount and apportionment of genetic diversity in potato and its wild relatives via traditional and new molecular/genomic approaches, 3) To elucidate the systematic relationships of domesticated potato and its wild relatives, and 4) To test the ability of taxonomic classifications and/or ecogeographical information to provide effective tools for planning and conducting efficient, comprehensive assessments of the intrinsic horticultural merit of
potato genetic resources (tests of prediction). This is important to serve the potato breeding community with germplasm for their breeding programs, and to use taxonomic and diversity data to advise them on choice or avoidance of germplasm for their breeding programs. Wild species are very useful as breeding stock against the disease, pest, and environmental problems for the cultivated potato crop. Cultivated potatoes are plagued by a variety of viral (e.g., leaf roll virus), fungal (e.g., potato late blight), and bacterial (e.g., soft rot) diseases, are plagued by insects (e.g., Colorado potato beetle) and nematodes, and are affected by environmental problems of heat, cold, and drought. The wild potato species have natural resistances to all of these problems, as well as the ability to impart economically valuable agronomic traits such as improved ability to produce potato chips. The wild species added to the US potato collection are providing new diversity for breeders to use in
their potato improvement programs. Regarding my collecting work, the United States germplasm collection of wild potatoes is incomplete relative to the total described species in the literature. I collect wild potatoes from throughout their range, from the southwestern United States to central Chile, on yearly expeditions of approximately two months each to fill in these gaps in collections. This has been halted since 2002 because of international restrictions on gaining collecting permits, but the USDA is working on gaining permission to collect again. Regarding my taxonomy and diversity research, there are widely conflicting interpretations of the number of species and their interrelationships of wild potatoes. I am reevaluating these issues using traditional morphological data but in controlled studies using germplasm accessions planted in common gardens and by using computer-assisted analytical techniques. I combine these morphological studies with DNA studies using chloroplast and
nuclear genes, using techniques technically referred to as DNA sequencing, DNA restriction site data, RAPDs, SSRs and isozyme data. Regarding the predictivity research I am working with plant pathologists to assess germplasm in taxonomically diverse groups and assessing the resistance traits to taxonomic hypotheses. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Milestones in 2004 Collect in central Peru. Conduct a multiple marker dataset of species boundaries of the Solanum brevicaule complex. Publish the waxy and ITS gene sequence phylogeny and compare to the chloroplast DNA results. Generate a literature database of resistances/ agronomic traits in potato. Milestones in 2005 Collect in northern Peru. AFLP study of the species boundaries in the series Piurana wild potato species. Morphological study of the species in the Solanum Piurana complex. Generate first disease resistance database of the 201-accession core collection (yet to be selected, but possibly
Sclerotinia - white mold). Milestones in 2006 Recollect in southern and central Peru. Multiple-marker species study of Solanum berthaultii/S. tarijense. Generate a first single-copy DNA sequence phylogeny of wild potatoes (perhaps an nitrate reductase gene). Generate second disease resistance database of the 201-accession core collection. Milestones in 2007 Publish summary of trips). Compare the relative diversity of all nine tomato species to the 30 species in the Solanum brevicaule complex. AFLP study of the 201 accession core collection for the predictive study (below). Write results of these studies. 3. Milestones: A. List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2004. How many milestones did you fully or substantially meet in FY 2004, and indicate which ones were not fully or substantially met, briefly explain why not, and your plans to do so. MILESTONES 1) Collect in central Peru: I am working with colleagues at the International Potato Center to gain collecting
permission from the Peruvian Ministry of Agriculture, INRENA Office (the Office that grants collecting permits). This permit is not yet provided. In order to gain this permission, however, I have hired two students from Peru and one from Colombia in my research program to show my desire to address the reciprocity issues desired by Peru and other South American countries. 2) Multiple marker dataset for the Solanum brevicaule dataset. In collaboration with colleagues in the Potato Program at the Scottish Crop Research Institute I have generated 451 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms from six primer combinations for 358 individual wild (262) and landrace (96) members of potato (all tuber-bearing) and three outgroup non-tuber-bearing members on Solanum section Etuberosum. The data are congruent with prior morphological, RAPD, and RFLP data in defining a "northern" subset of the Solanum brevicaule complex distributed in Peru and a "southern" complex in Argentina and Bolivia. 3) I am
working on the waxy and ITS datasets for publication before the end of 2004. 4) I completed the literature database of disease resistances and will transmit this to the NRSP-6 potato genebank before the end of the fiscal year. B. List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2005, 2006, and 2007). What do you expect to accomplish, year by years, over the next 3 years under each milestone? MILESTONES 2005: Collect in northern Peru if permission is granted. I have a student devoted to the morphological and AFLP study of the Solanum Piurana complex. She is gathering DNA from leaf tissue now and we will be working together in a field plot in the Andes of central Peru in early 2005. I am working with USDA ARS colleague Shelly Jansky on the Sclerotinia disease screening for potato. I don't know yet how these disease resistances may or may not correlate with taxonomic hypotheses in potato. 2006: I will collect in Peru if permission is granted. I will complete the
Solanum brevicaule complex study by associating previously published morphological data with new data from AFLPs, RAPDs, and single-copy nuclear RFLPs, and chloroplast DNA restriction site data, using heterologous cloned probes (from tobacco and petunia), from the entire chloroplast DNA molecule. I have already begun to generate data from the nitrate reductase gene for its use in molecular systematics of wild potatoes. I suspect that this will support the recognition of fewer wild potato species. I will generate a disease resistance database of representative members of different taxonomic groups in wild potatoes. I have not yet chosen the disease to assess. I don't know yet how these disease resistances may or may not correlate with taxonomic hypotheses in potato. 2007: I will compare diversity of different groups of tomato and potato to assess relative diversity of both groups. This will be done with morphological characters and a DNA sequence(s) that have yet to be chosen. I
suspect that tomato and potato have similar levels of diversity, at least more than would be expected from the nine species of tomato recognized vs. the almost 200 potato species recognized. With colleagues at the Scottish Crop Research Institute I will be generating and analyzing AFLP phylogeny of a representative subset of wild potatoes. These data will be compared with other molecular phylogenies of potato. It is possible that the AFLP data will be less useful than DNA sequence data, but this is only a reasonable guess at this point. The results will be useful to infer the utility of AFLPs and other DNA sequence markers in other groups at the species level. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single most significant accomplishment during FY 2004. Publish a taxonomic monograph of the wild potatoes of North and Central America. I published a book-length (209 pp) taxonomic monograph of the wild potatoes of North and Central America, a group of 25
species and five hybrid species. This is significant because it provides breeders and other users of these species a much-needed update on the diversity, distribution, and relationships of these species that can be used to infer their traits and can be used to understand other traits such as their breeding value, need for new collections, and areas where they can be collected. This monograph was conducted by summarizing many papers on the morphology and relationships of these species, supplemented with extensive national and international herbarium travel, to make decisions on species boundaries, relationships, and morphological traits useful for constructing taxonomic keys and descriptions. The completion of this book makes taxonomic and distributional knowledge of these wild potato species fully accessible to the scientific community. B. Other significant accomplishment in 2004. Awarded $945,000 as part of a four-person NSF PBI Grant. With co- researchers Lynn Bohs at the University
of Utah, Sandra Knapp at the Natural History Museum in London, and Michael Nee at the New York Botanical Garden, I co-authored and received a 5-year, $4.3 million Planetary Biodiversity Inventory Grant from the National Science Foundation; my portion of this grant is $945,000, including overhead of 45%. This was one of only four such NSF grants given out in 2003, and the grant process was established to encourage researchers to produce definitive keys or identification tools for all of the species within a genus of plants or animals. My students, collaborators and I are working on potato and tomato (a close relative of potato). This project will result in the first modern set of species description for the entire genus Solanum, a group that includes potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, and other fruits and medicinal and ornamental crops. C. Significant activities that support special target populations. None. D. Progress Report: I attended the first organizational meeting of the four
researchers for the NSF PBI Solanum grant (4A above) for three days at the Natural History Museum in London, and also worked for four days just before after this meeting at the Kew Royal Botanic Gardens Herbarium in London. During this time, significant progress was made on construction of a database of herbarium specimens, including type specimens, to be used for a taxonomic treatment of the tomatoes and potatoes of South America. In addition, I am constructing a database of taxonomic basionyms (the original type specimen description of species names), for potato species, through a literature review. There are about 650 of these basionyms and I have about 1/2 of this job done to date. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. This project is just in its first year, and the major accomplishments of the project are listed in Section 4 A, B, above. At the end of this project, the taxonomy of wild potatoes and potatoes
will be much better understood relative to the number of described wild species and knowledge of their interrelationships. The number of validly recognized wild potato species likely will be reduced from about 180 today to about 150, and the distribution, nomenclature, and genetic diversity of these will be much better understood. Ongoing or planned projects on the relationship between taxonomy and traits of breeding interest likely will provide breeders and other users of potato germplasm with a much clearer understanding the limits of taxonomy to predicting traits of interest for their breeding programs. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Invited scientific presentations Cultivated plants of Mesoamerica. Horticulture 375 (Tropical
Horticulture), University of Wisconsin-Madison, October 6, 2003. Testing the predictive power of taxonomy and biogeography: a case study in wild potatoes. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, December 9, 2003. Taxonomy and biogeography of potato and tomato. Plenary Lecture, Fifth Peruvian Congress of Genetics, March 22, 2004, Universidad Federico Villarreal, Lima, Peru (presented in Spanish). Are trait data associated with taxonomy and biogeography? International Potato Center, March 23, 2004 Lima, Peru. Are neutral molecular marker data appropriate for constructing core collections of genebanks? Cornell University, Ithaca New York, April 16, 2004. Service to Scientific Societies I serve as Secretary of the Botanical Society of America, a member of the Executive Council of the Society and an elective post in the society. This duty necessitates attending two meetings each year, keeping minutes of these meetings, maintaining records of Society Business, making
decisions about society initiatives, and working with the Executive Council to schedule all activities and maintain the records of the Society. I serve as Chair of the Economic Botany Section of the Botanical Society of America. This duty involves making initiatives about Section initiatives, communicating with Section members on a yearly basis about Section business, and scheduling Section scientific programs and social events (a yearly luncheon) at the Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of America. I initiated a Botanical Society of America, Systematics Section, Special Achievement Award, for the Editor-in-Chief of Systematic Botany Monographs, the Monographic journal for the American Society of Plant Taxonomists. This duty involved contacting all authors of 68 volumes in this monographic series, and all institutional subscribers, to contribute funds to the Society (the funds are being handled entirely by another party) and to present letters of appreciation to the
Editor-in-Chief. I will conduct an awards presentation at the Awards Banquet at the Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of America. I serve as a member of the Potato Crop Advisory Committee, a USDA Committee that advises the National Plant Germplasm System on the functioning of the US Potato Genebank. This includes approving germplasm collecting trips and suggesting and approving grant proposals that are forwarded to the US National Plant Germplasm System for potato evaluation proposals. I served as Secretary of the NCR-84 Potato Genetics Committee, a group of potato researchers from the Midwest Area that meet on a yearly basis to discuss potato research. This duty involves scheduling the annual meeting and keeping and distributing meeting notes. Editorial Boards I serve as Associate Editor for the peer-reviewed scientific journal American Journal of Botany. I serve on the Editorial Board of the peer-reviewed Scientific Journal Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. Scientific
Advisor I serve as a Scientific Advisor to the International Potato Center (CIP) in Lima Peru on taxonomic and germplasm research. I have visited CIP for two months each year in 2002, 2003 and 2004, and am invited back for 2005. These visits entail two months each year, during which time I conduct research in field plots in Peru or collaborate in writing papers with International Potato Center scientific staff. As well, I am writing grant proposals with CIP to evaluate their wild and cultivated species collection for molecular and morphological diversity. CIP paid my travel and per-diem for 2004 and is doing so again for 2005 (about $7000 each year). 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. The following popular article appeared about my research: The University of Wisconsin College of Agriculture and Life Sciences wrote an article on my collecting and research work. This was published on the
web: http://news.cals.wisc.edu/stories/new/newsDisplay.asp?id=1038. It also will appear in the fall 2004 issue of the CALS Quarterly.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Spooner, D.M. 2003. Strengths and weaknesses of molecular markers for studies of diversity in genebank holdings. Aplicaciones De Los Marcadores Moleculares En La Conservacion Y Manejo De La Agrobiodiversidad. p. 1-20.
- Knapp, S., Bohs, L., Nee, M., Spooner, D.M. 2004. Solanaceae - a model for linking genomics with organisms[abstract]. Plant and Animal Genome Abstracts. p.66.
- Ghislain, M., Spooner, D.M., Rodriguez, F., Villamon, F., Nunez, J., Vasquez, C., Waugh, R., Bonierbale, M. 2004. Selection of microsatellites (ssrs) maximally useful for cultivated potato genotyping. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 108:881-890.
- Spooner, D.M., Van Den Berg, R., Bryan, G.J., Del Rio, A. 2004. Species concepts and relationships in wild and cultivated potatoes. Acta Horticulture Proceedings. 619: 63-75.
- Spooner, D.M., Van Den Berg, R.G., Rodriguez, A., Bamberg, J.B., Hijmans, R.J., Lara-Cabrera, S.I. 2004. Wild potatoes (Solanum section Petota) of North and Central America. Michigan: American Society of Plant Taxonomists. 209 p.
- Spooner, D.M., Williams, K.A. 2004. Germplasm acquisition. In: Goodman, R., editor. Encyclopedia of Plant and Crop Science. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. p. 537-540.
- Spooner, D.M., Stephenson, S.A., Ballard, Jr., H.E., Polgar, Z. 2004. Dna sequences of single-copy waxy gene support allopolyploid origins of wild potatoes (solanum section petota)[abstract]. Plant and Animal Genome Conference. p.79.
- Stephenson, S.A., Spooner, D.M., Ballard, Jr, H.E. 2004. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (its) dna sequence phylogeny of wild potatoes (solanum section petota) [abstract]. Plant and Animal Genome Conference. p.80.
- Rodriguez, F., Spooner, D.M. 2004. Nitrate reductase based phylogeny of wild potatoes (solanum section petota) [abstract]. Plant and Animal Genome Conference. p.80.
- Knapp, S., Bohs, L., Nee, M., Spooner, D.M. 2004. Solanaceae - a model for linking genomics with biodiversity. Comparative and Functional Genomics. 5:285-291.
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