Progress 02/07/03 to 07/09/07
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Characterize and develop improved resistances to root-knot nematodes and diseases in vegetable crops including pepper, southernpea, sweetpotato, and watermelon. Develop alternative strategies to methyl bromide for managing root-knot nematodes in vegetable crops utilizing resistant cultivars in rotation with susceptible cultivars. Identify resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon and determine its inheritance. Develop molecular markers for Fusarium wilt resistance in melon and watermelon. Determine the cause of vine decline in watermelon, and characterize the pathogen and host resistance. Approach (from AD-416) Use PCR to identify molecular markers for resistance to root-knot nematodes; characterize mechanisms, stability, and specificity of these resistances in peppers. In southernpeas, evaluate plant introductions to identify resistance to Rhizoctonia solani. As an alternative to methyl bromide, determine efficacy of resistances and evaluate cropping systems that utilize rotation of nematode resistant cultivars with susceptible cultivars. In sweetpotato and watermelon, characterize resistance to root- knot nematode species. Evaluate watermelon PIs for resistance to powdery mildew; conduct genetic studies on inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in watermelon; and generate genetic populations of melon and watermelon necessary to develop molecular markers for Fusarium wilt resistance. Study the etiology of a new vine decline disease in watermelon; identify and characterize the causal organism, determine the environmental requirements for disease establishment, develop pathogen identification procedures, and characterize host resistance. Cooperate with plant breeders to incorporate disease and root-knot nematode resistances into improved vegetable germplasm. Accomplishments Discovery of resistance to Pythium root rot in pepper. Pythium root and crown rot of pepper, caused by a commonly occurring soil-borne fungus, significantly reduces bell pepper yields in the Southeastern U.S. ARS scientists at Charleston, South Carolina and Ft. Pierce, Florida cooperated with scientists at the University of Florida to evaluate pepper varieties and germplasm for resistance to Pythium root and crown rot in field tests. Resistance to Pythium root and crown rot was identified in wild pepper germplasm. Discovery of resistance should be useful in the development of bell pepper varieties with resistance to Pythium root and crown rot. Planting resistant pepper varieties would provide growers with a safer, more environmentally friendly alternative to the treatment of soil with methyl bromide and fungicides for managing this disease. This accomplishment contributes to National Program 303, Component 3: Plant Disease Resistance, Problem Statement 3B: Disease resistance in new germplasm and varieties. Technology Transfer Number of Non-Peer Reviewed Presentations and Proceedings: 16 Number of Newspaper Articles,Presentations for NonScience Audiences: 3
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Meyer, S.L., Burelle, N.K., Davis, R.F., Thies, J.A., Zasada, I.A. 2007. USDA-ARS research on practices compatible with organic agriculture for management of plant-parasitic nematodes on vegetable crops. Journal of Vegetable Science. 12:47-81.
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Progress Report 1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? This project is aligned to National Program 303, Plant Diseases (70%) and National Program 308, Methyl Bromide Alternatives (30%). Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and diseases incited by soil- borne fungi cause significant economic losses in vegetable crops such as bell and hot peppers, southernpea (cowpea), and sweetpotato in the southern United States and world-wide. Host plant resistance, if available, would be the most economical and environmentally compatible approach for managing root-knot nematodes in vegetable crops. ARS scientists in Charleston, SC, are developing varieties of bell and hot peppers, southernpea, and sweetpotato that have exceptionally high, durable resistance to the major species of root-knot nematodes. Efficient use of genetic resistance requires
quantification of these resistances to verify that they are of a sufficiently high level, that any root-knot nematode species or race specificities are known, that they will remain effective against nematodes with highly adaptable virulence spectra, and that they are effective in different environments. Before plant breeders can develop disease resistant cultivars, sources of resistance must be identified, quantified, and tested to determine their potential durability. This information and these scientific tools are necessary to the efficient and effective production of new resistant cultivars of vegetable crops. This project has three major goals: 1) Characterize and develop improved resistances to root-knot nematodes and diseases in vegetable crops including pepper, southernpea, sweetpotato, and watermelon. 2) Develop alternative strategies to methyl bromide for managing root-knot nematodes in vegetable crops utilizing resistant cultivars in rotation with susceptible cultivars.
3) Identify resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon and determine its inheritance, and develop molecular markers for Fusarium wilt resistances in melon and watermelon. Note: The third goal is not currently being addressed because the Research Plant Pathologist working on these aspects of the project retired in January 2004. Root-knot nematodes and soil-borne diseases cause major economic losses to vegetable crops in the southeastern U.S. and world-wide. Current nematode and disease control methods rely heavily on methyl bromide, other fumigant and non-fumigant nematicides, and fungicides. Methyl bromide is being withdrawn from use in the U.S. Other nematicides and fungicides are generally in disfavor with consumers due to concerns about food safety and environmental quality, are expensive to growers, and must be timely and properly applied to be effective. Therefore, an alternative bio-based, environmentally compatible control strategy that utilizes resistant vegetable
cultivars is especially needed. Resistant cultivars present a control strategy that alleviates consumer concerns about food safety and environmental quality, eliminates the costs of pesticides and their application, and does not depend on proper and timely application. However, the efficient and effective development of new, horticulturally acceptable resistant lines and cultivars and their use in production schemes requires additional research. In some cases useful resistances need to be identified and for those identified a better understanding of these resistances is required to ensure their proper and effective utilization and to facilitate their incorporation into enhanced vegetable crop germplasm that will provide effective controls for the target diseases and nematodes. 2. List by year the currently approved milestones (indicators of research progress) Year 1 (FY 2003) 1. There were no milestones designated for completion in FY 2003 because this project was initiated in
February 2003. Year 2 (FY 2004) 1. Complete screening of AFLP markers in pepper Population 1. 2. Characterize resistance of Capsicum annuum to Meloidogyne incognita. 3. Initiate field studies to determine field performance root-knot nematode resistance in bell peppers. 4. Establish root-knot nematode populations for durability of resistance experiments in pepper. 5. Develop methods for evaluation of resistance to Rhizoctonia in southernpea and evaluate cowpea core collection. 6. Establish root-knot nematode populations for stability of resistance experiments in sweetpotato. 7. Evaluate habanero pepper breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. 8. Initiate characterization of resistance to root-knot nematode species in watermelon. 9. Initiate studies to determine usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. 10. Evaluate Citrullus Plant Introductions for resistance to powdery mildew. 11. Begin crosses of plants
for determination of inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon. 12. Complete crosses of plants for use in development of genetic markers that are closely linked to the gene for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. 13. Initiate resistance tests for the development of molecular markers for Fusarium wilt resistance in watermelon. Year 3 (FY 2005) 1. Confirm AFLP markers in pepper Population 2. 2. Characterize resistance of Capsicum chinense to Meloidogyne incognita. 3. Repeat field studies to determine field performance root-knot nematode resistance in bell peppers. 4. Initiate studies to determine durability of resistance to root-knot nematodes in pepper. 5. Continue evaluation of cowpea core collection for resistance to Rhizoctonia solani. 6. Initiate studies to determine stability of resistance to root-knot nematode in sweetpotato. 7. Continue evaluations of habanero pepper breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. 8. Continue studies to
characterize resistance to root-knot nematode species in watermelon. 9. Continue studies to determine usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. 10. Complete presumptive tests of Citrullus Plant Introductions for resistance to powdery mildew. 11. Determine segregation of resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon. 12. Complete resistance tests on plant populations used in development of genetic markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. 13. Continue resistance tests on plant populations used for the development of molecular markers for Fusarium wilt resistance in watermelon. Year 4 (FY 2006) 1. Develop SCAR markers and map markers for N gene in pepper. 2. Characterize resistance of Capsicum frutescens to Meloidogyne incognita. 3. Analyze data and write paper on field performance root-knot nematode resistance in bell peppers. 4. Complete studies to determine durability of resistance to root-knot nematodes in
pepper. 5. Analyze data and write paper on resistance of cowpea to Rhizoctonia solani. 6. Complete studies to determine stability of resistance to root-knot nematode in sweetpotato. 7. Continue evaluations of habanero pepper breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. 8. Analyze data to characterize resistance to root-knot nematode species in watermelon and evaluate breeding lines. 9. Complete studies to determine usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. 10. Complete replicated tests of Citrullus Plant Introductions for resistance to powdery mildew. 11. Write paper on inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon. 12. Complete further resistance tests on plant populations used in development of genetic markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. Year 5 (FY 2007) 1. Complete mapping markers for N gene in pepper and write paper. 2. Analyze data and write paper on characterization of
resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in pepper species. 3. Write paper on durability of resistance to root-knot nematodes in pepper. 4. Continue evaluation of cowpea breeding lines for resistance to Rhizoctonia solani. 5. Release habanero pepper breeding lines with resistance to root-knot nematodes. 6. Continue evaluation of watermelon breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. 7. Write paper on usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. 8. Continue evaluation of watermelon breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. 9. Write paper on resistance of Citrullus Plant Introductions to powdery mildew. 10. Write paper about genetic markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. 11. Write paper about molecular markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in watermelon. 4a List the single most significant research accomplishment during FY 2006. Resistance to southern root-knot nematode discovered in wild
watermelon. The single most significant accomplishment this past year was the discovery of resistance to southern root-knot nematodes in wild watermelon germplasm. Root-knot nematodes cause severe damage and reduce yields in watermelon in the U.S. The accomplishment is important because pre-plant fumigation with methyl bromide, which is currently used to control root-knot nematodes in watermelon, has been phased out in the U.S. and is only available to growers via EPAs Critical Use Exemptions. Watermelon germplasm (USDA Plant Introductions) was evaluated for resistance to southern root-knot nematode (M. incognita) in greenhouse tests, and information on resistance and evaluation methodology was transferred to vegetable seed companies. Seed companies have begun screening watermelon germplasm and USDA Plant Introductions for resistance to root-knot nematodes. Discovery of resistance to southern root-knot nematode in watermelon germplasm could lead to the development of resistant
watermelon varieties, which is particularly important because of the removal of methyl bromide from the U.S. market and the pending loss of several other nematicides due to environmental concerns. This accomplishment contributes to National Program 301, Component V, Host Plant Resistance to Disease, Research Need #4, Development of Watermelon and Melon with Resistance to Foliar and Soil-borne Diseases. 5. Describe the major accomplishments to date and their predicted or actual impact. Identified previously unknown resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria race 1) in watermelon entries (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) from the U.S. Plant Introduction Collection. This information was transferred to plant breeders and plant pathologists for use in the development of watermelon germplasm resistant to root-knot nematodes. Contributes to National Program 301, Component V under Commodity - Watermelon and Melon, Research Need #4, Development of Watermelon and Melon
with Resistance to Foliar and Soil-borne Diseases. Cooperated with ARS southernpea breeder and plant pathologist to release KnuckleHull-VNR, the first crowder-type southernpea that is resistant to both root-knot nematode and blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (two of the most devastating pests of southernpea in the U.S.). KnuckleHull-VNR was developed as a replacement for Knuckle Purple Hull (susceptible to root-knot nematodes and blackeye cowpea mosaic virus) and will be useful to fresh market growers and home gardeners who are concerned about controlling root-knot nematodes and blackeye cowpea mosaic virus in Knuckle Purple Hull plantings without using pesticides. Contributes to National Program 301, Component V under Commodity - Beans, Peas, and Southernpea, Research Need #1, Host Resistance. Cooperated with ARS southernpea breeder to release Charleston Blackeye, a root-knot nematode resistant, blackeye-type southernpea for the production of fresh-shell peas. Charleston Blackeye
produces attractive fresh-shell stage pods and fresh-shell peas and is recommended to market gardeners for sale in farmers markets. Contributes to National Program 301, Component V under Commodity - Beans, Peas, and Southernpea, Research Need #1, Host Resistance. Cooperated with ARS watermelon breeder to release USVL-205 and USVL-210, novel watermelon breeding lines. These novel breeding lines have been requested by several seed companies for potential use as parental material in their watermelon breeding programs. Contributes to National Program 301, Component V under Commodity - Watermelon and Melon, Research Need #4, Development of Watermelon and Melon with Resistance to Foliar and Soil-borne Diseases. Cooperated with ARS pepper breeder to develop and release TigerPaw-NR, the first habanero pepper with resistance to multiple species of root- knot nematodes. Root-knot nematodes cause severe damage to habanero peppers. Resistant varieties will provide an alternative to methyl
bromide, the primary method of control for root-knot nematodes in pepper. TigerPaw-NR will be useful to commercial growers and home gardeners who wish to grow habanero peppers in areas where root-knot nematodes reduce pepper yields. Contributes to National Program 301, Component V under Commodity - Pepper, Research Need #2, Development of Resistance to Soil Borne Diseases and Nematodes. Demonstrated that resistance to root-knot nematodes controlled by the N gene was effective in the bell peppers Charleston Belle and Carolina Wonder when grown in fields highly infested with southern root-knot nematode. This information was transferred to plant breeders, plant pathologists, and extension personnel for use in developing nematode resistant hybrid bell peppers and for developing management methods for root-knot nematodes in pepper. Several major seed companies are using both of these resistant bell pepper varieties as sources of resistance to root-knot nematodes in their pepper breeding
programs. Contributes to National Program 301, Component V under Commodity - Pepper, Research Need #2, Development of Resistance to Soil Borne Diseases and Nematodes. Demonstrated that treatment of soil with metam sodium following a spring crop of root-knot nematode resistant bell pepper significantly reduced severity of root galling and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita, and increased fruit yield in a subsequent fall crop of cucumber. The accomplishment is important because use of methyl bromide for pre-plant fumigation, which is currently the primary control for root-knot nematodes in vegetable crops, has been phased out in the U.S. and is only available to growers via EPAs Critical Use Exemptions. A root-knot nematode resistant bell pepper cultivar Charleston Belle and metam sodium were evaluated for managing southern root-knot nematode (M. incognita) in fall-cropped cucumber. Application of metam sodium through the drip irrigation system following a spring crop of
root-knot nematode resistant bell pepper such as Charleston Belle provides growers with another strategy for managing root-knot nematodes in a double-cropped pepper / cucumber. Contributes to National Program 301, Component V under Commodity - Pepper, Research Need #2, Development of Resistance to Soil Borne Diseases and Nematodes. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Provided information to plant breeders, nematologists, and plant pathologists at commercial vegetable seed companies about root-knot nematode resistant vegetable germplasm and cultivars developed at the U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, S.C., and about greenhouse methods for evaluating breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. Provided information about
managing root-knot nematodes in vegetable crops to growers and extension personnel through personal contacts. There are no known constraints to the use and durability of root-knot nematode resistant vegetable cultivars. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Thies, J. Made presentation entitled Resistance of Pepper Plant Introductions to Northern Root-knot Nematode at the Capsicum Germplasm Committee Meeting held at the International Pepper Conference, Palm Springs, CA, May 2006 attended by industry representatives, extension personnel, and agricultural research scientists. Kousik, C.S. Made invited presentation entitled Mature Watermelon Vine Decline, too Close for Comfort at Georgia Watermelon Growers Association Annual Meeting, Cordelle, GA, January 2006, attended by watermelon growers, vegetable industry representatives, extension
personnel, and public plant breeders and plant pathologists. Kousik, C.S. Made invited presentation entitled Mature Watermelon Vine Decline, Should We Be Concerned? at South Carolina Watermelon Association Annual Meeting, Columbia, SC, January 2006, attended by watermelon growers, vegetable industry representatives, public plant pathologists, and extension personnel. Thies, J. Made invited presentation entitled Response of Cowpea Cultivars to Rhizoctonia solani in Field Tests at Four Planting Dates at National Cowpea Improvement Conference, Orlando, FL, February 2006 attended by vegetable industry representatives, extension personnel, and public plant breeders. Kousik, C.S. Made invited presentation entitled Mature Watermelon Vine Decline, Training Workshop at National Watermelon Growers Association Annual Meeting, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, February 2006, attended by watermelon growers, vegetable industry representatives, extension personnel, and public plant breeders and plant
pathologists.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Thies, J.A., Berland, P.A., Fery, R.L. 2005. Response of cowpea cultivars to rhizoctonia solani in field tests. Hortscience. 40(3):876.
- Thies, J.A., Davis, R.F., Mueller, J.D., Fery, R.L., Langston, D.B., Miller, G. 2005. Host resistance and metam sodium for managing root-knot nematodes in a pepper - cucumber rotation. Hortscience. 40(7):2080-2082.
- Thies, J.A., Fery, R.L. 2006. Reactions of regional cooperative southernpea (cowpea) breeding lines and checks to southern root-knot nematode race 3, 2003. Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Diseases. 21:V017.
- Thies, J.A., Fery, R.L. 2006. Reactions of regional cooperative southernpea (cowpea) breeding lines and checks to southern root-knot nematode race 3, 2004. Biological and Cultural Tests for Control of Plant Diseases. 21:V017.
- Kousik, C.S. 2006. Evaluation of Ranman 400SC and Omega 500F for management of phytophthora blight of bell pepper, 2005. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests. 61:V010.
- Kousik, C.S. 2006. Evaluation of Ranman 400SC for management of phytophthora blight of bell pepper, 2004-05. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests. 61:V009.
- Brito, J.A., Stanley, J.D., Cetintas, R., Di Vito, M., Thies, J.A., Dickson, D.W. 2004. Reproduction of meloidogyne mayaguensis from florida on root-knot nematode resistant tomato and pepper. Journal of Nematology. 36:308.
- Thies, J.A., Berland, P.A., Fery, R.L. 2006. Response of cowpea cultivars to rhizoctonia solani in field tests at four planting dates. HortScience. 41:516.
- Kousik, C.S. 2006. Sources of resistance to the watermelon downy mildew pathogen (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) in us plant introductions (PI). Phytopathology. 96:S63
- Thies, J.A. 2005. Resistance of sweetpotato genotypes to root-knot nematodes. Journal of Nematology. 37:398.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and diseases incited by soil-borne fungi cause significant economic losses in vegetable crops such as bell and hot peppers, southernpea (cowpea), and sweetpotato in the southern United States and world-wide. Host plant resistance, if available, would be the most economical and environmentally compatible approach for managing root-knot nematodes in vegetable crops. ARS scientists in Charleston, SC, are developing varieties of bell and hot peppers, southernpea, and sweetpotato that have exceptionally high, durable resistance to the major species of root-knot nematodes. Efficient use of genetic resistance requires quantification of these resistances to verify that they are of a sufficiently high level, that any root-knot nematode species or race specificities are
known, that they will remain effective against nematodes with highly adaptable virulence spectra, and that they are effective in different environments. Before plant breeders can develop disease resistant cultivars, sources of resistance must be identified, quantified, and tested to determine their potential durability. This information and these scientific tools are necessary to the efficient and effective production of new resistant cultivars of vegetable crops. This project has three major goals: 1) Characterize and develop improved resistances to root-knot nematodes and diseases in vegetable crops including pepper, southernpea, sweetpotato, and watermelon. 2) Develop alternative strategies to methyl bromide for managing root-knot nematodes in vegetable crops utilizing resistant cultivars in rotation with susceptible cultivars. 3) Identify resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon and determine its inheritance, and develop molecular markers for Fusarium wilt resistances in
melon and watermelon. Note: The third goal is not currently being addressed because the Research Plant Pathologist working on these aspects of the project retired in January 2004. This project contributes to National Program 303, Plant Diseases (70%), Component V, Host Plant Resistance to Disease. In the Action Plan for Component V, the project specifically addresses: under Commodity - Pepper, Research Need #2, Development of Resistance to Soil Borne Diseases and Nematodes; under Commodity - Watermelon and Melon, Research Need #4, Development of Watermelon and Melon with Resistance to Foliar and Soil- borne Diseases; under Commodity - Beans, Peas, and Southernpea, Research Need #1, Host Resistance; and under Commodity - Sweetpotato, Research Need #1, Development of Resistance to Fusarium Wilt and Nematodes. This project also contributes to National Program 308, Methyl Bromide Alternatives (30%) Component I, Preplant Fumigation Alternatives. Root-knot nematodes and soil-borne
diseases cause major economic losses to vegetable crops in the southeastern U.S. and world-wide. Current nematode and disease control methods rely heavily on methyl bromide, other fumigant and non-fumigant nematicides, and fungicides. Methyl bromide is being withdrawn from use in the U.S. Other nematicides and fungicides are generally in disfavor with consumers due to concerns about food safety and environmental quality, are expensive to growers, and must be timely and properly applied to be effective. Therefore, an alternative bio-based, environmentally compatible control strategy that utilizes resistant vegetable cultivars is especially needed. Resistant cultivars present a control strategy that alleviates consumer concerns about food safety and environmental quality, eliminates the costs of pesticides and their application, and does not depend on proper and timely application. However, the efficient and effective development of new, horticulturally acceptable resistant lines
and cultivars and their use in production schemes requires additional research. In some cases useful resistances need to be identified and for those identified a better understanding of these resistances is required to ensure their proper and effective utilization and to facilitate their incorporation into enhanced vegetable crop germplasm that will provide effective controls for the target diseases and nematodes. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Year 1 (FY 2003) 1. There were no milestones designated for completion in FY 2003 because this project was initiated in February 2003. Year 2 (FY 2004) 1. Complete screening of AFLP markers in pepper Population 1. 2. Characterize resistance of Capsicum annuum to Meloidogyne incognita. 3. Initiate field studies to determine field performance root-knot nematode resistance in bell peppers. 4. Establish root-knot nematode populations for durability of resistance experiments in pepper. 5. Develop
methods for evaluation of resistance to Rhizoctonia in southernpea and evaluate cowpea core collection. 6. Establish root-knot nematode populations for stability of resistance experiments in sweetpotato. 7. Evaluate habanero pepper breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. 8. Initiate characterization of resistance to root-knot nematode species in watermelon. 9. Initiate studies to determine usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. 10. Evaluate Citrullus Plant Introductions for resistance to powdery mildew. 11. Begin crosses of plants for determination of inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon. 12. Complete crosses of plants for use in development of genetic markers that are closely linked to the gene for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. 13. Initiate resistance tests for the development of molecular markers for Fusarium wilt resistance in watermelon. Year 3 (FY 2005) 1. Confirm AFLP
markers in pepper Population 2. 2. Characterize resistance of Capsicum chinense to Meloidogyne incognita. 3. Repeat field studies to determine field performance root-knot nematode resistance in bell peppers. 4. Initiate studies to determine durability of resistance to root-knot nematodes in pepper. 5. Continue evaluation of cowpea core collection for resistance to Rhizoctonia solani. 6. Initiate studies to determine stability of resistance to root-knot nematode in sweetpotato. 7. Continue evaluations of habanero pepper breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. 8. Continue studies to characterize resistance to root-knot nematode species in watermelon. 9. Continue studies to determine usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. 10. Complete presumptive tests of Citrullus Plant Introductions for resistance to powdery mildew. 11. Determine segregation of resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon. 12. Complete
resistance tests on plant populations used in development of genetic markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. 13. Continue resistance tests on plant populations used for the development of molecular markers for Fusarium wilt resistance in watermelon. Year 4 (FY 2006) 1. Develop SCAR markers and map markers for N gene in pepper. 2. Characterize resistance of Capsicum frutescens to Meloidogyne incognita. 3. Analyze data and write paper on field performance root-knot nematode resistance in bell peppers. 4. Complete studies to determine durability of resistance to root-knot nematodes in pepper. 5. Analyze data and write paper on resistance of cowpea to Rhizoctonia solani. 6. Complete studies to determine stability of resistance to root-knot nematode in sweetpotato. 7. Continue evaluations of habanero pepper breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. 8. Analyze data to characterize resistance to root-knot nematode species in watermelon and evaluate breeding
lines. 9. Complete studies to determine usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. 10. Complete studies to determine usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. 11. Complete replicated tests of Citrullus Plant Introductions for resistance to powdery mildew. 12. Write paper on inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon. 13. Complete further resistance tests on plant populations used in development of genetic markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. Year 5 (FY 2007) 1. Complete mapping markers for N gene in pepper and write paper. 2. Analyze data and write paper on characterization of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in pepper species. 3. Write paper on durability of resistance to root-knot nematodes in pepper. 4. Continue evaluation of cowpea breeding lines for resistance to Rhizoctonia solani. 5. Release habanero pepper breeding lines
with resistance to root-knot nematodes. 6. Continue evaluation of watermelon breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. 7. Write paper on usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. 8. Continue evaluation of watermelon breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. 9. Write paper on resistance of Citrullus Plant Introductions to powdery mildew. 10. Write paper about genetic markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. 11. Write paper about molecular markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in watermelon. 3a List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2005. For each milestone, indicate the status: fully met, substantially met, or not met. If not met, why. 1. Confirm AFLP markers in pepper Population 2. Milestone Not Met Other 2. Characterize resistance of Capsicum chinense to Meloidogyne incognita. Milestone Substantially Met 3. Repeat field studies to determine field performance
root-knot nematode resistance in bell peoppers. Milestone Fully Met 4. Initiate studies to determine durability of resistance to root-knot nematodes in pepper. Milestone Substantially Met 5. Continue evaluation of cowpea core collection for resistance to Rhizoctonia solani. Milestone Fully Met 6. Initiate studies to determine stability of resistance to root-knot nematode in sweetpotato. Milestone Fully Met 7. Continue evaluations of habanero pepper breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. Milestone Fully Met 8. Continue studies to characterize resistance to root-knot nematode species in watermelon. Milestone Fully Met 9. Continue studies to determine usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. Milestone Fully Met 10. Complete presumptive tests of Citrullus Plant Introductions for resistance to powdery mildew. Milestone Not Met Other 11. Determine segregation of resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon. Milestone
Not Met Other 12. Complete resistance tests on plant populations used in development of genetic markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. Milestone Not Met Other 13. Continue resistance tests on plant populations used for the development of molecular markers for Fusarium wilt resistance in watermelon. Milestone Not Met Other 3b List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2006, 2007, and 2008). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? FY 2006 1. Milestone: Develop SCAR markers and map markers for N gene in pepper. Anticipated accomplishment: Molecular markers will be developed from other markers (if identified) linked to the N gene. These markers will be used to more closely identify the location of the N gene for root- knot nematode resistance on a genetic map of pepper. 2. Milestone: Characterize resistance of Capsicum frutescens to Meloidogyne incognita. Anticipated accomplishment:
Identification of the mechanism(s) of resistance to root-knot nematodes in Capsicum frutescens. The identification and characterization of different mechanisms of resistance(s) to root-knot nematodes in pepper will be used to develop cultivars with highly durable resistance. 3. Milestone: Analyze data and write paper on field performance root- knot nematode resistance in bell peppers. Anticipated accomplishment: A paper will be published in HortScience on field performance of the root- knot nematode resistant peppers Charleston Belle and Carolina Wonder. This information will be useful to plant pathologists, plant breeders, horticulturalists, and extension personnel in breeding resistant pepper hybrids and in making recommendations of root-knot resistant peppers for planting in root-knot nematode infested fields. 4. Milestone: Complete studies to determine durability of resistance to root-knot nematodes in pepper. Anticipated accomplishment: Information on durability of
resistance will be developed and this information will be transferred to plant breeders for use in the development of peppers that have highly durable resistance to root-knot nematodes. 5. Milestone: Analyze data and write paper on resistance of cowpea to Rhizoctonia solani. Anticipated accomplishment: A paper will be published in Plant Disease on identification of resistance of cowpea to Rhizoctonia solani. This information will be useful to plant breeders and plant pathologists in developing cowpea cultivars resistant to this serious seedling disease of cowpea and southernpea. 6. Milestone: Complete studies to determine stability of resistance to root-knot nematode in sweetpotato. Anticipated accomplishment: Information will be developed on the stability of root-knot resistant sweetpotato cultivars to several strains of root-knot nematodes. This knowledge will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and will be useful to plant breeders, plant pathologists, and extension
personnel in developing new resistant sweetpotato cultivars and also for making recommendations about the use of existing sweetpotato cultivars in root- knot nematode infested fields. 7. Milestone: Continue evaluations of habanero pepper breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. Anticipated accomplishment: The identification of root-knot resistant breeding lines will lead to the development and release of a root-knot nematode resistant habanero cultivar (in cooperation with Dr. Richard L. Fery). 8. Milestone: Analyze data to characterize resistance to root-knot nematode species in watermelon and evaluate breeding lines. Anticipated accomplishment: The results of the analysis of this data will be used in preparation of a manuscript for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Evaluation and identification of root-knot resistant watermelon breeding lines will lead to enhanced watermelon germplasm with resistance to root- knot nematodes. 9. Milestone: Complete
studies to determine usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. Anticipated accomplishment: Demonstration that a spring crop of root-knot nematode pepper will reduce numbers of nematodes in soil and result in reduced damage to a subsequent fall crop of susceptible vegetables such as summer squash or cucumber. 10. Milestone: Complete replicated tests of Citrullus Plant Introductions for resistance to powdery mildew. Anticipated accomplishment: None at this time. This accomplishment is not being addressed because the Research Plant Pathologist working on this problem retired in January 2004. 11. Milestone: Write paper on inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon. Anticipated accomplishment: None at this time. This accomplishment is not being addressed because the Research Plant Pathologist working on this problem retired in January 2004. 12. Milestone: Complete further resistance tests on plant
populations used in development of genetic markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. Anticipated accomplishment: None at this time. This accomplishment is not being addressed because the Research Plant Pathologist working on this problem retired in January 2004. 13. Milestone: Perform additional resistance tests (as needed) on plant populations used for development of molecular markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in watermelon. Anticipated accomplishment: None at this time. This accomplishment is not being addressed because the Research Plant Pathologist working on this problem retired in January 2004. FY 2007 1. Milestone: Complete mapping markers for N gene in pepper and write paper. Anticipated accomplishment: More closely identify the location of the N gene for root-knot nematode resistance on a pepper map. This technology will be transferred to molecular biologists, geneticists, and plant pathologists through publication of a paper on mapping of the N
gene in pepper. This knowledge will contribute to development of pepper cultivars with root-knot resistance using marker assisted selection that will allow plant breeders to develop root-knot resistant pepper hybrids more quickly and efficiently than through the use of traditional selection methods. 2. Milestone: Analyze data and write paper on characterization of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in pepper species. Anticipated accomplishment: A peer-reviewed manuscript on resistance mechanisms of pepper to M. incognita will be published. The identification and characterization of different mechanisms of resistance(s) to root-knot nematodes in pepper will be used to develop cultivars with highly durable resistance. 3. Milestone: Write paper on durability of resistance to root-knot nematodes in pepper. Anticipated accomplishment: A peer-reviewed manuscript on durability of pepper to root-knot nematodes will be published. The identification and characterization of
durability of resistance(s) to root-knot nematodes in pepper will be used to develop cultivars with resistance that should be effective against a wide variety of root-knot nematode strains over a broad range of conditions. 4. Milestone: Continue evaluation of cowpea breeding lines for resistance to Rhizoctonia solani. Anticipated accomplishment: Cowpea (southernpea) breeding lines with moderate to high resistance to R. solani should be identified in greenhouse tests. These breeding lines will be used to develop cowpea (southernpea) cultivars with high levels of resistance to this serious seedling disease. 5. Milestone: Release habanero pepper breeding lines with resistance to root-knot nematodes. Anticipated accomplishment: The release of root- knot nematode resistant breeding lines or cultivars will be highly useful to both organic and conventional growers because pesticides will not be necessary to control root-knot nematodes in the resistant habanero cultivars. 6.
Milestone: Continue evaluation of watermelon breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. Anticipated accomplishment: Development of horticulturally desirable watermelon breeding lines with root-knot resistance will lead to the development of root-knot nematode resistant cultivars with good horticultural qualities that are desired by the consumer. Development of root-knot nematode resistant watermelon cultivars will result in reduction of pesticide use in watermelon production fields. 7. Milestone: Write paper on usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. Anticipated accomplishment: Peer-reviewed paper will describe the usefulness of growing a spring crop of root-knot resistant pepper followed by a susceptible fall crop of cucumber or summer squash. The knowledge presented in this paper will demonstrate that soil populations of root- knot nematodes following resistant pepper will be dramatically diminished,
resulting in less root-knot damage on the following squash and cucumber crops and higher yields of these susceptible cucurbit crops. 8. Milestone: Write paper on resistance of Citrullus Plant Introductions to powdery mildew. Anticipated accomplishment: None at this time. This accomplishment is not being addressed because the Research Plant Pathologist working on this problem retired in January 2004. 9. Milestone: Write paper about genetic markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. Anticipated accomplishment: None at this time. This accomplishment is not being addressed because the Research Plant Pathologist working on this problem retired in January 2004. 10. Milestone: Write paper about molecular markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in watermelon. Anticipated accomplishment: None at this time. This accomplishment is not being addressed because the Research Plant Pathologist working on this problem retired in January 2004. FY 2008 There are no milestones for
2008 because this project will terminate early in 2008. 4a What was the single most significant accomplishment this past year? The single most significant accomplishment this past year was the demonstration that treatment of soil with metam sodium following a spring crop of root-knot nematode resistant bell pepper significantly reduced severity of root galling and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita, and increased fruit yield in a subsequent fall crop of cucumber. The accomplishment is important because pre-plant fumigation with methyl bromide, which is currently the primary control for root-knot nematodes in vegetable crops, is being phased out in the U.S. A root-knot nematode resistant bell pepper cultivar Charleston Belle and metam sodium were evaluated for managing southern root-knot nematode (M. incognita) in fall- cropped cucumber. Application of metam sodium through the drip irrigation system following a spring crop of root-knot nematode resistant bell pepper such as
Charleston Belle provides growers with another strategy for managing root-knot nematodes in a double-cropped pepper / cucumber. 4d Progress report. Marker for Root-knot Nematode Resistance in Pepper. Under subordinate project No. 6659-22000-012-02R funded by an Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems grant and conducted through a reimbursable agreement with Cornell University, 234 polymorphic AFLP markers were identified as present in the root-knot nematode resistant cultivars Mississippi Nemaheart and Carolina Wonder (both carrying the N gene), but absent in susceptible Yolo Wonder B. The development of high- throughput molecular markers linked to the N gene would allow breeders to use marker-assisted selection (MAS) to rapidly develop root-knot nematode resistant genotypes. Evaluations for Resistance in Peppers and Southernpeas. Under subordinate project No. 6659-22000-012-01S for a Specific Cooperative Agreement with the University of Charleston, approximately 300
southernpea entries from the U.S. Plant Introduction collection were evaluated for resistance to a seedling disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Identified previously unknown resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria race 1) in watermelon entries (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) from the U.S. Plant Introduction Collection. This information was transferred to plant breeders and plant pathologists for use in the development of watermelon germplasm resistant to root-knot nematodes. Action Plan Component V under Commodity - Watermelon and Melon, Research Need #4, Development of Watermelon and Melon with Resistance to Foliar and Soil-borne Diseases. Cooperated with ARS southernpea breeder and plant pathologist to release KnuckleHull-VNR, the first crowder-type southernpea that is resistant to both root-knot nematode and blackeye cowpea mosaic virus
(two of the most devastating pests of southernpea in the U.S.). Action Plan Component V under Commodity - Beans, Peas, and Southernpea, Research Need #1, Host Resistance. Cooperated with ARS southernpea breeder to release Charleston Blackeye, a root-knot nematode resistant, blackeye-type southernpea for the production of fresh-shell peas. Action Plan Component V under Commodity - Beans, Peas, and Southernpea, Research Need #1, Host Resistance. Cooperated with ARS watermelon breeder to release USVL-205 and USVL-210, novel watermelon breeding lines. Action Plan Component V under Commodity - Watermelon and Melon, Research Need #4, Development of Watermelon and Melon with Resistance to Foliar and Soil-borne Diseases. Demonstrated that resistance to root-knot nematodes controlled by the N gene was effective in the bell peppers "Charleston Belle" and "Carolina Wonder" when grown in fields highly infested with southern root-knot nematode. This information was transferred to plant
breeders, plant pathologists, and extension personnel for use in developing nematode resistant hybrid bell peppers and for developing management methods for root-knot nematodes in pepper. Action Plan Component V under Commodity - Pepper, Research Need #2, Development of Resistance to Soil Borne Diseases and Nematodes. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Provided information to plant breeders, nematologists, and plant pathologists at commercial vegetable seed companies about root-knot nematode resistant vegetable germplasm and cultivars developed at the U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, S.C., and about greenhouse methods for evaluating breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. Provided information about managing root-knot
nematodes in vegetable crops to growers and extension personnel through personal contacts. There are no known constraints to the use and durability of root-knot nematode resistant vegetable cultivars. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Anonymous. 2005. Nematode Nemesis. The American Gardener: The Magazine of the American Horticultural Society 84(3): 50. Made presentation entitled Utility of resistant bell pepper for managing southern root-knot nematodes in southeastern U.S. at the International Pepper Conference, Naples, FL, November 14-16, 2004 attended by industry representatives, extension personnel, and agricultural research scientists. Made invited presentation entitled Response of Cowpea Cultivars to Rhizoctonia solani in Field Tests at National Cowpea Improvement Conference (NCIC), Little Rock, AR, February 2005 attended by
vegetable industry representatives, extension personnel, and public plant breeders. Made presentation entitled Response of Cowpea Cultivars to Rhizoctonia solani in Field Tests at the U.S. Vegetable Laboratory / Coastal Research & Education Center, Clemson University, Field Day, Charleston, SC, June 8, 2005 attended by growers, extension personnel, and industry representatives.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Thies, J.A., Berland, P.A., Fery, R.L. 2005. Reaction of cowpea cultivars to rhizoctonia solani in field tests [abstract]. Phytopathology. 95:S102.
- Thies, J.A., Fery, R.L., Dickson, D.W., Davis, R.F., Mueller, J.D. 2004. Utility of resistant bell pepper for managing southern root-knot nematodes in southeastern U.S. In: International Pepper Conference Proceedings, November 14-16, 2004, Naples, FL. pg 29.
- Yandoc, C.B., Rosskopf, E.N., Thies, J. 2005. Reaction of root-knot nematode-resistant peppers to Phytophthora capsici. Phytopathology. 95:S115.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and diseases incited by soil-borne fungi cause significant economic losses in vegetable crops such as bell and hot peppers, southernpea (cowpea), and sweetpotato in the southern United States and world-wide. Host plant resistance, if available, would be the most economical and environmentally compatible approach for managing root-knot nematodes in vegetable crops. ARS scientists in Charleston, SC, are developing varieties of bell and hot peppers, southernpea, and sweetpotato that have exceptionally high, durable resistance to the major species of root-knot nematodes. Efficient use of genetic resistance requires quantification of these resistances to verify that they are of a sufficiently high level, that any root-knot nematode species or race specificities are
known, that they will remain effective against nematodes with highly adaptable virulence spectra, and that they are effective in different environments. Before plant breeders can develop disease resistant cultivars, sources of resistance must be identified, quantified, and tested to determine their potential durability. This information and these scientific tools are necessary to the efficient and effective production of new resistant cultivars of vegetable crops. This project has three major goals: 1) Characterize and develop improved resistances to root-knot nematodes and diseases in vegetable crops including pepper, southernpea, sweetpotato, and watermelon. 2) Develop alternative strategies to methyl bromide for managing root-knot nematodes in vegetable crops utilizing resistant cultivars in rotation with susceptible cultivars. 3) Identify resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon and determine its inheritance, and develop molecular markers for Fusarium wilt resistances in
melon and watermelon. Note: The third goal is not currently being addressed because the Research Plant Pathologist working on these aspects of the project retired in January 2004. This project contributes to National Program 303, Plant Diseases (70%), Component V, Host Plant Resistance to Disease. In the Action Plan for Component V, the project specifically addresses: under Commodity - Pepper, Research Need #2, Development of Resistance to Soil Borne Diseases and Nematodes; under Commodity - Watermelon and Melon, Research Need #4, Development of Watermelon and Melon with Resistance to Foliar and Soil- borne Diseases; under Commodity - Beans, Peas, and Southernpea, Research Need #1, Host Resistance; and under Commodity - Sweetpotato, Research Need #1, Development of Resistance to Fusarium Wilt and Nematodes. This project also contributes to National Program 308, Methyl Bromide Alternatives (30%) Component I, Preplant Fumigation Alternatives. Root-knot nematodes and soil-borne
diseases cause major economic losses to vegetable crops in the southeastern U.S. and world-wide. Current nematode and disease control methods rely heavily on methyl bromide, other fumigant and non-fumigant nematicides, and fungicides. Methyl bromide is being withdrawn from use in the U.S. Other nematicides and fungicides are generally in disfavor with consumers due to concerns about food safety and environmental quality, are expensive to growers, and must be timely and properly applied to be effective. Therefore, an alternative bio-based, environmentally compatible control strategy that utilizes resistant vegetable cultivars is especially needed. Resistant cultivars present a control strategy that alleviates consumer concerns about food safety and environmental quality, eliminates the costs of pesticides and their application, and does not depend on proper and timely application. However, the efficient and effective development of new, horticulturally acceptable resistant lines
and cultivars and their use in production schemes requires additional research. In some cases useful resistances need to be identified and for those identified a better understanding of these resistances is required to ensure their proper and effective utilization and to facilitate their incorporation into enhanced vegetable crop germplasm that will provide effective controls for the target diseases and nematodes. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Year 1 (FY 2003) There were no milestones designated for completion in FY 2003 because this project was initiated in February 2003. Year 2 (FY 2004) Complete screening of AFLP markers in pepper Population 1. Characterize resistance of Capsicum annuum to Meloidogyne incognita. Initiate field studies to determine field performance root-knot nematode resistance in bell peppers. Establish root-knot nematode populations for durability of resistance experiments in pepper. Develop methods for evaluation of
resistance to Rhizoctonia in southernpea and evaluate cowpea core collection. Establish root-knot nematode populations for stability of resistance experiments in sweetpotato. Evaluate habanero pepper breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. Initiate characterization of resistance to root-knot nematode species in watermelon. Initiate studies to determine usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. Evaluate Citrullus Plant Introductions for resistance to powdery mildew. Begin crosses of plants for determination of inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon. Complete crosses of plants for use in development of genetic markers that are closely linked to the gene for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. Initiate resistance tests for the development of molecular markers for Fusarium wilt resistance in watermelon. Year 3 (FY 2005) Confirm AFLP markers in pepper Population 2. Characterize resistance of
Capsicum chinense to Meloidogyne incognita. Repeat field studies to determine field performance root-knot nematode resistance in bell peppers. Initiate studies to determine durability of resistance to root-knot nematodes in pepper. Continue evaluation of cowpea core collection for resistance to Rhizoctonia solani. Initiate studies to determine stability of resistance to root-knot nematode in sweetpotato. Continue evaluations of habanero pepper breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. Continue studies to characterize resistance to root-knot nematode species in watermelon. Continue studies to determine usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. Complete presumptive tests of Citrullus Plant Introductions for resistance to powdery mildew. Determine segregation of resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon. Complete resistance tests on plant populations used in development of genetic markers for resistance to Fusarium
wilt in melon. Continue resistance tests on plant populations used for the development of molecular markers for Fusarium wilt resistance in watermelon. Year 4 (FY 2006) Develop SCAR markers and map markers for N gene in pepper. Characterize resistance of Capsicum frutescens to Meloidogyne incognita. Analyze data and write paper on field performance root-knot nematode resistance in bell peppers. Complete studies to determine durability of resistance to root-knot nematodes in pepper. Analyze data and write paper on resistance of cowpea to Rhizoctonia solani. Complete studies to determine stability of resistance to root-knot nematode in sweetpotato. Continue evaluations of habanero pepper breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. Analyze data to characterize resistance to root-knot nematode species in watermelon and evaluate breeding lines. Complete studies to determine usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables.
Complete studies to determine usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. Complete replicated tests of Citrullus Plant Introductions for resistance to powdery mildew. Write paper on inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon. Complete further resistance tests on plant populations used in development of genetic markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. Year 5 (FY 2007) Complete mapping markers for N gene in pepper and write paper. Analyze data and write paper on characterization of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in pepper species. Write paper on durability of resistance to root-knot nematodes in pepper. Continue evaluation of cowpea breeding lines for resistance to Rhizoctonia solani. Release habanero pepper breeding lines with resistance to root-knot nematodes. Continue evaluation of watermelon breeding lines for resistance to root- knot nematodes. Write paper on usefulness of root-knot nematode
resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. Continue evaluation of watermelon breeding lines for resistance to root- knot nematodes. Write paper on usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. Write paper on resistance of Citrullus Plant Introductions to powdery mildew. Write paper about genetic markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. Write paper about molecular markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in watermelon. 3. Milestones: A. List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2004. How many milestones did you fully or substantially meet in FY 2004 and indicate which ones were not fully or substantially met, briefly explain why not, and your plans to do so. Year 2 (FY 2004) All milestones regarding root-knot nematode resistance in pepper, sweetpotato, and watermelon and Rhizoctonia resistance in southernpea were completed. The Research Plant Pathologist assigned to work on fungal
diseases of melon and watermelon retired on January 3, 2004, and none of the milestones regarding Goal 3 (identify resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon and determine its inheritance, and develop molecular markers for Fusarium wilt resistances in melon and watermelon) were completed. All milestones are listed below. Complete screening of AFLP markers in pepper Population 1. Characterize resistance of Capsicum annuum to Meloidogyne incognita. Initiate field studies to determine field performance root-knot nematode resistance in bell peppers. Establish root-knot nematode populations for durability of resistance experiments in pepper. Develop methods for evaluation of resistance to Rhizoctonia in southernpea and evaluate cowpea core collection. Establish root-knot nematode populations for stability of resistance experiments in sweetpotato. Evaluate habanero pepper breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. Initiate characterization of resistance to root-knot nematode
species in watermelon. Initiate studies to determine usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. Evaluate Citrullus Plant Introductions for resistance to powdery mildew. Begin crosses of plants for determination of inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon. Complete crosses of plants for use in development of genetic markers that are closely linked to the gene for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. Initiate resistance tests for the development of molecular markers for Fusarium wilt resistance in watermelon. B. List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2005, FY 2006, & FY 2007). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 under each milestone? Year 3 (FY 2005) Confirm AFLP markers in pepper Population 2. Characterize resistance of Capsicum chinense to Meloidogyne incognita. Repeat field studies to determine field performance root-knot nematode resistance in bell
peppers. Initiate studies to determine durability of resistance to knot-knot nematodes in pepper. Continue evaluation of cowpea core collection for resistance to Rhizoctonia solani. Initiate studies to determine stability of resistance to root-knot nematode in sweetpotato. Continue evaluations of habanero pepper breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. Continue studies to characterize resistance to root-knot nematode species in watermelon. Continue studies to determine usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. Complete presumptive tests of Citrullus Plant Introductions for resistance to powdery mildew. Determine segregation of resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon. Complete resistance tests on plant populations used in development of genetic markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. Continue resistance tests on plant populations used for the development of molecular markers for Fusarium wilt
resistance in watermelon. Year 4 (FY 2006) Develop SCAR markers and map markers for N gene in pepper. Characterize resistance of Capsicum frutescens to Meloidogyne incognita. Analyze data and write paper on field performance root-knot nematode resistance in bell peppers. Complete studies to determine durability of resistance to root-knot nematodes in pepper. Analyze data and write paper on resistance of cowpea to Rhizoctonia solani. Complete studies to determine stability of resistance to root-knot nematode in sweetpotato. Continue evaluations of habanero pepper breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. Analyze data to characterize resistance to root-knot nematode species in watermelon and evaluate breeding lines. Complete studies to determine usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. Complete replicated tests of Citrullus Plant Introductions for resistance to powdery mildew. Write paper on inheritance of
resistance to powdery mildew in watermelon. Complete further resistance tests on plant populations used in development of genetic markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. Perform additional resistance tests (as needed) on plant populations used for development of molecular markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in watermelon. Year 5 (FY 2007) Complete mapping markers for N gene in pepper and write paper. Analyze data and write paper on characterization of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in pepper species. Write paper on durability of resistance to root-knot nematodes in pepper. Continue evaluation of cowpea breeding lines for resistance to Rhizoctonia solani. Release habanero pepper breeding lines with resistance to root-knot nematodes. Continue evaluation of watermelon breeding lines for resistance to root- knot nematodes. Write paper on usefulness of root-knot nematode resistant pepper to manage nematodes in double-cropped vegetables. Write paper on resistance of
Citrullus Plant Introductions to powdery mildew. Write paper about genetic markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in melon. Write paper about molecular markers for resistance to Fusarium wilt in watermelon. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single most significant accomplishment during FY 2004 (one per Research Project): The single most significant accomplishment this past year was the determination of usefulness of double cropping cucumbers and squash after resistant bell pepper to manage root-knot nematodes. The accomplishment is important because the primary control for root-knot nematodes in susceptible vegetable crops is pre-plant fumigation of the soil with methyl bromide; however, methyl bromide is scheduled for removal from the U.S. market in 2005. Rotation of resistant and susceptible crops could be used as an alternative to methyl bromide to manage root-knot nematodes. Field tests were conducted in South Carolina and Georgia to study
efficacy of planting root-knot susceptible vegetable crops (cucumbers and squash) after the root-knot nematode resistant bell pepper "Charleston Belle" in fields that were highly infested with root-knot nematodes. "Charleston Belle" reduced nematode numbers in the soil and increased yields of nematode-susceptible cucumber and squash by 87% and 55%, respectively, when planted before the nematode-susceptible crops. B. Other Significant Accomplishment(s), if any. None. C. Significant activities that support special target populations. None. D. Progress Report opportunity to submit additional programmatic information to your Area Office and NPS (optional for all in-house ("D") projects and the projects listed in Appendix A; mandatory for all other subordinate projects). Marker for Root-knot Nematode Resistance in Pepper. Under subordinate project No. 6659-22000-012-02R funded by an Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems grant and conducted through a reimbursable agreement
with Cornell University, differences in DNA sequences were found between pimiento and bell pepper lines. Evaluations for Resistance in Peppers and Southernpeas. Under subordinate project No. 6659-22000-012-01S for a Specific Cooperative Agreement with the University of Charleston, approximately 100 pepper entries from the U.S. Plant Introduction Collection were evaluated for resistance to the northern root-knot nematode. Results of evaluations of southernpea entries from the U.S. Plant Introduction collection for resistance to a seedling disease were analyzed and further evaluations are underway. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Identified previously unknown resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria race 1) in watermelon entries (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) from the U.S. Plant Introduction Collection. This information was transferred to plant breeders and plant pathologists
for use in the development of watermelon germplasm resistant to root-knot nematodes. Action Plan Component V under Commodity - Watermelon and Melon, Research Need #4, Development of Watermelon and Melon with Resistance to Foliar and Soil-borne Diseases. Cooperated with ARS southernpea breeder and plant pathologist to release "KnuckleHull-VNR", the first crowder-type southernpea that is resistant to both root-knot nematode and blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (two of the most devastating pests of southernpea in the U.S.). Action Plan Component V under Commodity - Beans, Peas, and Southernpea, Research Need #1, Host Resistance. Demonstrated that resistance to root-knot nematodes controlled by the N gene was effective in the bell peppers "Charleston Belle" and "Carolina Wonder" when grown in fields highly infested with southern root-knot nematode. This information was transferred to plant breeders, plant pathologists, and extension personnel for use in developing nematode resistant hybrid
bell peppers and for developing management methods for root-knot nematodes in pepper. Action Plan Component V under Commodity - Pepper, Research Need #2, Development of Resistance to Soil Borne Diseases and Nematodes. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Provided information to plant breeders, nematologists, and plant pathologists at commercial vegetable seed companies about root-knot nematode resistant vegetable germplasm and cultivars developed at the U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, S.C., and about greenhouse methods for evaluating breeding lines for resistance to root-knot nematodes. Provided information about managing root-knot nematodes in vegetable crops to growers and extension personnel through personal contacts. Made
presentation about root-knot nematode resistant vegetable cultivars at the Watermelon and Vegetable Crops Field Day, Clemson University, Blackville, SC attended by growers, extension personnel, and industry representatives. Made invited presentation entitled "Host Resistance: The Foundation for a Healthy Root System" at American Society of Horticultural Science, July 17, 2004, Austin, TX. There are no known constraints to the use and durability of root-knot nematode resistant vegetable cultivars. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. Pons, L. June 23, 2004. Pepper Lends Its Nematode Resistance to Double- Cropped Vegetables. ARS News & Information. http://www.ars.usda. gov/is/pr/2004/040623.htm.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Thies, J.A., Levi, A. 2003. Resistance of watermelon germplasm to the peanut root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne arenaria race 1). Hortscience. 38(7) :1417-1421.
- Levi, A., Thomas, C.E., Thies, J.A., Simmons, A.M., Keinath, T. 2004. USVL- 200, a novel watermelon breeding line. USDA, Agricultural Resesarch Service, Cultivar Release.
- Thies, J.A., Davis, R.F., Mueller, J.D., Fery, R.L., Langston, D.B., Miller, G. 2004. Host resistance and metam sodium for managing root-knot nematodes in a pepper-cucumber rotation [abstract]. Phytopathology. 94:S102.
- Berland, P.A., Thies, J.A., Fery, R.L. 2003. Methods for evaluating cowpea germplasm for seedling resistance to Rhizoctonia solani [abstract]. Phytopathology. 93:S8. Publication No. P-2003-0605-AMA.
- Berland, P.A., Thies, J.A., Fery, R.L. 2003. Methodology for evaluating cowpea germplasm for resistance to Rhizoctonia solani [abstract]. Hortscience. 38(6):1297.
- Berland, P.A., Thies, J.A., Fery, R.L. 2004. Evaluation of cowpea germplasm for seedling resistance to Rhizoctonia solani [abstract]. Phytopathology. 94:S8.
- Fery, R.L., Thies, J.A., Gillaspie Jr, A.G. 2003. 'KnuckleHull-VNR' a blackeye cowpea mosaic virus and root-knot nematode resistant, crowder- type southernpea [abstract]. Hortscience. 38(5):782.
- Fery, R.L., Thies, J.A., Gillaspie, A.G. 2004. 'knucklehull-vnr', a blackeye cowpea mosaic virus and root-knot nematode resistant, crowder- type southernpea. Hortscience. 39(1):183-184.
- Fery, R.L., Thies, J.A. 2003. Development of improved southernpea cultivars for home gardeners and the food freezing and fresh market industries [abstract]. Hortscience. 38(6):1298.
- Fery, R.L., Thies, J.A. 2004. Root-knot nematode resistance in Capsicum chinense: development of resistant habanero-type cultivars [abstract]. Hortscience. 39(4):766.
- Thies, J.A., Davis, R.F., Mueller, J.D., Fery, R.L., Langston, D.B. 2003. Double cropping cucumbers and squash after resistant bell pepper for root- knot nematode management [abstract]. Phytopathology. 93:S82. Publication No. P-2003-0053-AMA.
- Thies, J.A., Davis, R.F., Mueller, J.D., Fery, R.L., Langston, D.B., Miller, G. 2004. Double-cropping cucumbers and squash after resistant bell pepper for root-knot nematode management. Plant Disease. 88(6):589-593.
- Levi, A., Thomas, C.E., Thies, J.A., Simmons, A.M., Xu, Y., Zhang, X., Davis, A.R. 2004. Developing genetic linkage map for watermelon: polymorphism segregation and distribution of markers. Progress in Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding Research. A. Lebeda and H.S. Paris (Eds.). p. 515- 523.
- Thies, J.A., Fery, R.L., Mueller, J.D. Development and use of resistant peppers for managing root-knot nematodes [abstract]. Journal of Nematology. 35(3):366.
- Thies, J.A., Fery, R.L., Mueller, J.D., Miller, S., Varne, J. 2003. Response of bell pepper near-isogenic for the N gene to Meloidogyne incognita in field trials. Hortscience. 38(7):1394-1396.
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