Progress 08/27/02 to 08/26/07
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) 1. Develop an understanding of population structure for targeted species, conduct surveys of breed populations (census), determine the number of producers raising a breed and their geographic location; synthesize and analyze information about phenotypic performance, breeding value, DNA information, adaptation to environmental conditions for inclusion in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) database. 2. Acquire germplasm (semen, embryos, ova and DNA) for storage in the central repository. Coordinate collection and documentation of germplasm. 3. Evaluate, develop and implement cryopreservation protocols for the preservation program. Evaluate acquired germplasm for viability and place test results and accompanying information in the GRIN database. 4. Develop the National Animal Germplasm Program's information system as a component of the GRIN. This information system will provide a critical linkage for genetic preservation and management activities of in-situ and ex-situ populations. 5. Develop, coordinate and assist species committees and the Animal Germplasm Policy Coordinating Committee in setting priorities and procedures for preserving animal germplasm and the management of in-situ resources. Approach (from AD-416) The primary mission of the National Animal Germplasm Program (NAGP) is to conserve food animal genetic resources (livestock, poultry and aquatic species) in the U.S. Effective conservation involves understanding and/or use of live animal populations, genetics, cryopreservation and information. NAGP addresses genetic resource issues by the following four elements: 1) Understanding the population dynamics of livestock breeds (both numerically and genetically); 2) Acquiring and storing cryopreserved germplasm (where possible) from food animal species; 3) Evaluating potential viability of germplasm in cryostorage as well as improving the efficacy of cryopreserving germplasm; 4) Building and implementing an Internet-based information system comprised of a relational database and decision support tools; and 5) Executing this national effort not only through personnel directly supported by this project plan but also involving a cadre of industry representatives, university and ARS scientists working across species and disciplines. The NAGP has not been mandated with a typical research mission; rather the focus is to ensure the livestock sector has sufficient genetic diversity to meet growing demands, risks and a changing market place. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations The National Animal Germplasm Program has continued to acquire germplasm across livestock and aquatic species for entry into the repository. There continued to be exponential growth (19%) in the collection during the FY2007. The robust nature of the collection was demonstrated by the requests for 1,866 samples from individual animals that were released in FY2007. These releases were for molecular DNA studies and animal regeneration. An evaluation of animal genetic resources trade flow was completed in this fiscal year. This study was comprised of two parts: an economic evaluation of germplasm flows on a global basis; and a biological examination of how imported breeds and individual animals impacted the U.S. livestock populations. The results demonstrated that the vast majority of trade is between developed nations. Canada and Mexico are our largest trading partners. Biologically it was demonstrated that successfully importing a new breed is dependent upon the new breed having a number of desirable traits and not a single trait. In evaluating importations of Jersey dairy cattle the data suggested that the progeny of imported animals did not increase or remain in the population; rather by the great-grand progeny generation most of their influence had diminished. These results suggest that despite relatively good performance information for dairy cattle, successfully importing new genetic resources into the U.S. is speculative. Our results also suggest that importation is speculative due to the advanced performance levels of U.S. livestock; thereby underscoring the need to preserve these genetic resources in the repository. Research on cryopreservation of boar sperm was performed to determine the influence of plasma membrane proteins on cryopreservation success and sperm physiology. It was determined that 1) ubiquitination of boar sperm may be an indicator of sperm quality and 2) total plasma membrane protein may be a predictor of both post-thaw survivability and sperm quality. Understanding and predicting the quality of boar sperm samples will enable the NAGP to better utilize the resources contained in the repository. Research on rooster sperm was performed to determine which cryopreservation diluent and method of insemination were most efficient for use with NAGP repository samples for reconstitution of poultry lines. It was determined that the Lake�s method of cryopreservation, utilizing glycerol as the cryoprotectant, in conjunction with intramagnal inseminations is the most productive manner for artificial insemination of poultry with frozen-thawed semen. Efforts were initiated to quantify the genetic distances between 28 breeds of U.S. , Kazakhstan and Brazilian sheep. DNA from approximately 700 blood or semen samples has been extracted and analyzed using the Food and Agriculture Organizations panel of microsatellites. The statistical analysis of this data will occur in the next fiscal year. In the area of database development, the Canadian and Brazilian animal conservation programs have agreed to join our development effort and will send staff to work on the database. Accomplishments Enhanced Genetic Security. The security of U.S. animal genetic resources was significantly increased in FY2007. Samples in the collection increased from 297,758 to 355,000, a 19.2% increase. The collection contains germplasm and tissue samples from 8,263 (a 12.8% increase) animals from 26 livestock, poultry and aquatic species, 119 breeds, and 110 unique within breed lines. In addition to collecting samples the repository released 1,866 samples for research on quantitative trait loci, genetic distancing of cattle and sheep breeds, and live animal generation. Sufficient germplasm has been collected on 28 (a 12% increase) livestock or fish populations so that the populations could be reconstituted if necessary. This research was conducted under National Program 101 Food Animal Production, subcomponent Conserve, Characterize, and Use Genetic Resources. Result contribute to ARS Strategic Plan Goal 1 - Enhance Economic Opportunities for Agricultural Production; Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems; 1.2.4 - Maintain, characterize, and use genetic resources to optimize and safeguard genetic diversity and promote viable, vigorous animal production systems. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations Many rare breeds are owned by small scale farmers. To capture this diversity for the repository we perform field collections on small farms. Such action provides us with an opportunity to provide small scale producers with information about the breeding soundness of their animals and management of genetic diversity. Significant collaborations exist with a number of historically black colleges and universities in the collection of germplasm. These linkages support germplasm collection, interaction on research problems, and management of in-situ populations for genetic diversity. In certain instances these partners are leading conservation efforts for specific breeds (e.g., Spanish and Tennessee Stiff-legged goats). Technology Transfer Number of New CRADAS and MTAS: 1 Number of Active CRADAS and MTAS: 6 Number of Web Sites managed: 1 Number of Non-Peer Reviewed Presentations and Proceedings: 5 Number of Newspaper Articles,Presentations for NonScience Audiences: 3
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Blackburn, H.D. 2007. Integrating policies for the management of animal genetic resources with demand for livestock products and environmental sustainability. Animal Genetic Resources Information. 41:53-64.
- Moore, D.T., Purdy, P.H., Blackburn, H.D. 2006. A Method for Cryopreserving Chicken Primordial Germ Cells. Poultry Science. 85:1784�1790.
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Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Progress Report 1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? The National Animal Germplasm Program addresses the characterization and conservation of animal genetic resources. Animal genetic resources are the underpinning of profitable livestock production systems and nationally, animal genetic diversity for all species is decreasing. For example, the effective population size for all dairy cattle breeds is less than 60 animals; one non-governmental organization reports 52 breeds or strains of livestock have small enough populations to be classified as in rare or critical condition. Furthermore, highly industrialized monogastric production systems may be constricted in their ability to respond to consumer demands due to a narrowing genetic resource base. Reductions in genetic variability are important because livestock generate farm gate receipts
of more than $100 billion per year. This amount is expected to increase over the next 20 years as demand for livestock products increases. Meeting this growing demand will require the full breadth and utilization of genetic resources, in particular, the need to develop animals with genetic resistance to important diseases. This CRIS attacks the problem of animal genetic resource management and diversity through the following objectives: 1) understanding population structures and demographic changes in population size, location and number of producers raising specific breeds; 2) acquiring germplasm (semen, embryos, ova and DNA) for storage at the National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation; 3) evaluation, development and implementation of cryopreservation protocols for germplasm preservation in liquid nitrogen; 4) development of an information system that links genetic preservation (ex-situ and in-situ) management activities of animal populations; and 5) develop, coordinate and
assist species committees in setting priorities and procedures for ex-situ and in-situ management of genetic resources. Prior to the initiation of this project the US had no concerted effort to manage animal genetic diversity and did not have a repository of germplasm that could be used in the event of a national emergency. As was witnessed in Europe with the 2001 Foot and Mouth outbreak, the livestock industry and the public at large are vulnerable to short term impacts of such outbreaks and longer term market perturbations without safe repositories of animal germplasm. The research supports ARS National Program 101 - Food Animal Production. 2. List by year the currently approved milestones (indicators of research progress) Objective 1: Understand population structure for targeted species through population surveys and pedigree analysis and use the information in planning conservation activities. FY2002: Perform swine and goat breed surveys. FY2003: Perform chicken and sheep breed
surveys. FY2004: Perform cattle breed surveys. FY2005: Compute and analyze population genetic parameters for selected breeds. FY2006: Survey turkey populations. Utilize survey data from population genetic parameters to identify and target at risk breeds. Objective 2: Acquire germplasm and tissue of targeted species for the national repository. FY2002: Increase the germplasm collection by > 10%. Develop a method for selecting animals within a breed for entry into the repository. FY2003: Increase the germplasm collection by > 10%. FY2004: Increase the germplasm collection by > 5%. Develop methodology to identify candidate animals for breed germplasm collections. FY2005: Increase the germplasm collection by > 3%. Compare genetic differences between the collection and in-situ populations. FY2006: Increase the germplasm collection by > 3%. Objective 3: Develop, evaluate and implement cryopreservation procedures for targeted species. FY2002: Develop criteria for accepting samples into the
repository. FY2003: Evaluate ram semen held 24 hours before cryopreservation. FY2004: Determine the heritability of cryopreserved boar semen. FY2005: Explore alternative boar diluents that improve post-thaw viability. Perform fertility trial using rams semen cryopreserved 24 hours after collection. FY2006: Implement new protocols. Objective 4: Develop and implement an animal information system which is part of the Genetic Resources Information Network. FY2002: Complete table structure for inventory components of database. FY2003: Develop a user interface that allows management to monitor collection development. FY2004: Develop information system that facilitates management of genetic resources. FY2005: Incorporate phenotypic observations into the information system. Link U.S. system to the FAOs database DAD-IS. FY2006: Combine breed and germplasm collection data, refine information system. Objective 5: Develop, coordinate and assist species committees in their conservation,
preservation and utilization of genetic resources activities. From FY2002 to FY2006, facilitate and support committees in: meeting once per year, addressing collection policy and implementation issues, and develop a rotation of membership. 4a List the single most significant research accomplishment during FY 2006. Enhanced Genetic Security. This research was conducted under National Program 101 Food Animal Production, subcomponent Conserve, Characterize, and Use Genetic Resources. Result contribute to ARS Strategic Plan Goal 1 - Enhance Economic Opportunities for Agricultural Production; Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems; 1.2.4 - Maintain, characterize, and use genetic resources to optimize and safeguard genetic diversity and promote viable, vigorous animal production systems. The security of U.S. animal genetic resources was significantly enhanced in FY2006. Samples in the collection increased from 229,110 to 296,555, a 29% increase. The
collection contains germplasm and tissue samples from 7, 322 animals from 25 livestock, poultry and aquatic species, 119 breeds, and 94 unique within breed lines. In addition to collecting samples the repository released material for research on quantitative trait loci, genetic distancing of cattle breeds, and broadening the genetic base of a rare cattle breed. 4b List other significant research accomplishment(s), if any. This research was conducted under National Program 101 Food Animal Production, subcomponent Conserve, Characterize, and Use Genetic Resources. Result contribute to ARS Strategic Plan Goal 1 - Enhance Economic Opportunities for Agricultural Production; Objective 1.2 - Contribute to the Efficiency of Agricultural Production Systems; 1.2.4 - Maintain, characterize, and use genetic resources to optimize and safeguard genetic diversity and promote viable, vigorous animal production systems. A method was developed for cryopreserving primordial germ cells from chickens that
will facilitate the collection and storage of these cell types. The collection of Jersey dairy cattle was secured in terms of quantity of germplasm and capturing the breadth of genetic diversity contained in the breed. Sufficient germplasm has been collected on 12 breeds of livestock that the breeds could be reconstituted if necessary. The Brazilian research organization EMBRAPA agreed to collaborate in developing Version 2 of Animal-GRIN and will send a programmer to work on this effort. 4c List significant activities that support special target populations. Many rare breeds are owned by small scale farmers. To capture this diversity for the repository we perform field collections on small farms. Such action provides us with an opportunity to provide small scale producers with information about the breeding soundness of their animals and management of genetic diversity. Significant collaborations exist with a number of historically black colleges and universities in the collection of
germplasm. These linkages support germplasm collection, interaction on research problems, and management of in-situ populations for genetic diversity. In certain instances these partners are leading conservation efforts for specific breeds (e.g., Spanish and Tennessee Stiff-legged goats). During FY2006 we hosted the American Livestock Breed Conservancys annual meeting; this non-governmental organization is largely comprised of small and disadvantaged livestock producers. 5. Describe the major accomplishments to date and their predicted or actual impact. During this project plan cycle the repository has become fully functional (Project Plan Objective 1 through 5). It targets, acquires, and documents germplasm for and in the collection. In addition, germplasm has been released to researchers and producers. As a result of this capacity the repository not only safe-guards germplasm for emergency utilization but is also providing a readily accessible source of diverse and historic DNA
samples that can assist the genomics research community in their efforts. Goal 1 of the ARS strategic plan, performance measure 1.2.4; National Program 101, action plan: Conserve, Characterize and Use of Genetic Resources. The rapid development of the animal germplasm collection (Project Plan Objective 2) is a major step in increasing U.S. food security from potential disease outbreaks, bioterrorism, and reduced genetic diversity. Acquiring sufficient germplasm to completely regenerate 12 breeds affords researchers and industry a heightened level of security. Goal 1 of the ARS strategic plan, performance measure 1.2.4; National Program 101, action plan: Conserve, Characterize and Use of Genetic Resources. Organizing and sponsoring the 9th Discover Conference (2004) provided the opportunity for committee members and other interested parties in animal genetic resources to meet and review the programs progress and to identify future areas of work (Project Plan Objective 5). Goal 1 of the
ARS strategic plan, performance measure 1.2.4; National Program 101, action plan: Conserve, Characterize and Use of Genetic Resources. Genetic Database. A web-based user interface that allows users to query inventory aspects of the NAGP collection was made a functional component of the database (Project Plan Objective 4). Providing access allows users to determine additional collection needs and to make specific requests for germplasm. Goal 1 of the ARS strategic plan, performance measure 1.2. 4; National Program 101, action plan: Conserve, Characterize and Use of Genetic Resources. Ram Semen Processing. It was determined that there was no difference in conception rate between ram semen frozen immediately after collection vs. semen held for 24 hours before being cryopreserved. Having this information allows NAGP to proceed with offsite collections and shipping the samples to NAGP for cryopreservation furthermore it can facilitate the development of artificial insemination by the sheep
industry. Goal 1 of the ARS strategic plan, performance measure 1.2.4; National Program 101, action plan: Conserve, Characterize and Use of Genetic Resources. Documentation of the within-breed biodiversity, through the calculation of effective population size provides a previously unavailable benchmark for industry and the research community (Project Plan Objective 1). In addition to measurement of genetic diversity the documentation of ownership patterns has pervasive ramifications for the management of animal genetic resources. Goal 1 of the ARS strategic plan, performance measure 1.2.4; National Program 101, action plan: Conserve, Characterize and Use of Genetic Resources. Developing the cluster protocol provides a powerful measure of how well a breed has been sampled and what additional animals need to be sampled to make the germplasm collection for a breed complete. In addition, it allows breed associations to better understand the genetic diversity of their populations. An
additional and unforeseen use by breed associations of this approach and its results has been the identification of animals they would like to place in genomic studies. By using this approach breed associations are assured that they are sampling genetically diverse animals (Project Plan Objective 1). Goal 1 of the ARS strategic plan, performance measure 1.2.4; National Program 101, action plan: Conserve, Characterize and Use of Genetic Resources. The development of shipping protocols, identification of extenders for cryopreserving boar, ram and buck semen facilitates the collection of germplasm from species that lack the industry infrastructure to cryopreserve germplasm. Development of these protocols makes possible significant financial savings for the collection of germplasm from these species. Furthermore, it is possible for industry to utilize these approaches thereby facilitating the utilization of selected genetic resources (Project Plan Objective 3). Goal 1 of the ARS strategic
plan, performance measure 1.2.4; National Program 101, action plan: Conserve, Characterize and Use of Genetic Resources. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Germplasm has been distributed to the research community to perform genetic distancing and quantitative trait loci studies. The results of these studies will be entered into the database and available for public utilization. Germplasm has been released to producers to introduce genetic variability of live animal populations. By broadening the genetic base, inbreeding rates will be reduced and genetic variability maintained. Access to the database by committee members and the public at large facilitates an understanding and utilization of the tissue/germplasm collection. 7. List your
most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). A presentation about the NAGP was made to the membership of the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy during their national meeting. Invited seminars on livestock diversity and conservation actions taken by NAGP were given to the Animal Science Department at Pennsylvania State University and CENARGEN which is the germplasm conservation unit for EMBRAPA in Brazil. An invited presentation entitled Current Efforts in Conservation of Genetic Diversity was given at the symposium Phylogenetics and Genetic Diversity during the annual meeting of the American Society of Animal Science. An invited presentation entitled Policies for the Management of Animal Genetic Resources was given at the 8th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. At the National Swine Improvement Federation
meeting a session on swine genetic resources was organized with four invited speakers. As part of this session a presentation entitled U.S. Swine Genetic Resources and the National Animal Germplasm Program was given. In the proceedings the accompanying paper was published: H. Blackburn, C. Welsh, and T. Stewart. U.S. Swine Genetic Resources and the National Animal Germplasm Program. 2005.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Blackburn, H.D., Mezzadra, C. 2006. Policies for the management of animal genetic resources. 8th World Congress of Genetics Applied in Livestock Production. 33(2):1-7.
- Stewart, T., Gunsett, F., Welsh, C.S., Spiller, S.F., Purdy, P.H., Blackburn, H.D. 2006. Variation in sperm cell quality in cryopreserved boar semen. 8th World Congress of Genetics Applied in Livestock Production. 11(23):1-4.
- Macneil, M.D., Cronin, M.A., Blackburn, H.D., Alexander, L.J. 2006. Genetic relationships among breeds of beef cattle in the united states that originated from the british isles, iberian penninsula, or west- central europe. World Congress of Genetics Applied in Livestock Production 32(2):1-4.
- Blackburn, H.D. 2006. National animal germplasm program: challenges and opportunities for poultry genetic resources. Poultry Science. 85:210-215.
- Blackburn, H.D., Mcallister, J.M., Purpera, M., Landry, A., Olcott, B., Bondioli, K., Bushnell, S., Godke, R.A., Loetz, E. 2005. Collection and freezing of angora embryos for the usda animal germplasm repository. ASAS Southern Section Meeting, February 4-8, 2006. Journal of Animal Science. 84(Supl 2):24-25.
- Purdy, P.H. 2006. Ubiquitination of boar sperm: what does this reveal about sperm physiology? Annual Meeting of the Society for the Study of Reproduction, Omaha, NE, July 29-August 1, 2006. p.189.
- Blackburn, H.D., Bixby, D.E. 2006. Current efforts in conservation of animal genetic diversity. Journal of Animal Science. 84(Supl 1):422.
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? The National Animal Germplasm Program addresses the characterization and conservation of animal genetic resources. Animal genetic resources are the underpinning of profitable livestock production systems and nationally, animal genetic diversity for all species is decreasing. For example, the effective population size for all dairy cattle breeds is less than 60 animals; one non-governmental organization reports 52 breeds or strains of livestock have small enough populations to be classified as in 'rare' or 'critical' condition. Furthermore, highly industrialized monogastric production systems may be constricted in their ability to respond to consumer demands due to a narrowing genetic resource base. Reductions in genetic variability are important because livestock generate farm gate receipts of more
than $100 billion per year. This amount is expected to increase over the next 20 years as demand for livestock products increases. Meeting this growing demand will require the full breadth and utilization of genetic resources, in particular, the need to develop animals with genetic resistance to important diseases. This CRIS attacks the problem of animal genetic management and diversity through the following objectives: 1) understanding population structures and demographic changes in population size, location and number of producers raising specific breeds; 2) acquiring germplasm (semen, embryos, ova and DNA) for storage at the National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation; 3) evaluation, development and implementation of cryopreservation protocols for germplasm preservation in liquid nitrogen; 4) development of an information system that links genetic preservation (ex-situ and in-situ) management activities of animal populations; and 5) develop, coordinate and assist species
committees in setting priorities and procedures for ex-situ and in-situ management of genetic resources. Prior to the initiation of this project the US had no concerted effort to manage animal genetic diversity and did not have a repository of germplasm that could be used in the event of a national emergency. As was witnessed in Europe with the 2001 Foot and Mouth outbreak, the livestock industry and the public at large are vulnerable to short term impacts of such outbreaks and longer term market perturbations without safe repositories of animal germplasm. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Objective 1: Understand population structure for targeted species through population surveys and pedigree analysis and use the information in planning conservation activities. FY2002: Perform swine and goat breed surveys. FY2003: Perform chicken and sheep breed surveys. FY2004: Perform cattle breed surveys. FY2005: Compute and analyze population genetic
parameters for selected breeds. FY2006: Survey turkey populations. Utilize survey data from population genetic parameters to identify and target at risk breeds. Objective 2: Acquire germplasm and tissue of targeted species for the national repository. FY2002: Increase the germplasm collection by > 10%. Develop a method for selecting animals within a breed for entry into the repository. FY2003: Increase the germplasm collection by > 10%. FY2004: Increase the germplasm collection by > 5%. Develop methodology to identify candidate animals for breed germplasm collections. FY2005: Increase the germplasm collection by > 3%. Compare genetic differences between the collection and in-situ populations. FY2006: Increase the germplasm collection by > 3%. Objective 3: Develop, evaluate and implement cryopreservation procedures for targeted species. FY2002: Develop criteria for accepting samples into the repository. FY2003: Evaluate ram semen held 24 hours before cryopreservation. FY2004: Determine
the heritability of cryopreserved boar semen. FY2005: Explore alternative boar diluents that improve post-thaw viability. Perform fertility trial using rams semen cryopreserved 24 hours after collection. FY2006: Implement new protocols. Objective 4: Develop and implement an animal information system which is part of the Genetic Resources Information Network. FY2002: Complete table structure for inventory components of database. FY2003: Develop a user interface that allows management to monitor collection development. FY2004: Develop information system that facilitates management of genetic resources. FY2005: Incorporate phenotypic observations into the information system. Link U.S. system to the FAO's database DAD-IS. FY2006: Combine breed and germplasm collection data, refine information system. Objective 5: Develop, coordinate and assist species committees in their conservation, preservation and utilization of genetic resources activities. From FY2002 to FY2006, facilitate and
support committees in: meeting once per year, addressing collection policy and implementation issues, and develop a rotation of membership. 3a List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2005. For each milestone, indicate the status: fully met, substantially met, or not met. If not met, why. 1. Objective 1. Calculate population genetic parameters for selected breeds. Utilize breed population data and population genetic parameters to determine breeds at risk of losing genetic diversity. Develop methodology to select animals for the repository using cluster analysis. Milestone Fully Met 2. Objective 2. Increase the total germplasm collection of germplasm by 20% (revised upward from project plan based upon previous year's results). Compare genetic differences between the collection and in-situ population. Milestone Fully Met 3. Objective 3. Collect and analyze post-thaw survival of cryopreserved boar semen for heritability study. Complete research on pre-freezing
holding times for rams and bucks via fertility trials. Initiate methods of modifying diluents that result in increased membrane fluidity and integrity that result in better post-thaw viability of sperm cells. Milestone Fully Met 4. Objective 4. Database/Information system development, integration with other information systems (FAO DAD-IS). Milestone Substantially Met 5. Objective 5. Develop, coordinate and assist species committees in conservation, preservation and utilization of genetic resources activities. Milestone Fully Met 3b List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2006, 2007, and 2008). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? FY2006 Objective 1. To understand potential risks for selected breeds, calculate population genetic parameters. Utilize census and population genetics information to determine the breeds at risk. Perform a genetic distance study on sheep breeds. Objective 2. To improve
genetic security increase the total germplasm collection of germplasm by 20% (revised upward from project plan based upon FY 2004 results). Initiate comparison of genetic differences between the collection and in-situ population. Objective 3. Implement any new freezing protocols developed. Investigate the effects of cold shock, cooling rates and warming rate on boar, ram, rooster and trout sperm. Analyze boar sperm to determine the heritability of cryosurvival. Perform a series of experiments that will lead to the understanding and development of in-vitro fertility tests. Collect, freeze and reintroduce chicken primordial germ cells into recipient chicken eggs. Objective 4. Develop phenotypic and genotypic descriptors for species in the repository to provide users with an understanding of the collection. Initiate process to review database efficiency and initiate improvements that will increase its usability. Objective 5. Develop, coordinate and assist species committees in their
conservation, preservation and utilization of genetic resources activities. FY2007 It is assumed that the project plan will continue to focus upon the conservation and utilization of animal genetic resources, potential accomplishments include the following: Objective 1. Better understand within and between breed genetic diversity so risks can be assessed. Monitor breed status of at risk breed populations. Evaluate the genetic distance between U. S. swine breeds. Objective 2. Continue to build cryopreserved collections, focusing upon capturing within breed diversity that does not exist in the collection. Facilitate the utilization of collected germplasm. Objective 3. To develop diluents that promotes movement of cryoprotectants across cell membranes and thereby increases cell post- thaw viability. Initiate collection of primordial germ cells for selected chicken lines and initiate research into collecting and storing turkey primordial germ cells. Objective 4. Refine the
database/information system to assist in determining if breeds are at risk of losing genetic diversity. Develop and refine information systems that aid in the management of genetic resources. Objective 5. Develop, coordinate and assist species committees in their conservation, preservation and utilization of genetic resources activities. 2008 It is assumed that the project plan will continue to focus upon the conservation and utilization of animal genetic resources, potential accomplishments include the following: Objective 1. Better understand within and between breed genetic diversity. Monitor breed status of at risk breed populations. Objective 2. Continue to build cryopreserved collections, focusing upon capturing within breed diversity that does not exist in the collection. Facilitate the utilization of collected germplasm. Objective 3. Investigate the effects of cold shock, cooling rates and warming rate on boar, ram, rooster and trout sperm. Explore utilization of turkey
primordial germ cells. Objective 4. Refine the database/information system to assist in determining if breeds are at risk of losing genetic diversity. Develop and refine information systems that aid in the management of genetic resources. Objective 5. Develop, coordinate and assist species committees in their conservation, preservation and utilization of genetic resources activities. 4a What was the single most significant accomplishment this past year? Enhanced Genetic Security. The security of U.S. animal genetic resources was significantly enhanced in FY2005. Samples in the collection increased 52% and the number of breeds or lines increased 63%. In addition, a total of 19 livestock, poultry and fish populations met minimum collection requirements considered to be secure. These achievements were made possible by the contributions of 170 different livestock producers, public institutions and companies. 4b List other significant accomplishments, if any. Sponsorship of the 9th
Discover Conference provided the opportunity for committee members and other interested parties in animal genetic resources to meet and review the program's progress and to identify future areas of work. Genetic Database. A web-based user interface that allows users to query inventory aspect of the NAGP collection was distributed to NAGP committee members to use and evaluate. Providing access allows users to determine additional collection needs and to make specific requests for germplasm. Ram Semen Processing. It was determined that there was no difference in conception rate between ram semen frozen immediately after collection vs. semen held for 24 hours before being cryopreserved. Having this information allows NAGP to proceed with offsite collections and shipping the samples to NAGP for cryopreservation. 4c List any significant activities that support special target populations. A boar collection and semen processing workshop was held in conjunction with the American Livestock
Breeds Conservancy, Purdue University and University of Missouri for small scale swine producers. The purpose of this workshop was to train such producers to collect their own boars and serve as a mechanism where NAGP could gain cost effective access to germplasm from such producers. Twenty small scale farmers attended this workshop. A collection and analysis of Hog Island sheep were performed in conjunction with Hog Island breeders, the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy, and Virginia State University. Research collaboration in the areas of cryopreservation, goat genetic resources, and information systems was conducted with Prairie View A&M University (1890), Langston University (1890), and Sul Ross University (Hispanic serving). A session on animal and plant genetic resources was organized as part of the annual Society for Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science. 4d Progress report. See individual progress reports for the subordinate CRIS projects. 5. Describe the
major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. The rapid development of the animal germplasm collection (Project Plan Objective 2) is a major step in increasing U.S. food security from potential disease outbreaks, bioterrorism, and reduced genetic diversity. Acquiring sufficient germplasm to completely regenerate Holstein, Jersey, Salers cattle, Meishan and an industry line of swine, plus four research lines of chickens affords researchers and industry a heightened level of security. Goal 1 of the ARS strategic plan, performance measure 1.2.4; National Program 101, action plan: Conserve, Characterize and Use of Genetic Resources. Documentation of the within-breed biodiversity, through the calculation of effective population size provides a previously unknown benchmark for industry and the research community (Project Plan Objective 1). In addition to measurement of genetic diversity the documentation of ownership patterns has pervasive
ramifications for the management of animal genetic resources. Goal 1 of the ARS strategic plan, performance measure 1.2.4; National Program 101, action plan: Conserve, Characterize and Use of Genetic Resources. Developing the cluster protocol provides a powerful measure of how well a breed has been sampled and what additional animals need to be sampled to make the germplasm collection for a breed complete. In addition, it allows breed associations to better understand the genetic diversity of their populations. An additional and unforeseen use by breed associations of this approach and its results has been the identification of animals they would like to place in genomic studies. By using this approach breed associations are assured that they are sampling genetically diverse animals (Project Plan Objective 1). Goal 1 of the ARS strategic plan, performance measure 1.2.4; National Program 101, action plan: Conserve, Characterize and Use of Genetic Resources. The development of shipping
protocols, identification of extenders for cryopreserving boar, ram and buck semen facilitates the collection of germplasm from species that lack the industry infrastructure to cryopreserve germplasm. Development of these protocols makes possible the collection of germplasm from these species for the repository with significant financial savings. Furthermore, it is possible for industry to utilize these approaches thereby facilitating the utilization of selected genetic resources (Project Plan Objective 3). Goal 1 of the ARS strategic plan, performance measure 1.2.4; National Program 101, action plan: Conserve, Characterize and Use of Genetic Resources. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? The cluster analysis used to evaluate within-breed
diversity is of utility to breed associations. Several associations have utilized clusters derived at NAGP to select animals for genomic studies. By doing so they are able to easily identify which animals will provide a genetically diverse sample. Access to the database by committee members and eventually the public at large will facilitate an understanding and utilization of the tissue/germplasm collection. It is anticipated that public viewing of the user interface component of the database will be ready in 18 to 24 months. Financial resources are the major constraint to completing and disseminating this tool. The small farmer boar workshop held in August transferred the protocol technology that NAGP uses to ship semen. These producers can use this protocol to ship boar semen to other producers or to NAGP for cryopreservation. The ram fertility trial demonstrated ram semen could be held 24 hours before cryopreservation and yield similar results as semen frozen immediately after
collection. This opens an avenue for greater utilization of cryopreserved semen in an industry currently lacking the infrastructure. During the next 12 months the industry will be made aware of this finding. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Time. Eat Them or Lose Them. 6/13/2005. pg:45-47. Science News. Frozen Assets: Agriculture has started banking animal seed. 11/13/2004, 166:314. Denver Post. Churro Project Studies Rugged Desert Sheep. 5/8/2005. pg 4C Science News. Learning from Studs. 10/23/2004, 166:17. Agricultural Research. Frozen Flies Safeguard Research, Screwworm Eradication Efforts. 2/2005, 53:2:14-15. Agricultural Research. Making Sure Sacred Sheep Don't Become Extinct. 4/2005, 53:4:11. Invited presentation - The National Animal Germplasm Program: Challenges and Opportunities. Poultry Science Association, Auburn, AL.
(July, 2005). Invited presentation - Technical/Biological Aspects of Delivering Animal Germplasm. Seeds and Breeds Conference, Ames, IA. (September, 2005). Invited Presentation - Preservation of Animal Genetic Resources. Society for Advancement of Chicanos and Native Americans in Science. Denver, CO. (September, 2005)
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Purdy, P.H. 2006. The post-thaw quality of ram sperm held for 0 to 48 hours at 5DGc prior to cryopreservation. Animal Reproduction Sciences. 93:114-123.
- Cleveland, M.A., Blackburn, H.D., Enns, R.M., Garrick, D.J. 2005. Changes in inbreeding of u.s. herefords during the twentieth century. Journal of Animal Science. Vol. 83 #5, MS#4708, pp. 992-1001.
- Barrera-Compean, M.H., Purdy, P.H., Dzakuma, J.M., Newton, G.R., Nuti, L.C. 2005. Cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin improves post-thaw goat sperm motility. Journal of Animal Science. 2005. 83 (Supl 1):153.
- Purdy, P.H. 2006. A review on goat sperm cryopreservation. Small Ruminant Research. 63:215-225.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? The National Animal Germplasm Program addresses the characterization and conservation of animal genetic resources. Animal genetic resources is the underpinning of profitable livestock production systems and nationally, animal genetic diversity for all species are decreasing. For example, the effective population size for all dairy cattle breeds is less than 60 animals; one non-governmental organization reports 52 breeds or strains of livestock have small enough populations to be classified as in 'rare' or 'critical' condition. Furthermore, highly industrialized monogastric production systems may be constricted in their ability to respond to consumer demands due to a narrowing genetic resource base. Reductions in genetic variability are important because livestock generate farm gate receipts of more
than $100 billion per year. This amount is expected to increase over the next 20 years as demand for livestock products increases. Meeting this growing demand will require the full breath and utilization of genetic resources, in particular, the need to develop animals with genetic resistance to important diseases. This CRIS attacks the problem of animal genetic management and diversity through the following objectives: 1) understanding population structures and demographic changes in population size, location and number of producers raising specific breeds; 2) acquiring germplasm (semen, embryos, ova and DNA) for storage at the National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation; 3) evaluation, development and implementation of cryopreservation protocols for germplasm preservation in liquid nitrogen; 4) development of an information system that links genetic preservation (ex-situ and in-situ) management activities of animal populations; and 5) develop, coordinate and assist species
committees in setting priorities and procedures for ex-situ and in-situ management of genetic resources. Prior to the initiation of this project the US had no concerted effort to manage animal genetic diversity and did not have a repository of germplasm that could be used in the event of a national emergency. As was witnessed in Europe with the 2001 Foot and Mouth outbreak, the livestock industry and the public at large are vulnerable to short term impacts of such outbreaks and longer term market perturbations without safe repositories of animal germplasm. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Objective 1: Understand population structure for targeted species through population surveys and pedigree analysis and use the information in planning conservation activities. FY2002: Perform swine and goat breed surveys. FY2003: Perform chicken and sheep breed surveys. FY2004: Perform cattle breed surveys. FY2005: Compute and analyze population genetic
parameters for selected breeds. FY2006: Survey turkey populations. Utilize survey data from population genetic parameters to identify and target at risk breeds. Objective 2: Acquire germplasm and tissue of targeted species for the national repository. FY2002: Increase the germplasm collection by > 10%. Develop a method for selecting animals within a breed for entry into the repository. FY2003: Increase the germplasm collection by > 10%. FY2004: Increase the germplasm collection by > 5%. Develop methodology to identify candidate animals for breed germplasm collections. FY2005: Increase the germplasm collection by > 3%. Compare genetic differences between the collection and in-situ populations. FY2006: Increase the germplasm collection by > 3%. Objective 3: Develop, evaluate and implement cryopreservation procedures for targeted species. FY2002: Develop criteria for accepting samples into the repository. FY2003: Evaluate ram semen held 24 hours before cryopreservation. FY2004: Determine
the heritability of cryopreserved boar semen. FY2005: Explore alternative boar diluents that improve post-thaw viability. Perform fertility trial using rams semen cryopreserved 24 hours after collection. FY2006: Implement new protocols. Objective 4: Develop and implement an animal information system which is part of the Genetic Resources Information Network. FY2002: Complete table structure for inventory components of database. FY2003: Develop a user interface that allows management to monitor collection development. FY2004: Develop information system that facilitates management of genetic resources. FY2005: Incorporate phenotypic observations into the information system. Link U.S. system to the FAO's database DAD-IS. FY2006: Combine breed and germplasm collection data, refine information system. Objective 5: Develop, coordinate and assist species committees in there conservation, preservation and utilization of genetic resources activities. From FY2002 to FY2006, facilitate and
support committees in: meeting once per year, addressing collection policy and implementation issues, and develop a rotation of membership. 3. Milestones: A. Milestones to be addressed in 2004: Objective 1. Surveying cattle populations. Inventories and/or registration numbers were compiled for beef (and in addition to dairy cattle, sheep, goats, swine chickens and turkeys) and synthesized into the U.S. Country Report for the United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization global effort on animal genetic resources. Inbreeding trends were calculated for Jacob sheep and Salers cattle. Through a specific cooperative agreement, with Colorado State University, inbreeding trend and effective population size were calculated for Hereford cattle. It was determined that the breed's inbreeding level, at 9.8%, is one of the highest known losses of genetic diversity for cattle. As a result of the inbreeding rate the effective population size has dropped to approximately 85 animals. This
situation, in conjunction with the inventoried population demographics, indicates that genetic diversity is being lost in numerically large and small cattle breeds. Objective 2. Increase the germplasm collection by > 5%. The program exceeded this milestone. The collection grew from the FY2003 level of 70,000 units to 150,000 units in FY2004, a 114% increase. In addition, the number of breeds in the collection increased by 50% to 63. Sufficient quantities of Jersey and Salers cattle were placed in the repository to consider these breeds as secure. In addition, five research populations (Meishan pigs and chickens) were secured, and an industry line of swine was backed up so the population could be discontinued. Objective 3. Determine the heritability of cryopreserved boar semen. During FY2004 samples from industry lines were collected and frozen. The number of industry cooperators was increased to speed sample acquisition. It is anticipated that sample collection will be completed in
FY2005. Objective 4. Management/monitoring of breed populations for genetic diversity. This year the inventorying component of the information system became operational, staff use the software in day-to-day operations. In addition to inventorying the ability to capture and display pedigree information and sample viability information was developed. Within the main project and a specific cooperative agreement with Colorado State University software has been developed which offers the user a range of options to analyze genetic relationships and inbreeding, and automating the analysis. This component of the project plan lags behind projected milestones due to the death of the principal programmer/systems analyst in 2002. Objective 5. Operation of species committees. All committees met and address collection development issues. In addition, committee chairpersons have entered a scheduled rotation. B. Milestones for the next 3 years (FY 2005, 2006, and 2007): FY2005 Objective 1. Calculate
population genetic parameters for selected breeds. Utilize breed population data and population genetic parameters to determine breeds at risk of losing genetic diversity. Develop methodology to select animals for the repository using cluster analysis. Objective 2. Increase the total germplasm collection of germplasm by 20% (revised upward from project plan based upon previous year's results). Compare genetic differences between the collection and in-situ population. Objective 3. Collect and analyze post-thaw survival of cryopreserved boar semen for heritability study. Complete research on pre-freezing holding times for rams and bucks via fertility trials. Initiate methods of modifying diluents that result in increased membrane fluidity and integrity that result in better post-thaw viability of sperm cells. Objective 4. Continue development of observational data component of the information system. Initiate design of genetic early warning component. Establish automated link with FAO
DAD-IS. Objective 5. Develop, coordinate and assist species committees in conservation, preservation and utilization of genetic resources activities. FY2006 Objective 1. Utilize census and population genetics information to determine the breeds at risk. Prepare 2007 Turkey survey. Objective 2. Increase the total germplasm collection of germplasm by 20% (revised upward from project plan based upon FY 2004 results). Initiate comparison of genetic differences between the collection and in-situ population. Objective 3. Implement any new freezing protocols developed. Investigate the effects of cold shock, cooling rates and warming rate on boar, ram, rooster and trout sperm. Analyze boar sperm to determine the heritability of cryosurvival. Objective 4. Initiate process to review database efficiency and initiate improvements. Objective 5. Develop, coordinate and assist species committees in their conservation, preservation and utilization of genetic resources activities. FY2007 It is assumed
that the project plan will continue to focus upon the conservation and utilization of animal genetic resources, potential accomplishments include the following: Refinement of information systems to assist in determining if breeds are at risk of losing genetic diversity and mechanisms to assist industry in addressing this issue. Continue to build cryopreserved collections, focusing upon capturing within breed diversity that does not exist in the collection. Facilitate the utilization of collected germplasm. Development of diluents that promote the movement of cryoprotectants across cell membranes and thereby increase cell post-thaw viability. Better understand within and between breed genetic diversity. Develop and refine information systems that aid in the management of genetic resources. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Most Significant Accomplishment during FY2004. The security of U.S. animal genetic resources was significantly enhanced in FY2004.
The number of germplasm and tissue samples in the collection was increased by 114% and the number of breeds increased by 50%. These growth rates significantly exceed project plan projections. Besides the growth in samples and number of breeds contained in the collection, sufficient quantities of Jersey and Salers cattle breeds, a research line of Meishan pigs, an industry line of swine, and four research chicken lines were secured. In addition, rainbow and cutthroat trout, blue and channel catfish, striped bass and white bass were added to the collection. The impact of this effort is a more comprehensive ability to assist the livestock industry in maintaining genetic diversity and if the need arises to reestablish animal populations. B. Other Significant Accomplishments. Development of the U.S. Country Report on animal genetic resources for the Food and Agriculture Organization provides the first full assessment and synthesis of information concerning the state of livestock genetic
resources in the U.S. The report not only provides information on breed level population trends but it also discusses those trends in the greater context of livestock industry trends. During FY2004 a workshop on cryopreserving trout milt was held. This workshop established several collaborative linkages between participants. Specifically, it initiated collaboration between NAGP and the Colorado Division of Wildlife in cryopreserving the Hoefer line of rainbow trout. The Hoefer line is believed to be resistant to whirling disease. C. Significant Accomplishments/Activities that Support Special Target Populations. The Navajo Churro sheep are a rare breed and of cultural importance to the Navajo Indian Nation. In developing the cryopreserved germplasm collection the input and interaction with the Navajo people was sought. In the process of developing this collection steps were taken to inform the owners as the need to collect samples from their sheep, giving seminars at Navajo high
schools and a technical college, and following Navajo cultural practices prior to starting animal collections. As a result of the steps taken the FY2004 participants have invited NAGP back to perform additional collections. Collaboration continues with Prairie View A&M and Virginia State University in developing sheep and goat germplasm collections. Collaborations with Langston University continue in the development of a decision support system for goats. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. The rapid development of animal germplasm collection (objective 2) is a major step in increasing U.S. food security from potential disease outbreaks, bioterrorism, and reduced genetic diversity. Acquiring sufficient germplasm to completely regenerate Holstein, Jersey, Salers cattle, Meishan and an industry line of swine, plus four research lines of chickens affords researchers and industry a heightened level of security.
Documentation of the within breed biodiversity, through the calculation of effective population size provides a previously unknown benchmark for industry and the research community (objective 1). In addition to measurement of genetic diversity the documentation of ownership patterns has pervasive ramifications for the management of animal genetic resources. The development of shipping protocols, identification of extenders for cryopreserving boar, ram and buck semen facilitates the collection of germplasm from species that lack the industry infrastructure to cryopreserve germplasm. Development of these protocols makes possible the collection of germplasm from these species for the repository with significant financial savings. Furthermore, it is possible for industry to utilize these approaches thereby facilitating the utilization of selected genetic resources (objective 3). 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology
likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Germplasm samples from Holstein bulls were distributed to a researcher for a DNA study, thus making the repository fully functional. This withdrawal paves the way for other public and private sector researchers to withdrawal samples for either animal regeneration or to use the samples for DNA studies. It is anticipated that sheep and goat fertility trials evaluating shipping/freezing protocol will be completed in FY2005. If the results are positive there is the potential that these protocols could be introduced to the industry and other researchers. Protocols used by this program are placed on the GRIN website and accessed by a number of researchers for their work and in there proposals to granting agencies, such as, NIH. Inbreeding trends were calculated for the Jacob sheep, Salers and Hereford cattle breeds
and this information was disseminated to the respective associations. This information serves as a baseline for future comparison and can be utilized as breed associations implement programs to minimize inbreeding rates. A workshop on cryopreserving trout germplasm was organized and held, participants were from ARS/Leestown, several universities and the Colorado Division of Wildlife. Canadian and U.S. workshops were held and synthesized the similarities and differences between the two countries' animal genetic resources. The results of this workshop will be incorporated into the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations' report for the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. American Red Angus Magazine (April, 2004): National Animal Germplasm Program seeks Red Angus semen and embryos for national repository. Presentation to Beef
Breeds Council and National Cattlemen's Beef Association's Product Value Committee on the National Animal Germplasm Program. Presentation to the Animal Science Department Heads meeting on the National Animal Germplasm Program.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Realivasquez, R., Ericsson, S.A., Spiller, S.F., Campbell, W.T., Sternes, K.L., Purdy, P.H., Blackburn, H.D., Dzakuma, J.M. 2004. Spanish buck ss-b inhibin/activin (INHBB) microsatellite polymorphisms. American Society of Animal Science/American Society of Dairy Science/Poultry Science Association Annual Meeting, July 25-29, 2004, St. Louis, Missouri. Journal of Animal Science Supplement 2004. 82(Suppl 1): 377-378.
- Spiller, S.F., Ericsson, S.A., Realivasquez, R., Campbell, W.T., Sterns, K. L., Purdy, P.H., Blackburn, H.D., Dzakuma, J.M. 2004. INHA microsatellite polymorphisms in angora bucks. American Society of Animal Science/American Society of Dairy Science/Poultry Science Association Annual Meeting, July 25-29, 2004, St. Louis, Missouri. Journal of Animal Science 2004. 82(Suppl 1):378.
- Blackburn, H.D. 2004. Development of national animal genetic resource program. Reproduction, Fertility and Development. 16:27-32.
- Purdy, P.H. 2004. Effects of holding time prior to freezing on the motility, viability and membrane binding ability of ram sperm. 2004 Joint Annual Meeting of the American Dairy Science Association, American Society of Animal Science and Poultry Science Association, July 26-28, 2004, St. Louis, Missouri. Journal of Animal Science. 82(Suppl 1):367.
- Blackburn, H.D., Cleveland, M.A., Enns, R.M., Garrick, D.J. 2004. Examining the genetic diversity of hereford cattle. Journal of Animal Science. 82(Suppl 1):451.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? The National Animal Germplasm Program addresses the characterization and conservation of animal genetic resources. Animal genetic resources are the underpinning of profitable livestock production systems and nationally, animal genetic diversity is decreasing. This CRIS attacks the problem of animal genetic management and diversity through the following objectives: 1) understanding population structures and demographic changes in population size, location and number of producers raising specific breeds; 2) acquiring germplasm (semen, embryos, ova and DNA) for storage in ARS repositories; 3) evaluation, development and implementation of cryopreservation protocols for germplasm preservation in liquid nitrogen; 4) development of an information system that links genetic preservation (ex-situ and in-situ) management activities of animal populations; and 5) develop, coordinate and assist species
committees in setting priorities and procedures for ex-situ and in-situ management of genetic resources. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? Across all livestock species there is a shrinking pool of genetic diversity. For example, the effective population size for all dairy cattle breeds is less than 60 animals; one non-governmental organization reports 52 breeds or strains of livestock have small enough populations to be classified as in 'rare' or 'critical' condition. Furthermore, highly industrialized monogastric production systems may be constricted in their ability to respond to consumer demands due to a narrowing genetic resource base. Reductions in genetic variability are important because livestock generate farm gate receipts of approximately $190 million per year. This amount is expected to increase over the next 20 years as demand for livestock products increases. To meet growing demand will require the full breath and utilization of genetic resources, in
particular, the need to develop animals with genetic resistance to important diseases. Without genetic resource flexibility and protection from natural or man made disasters, consumers are at economic and nutritional risk. Prior to the initiation of this project the US had no concerted effort to manage animal genetic diversity and did not have a repository of germplasm that could be used in the event of a national emergency. As was witnessed in Europe with the 2001 Foot and Mouth outbreak, the livestock industry and the public at large are vulnerable to short term impacts of such outbreaks and longer term market perturbations without safe repositories of animal germplasm. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Program Component(s) to which it has been assigned? Animal genetic resources are critical elements to National Program 101 ' Food Animal Production. The CRIS is fully encompassed by the program component 'Conserve, Characterize and Use Genetic Resources'.
This project over-laps with NP101 components, Genomes (through the preservation of a wide array of genetic material) and Integrated Systems (through database development and software tools aimed at supporting decisions concerning animal genetic resources). Within the NP101 program this project works closely with several laboratories: Beltsville (Biotechnology and Germplasm Laboratory, Genetic Evaluation and Mapping Unit, Animal Improvement Program Laboratory), U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Miles City, El Reno, and Brooksville. In addition, a portion of the effort of this CRIS is in NP 106 - Aquaculture due to the program's involvement with conserving fish, shellfish and mollusk species (collaborating ARS locations: Stoneville, Kearnysville). In FY03 efforts were initiated to start developing protocols that will enable NAGP to cryopreserve honey bee germplasm. Cryopreserving honey bee germplasm is under NP 301 (Plant, Microbial and Insect Genetic Resources, Genomic and Genetic
Improvement) and 305 (Crop Production). 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Most Significant Accomplishment: To better ensure the protection of American consumers and the U.S. livestock industry the National collection of animal germplasm was substantially increased in FY2003 and sufficient germplasm from Holstein and the Florida Cracker cattle was acquired to consider the breeds secure. The total number of breeds in the repository increased to 42 (147% increase from FY02) in addition to 40 lines of chickens. The number of units of semen increased 337% from 16, 000 to 70,000 and cattle and sheep embryos increased to 689. The impact of this effort is increased security of farm animal genetic resources and maintenance of animal genetic variation. B. Other Significant Accomplishments: Analysis of Navajo Churro breeder longevity indicated, on an annual basis, approximately 30% the owners registering sheep are new while the total number of breeders
registering sheep remains relatively stable. Such a result indicates breeder stability is an important consideration when developing live animal conservation programs and underscores the development and maintenance of cryopreserved germplasm. The development of the GRIN animal database progressed where data of germplasm entering the repository could be immediately entered. Accompanying software was developed to allow users to query the database for information at the following levels: species, breed, individual animal and the location where an animal's germplasm is stored in the repository. Effective protocols for collecting, transporting, and cryopreserving semen of small ruminants have been needed. An approach has been developed that allows semen to be collected on farm, shipped to the repository and then frozen 24 to 48 hours after collection. Results to date indicate that samples frozen 24 or 48 hours after collection had higher post-thaw motility and viability than samples frozen
immediately after collection. C. Significant Accomplishments/Activities that Support Special Target Populations: A Prairie View AM University (Prairie View, Texas) graduate student was trained by NAGP to collect and freeze goat semen. Collaboration continues with this institution to develop the goat germplasm collection. Langston University (Langston, Oklahoma) scientists collaborated with NAGP in the development of a decision support system for goats. A meeting between Langston and other HBCU collaborators was held to initiate the effort. A scientist from Virginia State University was trained to freeze sheep and goat semen and has subsequently initiated collection efforts in the mid- Atlantic area. D. Progress Report for Subordinate CRIS Projects: Please see associated sibling reports. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Growth in the quantity of stored animal germplasm is a major step in increasing US food
security from potential disease outbreak or bioterrorism. It also provides the livestock industry with a source of germplasm to utilize in the event that consumer preferences change. Acquiring sufficient germplasm to consider the Holstein and Pineywoods/Florida Cracker cattle breeds secure was a major accomplishment. Data documenting the status of live animal populations continue to be consolidated and provide a basis for managing genetic diversity in various livestock populations. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? In FY2004 through FY2006 collection efforts will continue across species. Increases in total number of samples, breeds and individuals will be made. As collections are more fully developed, more breeds will become secure. In FY2004 and FY2005: 1.) fertility trials evaluating the efficacy of new freezing and shipping protocols for bucks and rams will be performed; and 2.) evaluation of freezing protocols for roosters from different
genetic lines will initiated. During FY2004 testing and refinement of the GRIN database will continue and phenotypic and genotypic information on individuals stored in the repository will be incorporated into the database (the latter addition will continue into FY2005). Work on protocols for freezing bee sperm will continue in FY2004 and cryopreserved screw worms will likely be added to the species stored in the repository. During FY2005 comparison of the collection's Holstein germplasm to the live animal population should be completed. In FY2005 a Discovery Conference on this program will be held. There will be two outcomes; customer feedback and future goals which will be used in planning the new project plan that will be developed and reviewed in FY2006. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to
the adoption and durability of the technology products? As germplasm collections grow above critical levels needed to regenerate breeds, material will be accessible to industry and the research community for breeding or experiments. Protocols used to cryopreserve boar semen have been published on the program's web-site and have been utilized by several researchers in preparing NIH proposals. As additional protocols are developed and tested they will be made available to potential users by the same mechanism. 8. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: This does not replace your peer-reviewed publications listed below). Articles written about NAGP include: ARS is Banking on Germplasm (Agricultural Research, Feb. 2003); Enough embryos and semen to reintroduce Holsteins in the U.S. (Hoard's Dairyman, 4/10/2003); Helping the species survive (Rocky Mountain News, June 3, 2003); Frozen
specimens in Colorado lab may help species survive (Casper Star Tribune, 6/4/2003); Rare farm animals enjoy a resurgence (Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 11-8- 2002). In FY03 presentations were made to: 1.) The Board of Directors for the Colorado Cattlemen's Association; 2.) The Hereford Pig Association concerning the breed's inbreeding levels and the number of boars with samples in the repository; 3.) An invited talk was given at the Minnesota Livestock Breeder's Day and the University of Minnesota's Control Line of Holstein's was recognized as a unique genetic resource by NAGP; 4.) Program overview was given to Wyoming sheep producers at the University of Wyoming's Ram Test Field Day; 5.) Contacts were established with the Navajo tribe in preparation for collecting germplasm from their Navajo- Churro sheep; and 6.) An invited paper on 'The Status of Cryopreserving Goat Semen' was given at the 2003 Goat symposium at the annual meeting of the American Society of Animal Science. Blackburn,
H. D. 2002. Conservation of goat genetic resources. Proceedings. Scientific Conference on Goats. p. 7-12. Blackburn, H. D. 2003. Conservation of U.S. genetic resources through cryopreservation. Workshop on Cryopreservation of Animal Genetic Resources in Europe. p. 29-33. Blackburn, H. D. 2003. Evaluation of post-thaw boar semen characteristics of two genotypes using three extenders. Journal of Animal Science. 81 (Suppl 1):241-242. Tseveenjav, B., H. D. Blackburn, M. Enns. 2003. Heritability estimates for semen characteristics of inbred and non-inbred Hereford bulls. Journal of Animal Science. 81(Suppl 1):318. Dzakuma, J. M., S. A. Ericsson, B. L. Sayre, T. A. Gipson, H. D. Blackburn. 2003. Caprine genetic resource conservation program. Journal of Animal Science. 81(Suppl 1):68.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Purdy, P.H. Current status of cryopreserving goat semen. 2003. Journal of animal Science 81(Suppl 1):126.
- Maiwashe, N. and Blackburn, H.D. 2003. Genetic diversity in and conservation strategy considerations for Navajo-Churro sheep. Journal of Animal Science.
- Sharkey, S.C., Blackburn, H.D, Kimberline, C. 2003. The effects of extender and freeze rate on pre-and post-thaw CASA parameters of Warhill Ram semen. Cryobiology.
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