Progress 06/20/02 to 04/07/04
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? Consumption of soluble fiber has been reported to lower risk factors for heart disease, the leading cause of death in the U.S. and Europe. Barley is an excellent soluble fiber source but is rarely included in the U.S diet, and has not been investigated for potential health benefits. Obesity is a major health problem with over half of adults in the U.S. considered to be overweight or obese. Obesity contributes to other illnesses, such as hypertension, elevated lipids, cardiovascular disease, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes, and some cancers, and is directly or indirectly responsible for 300,000 deaths per year. The incidence of type-2 diabetes has tripled over the past 30 years, with over 17 million in the U.S. classified as type-2 diabetics. In addition, at least another 16 million
people have "pre-diabetes" and are at increased risk for type-2 diabetes. Diabetes is the fifth deadliest disease in the U.S. with heart disease the leading cause of death among diabetics. Soluble fiber, such as that in barley and oats, has been suggested as the component of fiber that lowers cholesterol concentrations (reducing a risk factor for heart disease), and blood glucose and insulin responses (reducing the risk for diabetes mellitus). The research examines the potential of beneficially changing risk factors through dietary changes in the type and amount of dietary fiber. This work is relevant to health care providers, nutritionists and scientists and will impact the general population of the United States. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Acute meal tolerance tests of foods containing Barley Nutrim, an extract from Prowashonupana barley, examining glycemic response parameters: Milestone 1 - Human study proposal preparation. Milestone 2 -
Institutional Review Board approval for the human study. Milestone 3 - Subject recruitment and screening. 3. Milestones: A. List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2004. How many milestones did you fully or substantially meet in FY 2004 and indicate which ones were not fully or substantially met, briefly explain why not, and your plans to do so. In the 7 months before termination of this bridging CRIS, institutional review board approval was obtained for the acute meal tolerance study with foods containing Barley Nutrim. Test foods made with three levels of beta glucan from barley (Barley Nutrim, an extract from Prowashonupana barley) were fed to subjects to determine the effectiveness of this soluble fiber source and the amount of soluble fiber necessary to improve risk factors related to diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Subjects were recruited, screened and selected for the study and sample collection was completed for the initial tolerances planned. Sample
analysis has begun. The move of the laboratory to a new building was completed. The move delayed completion of the sample analysis. Milestones 1-3 were completed. B. List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2005, 2006 & 2007). What do you expect to accomplish year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? This project reached completion in 2004. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single most significant accomplishment during FY 2004. The role of barley fiber in human health is not well delineated. We conducted a long-term barley feeding study which utilized whole grain barley as the soluble (beta glucan) fiber source and whole grain wheat and rice (containing little beta glucan) as the control fiber source. Two levels of beta glucan were incorporated into the research diets to assess the amount of soluble fiber from barley needed to obtain beneficial reduction in blood lipids. Men and women had significant
reduction in blood total and LDL cholesterol after consumption of the diets containing barley as the beta-glucan source. Dystolic blood pressure was improved with all three whole grain diets. The data from this research are being used in the petition to FDA for a health claim for barley. B. Other significant accomplishments. None. C. Accomplishments/activities that suppoer special target populations. None. D. Progress Report. None. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. The effects of barley on cardiovascular disease are not well delineated. We assessed effects of consumption of barley in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women and found that barley consumption reduces cardiovascular risk factors. Two levels of beta glucan from whole grain barley, as well as a control diet of whole grain wheat and rice, were incorporated into the research diets to assess the amount of soluble fiber from barley needed to
obtain beneficial reduction in blood lipids. The preliminary data has generated a great deal of interest with numerous request for the information or requests to speak about the data. Data are being used to petition FDA for a health claim for barley as a dietary source of beta-glucan. Predicted impact is increased knowledge of the mechanisms of beneficial health effects of various fibers and fiber components on risk for obesity, cardiovascular disease, and noninsulin- dependent diabetes mellitus. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Met with an organization representing barley food producers to present data from barley study. Met with an organization representing barley growers to discuss barley study results. Technology has been
transferred to other scientists, academics, industry, health professionals and the general public through television and print media, private discussions and ARS press releases.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Behall, K.M., Scholfield, D.J., Hallfrisch, J.G. 2004. Lipids significantly reduced by diet containing barley compared to whole wheat and brown rice in moderately hypercholesterolemic men. Journal of the American Medical Association. 23:55-62.
- Behall, K.M., Scholfield, D.J., Hallfrisch, J. 2003. Lipoprotein cholesterol fractions after consumption of whole wheat/rice or barley. American College of Nutrition. 22:476.
- Hallfrisch, J.G., Scholfield, D.J., Behall, K.M. 2003. Blood pressure reduced by whole grain diet containing barley or whole wheat and brown rice in moderately hypercholesterolemic men. Nutrition Research. 23:1631- 1642.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? Consumption of soluble fiber improves risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. However, most research on soluble fiber has focused on oats. Although barley is an excellent soluble fiber source, it has received little attention and is rarely consumed in the U.S. diet. This project is investigating the effect of chronic consumption of barely and barley products on risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and acute consumption of barley and barley products on risk factors for diabetes in to normal weight and overweight adults. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? Heart disease has been noted as the leading cause of death in the U.S. and Europe. Approximately 23% of U.S. adults can be classified as having the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of risk factors for heart disease including elevated blood lipids, glucose, insulin, blood pressure and obesity. The
incidence of type 2 diabetes has tripled over the past 30 years with over 17 million in the U.S. classified as type 2 diabetics with an additional 16 million people at increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is the fifth deadliest in the U.S., with heart disease the leading cause of death among diabetics. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Program Component(s) to which it has been assigned? The research is within the National Program Area, Human Nutrition Action Plan 107 investigating "Diet, Genetics, Lifestyle, and the Prevention of Obesity and Disease," "Health Promoting Intervention Strategies for Targeted Populations," and "Health Promoting Properties of Plant and Animal Foods." The goal is assess the occurrence of beneficial health effects from changes in nutrient intake in the segment of the population that is overweight and at risk for developing major health problems. Additionally, this research will be conducted under a Congressional mandate to
ARS to conduct research on the health effects of barley. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single Most Significant Accomplishment during FY 2003: Most research on soluble dietary fiber has focused on oats rather than barley, even though barley is a rich source of soluble fiber. Drs. Behall and Hallfrisch, of the Diet and Human Performance Lab, assessed beneficial health effects of consumption of barley in moderately hypercholesterolemic premenopausal and postmenopausal women to determine if barley consumption reduces cardiovascular risk factors. Total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was lowered approximately 10% in the postmenopausal women who ate the diet containing the highest amount of barley, approximately 6 grams of soluble fiber per day; while declines in pre-menopausal women were more modest (4-5%). Consumption of barley reduced some risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and blood
pressure, suggesting that soluble fiber in barley could be as effective as oats in improving cardiovascular risk factors. B. Other Significant Accomplishment(s), if any: None. C. Significant Accomplishment(s)/Activities that Support Target Populations. None. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. The feeding phase of a barley study with hypercholesterolemic women has been completed. The preliminary data has generated a great deal of interest with numerous request for the information or requests to speak about the data. Predicted impact is increased knowledge of the mechanisms of beneficial health effects of various fibers and fiber components on risk for obesity, cardiovascular disease, and noninsulin- dependent diabetes mellitus. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? This project will be replaced by a new project that is currently being peer reviewed. The new project is not
yet approved by the Office of Scientific Quality Review (OSQR). 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Met with Barley Foods Council to present data from barley study, January 2003. Met with Barley Growers' Association President to discuss barley study results, March 2003. Presented research at Nutrition Week, Washington D.C., March 2003. Technology has been transferred to other scientists, academics, industry, health professionals and the general public through television and print media, private discussions and ARS press releases. 8. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: This does not replace your peer-reviewed publications listed
below). Invited presentation at Dietary Fibre 2003 entitled, "Plasma lipid fractions of moderately hypercholesterolemic men after consumption of controlled diets containing three levels of B-glucan from whole wheat/brown rice or barley." Noordwijkerhout, the Netherlands, May 18-22, 2003. Grains lay claim to health gains. Agricultural Research. May 2003. p.8-9. Barley research highlighted on Barley Food Council website: http://www. barleyfoods.org/research.html Interviewed by Science News about barley research, April 2002.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Behall, K.M., Hallfrisch, J. Effects of grains on glucose and insulin responses. Marquart, L., Slavin, J.L., Fulcher, R.G., editors. American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota. Whole-Grain Foods in Health and Disease. Chapter 13. 2002. p.269-282.
- Hallfrisch, J., Scholfield, D.J., Behall, K.M. Glucose and insulin responses to a new zero-energy fiber source. Journal of American College of Nutrition. 2002. v.21. p.410-415.
- Hallfrisch, J., Behall, K.M. Physiological responses of men and women to barley and oat extracts (Nu-trimX). I. Breath hydrogen, methane and gastrointestinal symptoms. Cereal Chemists. 2003. v.80. p.76-79.
- Hallfrisch, J., Scholfield, D.J., Behall, K.M. Physiological responses of men and women to barley and oat extracts (Nu-trimX) II. Comparison of glucose and insulin responses. Cereal Chemists. 2003. v.80. p.80-83.
- Behall, K.M., Howe, J.C., Martel, G., Scott Jr, W.H., Dooly, C.R. Comparison of resistive to aerobic exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors of sedentary, overweight premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Nutrition Research. 2003. v.23. p.607-619.
- Behall, K.M., Scholfield, D.J., Hallfrisch, J.G. Barley consumption lowers cholesterol in men and overweight women. Federation of American Societies of Experimental Biology Journal. 2003. v.17. Abstract p.A1-A2.
- Hallfrisch, J., Scholfield, D.J., Behall, K.M. Whole grain diets lower diastolic blood pressure in men and overweight women. Federation of American Societies of Experimental Biology Journal. 2003. v.17. Abstract p. A2.
- Behall, K.M., Scholfield D.J., Hallfrisch, J. Plasma glucose and insulin reduction after breads varying in amylose content. European Journal Clinical Nutrition. 2002. v.56. p.913-920.
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