Progress 07/20/02 to 05/26/05
Outputs 1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? The use of pesticides to control insects decreases the quality of the environment and often leads to the development of resistance in the targeted organisms. Strategies involving genetically engineered plants containing naturally occurring toxins have been effective in controlling certain pests, however this solution is still unacceptable to many consumers both in the United States and abroad. Furthermore, establishment of foreign organisms in the U.S. is recognized as a major problem at the highest governmental level with the "Invasive Species" Executive Order issued February 3, 1999. Chemical signals (semiochemicals), such as attractants, provide a means to intercept invading insect species, monitor and manage existing pests, and are potentially useful for enhancing biological pest control. 2. List
the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Year 1 (FY2005) Mediterranean fruit fly - Formulations for Ceralure B1 complete and release rates determined. Oriental fruit fly Improved synthesis of fluorinated methyl eugenol attractant complete. Red shouldered stink bug Improved synthesis for pheromone complete. Lacewing Western U.S. lacewing species attracted to iridodial identified. Tarnished plant bug Anti-sex pheromone encapsulated for controlled release and field test for mating disruption complete. Dogwood borer Monitoring technologies developed using female-produced sex pheromone. Pink hibiscus mealybug Technologies for detection and monitoring developed and commercial partner identified. Colorado potato beetle - Field tests to demonstrate attractiveness of pheromone isomers completed. Brown marmorated stink bug Field tests of synthetic attractant complete; captured parasitoids identified. Red-shouldered stink bug Improved pheromone lure for native
stink bugs complete. Gypsy moth Natural plant products for virus potentiation in bug-in- bag studies evaluated. Hemlock wooly adelgid Hemlock nursery established. Year 2 (FY2006) Red-shouldered stink bug Glandular source of pheromone components determined. Colorado potato beetle Methodology developed for coupled gas chromatography/ single cell recordings. Lacewing Pheromones for new spp. identified. Tarnished plant bug Lygus antennal protein (LAP) expressed in milligram amounts. Colorado potato beetle - Behavior of adults and larvae to pheromone, plant attractants and repellents on servosphere characterized; full length sequence of sex-specific chemosensory protein determined. Asian longhorned beetle Trap developed. Brown marmorated stink bug Lures provided to state agencies to monitor BMS spread; commercial partner identified. Gypsy moth Promising virus/natural enhancer products in single tree tests with arborist equipment evaluated. Year 3 (FY2007) Colorado potato beetle
- Catabolism by-products of pheromone characterized. Colorado potato beetle Behavior of adults and larvae to multimodal stimuli determined; chemoreceptor neurons on antennae and other appendages characterized for compounds determined in Objective 1. Asian longhorned beetle Lure developed. Oriental fruit fly Monitoring and mass trapping with fluorinated methyl eugenol attractant complete. Colorado potato beetle Tests using behavioral physiology for pheromone and plant attractant for management approaches complete. Red-shouldered stink bug Dispensers for monitoring or mass trapping developed. Hemlock wooly adelgid Settlement of hemlock wooly adelgid on plant growth regulator treated plants vs. control plants determined. Year 4 (FY2008) Colorado potato beetle Sensitivity of chemoreceptors in adults for volatiles collected from all life stages of CPB and its host plants using coupled GC/SCR determined. Tarnished plant bug (TPB) Chromatographic strategies using LAP to screen
potential ligands identified from aerations of TPB and/or host plants developed. Colorado potato beetle - Sex-specific chemosensory protein in adults localized. Dogwood borer Mass trapping and mating disruption developed. Pink hibiscus mealybug Mass trapping and mating disruption developed. Mediterranean fruit fly Field tests with Ceralure B1 complete. Oriental fruit fly - Commercial manufacturers for synthesis identified and under contract. Red-shouldered stink bug Field test complete; commercial partners identified. Gypsy moth Enhanced virus combined with other components evaluated in integrated pest management systems. Lacewing Field tests with new pheromones complete and commercial partners identified. Year 5 (FY2009) Colorado potato beetle (CPB) - Role of catabolites of pheromone in behavior of CPB and associated insects characterized. Colorado potato beetle - Role of sex specific chemosensory protein in signal detection determined. Asian longhorned beetle Technologies
for use of traps and lures. Mediterranean fruit fly Industry partner identified for commercialization of final Ceralure product. Colorado potato beetle Attractants and repellents commercialized. 3a List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2005. For each milestone, indicate the status: fully met, substantially met, or not met. If not met, why. 1. Mediterranean fruit fly - Formulations for Ceralure B1 complete and release rates determined. Milestone Substantially Met 2. Oriental fruit fly Improved synthesis of fluorinated methyl eugenol attractant complete. Milestone Fully Met 3. Red shouldered stink bug Improved synthesis for pheromone complete. Milestone Fully Met 4. Lacewing Western U.S. lacewing species attracted to iridodial identified. Milestone Substantially Met 5. Tarnished plant bug Anti-sex pheromone encapsulated for controlled release and field test for mating disruption complete. Milestone Substantially Met 6. Dogwood borer Monitoring
technologies developed using female-produced sex pheromone. Milestone Fully Met 7. Pink hibiscus mealybug Technologies for detection and monitoring developed and commercial partner identified. Milestone Fully Met 8. Colorado potato beetle - Field tests to demonstrate attractiveness of pheromone isomers completed. Milestone Substantially Met 9. Brown marmorated stink bug Field tests of synthetic attractant complete; captured parasitoids identified. Milestone Fully Met 10. Red-shouldered stink bug Improved pheromone lure for native stink bugs complete. Milestone Substantially Met 11. Gypsy moth Natural plant products for virus potentiation in bug-in- bag studies evaluated. Milestone Substantially Met 12. Hemlock wooly adelgid Hemlock nursery established. Milestone Not Met Progress slowed by resource limitation (human,fiscal,equipment, etc. 3b List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2006, 2007, and 2008). What do you expect to accomplish, year by
year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? The milestones listed are those for CRIS Project 1275-22000-234-00D which replaced this project on 5/1/05. FY2006 Red-shouldered stink bug Glandular source of pheromone components determined. Pinpointing pheromone source will facilitate completing pheromone identification for brown marmorated stink bug and other stink bug species. Colorado potato beetle (CPB) Methodology developed for coupled gas chromatography/ single cell recordings. Identification of specialized receptor neurons for volatiles emitted by host plants and conspecifics will expand our knowledge of chemical signals used by the beetle and enhance our ability to use them to manage CPB in an environmentally friendly manner. Lacewing Pheromones for new spp. identified. Identification of pheromones for other lacewing species will facilitate manipulation of these species in the field for biocontrol and enhance our understanding of lacewing biology and evolution.
Tarnished plant bug Lygus antennal protein (LAP) expressed in milligram amounts. The availability of this protein will allow for screening of potential attractants or repellents for use in management strategies for the tarnished plant bug and potentially other Lygus sp. Colorado potato beetle - Behavior of adults and larvae to pheromone, plant attractants and repellents on servosphere characterized; full length sequence of sex-specific chemosensory protein determined. Knowledge of the behavioral effects of combinations of the aggregation pheromone and host plant odors will impact the design of attracticides and traps resulting optimization of attractants. The full length sequence of the sex-specific chemosensory protein will facilitate identification of the sex-specific chemical signal. Asian longhorned beetle Trap developed. Attractant-baited traps for the Asian longhorned beetle will greatly facilitate detection and management of this invasive species. Brown marmorated stink
bug (BMS) Lures provided to state agencies to monitor BMS spread; commercial partner identified. The availability of a synthetic pheromone and results from field tests would help to develop a standard pheromone-based dispenser for sampling populations of this invasive species. Gypsy moth Promising virus/natural enhancer products in single tree tests with arborist equipment evaluated. First evaluation of a new in- vitro produced baculovirus applied by air against natural gypsy moth populations planned in cooperation with USDA Forest Service. FY2007 Colorado potato beetle (CPB) - Catabolism by-products of pheromone characterized. Chemical by-products of degradative enzymes on the cuticular surface of CPB may serve as signals for natural enemies and may have potential as novel components of management approaches for CPB. Colorado potato beetle (CPB) Behavior of adults and larvae to multimodal stimuli determined; chemoreceptor neurons on antennae and other appendages characterized
for compounds determined in Objective 1. An understanding of how chemical and visual stimuli interact in CPB behavior will result in improved trapping methods and optimal attracticides. Asian longhorned beetle Lure developed. A better lure for Asian longhorned beetle traps will enhance the effectiveness of traps used in survey and control. Oriental fruit fly Monitoring and mass trapping with fluorinated methyl eugenol attractant complete. The results would help to evaluate field attractiveness of the fluorinated analog as a potential replacement of, or supplement to methyl eugenol in control of the oriental fruit fly. Colorado potato beetle (CPB) Tests using behavioral physiology for pheromone and plant attractant for management approaches complete. Detailed analyses of CPB behavior and the sense organs involved will result in biorational use of chemical and physical signals. Red-shouldered stink bug Dispensers for monitoring or mass trapping developed. Availability of
control-release dispensers would provide better knowledge of populations of the bug. Hemlock wooly adelgid Settlement of hemlock wooly adelgid on plant growth regulator treated plants vs. control plants determined. This long- term project will be discontinued due to the planned retirement of the investigator in 2006. FY2008 Colorado potato beetle (CPB) Sensitivity of chemoreceptors in adults for volatiles collected from all life stages of CPB and its host plants using coupled GC/SCR determined. Since both larval and adult CPB feed on the same host plant, intraspecific chemical signals likely exist and provide additional tools for beetle management. Tarnished plant bug (TPB) Chromatographic strategies using Lygus antennal protein (LAP) to screen potential ligands identified from aerations of TPB and/or host plants developed. Colorado potato beetle - Sex-specific chemosensory protein in adults localized. Localization of this protein should relate to its functional role in sex
discrimination, mating and, perhaps, other sexual activities. Dogwood borer Mass trapping and mating disruption developed. Detection and control measures using the sex attractant pheromone will be available for species-specific biorational management of this important pest. Pink hibiscus mealybug Mass trapping and mating disruption developed. Commercial partners may be identified to make available this technology for pink hibiscus mealybug survey and control. Mediterranean fruit fly Field tests with Ceralure B1 complete. These results will help to determine the scope of applications (monitoring, control, mass-trapping, etc.) and the production scale of this potent lure. Oriental fruit fly - Commercial manufacturers for synthesis identified and under contract. This will ensure the production of the fluorinated analog of methyl eugenol in amounts necessary for large-scale filed evaluations as attractant for oriental fruit fly. Red-shouldered stink bug Field test complete;
commercial partners identified. The synthetic attractant-based monitoring system will be used in the areas where the bug damages to commercial crops. Gypsy moth Enhanced virus combined with other components evaluated in integrated pest management systems. This project will be discontinued due to the planned retirement of the investigator in 2006. Lacewing Field tests with new pheromones complete and commercial partners identified. The availability of pheromones for these important predators will enhance their use in biocontrol of insect pests. 4a What was the single most significant accomplishment this past year? Oriental fruit fly attractant An easily scalable method to prepare a fluorinated analog of methyl eugenol, an attractant for the oriental fruit fly was developed by scientists in the Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Laboratory in Beltsville. Methyl eugenol is a natural compound widely used to monitor and control populations of oriental fruit fly, a world-wide pest
of a broad range of tropical, subtropical and temperate host plants. Posing a potential problem to the continued use of methyl eugenol in area-wide pest management programs are reports of carcinogenicity of this compound. The new synthetic procedure will allow for production of large quantities of the fluorine analog for evaluations as a possible replacement for methyl eugenol. 4b List other significant accomplishments, if any. Stink bug attractants Scientists in the Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Laboratory in Beltsville discovered that a previously unknown compound synergizes the known pheromone component of certain economically important stink bugs. Stink bugs are increasingly problematic because of their immunity to genetically modified crops such as Bt-cotton. Field tests revealed that, although traps baited with the newly discovered compound only caught an average of 0.2 bugs/trap/test, combining this compound with the pheromone component boosted trap catches from 2.6
bugs/trap/test to 7.2 bugs/trap/test. Pheromones offer a means to detect and suppress these emerging pests, and the elucidation of a more powerful attractant will increase the likelihood of success for this control tactic. Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB) Attractants The Colorado potato beetle is a major pest of potatoes and other solanaceous plants in the United States, Europe and Asia. Scientists at the Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Laboratory (CAIBL) and collaborators at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University showed that a combination of the aggregation pheromone and synthetic plant attractant discovered by CAIBL scientists was effective in attracting CPB to specific regions of potato fields. The successful field and laboratory trials demonstrated the potential usefulness of the attracticide approach for CPB management. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Long-established Invasive
Species: An aggregation pheromone and host- plant volatiles were identified for the Colorado potato beetle (CPB); formulations of these attractants with insecticides (attracticides) are being commercialized for CPB detection and suppression. For the Mediterranean fruit fly the particular isomer most attractive to the medfly (Ceralure B1) was delineated from the gross blend of Ceralure isomers, and a commercially viable synthesis for Ceralure B1 was developed. For the melon fly, a formate ester version of the existing lure (Cuelure) was synthesized and found to be superior to Cuelure. Efforts to commercialize these fruit fly lures are ongoing. For the gypsy moth, laboratory scientists 1) devised the analytical method for and annually certify commercial batches of the sex pheromone used in the slow the spread program of the U.S. Forest Service and, 2) cooperated with ARS and Forest Service colleagues on a long-term program to develop and improve Gypchek (a virus product registered
for use against the gypsy moth). Recent Invasive or Potentially Invasive Pests: Chemical signals were identified for the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB; contact sex pheromone, volatile aggregation pheromone, and host-tree volatiles) and the pink hibiscus mealybug (PHM; volatile sex pheromone). These attractants will be useful for detection and monitoring of these invasive species. Pheromones for the potentially invasive forest pests, the Siberian moth and the rosy Russian gypsy moth, were identified, synthesized and provided to APHIS and the Russian Academy of Sciences for monitoring ports of entry into the U.S. and population levels, respectively. Native Pests: Pheromones were identified for the cranberry blossom worm (Epiglaea apiata), the blueberry leafminer (Caloptilia porphyretica), dogwood borer (Synanthedon scitula), the peach tree borer (Synanthedon exitiosa), a scarab beetle grub (Hoplia equina), and the cranberry root grub (Lichnanthe vulpine). Progress was made in
elucidating minor components of indigenous Euschistus and Acrosternum stink bug pheromones that may improve an existing commercial lure for Euschistus spp. or lead to commercialization of a lure for the green stink bug, A. hilare. For plant bugs (Miridae), discovery of sex and anti-sex pheromones for Phytocoris spp. may lead to products useful against the most important plant bugs known as Lygus bugs. Native Beneficial Insects: The availability of an aggregation pheromone (identified prior to the present project by a Laboratory scientist) resulted in commercial availability of the synthetic pheromone and commercial production of the predators themselves. A pheromone for lacewings is likely to lead to commercial availability of a lure for these important predators of aphids and other small arthropod pests. The discovery by laboratory scientists and collaborators that some parasitoids of true bugs (Heteroptera) are attracted to pheromones of their hosts or associated chemicals
indicates that these attractants may be used to enhance biological control. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? A CRADA partner is developing traps and lures for the Colorado potato beetle for use in survey and detection. The plant-volatile based attractant has been supplied to an Australian federal agricultural agency to monitor for accidental introduction of CPB into Australia. Inquiries have been received from the Central Science Laboratory in Sand Hutton concerning use of the Colorado potato beetle attractants to improve detection of this invasive species in the United Kingdom. A new CRADA partner in Australia is developing the CPB attractants for management applications. A patent was granted for the male-produced aggregation
pheromone of the Colorado potato beetle. Work on the Gypsy moth work directly supported action agencies development a species-specific baculovirus product against the gypsy moth. A CRADA was developed with industry for development of pheromone-based trapping and mating disruption for the dogwood borer. A CRADA and confidentiality agreements were processed with industry for synthesis and use of the pink hibiscus mealybug pheromone. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Sex pheromone of mealybug nailed. Chemical & Engineering News. p. 8, June 21, 2004.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
- Bergh, J., Leskey, T.C., Zhang, A. 2004. Discrimination by male dogwood borer, synanthedon scitula harris (lepidoptera: sesiidae) to traps baited with commercially available pheromon lures. Journal of Economic Entomology. 97:344-352
- Bland, J.M., Park, Y.I., Raina, A.K., Dickens, J.C., Hollister, B. 2004. Trilinolein identified as a sex-specific component of tergal glands in alates of Coptotermes formosanus. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30(4):835- 849.
- Chauhan, K.R., Zhang, Q.-H., Aldrich, J.R. 2004 Iridodials: Enantiospecific synthesis and stereochemical assignment of the pheromone for the Goldeneyed lacewing, Chrysopa oculata. Tetrahedron Letters. 45(17) :3339-3340.
- Honson, N., Johnson, M., Oliver, J.E., Prestwich, G.D., Plettner, E.A. 2003 Structure activity studies with pheromone binding proteins of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Chemical Senses. 28(6):491-498.
- Khrimian, A., Oliver, J.E., Hahn, R.C., Dees, N.H., White, J., Mastro, V.C. 2004. Improved synthesis and deployment of (2s,3r)-2-(2'z,5'z-octadienyl)- 3-nonyloxirane, a pheromone of the pink moth, Lymantria mathura. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 52(10):2890-2895.
- Nofima, S., Linn, C.J., Morris, B., Zhang, A., Roelofs, W. 2003 Identification of host fruit volatiles from hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) attractive to hawthorn-origin Rhagoletis pomonella flies. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 29(2):321-336.
- Webb, R.E., Bair, M.W., White, G.B., Thrope, K.W. Suppression of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) populations by the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophaga maimaiga as affected by gypsy moth larval population density and supplemental watering. Journal of Entomological Science. 39(2) :223-234.
- Zhang, A., Shirali, S., Oliver, J.E., Klun, J.A., Aldrich, J.R., Amalin, D. , Serrano, M., Lapointe, S., Franqui, R., Meyerdirk, D.E. 2004. Sex pheromone of the pink hibiscus mealybug, maconellicoccus hirsutus,contains an unusual cyclobutanoid monoterpene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101(26):9601-9606.
- Zhang, A., Borges, M., Aldrich, J.R., Camp, M. 2003 Stimulatory male volatiles for the neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae).
- Zhang, A., Oliver, J.E., Chauhan, K.R., Zhao, B., Xia, L., Xu, Z. 2003 Evidence for contact sex recognition pheromone for the asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Naturwissenschaften. 90(9):410-413.
- Zhang, A., Oliver, J.E., Chauhan, K.R., Zhao, B., Xia, L., Xu, Z. 2003. Sex pheromone for cranberry blossom worm, Epiglae apiata. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 29(9):2153-2164.
- Zhang, A., Polavarapu, S. 2004. Sex pheromone of the blueberry leafminer, Caloptilia porphyretica. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30(7):1513-1527.
- Zhang, A., Robbins, P.S., Averill, A.L., Linn, C.E., Roelofs, W.L., Villani, M.G., Weber, D.C. 2003. Identification of the female-produced sex pheromone of the scarab beetle, hoplia equina.. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 29(7):1635-1642.
- Aldrich, J.R., Zhang, Q. 2004. Attraction of scavenging chloropid and milichiid flies (diptera) to metathoracic scent gland compounds of plant bugs (heteroptera: miridae). Environmental Entomology. 33(1):12-20.
- Aldrich, J.R., Zhang, Q. 2003. Male-produced anti-sex pheromone in a plant bug. Naturwissenschaften. 90(11):505-508.
- Zhang, Q., Chauhan, K.R., Erbe, E.F., Vellore, A.R., Aldrich, J.R. 2004. Semiochemistry of the goldeneyed lacewing Chrysopa oculata (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): Attraction of males to a male-produced pheromone. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30(9):1831-1853.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs 1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? The use of pesticides to control insects decreases the quality of the environment and often leads to the development of resistance in the targeted organisms. Strategies involving genetically engineered plants containing naturally occurring toxins have been effective in controlling certain pests, however this solution is still unacceptable to many consumers both in the United States and abroad. Furthermore, establishment of foreign organisms in the U.S. is recognized as a major problem at the highest governmental level with the "Invasive Species" Executive Order issued February 3, 1999. Chemical signals (semiochemicals), such as attractants, provide a means to intercept invading insect species, monitor and manage existing pests, and are potentially useful for enhancing biological pest control. 2.
List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. a. Identify attractants for the Asian long-horned beetle (ALB) (Cerambycidae: Anoplophora glabripennis). b. Identify attractants for other emerging and invasive pests. c. Identify pheromones and develop methodology to suppress pest stink bugs and plant bugs (order Hemiptera: suborder Heteroptera). d. Develop semiochemical technology to enhance native predators. e. Develop semiochemical technology to enhance native parasitoids. 3. Milestones: A. FY 2004: a. ALB: Substantial progress was made in developing an attractant combining male-specific, female-specific and host-tree volatiles; however, these semiochemicals are weakly attractive compared to lures for other kinds of insects. b. Lures for Other Emerging and Invasive Pests: Effective pheromone- and host-volatile-based lures were developed for the Colorado potato beetle and the pink hibiscus mealybug; improved lures were identified for the Mediterranean
fruit fly and the melon fly; and it was discovered that the Chinese sub-species of the Siberian moth, Dendrolimus superans, apparently contains some missing components not found required to attract the Russian strain (D. s. sibericus) of this potentially invasive forest pest. Research was initiated on the pheromone for the brown marmorated sting bug, Halyomorpha halys, and invasive pest of fruits and vegetables that was found to be established in Pennsylvania in 2001. c. Semiochemical: Control of Pest Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera): Substantial progress was made in identifying pheromones for certain groups of stink bugs (e.g. Nezara, Acrosternum, Euschistus and Thyanta species) and plant bugs (e.g. Phytocoris spp.). Lygus spp. plant bugs remain problematic, although it appears that tarnished plant bug males produce an anti-sex pheromone similar to that found for Phytocoris spp. Implementation of semiochemical manipulation of these kinds of pests is still in an early phase of
development. d. Native Predators: Substantial progress was made in identifying and/or developing lures for some economically important predatory insects (e.g. the spined soldier bug and lacewings); for other predators (e.g. ladybird beetles, ground beetles, spiders) attractants have yet to be found. e. Native Parasitoids: Substantial progress was made in identifying pheromones that tachinid fly parasitoids use to find stink bug hosts, and some progress was made in characterizing chemical cues used by stink bug egg parasitoids to find host eggs. B. Milestones for the next 3 years: This project will terminate in 2004, and the new project is currently going through the OSQR process; therefore, there are no out year milestones. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single Most Significant Accomplishment during FY 2004: Pink Hibiscus Mealybug (PHM) sex pheromone: Two compounds that together constitute the female sex pheromone of the PHM, Maconellicoccus
hirsutus, were isolated, identified, and synthesized by A. Zhang, Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Laboratory at Beltsville. Field evaluations of optical isomer combinations were successfully conducted in Florida in collaboration with D. E. Meyerdirk (USDA-APHIS); some research was conducted under a specific cooperative agreement (1275-22000-191-06S) with G. Dively, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, for "Development of Traps and Lures for the Pink Hibiscus Mealybug". The PHM is an invasive species that is now established in Florida and California; a potential annual loss of $750 M has been estimated if the insect cannot be controlled in the U.S. Deploying traps baited with the artificial pheromone will be instrumental in tracking the spread of this potentially devastating pest of citrus and many other crops, and pheromone-baited traps will also enable the success of control measures such as biological control to be conveniently monitored. B. Other Significant
Accomplishment: Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB) Attracticide: Scientists of the Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Laboratory with collaborators at the University of Maine, Orono (1275-22000-191-05G), established toxicity levels for three novel attract-and-kill formulations directed against the CPB, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. The "attracticide" was comprised of a synthetic plant attractant and a pyrethroid insecticide. In another study conducted with collaborators in the Department of Entomology, Eastern Shore AREC, Virginia Tech University (1275-22000-191-11S), untreated rows of potato in plots with the outer two rows treated with imidachloprid insecticide and containing sources of the synthetic aggregation pheromone had significantly fewer potato beetles and less defoliation than untreated control plots. The successful field and laboratory trials demonstrated the potential usefulness of the attracticide approach for CPB management. Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB) Contact Pheromone:
The ALB, Anoplophora glabripennis, is an invasive species that is established in New York City, Chicago and Toronto. If this beetle escapes efforts at its eradication it will kill vast numbers of North American hardwoods. Scientists in the Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Laboratory at Beltsville identified a synthesized a female-produced contact sex recognition pheromone. Combined with other host-tree and male-specific volatiles previously identified by CAIBL scientists, the contact pheromone may be useful in baiting traps to monitor the ALB. Plant Bug Anti-sex Pheromone: Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Laboratory scientists found that simple butyrate esters produced by the pine inhabiting mirid, Phytocoris difficilis, totally interrupted attraction of males to the female-produced sex pheromone. These results suggest that in at least some plant bugs, including countless pest species, male-produced volatiles have a natural communicative function as anti-sex pheromones, probably
to interrupt further mating attempts by other males. Lacewing Aggregation Pheromone: Lacewings are important, commercially available predators of aphids and other small arthropods. An aggregation pheromone was identified for the goldeneyed lacewing, Chrysopa oculata, the first attractant pheromone discovered for any member of this insect group. Attraction of lacewing adults to the single pheromone component, (1R,2S,5R,8R)-iridodial, was synergized by the plant volatile, methyl salicylate. Synthetic pheromone plus plant volatile may be useful for retaining the predators near augmentation sites and/or attracting wild predators to pest infestations. C. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations: None. D. Progress Reports: See separate files. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Long-established Invasive Species: An aggregation pheromone and host- plant volatiles were identified for the
Colorado potato beetle (CPB); formulations of these attractants with insecticides (attracticides) are being commercialized for CPB suppression. For the Mediterranean fruit fly the particular isomer most attractive to the medfly (Ceralure B1) was delineated from the gross blend of Ceralure isomers, and a commercially viable synthesis for Ceralure B1 was developed. For the melon fly, a formate ester version of the existing lure (Cuelure) was synthesized and found to be superior to Cuelure. Efforts to commercialize these fruit fly lures are ongoing. For the gypsy moth, Laboratory scientists 1) devised the analytical method for and annually certify commercial batches of the sex pheromone used in the "slow the spread" program of the U.S. Forest Service and, 2) cooperated with ARS and Forest Service colleagues on a long-term program to develop and improve Gypchek (a virus product registered for use against the gypsy moth). For the southern green stink bug (SGSB), Nezara viridula, progress
is being made on identifying minor components that may improve the attractiveness of the aggregation pheromone of this cosmopolitan pest of fruits and vegetables, and a bacterial symbiont of the SGSB has been identified. Recent Invasive or Potentially Invasive Pests: Chemical signals were identified for the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB; contact sex pheromone, volatile aggregation pheromone, and host-tree volatiles) and the pink hibiscus mealybug (PHM; volatile sex pheromone). The ALB aggregation pheromone is patented and an industrial partnership to develop this semiochemistry is entering the third year; a patent is pending for the PHM pheromone, and APHIS will monitor for PHM in 8 states in 2004 using pheromone-baited traps. Pheromones for the potentially invasive forest pests, the Siberian moth and the rosy Russian gypsy moth, were identified, synthesized and provided to APHIS and the Russian Academy of Sciences for monitoring ports of entry into the U.S. and population levels,
respectively. Native Pests: Powerful pheromones were identified for the cranberry blossom worm (Epiglaea apiata), the blueberry leafminer (Caloptilia porphyretica), dogwood borer (Synanthedon scitula), the peach tree borer (Synanthedon exitiosa), a scarab beetle grub (Hoplia equina), and the cranberry root grub (Lichnanthe vulpine). Substantial recent progress has made in elucidating minor components of indigenous Euschistus and Acrosternum stink bug pheromones that may improve an existing commercial lure for Euschistus spp. or lead to commercialization of a lure for the green stink bug, A. hilare. For plant bugs (Miridae), discovery of sex and anti-sex pheromones for Phytocoris spp. may lead to products useful against the most important plant bugs known as Lygus bugs. Native Beneficial Insects: The availability of an aggregation pheromone (identified prior to the present project by a Laboratory scientist) resulted in commercial availability of the synthetic pheromone and commercial
production of the predators themselves. The recent identification of a pheromone for lacewings is likely to lead to commercial availability of a lure for these important predators of aphids and other small arthropod pests. Laboratory scientists and collaborators discovered that certain tachinid fly parasitoids and scelionid wasp egg parasitoids of true bugs (Heteroptera) are powerfully attracted to pheromones of their hosts or chemicals associated with their hosts; these discoveries are important contributions toward the fledging research area to use semiochemicals to enhance biological control. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? A CRADA partner (58-3K95-1-893; Dr. J. C. Dickens, ADODR) is developing traps and lures for the Colorado
potato beetle. The plant-volatile based attractant has been supplied to an Australian federal agricultural agency to monitor for accidental introduction of CPB into Australia, and to Dr. J. Van Loon, Department of Entomology, The Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, for research purposes. The CPB pheromone, in conjunction with plant-based attractants, requires further testing but funding for additional pheromone is currently limiting the extent to which testing may proceed. A CRADA partner (53-3K95-4-1041; Dr. A. Zhang, ADODR) is developing mating disruption technology for the dogwood borer (Synanthedon scitula) based on the sex pheromone identified by the scientist in the Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Laboratory. This insect is a major pest of apple and other pome fruits. A CRADA partner (58-3K95-1-883; Dr. J. R. Aldrich, ADODR) is developing traps and lures for the Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB). Thus far the company has provided funds to partially defray the
cost of travel to China, has formulated lures, and constructed traps in consultation with Laboratory scientists. It appears that the company involved will move to develop a product based on this technology only if and when the ALB escapes containment from its presently established sites. A contractor was solicited to manufacture 1 kg of (E)-1,2-dimethoxy-4-(3- fluoro-2-propenyl)benzene. This compound was needed for large-scale field studies in Hawaii as attractant for monitoring and control of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. The currently used attractant, methyl eugenol, has recently been listed as carcinogen, and potential replacements for it are desirable. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. Drake, S. 2004 Sex pheromone of mealybug nailed. Chemical and Engineering News. 82(25):8.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
- Bergh, J., Leskey, T.C., Zhang, A. 2004. Discrimination by male dogwood borer, synanthedon scitula harris (lepidoptera: sesiidae) to traps baited with commercially available pheromon lures. Journal of Economic Entomology. 97:344-352
- Bland, J.M., Park, Y.I., Raina, A.K., Dickens, J.C., Hollister, B. 2004. Trilinolein identified as a sex-specific component of tergal glands in alates of Coptotermes formosanus. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30(4):835- 849.
- Chauhan, K.R., Zhang, Q.-H., Aldrich, J.R. 2004 Iridodials: Enantiospecific synthesis and stereochemical assignment of the pheromone for the Goldeneyed lacewing, Chrysopa oculata. Tetrahedron Letters. 45(17) :3339-3340.
- Honson, N., Johnson, M., Oliver, J.E., Prestwich, G.D., Plettner, E.A. 2003 Structure activity studies with pheromone binding proteins of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. Chemical Senses. 28(6):491-498.
- Khrimian, A., Oliver, J.E., Hahn, R.C., Dees, N.H., White, J., Mastro, V.C. 2004. Improved synthesis and deployment of (2s,3r)-2-(2'z,5'z-octadienyl)- 3-nonyloxirane, a pheromone of the pink moth, Lymantria mathura. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 52(10):2890-2895.
- Nofima, S., Linn, C.J., Morris, B., Zhang, A., Roelofs, W. 2003 Identification of host fruit volatiles from hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) attractive to hawthorn-origin Rhagoletis pomonella flies. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 29(2):321-336.
- Webb, R.E., Bair, M.W., White, G.B., Thrope, K.W. Suppression of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) populations by the entomopathogenic fungus Entomophaga maimaiga as affected by gypsy moth larval population density and supplemental watering. Journal of Entomological Science. 39(2) :223-234.
- Zhang, A., Shirali, S., Oliver, J.E., Klun, J.A., Aldrich, J.R., Amalin, D. , Serrano, M., Lapointe, S., Franqui, R., Meyerdirk, D.E. 2004. Sex pheromone of the pink hibiscus mealybug, maconellicoccus hirsutus,contains an unusual cyclobutanoid monoterpene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101(26):9601-9606.
- Zhang, A., Borges, M., Aldrich, J.R., Camp, M. 2003 Stimulatory male volatiles for the neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (F.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae).
- Zhang, A., Oliver, J.E., Chauhan, K.R., Zhao, B., Xia, L., Xu, Z. 2003 Evidence for contact sex recognition pheromone for the asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Naturwissenschaften. 90(9):410-413.
- Zhang, A., Oliver, J.E., Chauhan, K.R., Zhao, B., Xia, L., Xu, Z. 2003. Sex pheromone for cranberry blossom worm, Epiglae apiata. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 29(9):2153-2164.
- Zhang, A., Polavarapu, S. 2004. Sex pheromone of the blueberry leafminer, Caloptilia porphyretica. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30(7):1513-1527.
- Zhang, A., Robbins, P.S., Averill, A.L., Linn, C.E., Roelofs, W.L., Villani, M.G., Weber, D.C. 2003. Identification of the female-produced sex pheromone of the scarab beetle, hoplia equina.. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 29(7):1635-1642.
- Aldrich, J.R., Zhang, Q. 2004. Attraction of scavenging chloropid and milichiid flies (diptera) to metathoracic scent gland compounds of plant bugs (heteroptera: miridae). Environmental Entomology. 33(1):12-20.
- Aldrich, J.R., Zhang, Q. 2003. Male-produced anti-sex pheromone in a plant bug. Naturwissenschaften. 90(11):505-508.
- Zhang, Q., Chauhan, K.R., Erbe, E.F., Vellore, A.R., Aldrich, J.R. 2004. Semiochemistry of the goldeneyed lacewing Chrysopa oculata (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): Attraction of males to a male-produced pheromone. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 30(9):1831-1853.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs 1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? The use of pesticides to control insects decreases the quality of the environment and often leads to the development of resistance in the targeted organisms. Strategies involving genetically engineered plants containing naturally occurring toxins have been effective in controlling certain pests, however this solution is still unacceptable to many consumers both in the United States and abroad. Furthermore, establishment of foreign organisms in the U.S. is recognized as a major problem at the highest governmental level with the "Invasive Species" Executive Order issued February 3, 1999. Chemical signals (semiochemicals), such as attractants, provide a means to intercept invading insect species, monitor and manage existing pests, and are potentially useful for enhancing biological pest control. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? Invasive species and native pests pose a
continuous and increasing threat to the agriculture and environment of the U.S. For example, APHIS, New York and Illinois State and local governments have collectively invested over $30 million to eradicate the Asian longhorned beetle since its detection in 1996. With regard to insecticidal control of insects, by the mid-1990s nearly 140 million lbs. of insecticide were being sold annually in the U.S. at a cost of over $1.8 billion. With the advent of genetically engineered crops, the reliance on extraneous insecticidal control has declined, but certain insects (e.g. Hemiptera and various Coleoptera) formerly considered secondary pests have become the new primary pests. Chemical signals identified for invasive and native pests, and their predators and parasitoids, will assist governmental action agencies, growers, and homeowners in monitoring or suppressing pests and promoting biological control in a more environmentally friendly way. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s)
and National Program Component(s) to which it has been assigned? This project relates to National Program 304, Crop Protection and Quarantine. In particular, the research concerns Components II (Biology of Pests and Natural Enemies), III (Plant, Pest, and Natural Enemy Interactions and Ecology), and V (Pest Control Technologies). 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? Non-insecticidal means are desirable for Colorado potato beetle (CPB) management and necessary because the CPB has a history of developing insecticide resistance. Field experiments conducted by scientists of the Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Laboratory and collaborators at the University of Maine, Orono tested the usefulness of a synthetic host attractant for management of CPB. The attractant augmented the efficacy of otherwise untreated trap crops against the CPB, significantly less insecticide was applied to plots bordered by attractant-treated trap crops than conventionally-managed
plots, and there was no significant difference in yield between conventionally'managed plots and plots bordered by attractant-treated trap crops. These results show the potential usefulness of CPB attractants for biorational management of CPB with decreased quantities of insecticide. The pink hibiscus mealybug (PHM), a threat to fruit, vegetables, and ornamentals, has invaded southern California and Florida. The structures of the pheromone components from female PHM were determined by scientists of the Chemical Affecting Insect Behavior Laboratory at Beltsville, and field evaluations were conducted in Florida in APHIS scientists. Preliminary data demonstrates that the pheromone is highly attractive. A synthetic PHM pheromone will be useful in tracking the spread of this pest and in evaluating the success of biocontrol efforts. The Mediterranean fruit fly and the melon fly are critical pests that severely restrict import and export of U. S. citrus and other fruit. Improved lures for
these flies were developed by CAIBL scientists, and successfully field-tested by ARS Scientists in Hawaii the last two years. The medfly lure (ceralure B1) is about five times better than trimedlure, the current standard lure, while the melon fly attractant is at least twice as good as the existing standard for this fly (cuelure). These lures could replace the existing standard lures, thereby improving detection and suppression of these devastating pests. Action agencies seek to use the gypsy moth virus product called Gypchek to suppress gypsy moth populations in environmentally sensitive areas. Gypchek produced via cell culture was evaluated in the field against the standard insect-produced product in collaboration with scientists from Delaware State University, Delaware Department of Agriculture, USDA Forest Service, and ARS Beneficial Insects Introduction Research. The cell-cultured product was as effective as the insect produced virus. This is a critical step leading towards the
substitution of the cell-cultured strain for the insect-produced strain as the active ingredient for Gypchek. Research on plant bugs showed that males of some species produce anti- sex pheromones that interrupt attraction to the female-produced pheromone (Dr. J. Aldrich, CAIBL). 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Colorado potato beetle attractants and repellents (plant-derived and aggregation pheromone) were identified, formulated for improved pest management, and are being developed for commercialization. For recent invasive pests, chemical signals have been identified for the Asian longhorned beetle (contact sex pheromone and volatile aggregation pheromone) and the pink hibiscus mealybug (volatile sex pheromone). Pheromones for the potentially invasive forest pests, the Siberian moth and the rosy Russian gypsy moth, were identified, synthesized and provided to APHIS and the Russian Academy of Sciences for
monitoring ports of entry into the U.S. and population levels, respectively. A second generation of lures for economically important fruit flies has been developed. These improved lures may well replace the present standard lures (also developed in the Laboratory) for the medfly and the melon fly. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? FY2004: Colorado Potato Beetle - Conduct behavioral and electrophysiological studies of the chemical and physical signals used by genetically diverse CPB populations and other insects. Efficacy of volatile blends will be determined in the field, and trap design and placement will be optimized. Attractants and repellents will be evaluated alone and/or in combination with other control strategies for sustainable management of CPB populations. Fruit Flies -In conjunction with the fruit fly areawide control program, large-scale tests of ceralure B1 and raspberry ketone formate will be conducted in the field in Hawaii for
suppression of the medfly and melon fly, respectively. Formulation research for these lures will continue in collaboration with an industrial partner. Gypsy Moth - Conduct chemical analyses of disparlure samples as part of the annual selection process of a commercial partner to produce the 5,000 kg of racemic pheromone required by the USDA Forest Service for the Slow- the-Spread program. Invasive Species (Recent Potential) - Testing of traps and lures for the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB) and pink hibiscus mealybug (PHM) will be resumed in China for the ALB (cancelled in FY03 due to SARS), and continued in Florida for the PHM. The Siberian moth pheromone will be tested in its western native range in China through a specific cooperative agreement, and the rosy Russian gypsy moth pheromone will be provided to an industrial partner for formulation and transfer to APHIS. Begin efforts to identify the pheromone of the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys), an Asian pest of apples
and other fruit crops recently found established in Pennsylvania (in collaboration with APHIS). Other Plant Pests - Research will focus on behaviorally active chemicals for plant pests not controlled by genetically engineered crops as well as pests of truck crops and other small acreage crops for which pesticide alternatives are lacking. For example, certain heteropterans (e.g. stink bugs and plant bugs), coleopterans (e.g. plum curculio and plum curculio), and lepidopterans (e.g. cranberry blossom worm, blueberry leafminer, and lesser cornstalk borer). Initiate mating disruption experiments for Lygus bugs, and continuing searching for and studying mirid pheromones. Parasites Predators - Continue research on the use of semiochemicals used for host-finding by parasitoids (particularly for heteropterans). Continue research on newly discovered pheromones of lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae; aphid predators). FY2005: Colorado Potato Beetle - Experiments will continue on integration of
physical and chemical signals used by CPB and other insects, and mechanisms regulating pheromone production and response in CPB and other beetles (Coleoptera). Optimize management strategies for various CPB populations using attractants and repellents. Fruit Flies - Testing and formulation research will continue for second- generation lures for the medfly and the melon fly, and commercialization of these lures will be promoted. Gypsy Moth - Continue the disparlure quality control analyses for the Slow-the-Spread program, and mechanize the analysis procedure. Invasive Species (Recent Potential) - Efforts will continue on species for which behaviorally active compounds have been identified to further test attractant formulations and to promote transfer of the technology. Suspected pheromone components for the brown marmorated stink bug will be field-tested in Pennsylvania and/or New Jersey. Other Plant Pests - Continue mating disruption efforts for Lygus bugs, and efforts to identify
the pheromone of these pests. Begin developing protocols to use semiochemicals of cranberry and blueberry pests to manage this complex of species. Continue efforts to develop an effective attractant for the plum curculio. Parasites Predators - Continue basic research on lacewing pheromones. Research means to use attractants of beneficials for conservation and augmentation. FY2006: Colorado Potato Beetle - Promote adoption of new semiochemically based CPB management strategies by potato growers. Continue investigations of neural and behavioral mechanisms involved in behavioral responses of insects to physical and chemical signals. Fruit Flies - Research will continue with industrial partner(s), if found, to develop new commercial medfly and melon fly lures. If an insect quarantine laboratory is constructed at BARC, research to discover third- generation fruit fly lures will be initiated guided by electrophysiological experiments in quarantine. Gypsy Moth - Continue disparlure quality
control. Invasive Species (Recent Potential) - Work with industrial partners for commercialization of traps and lures for the ALB, PHM, Siberian moth, and rosy Russian gypsy moth. Continue testing and developing a pheromone for the brown marmorated stink bug and, depending on the status of this research, seek industrial partner. Initiate new projects on invasives, especially if an insect quarantine laboratory is constructed at BARC. Other Plant Pests - Promote technology transfer of newly developed attractants, disruptants, and repellents. Parasites Predators - Continue efforts to utilize semiochemicals to improve biocontrol, and to interest industrial partners in developing available technology related to this goal. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the
technology products? A CRADA partner (58-3K95-1-893; Dr. J. C. Dickens, ADODR) is developing traps and lures for the Colorado potato beetle. The plant-volatile based attractant has been supplied to an Australian federal agricultural agency to monitor for accidental introduction of CPB into Australia, and to Dr. J. Van Loon, Department of Entomology, The Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, for research purposes. The CPB pheromone, in conjunction with plant-based attractants, requires further testing but funding for additional pheromone is currently limiting the extent to which testing may proceed. 8. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: This does not replace your peer-reviewed publications listed below). "Soldier Bugs for Pest Control", Mother Earth News. 2003. v. 2. p. 92-94. "These Bugs are on the Ball: Computerized Tracking System Shows What Pests Prefer",
Agricultural Research Magazine/February 2003:18-19. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/feb03/pest0203.pdf "Sexual Teasing Could Lead Insects to Fatal Attraction", Agricultural Research Service News/February 25, 2003. Available from: http://www.ars. usda.gov/is/pr/2003/030225.htm "Insects Go Buggy Over Odors", Wired News (Technology) March 5, 2003. Available from: http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,57849,00.html "Bug Ball", American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science Update, May 6, 2003. Available from: http://www.scienceupdate.com/may03. html#030506 Dickens, J.C., Alford, A.R. Attractants and repellents for Colorado potato beetle. 2002. U.S. Patent 6,479,046.
Impacts (N/A)
Publications
- Raina, A. K., Bland, J. M., Dickens, J. C., Park, Y. L., Hollister, B. Premating behavior of dealates of the Formosan subterranean termite and evidence for the presence of a contact pheromone. Journal of Insect Behavior. 2003. v 16. p. 233-245.
- Webb, R.E., White, G.B., Thorpe, K.W. Augmenting nucleopolyhedrovirus load in gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) populations with egg mass treatment. Journal of Entomological Science. 2003. v. 38. p. 300-313.
- Webb, R.E., White, G.B., Thorpe, K.W. Low incidence of viral and fungal entomopathogens in gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) populations in Northern Virginia. Journal of Entomological Science. 2003. v. 38. p. 314- 316.
- Webb, R.E., Frank, J.R. Raupp, M.J. Eastern hemlock recovery from hemlock woolly adelgid damage following imidachloprid therapy. Journal of Arboriculture. 2003. v. 29. p. 296-300.
- Wieber, A.M., Webb, R.E., Reardon, R.C., Tatman, K.M., Thorpe, K.W. Temporal patterns of hyperparasitoid emergence from Cotesia melanoscela (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) cocoons. Entomological News. 2002. v. 113. p. 253-266.
- Zhang, Q.-H., Aldrich, J.R. Pheromones of milkweed bugs (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) attract wayward plant bugs: Phytocoris mirid sex pheromone. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 2003. v. 29. p. 1835-1851.
- Aldrich, J.R., Bartelt, R.J., Dickens, J.C., Knight, A.L., Light, D.M., Tumlinson, J.H. Insect chemical ecology research in the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service. Pest Management Science. 2003. v. 59. p. 777-787.
- Borges, M., Colazza, S., Ramirez-Lucas, P., Chauhan, K.R., Moraes, M.C.B., Aldrich, J.R. Kairomonal effect of walking traces from Euschistus heros (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) on two strains of Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Physiological Entomology. 2003. v. 28. p. 1-7.
- Casana-Giner, V., Oliver, J.E., Jang, E.B., Carvalho, L., Khrimian, A., DeMilo, A.B., McQuate, G.T. Raspberry ketone formate as an attractant for the melon fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). Journal of Entomological Science. 2003. v.38. p.120-126.
- Casana-Giner, V., Oliver, J.E., Jang, E., Carvalho, L.A. Synthesis and behavioral evaluations off fluorinated and silylated analogs of raspberry ketone as attractants for melon fly, Bactrocera curcurbitae. Journal of Entomological Science. 2003. v. 38. p. 111-119.
- Dickens, J.C. Behavioural responses of larvae of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), to host plant volatile blends attractive to adults. Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 2002. v. 4. p. 309-314.
- Dickens, J.C., Hollister, B., Vinyard, B. Patterning of gustatory neural inputs for host selection and conspecific recognition in the Colorado potato beetle. 8th European Symposium on Insect Taste and Olfaction. 2003. Abstract p. 44.
- Dickens, J.C. Regulation of pheromone synthesis and release in Coleoptera. 3rd International Insect Pheromone Symposium. 2003. Abstract p. 54.
- Khrimian, A., Klun, J.A., Hijji, Y., Baranchikov, Y.N., Pet'ko, V.M., Mastro V.C., Kramer, M.H. Synthesis of (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienol and (E,Z)- 10,12-hexadecadienol, Lepidoptera pheromone components, via zinc reduction of enyne precursors. Test of pheromone efficacy against the Siberian moth. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002. v. 50. p. 6366-6370.
- Khrimian, A., Margaryan, A.K., Schmidt, W.F. An improved synthesis of ethyl cis-5-iodo-trans-2-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate, a potent attractant for the Mediterranean fruit fly. Tetrahedron. 2003. v. 59. p. 5475-5480.
- Oliver, J.E., Doss, R.P., Marquez, B., DeVilbiss, E.D. Bruchins, plant mitogens from weevils, structural requirements of activity. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 2002. v. 28. p. 2503-2513.
- Oliver, J.E. (S)(+)-Linalool from oil of coriander. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 2003. v. 15. p. 31-33.
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