Progress 02/01/02 to 08/31/04
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? In the U.S., the production of fuel alcohol from corn starch reached 2.81 billion gallons in 2003. Legislation has been proposed that would require the use of at least 5 billion gallons a year of corn starch based ethanol in gasoline by 2012. Developing ethanol as fuel, beyond its current role as fuel oxygenate, will require developing lignocellulose as feedstock because of its abundance. In particular, various agricultural residues (corn stover, wheat straw, rice straw), agricultural processing byproducts (corn fiber, rice hull, sugar cane bagasse), and energy crops (switchgrass) are particularly low-cost attractive sources of sugars for biofuel production. Environmentally friendly methods for pretreatment, efficient and rapid enzymatic saccharification to fermentable sugars, high productivity
fermentation of mixed sugar streams, and cost-effective recovery of dilute products need to be developed in order to use these materials as feedstocks for production of biofuel and other value-added commodity chemicals. The goal of this research project is to develop integrated bioprocess technologies for production of biofuels (ethanol, butanol) from lignocellulosic biomass. The objectives are 1) to develop environmentally friendly pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification methods to generate fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass, 2) to develop high productivity fermentation systems to convert lignocellulosic hydrolyzates to biofuels, 3) to develop downstream processing technologies to recover biofuels from dilute fermentation broth, and 4) process integration, economic evaluation, and pilot scale demonstration of lignocellulosic biomass conversion. The research falls under National Program (NP) 307 - Bioenergy and Energy Alternatives (70%). Component 1. Ethanol. This
research will contribute to new technologies that integrate feedstock pretreatment, biological conversion, and product recovery processes, as well as fundamental knowledge regarding lignocellulose decrystallization, generation and detoxification mechanisms of fermentation inhibitors, fermentation, and membrane separation. The information gained will result in the reduction of capital and processing costs associated with biofuel production. The research also falls under National Program (NP) 306 - Quality and Utilization of Agricultural Products (30%). Component 2. New Processes, New Uses, and Value-Added Foods and Biobased Products. Problem Area 2a- New Product Technology, Problem Area 2b-New Uses for Agricultural By- products, and Problem Area 2c-New and Improved Processes and Feedstocks will be addressed by the development of new products from unutilized and underutilized agricultural residues via fermentation and biocatalytic processes. The research aims to produce biofuels
from waste and low-value agricultural residues and byproducts at a selling cost-competitive price with imported petroleum. It will improve basic scientific information on the structure, biodegradation, and biotransformation of lignocellulosic biomass. The research will help to expand the use of biofuel, thereby, reducing the nation's dependence on foreign oil and create new and expanded markets for various unutilized and underutilized renewable agricultural residues and energy crops. This will help to create jobs and economic activity in rural America. In addition, it will result in the reduction of environmental pollution. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. This project was initiated February 1, 2002, as a result of the FY 2002 Appropriations Bill passed by Congress and signed by the President for research on Bioprocess Engineering to Convert Biomass to Biofuel. The objectives of this project are to develop new bioprocess strategies for the
fermentation of biomass substrates to biofuels and microbial products including the development of pretreatment methods that combine chemical/physical treatment with novel enzymes (e.g., hemicellulases) customized to achieve complete saccharification, methods to reduce or counteract fermentation inhibitors present in biomass hydrolysates, and improved methods for the recovery of microbial fermentation products from dilute product streams. A new research project plan has been certified by the Office of Scientific Quality Review as having completed NP 307 Bioenergy and Energy Alternatives Panel Review. The new project, 3620-41000-122-00D, is entitled "Cost-Effective Bioprocess Technologies for Production of Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass" and was implemented 9/1/04. 3. Milestones: A. List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2004. How many milestones did you fully or substantially meet in FY 2004, and indicate which ones were not fully or substantially met,
briefly explain why not, and your plans to do so. This project was initiated February 1, 2002, as a result of the FY 2002 Appropriations Bill passed by Congress and signed by the President for research on Bioprocess Engineering to Convert Biomass to Biofuel. Significant progress has been made toward achieving the project objectives including evaluation of dilute acid pretreatments and enzymatic saccharification of rice hulls, fermentation of rice hull hydrolysates to fuel ethanol, characterization of a recombinant ethanologenic Escherichia coli strain FBR5 for production of alcohol from pentose sugars, and simultaneous fermentation of corn derived glucose to butanol and its recovery by gas stripping. A new research project plan has been certified by the Office of Scientific Quality Review as having completed NP 307 Bioenergy and Energy Alternatives Panel Review. The new project, 3620-41000-122-00D, is entitled "Cost-Effective Bioprocess Technologies for Production of Biofuels from
Lignocellulosic Biomass" and was implemented 9/1/04. B. List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2005, 2006, and 2007. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? This is the final Report of Progress (AD-421) for this project. A new project plan was certified on 8/11/04 by the Office of Scientific Quality Review as having completed NP 307, Bioenergy and Energy Alternatives Panel Review. The replacement project, 3620-41000-122-00D, is entitled "Cost-Effective Bioprocess Technologies for Production of Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass." The milestones of the new project plan are listed below: Year 1 (FY 2005) Dilute acid pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. Alkaline peroxide pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. Batch separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of
lignocellulosic hydrolyzates. Butanol recovery by pervaporation. Year 2 (FY 2006) Continue dilute acid pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. Continue alkaline peroxide pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. Continue batch separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of lignocellulosic hydrolyzates. Continuous fermentation (SHF, SSF) of lignocellulosic hydrolyzates. Butanol recovery by gas stripping. Integrate SSF and butanol recovery with pervaporation. Year 3 (FY 2007) Identification and characterization of fermentation inhibitors produced during pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Continue continuous fermentation (SHF, SSF) of lignocellulosic hydrolyzates. Butanol recovery by liquid-liquid extraction. Integrate SSF and butanol recovery by gas stripping. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single most significant
accomplishment during FY 2004: Research is needed to develop a cost-effective medium for production of fuel ethanol from lignocellulosic hydrolyzates by the recombinant ethanologenic Escherichia coli strain FBR5. An efficient fermentation medium containing cheap ingredients such as corn steep liquor and soy protein hydrolyzate has been developed which will help to reduce the cost of medium ingredients for ethanol production using this strain. This will contribute to lower the overall cost of making fuel ethanol from lignocellulose. B. Other significant accomplishment(s), if any: Rice hull, an agricultural processing byproduct, contains 50% complex carbohydrate that can serve as a low-cost feedstock for production of fuel ethanol. Batch dilute acid, alkali and alkaline peroxide pretreatments, separate enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), and simultaneous enzymatic saccharification and fermentation (SSF) systems have been evaluated for production of ethanol from rice hull.
The work will not only contribute to the development of an integrated bioprocess technology for fuel ethanol production from lignocellulose but also find a much better use of this renewable abundant waste material. A major problem associated with butanol fermentation was inefficient recovery of butanol by distillation. An efficient recovery process for butanol produced from glucose by fermentation using gas stripping has been developed in the laboratory scale. An integrated fermentation and product recovery process will solve the problem of strong product inhibition of the fermentative microorganism and thus reduce the production cost of butanol significantly. Industry is searching for a biobased process to produce mannitol (a low calorie sugar alcohol widely used in foods, pharmaceutical, medicine, and chemical industries) to replace the problematic low yield chemical process currently used. Research was carried out to develop a fermentation process for production of mannitol from
sugars using a GRAS (generally recognized as safe) lactic acid bacterium obtained from the ARS Culture Collection. The process of making mannitol by fermentation and its downstream processing from fermentation broth has been scaled-up to 30 L capacity; purity of the product established with a CRADA partner and the CRADA partner has applied for FDA approval of the process and the product. The new process offers an attractive alternative to the chemical production process and utilizes inexpensive corn derived sugars. C. Significant activities that support special target populations: none. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Novel fermentation of glucose to butanol and product recovery strategies has been developed. The process developed has solved the problem of strong product inhibition of the fermentative microorganism and thus made the fermentative production of butanol much more economical. Efficient
pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification methods of rice hull have been developed for conversion to fermentable sugars without forming or minimizing the formation of fermentation inhibitors such as furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural. A cost-effective method for generating fermentable sugars from unutilized and underutilized lignocellulosic agricultural residues will greatly aid in commercialization of a biomass to ethanol process. An efficient fermentation method for making mannitol has been developed which can replace the problematic chemical method currently practiced by industry. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Efforts on commercialization of butanol fermentation from glucose in collaboration with a university partner and a
major corn processing company are continuing. The cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) with a company to develop and commercialize the mannitol bioprocess has been extended for another 2 years. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. Press Release, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois. Building a better butanol for petroleum- free fuel, December 10, 2003. Midwest Area, USDA-ARS, 2003 Research Highlights, Using bacteria to make a sweet minty-tasting compound, p. 3, May 2004. Renewable fuel, NBC TV Channel, Urbana, May 12, 2004. Larson, D.L. Building a better butanol for petroleum-free fuel. University of Illinois College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences (ACES) News, July 23, 2004. Kline, G. Bacteria gives 'crud' life anew. The News Gazette Online. July 23, 2004. Presentations: (invited) Saha, B.C. Enzymes
in biotechnology: green chemistry challenges. Associated Colleges of the Chicago Area Special Topics Course on Green Chemistry, Benedictine University, September 2, 2003. Saha, B.C. Production of fuel alcohol and chemicals by fermentation. Associated Colleges of the Chicago Area Special Topics Course on Green Chemistry, Benedictine University, September 2, 2003. Saha, B.C. Enzymes in biotechnology: green chemistry challenges, American Chemical Society Iowa Local Section Meeting, Grinnell, Iowa, November 3, 2003. Saha, B.C. Production of mannitol by fermentation. Grain Processing Corporation, Muscatine, IA, November 4, 2004. Saha, B.C. Fuels and chemicals from biomass: challenges and opportunities, American Chemical Society Illinois-Iowa Local Section Meeting, Muscatine, IA, November 4, 2003. Saha, B.C. Enzymes in biotechnology: green chemistry challenges, American Chemical Society Rock River Local Section Meeting, Rockford, IL, November 5, 2003. Qureshi, N. Bioconversion of biomass to
liquid biofuels: superior technology making biofuel fermentations economically attractive. Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India, March 25, 2004. Qureshi, N. Butanol fermentation: genetics to downstream processing. University of Delhi, Microbiology Department, New Delhi, India, March 26, 2004. Qureshi, N. Developing an economically viable biological process for butanol production from agricultural crops. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, June 14, 2004.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Saha, B.C. 2003. Production of commodity chemicals by fermentation: current status and future prospects [abstract]. Society of Industrial Microbiology. p. 78.
- Ezeji, T.C., Qureshi, N., Blaschek, H.P. 2003. Production of acetone, butanol, and ethanol by Clostridium beijerinckii BA101 and in situ recovery by gas stripping. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 19:595-603.
- Qureshi, N., Karcher, P., Cotta, M.A., Blaschek, H.P. 2004. High- productivity continuous biofilm reactor for butanol production: effect of acetate, butyrate, and corn steep liquor on bioreactor performance. Journal of Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 113:713-721.
- Qureshi, N., Dien, B.S., Saha, B.C., Ezeji, T.C., Blaschek, H.P., Cotta, M. A. 2003. Separation of butanol from fermentation broth by pervaporation: mass flux and energy balance [abstract]. American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Paper No. 162B.
- Ezeji, T.C., Qureshi, N., Blaschek, H.P. 2003. Acetone butanol ethanol (ABE) production from concentrated substrate: reduction in substrate inhibition by fed-batch technique and product inhibition by gas stripping. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 63:653-658.
- Saha, B.C. 2003. Mannitol dehydrogenase from heterofermentative lactic and bacteria. In: Proceedings of the United States Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources Food and Agriculture Panel. 32nd Annual Meeting, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. p. 285-289.
- Saha, B.C. 2004. Purification and characterization of a novel mannitol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus intermedius. Biotechnology Progress. 20:537-542.
- Saha, B.C., Iten, L.B., Cotta, M.A., Wu, Y. 2004. Fuel ethanol production from wheat straw: current status and technical prospects [abstract]. Second World Conference and Technology Exhibition on Biomass for Energy, Industry, and Climate Protection. Paper No. OC2.5.
- Saha, B.C., Iten, L.B., Cotta, M.A., Wu, Y. 2004. Fuel ethanol production from rice hull [abstract]. American Chemical Society. Paper No. BI0T 101.
- Saha, B.C. 2004. Endoglucanase from a newly isolated strain of Mucor circinelloides [abstract]. American Chemical Society. Paper No. BIOT 233.
- Qureshi, N., Dien, B.S., Nichols, N.N., Cotta, M.A. 2004. Genetically engineered Escherichia coli for ethanol production from pentose sugars: substrate and product inhibition and kinetic parameters [abstract]. Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. Paper No. 5-23.
- Qureshi, N., Cotta, M.A. 2004. Energy requirement for butanol recovery from fermentation broth using adsorption as an alternative technique [abstract]. Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. Paper No. 3-12.
- Saha, B.C. 2004. Lignocellulose biodegradation and applications in biotechnology. In: Saha, B.C., Hayashi, K., editors. Lignocellulose Biodegradation. American Chemical Society Symposium Series. p. 2-34.
- Saha, B.C. 2004. Conversion of lignocellulose to fuel ethanol [abstract]. Society of Industrial Microbiology. p. 80.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? Major technical constraints to commercial conversion of biomass into biofuels exist in the areas of pretreatment and saccharification. The objective of pretreatment of fibrous substrates coupled to enzymatic hydrolysis is the generation of a stream of mixed sugars including glucose, xylose, and arabinose. However, during pretreatment-hydrolysis of substrates such as corn fiber, other chemicals are released and created that inhibit microbial fermentation. These inhibitors are largely the product of sugar degradation such as furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural. Methods to remove these inhibitors or to reduce their generation are needed. A further constraint on the efficient saccharification of biomass is that commercial hemicellulase preparations are ineffective for hydrolyzing corn fibrous biomass. Some pretreatments result in the generation of xylooligosaccharides, which cannot be
fermented by available ethanol producing microbes. There is need for the development of new pretreatment methods that combine chemical/physical treatment with novel hemicellulases customized to achieve the complete saccharification of corn fiber and other agricultural biomass substrates. The goals of this research program are 1) to develop effective chemical and enzymatic pretreatment strategies for generating hydrolysates to improve the bioconversion of agricultural biomass substrates; 2) to test improved enzymes developed by ARS researchers for hydrolysis of partially hydrolyzed corn fibrous biomass that contains solubilized cellulose and xylooligosaccharides; 3) to further develop the most promising enzymes for use in an industrial process; 4) to develop chemical and biological treatments to ameliorate problems associated with the presence of inhibitory compounds in lignocellulosic hydrolysates; 5) to develop new process technologies for down stream processing and product
separation for the recovery of biofuels and specialty microbial products; and 6) to demonstrate the feasibility of a corn fiber to ethanol process on a larger than laboratory scale (e.g., 100 L). 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? In the U.S., the production of fuel alcohol from corn starch reached about 2.1 billion gallons in 2002. Recent legislation requires the use of at least 5 billion gallons a year of corn based ethanol in gasoline by 2012. Developing ethanol as fuel, beyond its current role as fuel oxygenate, will require developing lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock because of their greater abundance, 10 fold or higher, compared to starch. In particular, corn fibrous co-products are a particularly attractive source of sugars for ethanol fermentation. These low-value coproducts have high carbohydrate contents, can be converted into fermentable sugars, and are stockpiled at central locations in many cases at existing fermentation facilities. Increasing
the use of agricultural materials for biofuels and biobased products would create jobs and economic activity in America, reduce the nation's dependence on foreign oil, and improve the environment by developing alternate energy sources from renewable resources. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Program Component(s) to which it has been assigned? National Program 307, Bioenergy and Energy Alternatives (70%). This research is expected to contribute to methods to increase the efficiency and significantly reduce the costs of conversion of biomass to liquid fuel and organic chemicals, including pretreatment of lignocellulosics, as well as other alternative processes to make biobased feedstocks economically competitive. The research will develop new fermentation and down stream processing technologies to improve the rate of fermentation, yield, separation, and concentration of biofuels. National Program 306, Quality and Utilization of Agricultural Products
(30%). The research will contribute to the discovery of new uses for agricultural by-products through the development of improved and new technologies to convert agricultural products into value-added biobased products. The research program will work in collaboration with projects 3620-41000- 084-00D and 3620-41000-098-00D, as well as complementary programs at the USDA-ARS Eastern and Western Regional Research Centers. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single most significant accomplishment during FY 2003 year: Research is needed to develop a cost effective process for production and recovery of the fuel alcohol and commodity chemical butanol. Research was conducted on use of gas stripping as a butanol recovery process and was applied to batch, fed-batch, and continuous butanol fermentations. The process of butanol fermentation and recovery has been combined into a single process to make it more energy efficient. It is anticipated that the
developed techniques would help the butanol process to become commercially viable. B. Other significant accomplishment(s), if any: Industry is searching for a biobased process to produce mannitol (a low calorie sugar alcohol widely used in food, pharmaceutical, medicine, and chemical industries) to replace the problematic low yield chemical process currently used. Research was carried out to develop a fermentative process for production of mannitol from sugars. Fermentative production of mannitol and recovery processes were optimized using low-cost ingredients which reduced the fermentation time by half and produced pure crystalline mannitol that was recovered from the fermentation broth. This new process offers an attractive alternative to the chemical production process and utilizes inexpensive agriculturally derived sugars. C. Significant activities that support special target populations: none. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their
predicted or actual impact. Novel butanol fermentation and product recovery strategies have been developed. The process developed has solved the problem of strong product inhibition of the fermentative microorganism and thus made the fermentative production of butanol much more economical. Efficient pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification methods of rice hull and wheat straw have been developed for complete conversion to fermentable sugars without forming or minimizing the formation of fermentation inhibitors such as furfural, hydroxymethyl furfural, and unknown aromatic compounds. A cost-effective method for generating fermentable sugars from unutilized and underutilized lignocellulosic agricultural residues will greatly aid in commercialization of a biomass to ethanol process. An efficient and cost-effective fermentation method for making mannitol has been developed which can replace the problematic chemical method currently practiced by industry. 6. What do you expect to
accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? Over the next 3 years, research will continue on exploration of new and improved pretreatment methods which will greatly enhance the subsequent enzymatic saccharification of a variety of lignocellulosic biomass for production of sugars which can then be fermented to fuel alcohols. During FY 2004, various chemical and enzymatic pretreatment strategies for generating hydrolysates will be evaluated using corn fiber and other agricultural biomass substrates. During FY 2005, research will be conducted to develop an integrated pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification process using the novel and improved biomass conversion enzymes developed by ARS researchers. Chemical and biological treatments to ameliorate problems associated with the presence of inhibitory compounds in lignocellulosic hydrolysates will be investigated. In addition, improved and cost-effective methods for recovery of fuel alcohols and other fermentation products will
be developed. During FY 2006, the technology developed will be used to demonstrate a pilot scale production of fuel alcohol from a selected biomass in collaboration with an industry partner. Successful pilot scale demonstration of the bioprocess will generate interest among the current ethanol producers as well as new companies to commercially produce biofuels from biomass. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Efforts on butanol commercialization in collaboration with a university partner and a major corn processing company are continuing. A start-up biotechnology company is working under a two-year Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) to further develop and commercialize the mannitol bioprocess. 8. List your most
important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: This does not replace your peer-reviewed publications listed below). Suszkiw, J. Using bacteria to make a sweet, minty-tasting compound. Agricultural Research Magazine, March 2003. v. 51(3). p. 7. ANONYMOUS. Bacterium tapped to make low-calorie sweetener for candies, gums. ARS New Service, March 5, 2003. ANONYMOUS. Bacteria boosts mannitol production. Chemical Engineering. April 2003. p. 21. Lindsey, P. Bio-direction for minty-tasting coatings. FoodNavigator.com. Breaking News on Food Beverage Development. July 3, 2003. ANONYMOUS. Fermentation process for mannitol. Industrial Bioprocessing, September 2003, v. 24 (9), p. 2-3. ANONYMOUS. Market forecast: mannitol. Industrial Bioprocessing, May 2003. v. 25(5). p. 10-11. ANONYMOUS. Bio-based approach taken to mannitol. Food Ingredient News. April 2003. p. 11. ANONYMOUS. Making mannitol using Lactobacilli.
Food-e-News, March 12, 2003. p. 14. ANONYMOUS. Lactobacillus used to make mannitol. Food Information Korea News, March 5, 2003. p. 5. ANONYMOUS. Simplifying production of a low-calorie sweetener. USDA Food and Nutrition Briefs, April 2003. p. 3. ANONYMOUS. Bactertia with a minty metabolite. Chemical Engineering Progress. May 2003. v. 99 (5), p. 14.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- SAHA, B.C. PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF AN EXTRACELLULAR BETA-XYLOSIDASE FROM A NEWLY ISOLATED FUSARIUM PROLIFERATUM. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY. 2003. V. 90. P. 33-38.
- SAHA, B.C., NAKAMURA, L.K. PRODUCTION OF MANNITOL AND LACTIC ACID BY FERMENTATION WITH LACTOBACILLUS INTERMEDIUS NRRL B-3693. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING. 2003. V. 82. P. 864-871.
- KARCHER, P., QURESHI, N., BLASCHEK, H.P., COTTA, M.A. HIGH PRODUCTIVITY CONTINUOUS BIOFILM REACTOR FOR BUTANOL PRODUCTION: EFFECT OF ACETIC AND BUTYRIC ACIDS AND CSL ON BIOREACTOR PERFORMANCE. 25TH SYMPOSIUM ON BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR FUELS AND CHEMICALS. 2003. PAPER NO. 3-14.
- QURESHI, N., MADDOX, I.S. PRODUCTION OF BUTANOL FROM CONCENTRATED LACTOSE/WHEY PERMEATE USING CLOSTRIDIUM ACETOBUTYLICUM AND REMOVAL BY PERSTRACTION. 25TH SYMPOSIUM ON BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR FUELS AND CHEMICALS. 2003. PAPER NO. 3-10.
- EBENER, J.M., QURESHI, N., EZEJI, T.C., BLASCHEK, H.P., DIEN, B.S., COTTA, M.A. CORN FIBER HYDROLYSIS AND FERMENTATION TO BUTANOL USING CLOSTRIDIUM BEIJERINCKII BA101. 25TH SYMPOSIUM ON BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR FUELS AND CHEMICALS. 2003. PAPER NO. 2-14.
- SAHA, B.C. HEMICELLULOSE BIOCONVERSION. JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY. 2003. V. 30. P. 279-291.
- SAHA, B.C. BIO-BASED METHOD FOR PRODUCTION OF MANNITOL. PROCEEDINGS OF THE U.S.-JAPAN NATURAL RESOURCES PROTEIN PANEL 31ST ANNUAL MEETING. 2002. P. Z1-Z6.
- SAHA, B.C. COMMODITY CHEMICALS PRODUCTION BY FERMENTATION: AN OVERVIEW. SAHA, B.C., EDITOR. AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM, WASHINGTON, DC. FERMENTATION BIOTECHNOLOGY. 2003. P. 3-17.
- SAHA, B.C. PRODUCTION OF MANNITOL BY FERMENTATION. SAHA, B.C., EDITOR. AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM, WASHINGTON, DC. 2003. P. 67-85.
- SAHA, B.C. BIOMASS CONVERSION. SOCIETY OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY SOUTHERN GREAT LAKES LOCAL SECTION ANNUAL MEETING. 2002. PAPER NO. 5.
- SAHA, B.C. BIO-BASED METHOD FOR PRODUCTION OF MANNITOL. 31ST ANNUAL MEETING OF U.S.-JAPAN NATURAL RESOURCES PROTEIN PANEL. 2002. ABSTRACT P. 28.
- SAHA, B.C. PRESENT AND FUTURE OF FERMENTATION BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AT USDA-ARS. SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FRONTIERS OF MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY: ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY FOR THE EARTH AND HUMAN. 2002. PAPER NO. 4.
- SAHA, B.C. ENZYMES IN BIODEGRADATION AND BIOTRANSFORMATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSICS. AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 225TH NATIONAL MEETING. 2003. PAPER NO. CELL 1.
- SAHA, B.C. BIOPROCESS DEVELOPMENT FOR CONVERSION OF CORN FIBER TO FERMENTABLE SUGARS: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS. AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 225TH NATIONAL MEETING. 2003. PAPER NO. AGFD 102.
- SAHA, B.C. A NOVEL MANNITOL DEHYDROGENASE FROM LACTOBACILLUS INTERMEDIUS. 11TH EUROPEAN CONGRESS ON BIOTECHNOLOGY. 2003. PAPER NO. P-291.
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