Progress 10/01/05 to 09/30/06
Outputs
Progress Report 1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? Society is sending agriculturists a clear message that reduced use of pesticides, fertilizers and water is highly desirable. At the same time, Americans demand a cheap and abundant food supply. Superior new potato varieties are essential for achieving these paradoxical goals. Potato production typically costs more than $2300 per acre in the U.S. Much of this cost is dedicated to pest and disease control. For example, new and highly aggressive strains of late blight alone cost U.S. growers up to $300/acre for fungicidal controls which are often less than totally effective. Fortunately, genetic resistance to most diseases and pests is readily available to U.S. breeders in the form of wild species are increasingly utilizable due to advances in hybridization technology, use of molecular
markers to track genes of interest and advances in cloning of natural resistance genes and then transforming them into standard varieties. Compared to current leading varieties, traditional breeding can clearly provide new offerings which: improve yield and quality for both table and processing use; provide high levels of practical resistance to most diseases and insects; compete better with weeds throughout the season; require less water and less chemical fertilizer; reduce environmental and groundwater impacts; store and handle better; and favor lower production costs to the grower and cheaper prices to the consumer. The potato industry is under pressure to reduce the cost of production in order to compete in the world market. Although export of processed products to the Pacific Rim has increased imports of cheaper processed potato have made the US a net importer of French Fries, for instance. All of the promising clones in trial need to be evaluated for efficiency of end use.
This ranges from the cost of inputs during the cultivation of the crop to the efficiency of extraction of finished product from raw product. A few percentage points can mean millions of dollars in profit or loss. As noted above, most U.S. potato growers are spending up to $300/acre for late blight control which is often less than adequate. Several northern California growers are currently dumping storages because of tuber decay despite the use of recommended field spray programs. Tuber resistance to late blight is urgently needed. Several other diseases and disorders also require high financial inputs for acceptable control. The negative impacts of agricultural pesticides and fertilizers on the nation's air and water are of concern to the general public. The leading western variety, Russet Burbank, has a number of physiological disorders which cannot be controlled effectively with any level of input. Notable among these are hollow-heart, second-growth and dark stem-end fry color.
These can only be corrected by the introduction of resistant varieties. The world market has increased the importance of disease and pest resistant, and stress tolerant potato varieties that have high recovery of final product to a very high level. Profit margins are slim and international competitors threaten to take away our recently developed export market and pose the danger of causing the collapse of our price structure to the point that our growers cannot compete. This project is aligned with National Program 301, Plant Genetic Resources, Genomics and Genetic Improvement. 2. List by year the currently approved milestones (indicators of research progress) Year 1 (FY 2002) 1. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased foliar and tuber resistance to late blight. 2. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to corky ringspot disease. 3. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to viruses. 4. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to
Columbia root-knot nematode. 5. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased recovery of high quality processed product expressed stably in different cultural environments from different years. 6. Develop germplasm/varieties that fill niche markets for specialty potatoes. 7. Develop germplasm/varieties with enhanced nutrient levels. Year 2 (FY 2003) 1. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased foliar and tuber resistance to late blight. 2. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to corky ringspot disease. 3. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to viruses. 4. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to Columbia root-knot nematode. 5. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased recovery of high quality processed product expressed stably in different cultural environments from different years. 6. Develop germplasm/varieties that fill niched markets for specialty potatoes. 7. Develop germplasm/varieties with enhanced nutrient levels.
Year 3 (FY 2004) 1. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased foliar and tuber resistance to late blight. 2. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to corky ringspot disease. 3. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to viruses. 4. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to Columbia root-knot nematode. 5. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased recovery of high quality processed product expressed stably in different cultural environments from different years. 6. Develop germplasm/varieties that fill niche markets for specialty potatoes. 7. Develop germplasm/varieties with enhanced nutrient levels. Year 4 (FY 2005) 1. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased foliar and tuber resistance to late blight. 2. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to corky ringspot disease. 3. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to viruses. 4. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to Columbia
root-knot nematode. 5. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased recovery of high quality processed product expressed stably in different cultural environments from different years. 6. Develop germplasm/varieties that fill niche markets for specialty potatoes. 7. Develop germplasm/varieties with enhanced nutrient levels. Year 5 (FY 2006) 1. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased foliar and tuber resistance to late blight. 2. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to corky ringspot disease. 3. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to viruses. 4. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to Columbia root-knot nematode. 5. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased recovery of high quality processed product expressed stably in different cultural environments from different years. 6. Develop germplasm/varieties that fill niche markets for specialty potatoes. 7. Develop germplasm/varieties with enhanced nutrient levels. 4a List the
single most significant research accomplishment during FY 2006. Severe drought conditions in recent years in many potato producing regions have increased the need for potato cultivars and management systems that minimize the risk of economic loss related to water stress. In field studies carried out by Dr. Jeff Stark, University of Idaho, in 2005 the response of 4 potato cultivars to plant spacing and seasonal irrigations was measured. A93157-6LS produced the highest U.S. No. 1 yields at all irrigation levels, followed by Ranger Russet, Alturas and Russet Burbank. These results show that A93157-6LS has good drought tolerance and can be grown under a wide range of moisture conditions. Widening plant spacing had a mixed effect on U.S. No. 1 yields, decreasing yields for all varieties under well-watered conditions but increasing yields for Alturas, A93157-6LS and Ranger Russet under severe irrigation deficits. Cultivars such as A93157-6LS provide potato producers with viable alternatives
for minimizing the risk of drought- related yield and quality losses. Objective 5. This accomplishment contributes to Problem Area of Genetic Improvement in NP 301. 4b List other significant research accomplishment(s), if any. Most standard potato contracts specify the sizes of potatoes that will provide the grower with the highest dollar return. Over-time, consumer demand has narrowed the range of acceptable size classes forcing growers to seek new methods of managing tuber size profiles. Washington State scientists have developed techniques that can be used by both the seed and commercial growers to manipulate tuber size profile. The techniques incorporate the timing of seed harvest, seed storage temperature and duration, and seed spacing tailored to specific new genotypes emerging from the breeding effort. When used together, these techniques physiologically program the plants to produce a more precise tuber size profile. The impact is a higher-valued crop, sustainable and
competitive production for the producer, an abundant food supply, and satisfied consumers. Objective 5. This accomplishment contributes to Problem Area of Genetic Improvement in NP 301. Biochemical markers may soon prove useful for evaluating new clones in the Pacific Northwest Variety Development Program. In the near future, it may be possible to estimate the potential storability of potatoes destined for fresh and processing markets for different new genotypes emerging from the breeding effort, based on biochemical markers that reflect differences in tuber maturity at harvest. Washington State University scientists, Drs. Mark Pavek and Rick Knowles have made advancements by identifying key biochemical markers that may help 'fine tuning' cultivar selection. Through these markers it is hoped that high quality, input-efficient cultivars are identified that will enable the producer to reduce his dependency on chemicals while improving their ability to provide a safe and nutritious
food. Objective 5. This accomplishment contributes to Problem Area of Genetic Improvement in NP 301. Potatoes typically receive relatively large amounts of phosphorus fertilizer, which can be transported off-site to streams, rivers and lakes via soil erosion and run-off losses. Studies conducted by the University of Idaho in 2005 show that potato cultivars have widely differing phosphorus requirements. Some cultivars showed relatively little response to phosphorus application rate while others showed marked improvements in yield, size and grade with increasing phosphorus fertilizer. Information developed from these studies is being used to refine fertilizer management guidelines to reduce unit costs of production for fertilizer as well as reduce the potential degradation of surface water supplies from phosphorus run-off. Objective 5. This accomplishment contributes to Problem Area of Genetic Improvement in NP 301. Using nitrogen management guidelines developed for a standard cultivar
such as Russet Burbank can result in significant under- or over- fertilization of some of the newer potato cultivars. Deficient nitrogen fertilization can substantially reduce potato yield and net economic return, while excessive nitrogen fertilization can also reduce yield and quality and can pose a threat to groundwater from increased nitrogen leaching. Nitrogen response studies conducted by Dr. Jeff Stark at the University of Idaho in 2005 show that Blazer Russet, A93157-6LS and Western Russet produced maximum total and U.S. No. 1 yields at N rates approximately equal to those required for Russet Burbank, while Alturas required about 100 kg N/ha less than Russet Burbank, and A9045-7 required about 30-40 kg N/ more for maximum yield. In addition, Alturas, A9045-7 and A93157-6LS produced the highest yields per unit of N applied. More accurate nitrogen management guidelines for new potato cultivars should maximize potato production per unit of nitrogen applied, thereby reducing
production costs and minimizing the potential for groundwater degradation due to nitrogen leaching. Objective 5. This accomplishment contributes to Problem Area of Genetic Improvement in NP 301. The growers that service the processing industry need a relatively early maturing genotype which can also be used for fresh market. The Tri-State effort with University of Idaho taking the lead released Blazer Russet (A8893-1) during the past year. This variety is an early to mid-season, dual-purpose variety notable for its high yield of oblong-long, medium- russeted tubers. It has moderate specific gravity and resistances to sugar ends, tuber malformations and most internal and external defects. Blazer Russet shows good potential for both processing and fresh markets, with the processing industry viewing Blazer Russet as a potential replacement for the early harvest processing variety Shepody. The profitability of the processing industry is defended by easy to grow, lower cost varieties
with multiple market destination, and greater recovery of processed product to compete globally and to export finished product. Objective 5. This accomplishment contributes to Problem Area of Genetic Improvement in NP 301. 5. Describe the major accomplishments to date and their predicted or actual impact. Nitrates leached into the groundwater pose a threat to human health and development of low-input potato cultivars is essential for sustainable human and environmental health as well as globally-competitive production. It was determined by scientists in Washington State University that the Tri-State variety development program newly released variety Alturas produces yields similar to or greater than the mainstay cultivar Russet Burbank while using 50% less nitrogen. Production of Alturas in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington jumped to over 18,000 acres in just 2 years, potentially reducing the amount of nitrogen applied to the soil by 2.7 million pounds compared with the same acreage
planted to Russet Burbank at a potential savings to Northwest growers of $1.3 million or $72 per acre. Objective 5. This accomplishment contributes to Problem Area of Genetic Improvement in NP 301. Late blight is the single most important foliar and tuber disease worldwide, costing $ 100 million in the US alone to control on an annual basis. In 2003, the late blight resistant selection A90586-11 was released as Defender culminating 13 years of selection and evaluation carried out by researchers in USDA/ARS and University of Idaho, Washington State University, Oregon State University, Industry cooperators and Mexican Federal Institute of Agricultural Research personnel. In Defender USDA/ARS breeders have combined very diverse ancestry to create a truly multiply resistant cultivar which most prominently has foliar and tuber resistance to the late blight oomycete. Defender will provide the option of cutting out completely late blight fungicide applications in most situations, or,
under more severe pressure, a grower can count on saving 50 to 75 % of the cost of fungicides, or up to $150 dollars per acre, thereby improving growers profitability and reducing fungicide impact on the environment. Objective 1. This accomplishment contributes to Problem Area of Genetic Improvement in NP 301. One of three pesticides found in highest concentration in the average American diet is CIPC (chlorpropham), commonly used as a potato sprout inhibitor, and the EPA has re-assessed CIPC for residue tolerance in potatoes, lowering it from 50 ppm to 30 ppm in 2002. N.R. Knowles and other Washington State University scientists have identified sprout inhibitors composed of naturally occurring phytochemicals, discovered in potato tubers,that may be as effective as CIPC, in old varieties and promising new varieties but leave far less residue in tuber tissue. These naturally occurring phytochemicals were compared against several synthetic sprout inhibitors for effectiveness on
non-dormant Ranger Russet, Russet Burbank, and other germplasm accessions using a series of different application methods, rates, and storage volumes. U.S. potato growers would have lost an estimated $56 million in profits during a recent four year period, had they not used sprout inhibitors. Objective 5. This accomplishment contributes to Problem Area of Genetic Improvement in NP 301. Sugar development in stored potatoes can drastically reduce processing quality and in turn, economic return to the grower, and the identification of stable high performance in processing ability is essential to the competitive position of the US processing industry. Scientists at Washington State University have identified factors that are key to processing quality stability in promising germplasm. Samples of tubers were obtained from diverse environments and placed at different temperatures and sampled at several times. Stable processing performance was easily predicted by initial results at lower
storage temperatures, because early build-up of sugars at 40 degrees Fahrenheit predicts sugar build-up much later in the storage period at 50 degrees. Roughly eighty percent of Washington States potatoes are processed and the introduction of stable processing as a trait in new varieties will increase overall recovery of processed product and improve the sustainability and global competitiveness of the U.S. Potato Processing Industry. Objective 5. This accomplishment contributes to Problem Area of Genetic Improvement in NP 301. Determination of processing quality often occurs late in the varietal evaluation process, but is absolutely essential to the commercial viability of new varieties. Research designed to improve quality measurements through the use of a viscoanalyzer was cooperatively done with Dr. Kerry Huber, food scientist at UI and Steve Love of UI at the Aberdeen station. Viscoanalyzer measurements were evaluated against sensory culinary measurements and a high
correlation was found followed by generation of a multivariate model that will describe optimum quality parameters. The US has become a net importer of French fries, highlighting the importance of research to improve the profitability by introducing new varieties with excellent, cost reducing processing traits. Objective 5. This accomplishment contributes to Problem Area of Genetic Improvement in NP 301. The industry in general is searching for information and genotypes that emphasize the health benefits of eating fresh and processed potato. Research on vitamin C and pigments that have high antioxidant values is directed at fostering a diversification of product types, market niches and strategies for attracting the disposable income of the consumer. The breeding efforts at USDA/ARS Aberdeen and Prosser, have identified a range of vitamin C and iron contents that would raise the percent iron contribution of potato to the total diet of Americans from 6 to 12 per cent. Iron is
poorly absorbed due to interactions with certain food constituents and potato, with its high vitamin C can bred to provide more iron to the US population. Objective 7. This accomplishment contributes to Problem Area of Genetic Improvement in NP 301. Corky ringspot, a disease caused by vectoring of tobacco rattle virus by the stubby root nematode into potato, is emerging as a major problem in the Northwest and can be solved by producing resistant new varieties. Field screening for corky ringspot resistance was carried out in Idaho, Washington, and Oregon in infested field both on experiment stations and in farmers= fields by personnel of the State Experiment Stations of Idaho, Washington and Oregon, and by scientists of the USDA/ARS in Prosser, WA, and Aberdeen, Idaho. New Germplasm was identified with resistance to corky ringspot, some of which is also resistant to Columbia root-knot nematode, one clone of which was among the top yielders in the Early Trial in Washington State.
Corky ringspot can never be eliminated from fields, and requires expensive fumigation to suppress the nematode vector, which highlights the major advantage stemming from the identification of resistance, i.e., these new varieties will reduce cost and environmental pollution by permitting diminished use of soil fumigants, costs that approach $250 per acre. It has moderate resistance to corky ringspot disease. Objectives 2 and 4. This accomplishment contributes to Problem Area of Genetic Improvement in NP 301. Oregon has released a number of varieties since 1995 and released two more in 2003-2004. Oregon also assists in the evaluation and development of Idaho/ARS releases through field, storage and processing trials. It is anticipated that these efforts will gradually lead to improved yields, reduced reliance on pesticides and more efficient use of fertilizers and water. Reduced production costs will ultimately translate into cheaper food for U.S. consumers and competitive advantages
for U.S. growers in international markets. Objective 5. This accomplishment contributes to Problem Area of Genetic Improvement in NP 301. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Science and technology is transferred to potato growers, packers, and processors in two forms. The first is new and superior varieties. The second is research information detailing variety characteristics and management recommendations. Information is transmitted in the form of field days and literally scores of grower/processor meetings scheduled throughout the geographic area where research and extension personnel make presentations. Information is now available on-line at several websites. The new varieties are described at the following websites: Alturas --
http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/A82360-7Alturas.pdf Bannock Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Bannock.PDF Century Russet -- http://www.umaine.edu/PAA/Varieties/centuryruss.htm Defender -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/A90586-11FullDoc.pdf Frontier Russet -- http://www.umaine.edu/PAA/Varieties/frontruss.htm Gem Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Gem.pdf Gemstar Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/A9014-2RelDoc.pdf IdaRose -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/IdaRose.PDF Ivory Crisp -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Ivory%20Crisp.pdf Klamath Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Klamath.PDF Lemhi Russet -- http://www.umaine.edu/PAA/Varieties/lemhiruss.htm Mazama -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Mazama.PDF Modoc -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Modoc.pdf Ranger Russet -- http://www.umaine.edu/PAA/Varieties/rangerruss.htm Russet Legend -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Legend.html Summit Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/SummitRusset.pdf Umatilla
Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Umatilla.PDF Wallowa Russset -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/AO87277-6.pdf Willamette -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Willamette.pdf Winema -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Winema.PDF 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Seminar: Vales, M.I. Potatoes galore! Consumption and research trends April 17, 2006. Dept of Crop and Soil Science. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Teaching: Vales, M.I. OSU Potato Breeding. Plant Breeding Hort 450/550. Spring 2006. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. Invited seminar: Vales, M.I. and Yilma, S. OSU Potato Breeding and Genetics Program. Organic Growers meeting. Corvallis, OR. Invited seminar: Vales, M.I. Potato research: From the lab to the field. Oregon Potato Conference. Portland, OR. January 2006. Outreach talk: Vales, M.I. The Oregon
Potato Program. Bend, OR. Stark, J.C., and S.L. Love. Potato varieties and clone display. Presented at the Idaho Potato Conference, Pocatello, Idaho, Jan. 19, 2005. King, B., J. Stark and S. Love. Reducing exposure to drought risk in potato production systems. Presented at the Idaho State Legislature Symposium, Feb. 24, 2005. Stark, J. Managing potatoes with less water, Idaho Potato Pest Management Assoc. Annual Meeting, Feb. 23, 2005, Wendell, ID. Stark, J. Managing Specific Gravity for Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet Potatoes, J.R. Simplot Co. Potato Quality Conference, March 17, 2005, Boise ID. Stark, J. Potato variety demonstration UI "Famous Potato Field Day, July 26, 2005, Riverton, ID. Stark, J. Idaho Potato Variety Development Program, Presented to representatives of the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Aug. 3, 2005, Aberdeen, ID. Presentations to technical audiences: Love, S.L. Defender: a high-yielding processing potato cultivar with foliar and tuber
resistance to late blight. Presented as a poster at the annual meeting of the Potato Association of America, Calgary, Alberta, August, 2005. Stark, J.C. Risk Management for Potatoes, USDA/Idaho State Emergency Board Meeting, March 22, 2005, Boise ID. Presentations Popular Press: Pavek, M.J., R.E. Thornton. 2005. Fighting tuber moth with proper planting depth or hill drag-off. Potato Country Magazine, Vol 21, No. 4, pp 4-5. Stark, J. 2005. Deficit Irrigation. Spudman 43(2): 12-16. Reports: 2005 Western Regional Potato Variety Trial Report. California, Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, Texas, Washington state experiment stations and USDA-ARS. 2005 Tri-State Potato Variety Trials Progress Report. University of Idaho Progress Report # 376. Univ. of Idaho, Washington State Univ., Oregon State Univ, and USDA-ARS. Bain, P. and J.C. Stark (eds.), 2005 Tri-State Potato Variety Trials. UI Progress Report. No. 382, 139 p. Brandt, TL, G Kleinkopf, N Olsen and SL Love. 2005. Storage management for
Summit Russet potatoes. Idaho Agric. Exp. Sta. Current Info. Series No. 1123. Hopkins, B.G., B. Geary, J. Ellsworth, N. Olsen, D. Horneck, M. Pavek, R. Thornton, and G. Newberry. 2005. Best management practices for potato production. Proc. 44th Annual Washington Potato Conference, Moses Lake WA. pp 31-33. Love, SL, R Novy, T Salaiz and M Bain. 2005. Potato variety and clone descriptions. Proc. Univ. Idaho Winter Comm. Schools 37:129-138. Ottoman R, D. Hane, C. Brown, S. Yilma, A. Mosley, M.I. Vales. Usefulness of Molecular Markers to Screen for PVY Resistance (Ryadg gene) in Potatoes. 90th Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America, VI International Solanaceae Conference and Solanaceae Genomics Network. July 23-27, 2006, Madison, Wisconsin. Ottoman R, D. Hane, C. Brown, S. Yilma, A. Mosley, M.I. Vales. Marker- Assisted Selection (MAS) for Breeding Resistance to Potato Virus Y (PVY). Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing (CGRB) 2005 annual fall retreat. September
23-24, 2005, Eagle Crest Resort, Redmond Pavek, M.J. and Knowles, N.R. 2005. WSU potato cultivar yield and postharvest quality evaluations for 2005. Washington State University Special Report. 144 pages. Pavek, M.J. 2005. A pipeline for the future: the potato variety development program. Washington State Potato Commision's Potato Progress, Vol V, No. 17. Pavek, M.J., N.R. Knowles, E.P. Driskill. 2005. In field testing of potato clones and cultivars for adaptability for production in Washington State. Washington State Potato Commission Progress Reports for Research Conducted in 2004. pp 129-140. Salaiz,T., S. Love and M. Bain. 2005. Potato variety trial results for 2004. Proc. Univ. Idaho Winter Comm. Schools 37:139-147. Publications (Refereed Journal) Love, S.L., R. Novy, J. Whitworth, D.L. Corsini, J.J. Pavek, A.R. Mosley, R.E. Thornton, N.R. Knowles, S.R. James and D.C. Hane. Summit Russet: A long russet potato variety with good fresh market and frozen processing quality and
resistance to internal and external tuber defect problems. Am. J. Pot. Res. 82: 425-432. Love, S.L., J.C. Stark, and T. Salaiz. 2005. Response of four potato cultivars to rate and timing of nitrogen fertilizer. Amer. J. Potato Res. 82:21-30. Pavek, M.J., R.E. Thornton. 2006. Agronomic and economic impact of missing and irregularly spaced potato plants. Am J Potato Res. 83:55-66. Pavek, M.J., R.E. Thornton. 2005. A survey of potato stand establishment and in-row spacing uniformity in Washington State fields. Am J Potato Res. 82:463-469. Salaiz, TA, SL Love, PE Patterson and JF Guenthner. 2005. Economic performance of two new potato varieties using a fresh market consignment- packing model. Amer J Potato Res 82:147-153. Stark, J.C., and G.A. Porter. 2005. Potato nutrient management in sustainable cropping systems. Amer. J. Potato Res. 82:329-338. Abstracts: Salaiz, T.A., S.L. Love, and M. Bain. 2005. Seed warming effects on emergence and yield of Bannock Russet, Gem Russet and Summit
Russet. Amer. J. Potato Res. 82:89. Stark, J. S. Love, T. Salaiz, and D. Watt. 2005. Response of six potato varieties to different seasonal drought patterns. Amer. J Potato Res. 82:91. Love, S.L. T. A. Salaiz, and R.G. Novy. 2005. Occurrence of high glycoalkaloid content progeny from low level parents A7816-14 and Russet Norkotah. Amer. J. Potato Res. 82:78-79.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Novy, R.G., D.L. Corsini, S.L. Love, J.J. Pavek, A.R. Mosley, S.R. James, D.C. Hane, C.C. Shock, K.A. Rykbost, C.R. Brown, and R.E. Thornton. Bannock Russet: a dual-purpose russet potato cultivar with high U.S. No.1 yield and multiple disease resistances. American Journal Potato Research. 2002. v. 79. p.147-153.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 07/23/06
Outputs
Progress Report Objectives (from AD-416) Evaluate advanced potato selections and new cultivars with particular attention to disease, pest, and stress resistance, and yield and quality characteristics. Define cultural conditions which will optimize yield and quality of each clone. Approach (from AD-416) High quality seed tubers will be produced for use in evaluation. Recently developed potato clones and cultivars will be grown under several climatic conditions, as provided by multiple locations, under a multitude of cultural practice variables, and under planned disease, pest, and stress exposures. Evaluations will include expressions of resistance, yield, quality (external and internal), processability, storability, and other parameters important to the potato industry in the Northwest. Larger scale commercial trials of more promising clones will be organized with industry representatives. Replacing 5354-21000-009-00D 8/01. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations This project ended on 7/23/06 and should have been terminated with the FY06 annual report. The milestones for 2007-2008 have been rolled over to the new project, 5354-21000-013-00D. Please see the report for 5354- 21000-013-00D.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? Society is sending agriculturists a clear message that reduced use of pesticides, fertilizers and water is highly desirable. At the same time, Americans demand a cheap and abundant food supply. Superior new potato varieties are essential for achieving these paradoxical goals. Potato production typically costs more than $2300 per acre in the U.S. Much of this cost is dedicated to pest and disease control. For example, new and highly aggressive strains of late blight alone cost U.S. growers up to $300/acre for fungicidal controls which are often less than totally effective. Fortunately, genetic resistance to most diseases and pests is readily available to U.S. breeders in the form of wild species are increasingly utilizable due to advances in hybridization technology, use of molecular markers to track
genes of interest and advances in cloning of natural resistance genes and then transforming them into standard varieties. Compared to current leading varieties, traditional breeding can clearly provide new offerings which: improve yield and quality for both table and processing use; provide high levels of practical resistance to most diseases and insects; compete better with weeds throughout the season; require less water and less chemical fertilizer; reduce environmental and groundwater impacts; store and handle better; and favor lower production costs to the grower and cheaper prices to the consumer. The potato industry is under pressure to reduce the cost of production in order to compete in the world market. Although export of processed products to the Pacific Rim has increased imports of cheaper processed potato have made the US a net importer of French Fries, for instance. All of the promising clones in trial need to be evaluated for efficiency of end use. This ranges from
the cost of inputs during the cultivation of the crop to the efficiency of extraction of finished product from raw product. A few percentage points can mean millions of dollars in profit or loss. As noted above, most U.S. potato growers are spending up to $300/acre for late blight control which is often less than adequate. Several northern California growers are currently dumping storages because of tuber decay despite the use of recommended field spray programs. Tuber resistance to late blight is urgently needed. Several other diseases and disorders also require high financial inputs for acceptable control. The negative impacts of agricultural pesticides and fertilizers on the nation's air and water are of concern to the general public. The leading western variety, Russet Burbank, has a number of physiological disorders which cannot be controlled effectively with any level of input. Notable among these are hollow-heart, second-growth and dark stem-end fry color. These can only be
corrected by the introduction of resistant varieties. The world market has increased the importance of disease and pest resistant, and stress tolerant potato varieties that have high recovery of final product to a very high level. Profit margins are slim and international competitors threaten to take away our recently developed export market and pose the danger of causing the collapse of our price structure to the point that our growers cannot compete. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. 1. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased foliar and tuber resistance to late blight 2. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to corky ringspot disease 3. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to viruses. 4. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to Columbia root-knot nematode 5. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased recovery of high quality processed product expressed stably in different cultural
environments from different years. 6. Develop germplasm/varieties that fill niche markets for specialty potatoes. 7. Develop germplasm/varieties with enhanced nutrient levels. 3a List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2005. For each milestone, indicate the status: fully met, substantially met, or not met. If not met, why. 1. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased foliar and tuber resistance to late blight. Milestone Fully Met 2. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to corky ringspot disease. Milestone Fully Met 3. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to viruses. Milestone Fully Met 4. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to Columbia root- knot nematode. Milestone Fully Met 5. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased recovery of high quality processed product expressed stably in different cultural environments from different years. Milestone Fully Met 6. Develop germplasm/varieties that fill niche
markets for specialty potatoes. Milestone Fully Met 7. Develop germplasm/varieties with enhanced nutrient levels. Milestone Fully Met 3b List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2006, 2007, and 2008). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? 1. Develop varieties with increased foliar and tuber resistance to late blight 2. Develop varieties with increased resistance to corky ringspot disease 3. Develop varieties with increased resistance to viruses. 4. Develop varieties with increased resistance to Columbia root-knot nematode 5. Develop less costly varieties with increased recovery of high quality processed product expressed stably in different cultural environments from different years, requiring less input of costly resources such as water, fertilizer, and cultural practices. 6. Develop varieties that fill niche markets for specialty potatoes. 7. Develop varieties with enhanced nutrient levels.
Milestones Accomplishments 2005-2006 1. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased foliar and tuber resistance to late blight. Continue screening in Corvallis and Toluca Mexico. Submit promising clones to Tri-State Program. 2. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to corky ringspot disease. Continue screening in Prosser, WA and Egen Bench, Idaho. Submit promising materials to Tri-State Trials after appropriate seed indexing and multiplication. 3. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to viruses. Continue identifying PVY immune clones, PLRV resistant clones. Screen transgenic clones in Prosser to determine value of transgenic strategies. 4. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to Columbia root-knot nematode. Continue to make crosses, and select promising selections based on resistance from Solanum bulbocastanum. Re-extract resistance to race 2 and begin introgression of combined resistance into advanced materials. Evaluate
effect of weed hosts of CRN on resistance. Use mapping results to develop DNA markers in high through-put screening of CRN resistance. 5. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased recovery of high quality processed product expressed stably in different cultural environments from different years. Continue to screen new materials for processing quality from different environments. Evaluate new genotypes that resist quality and yield reduction under brief water deficit. 6. Develop germplasm/varieties that fill niche markets for specialty potatoes. Make crosses and select new materials for niche markets. Attempt to define better the different sets of traits that are needed for subspecialization in niche markets. 7. Develop germplasm/varieties with enhanced nutrient levels. Evaluate genetic differences in carotenoids, anthocyanins, vitamin C, iron, and zinc in new materials, study genetic variation and make crosses with the goal of emphasizing enhanced nutrients. Develop
heritability estimates of iron, zinc, and vitamin C genetic correlations. Milestones Accomplishments 2006-2007 1. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased foliar and tuber resistance to late blight. Continue screening in Corvallis and Toluca Mexico. Submit promising clones to Tri-State Program. 2. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to corky ringspot disease. Continue screening in Prosser, WA and Egen Bench, Idaho. Submit promising materials to Tri-State Trials after appropriate seed indexing and multiplication. 3. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to viruses. Continue identifying PVY immune clones, PLRV resistant clones. Screen transgenic clones in Prosser to determine value of transgenic strategies. 4. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to Columbia root-knot nematode. Continue to make crosses, and select promising selections based on resistance from Solanum bulbocastanum. Re-extract resistance to race 2 and begin
introgression of combined resistance into advanced materials. Evaluate effect of weed hosts of CRN on resistance. Attempt to transform clone of RMc1(blb) into new varieties. 5. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased recovery of high quality processed product expressed stably in different cultural environments from different years. Continue to screen new materials for processing quality from different environments. Evaluate new genotypes that resist quality and yield reduction under brief water deficit. 6. Develop germplasm/varieties that fill niched markets for specialty potatoes. Make crosses and select new materials for niche markets. Work with various market types in evaluating raw breeding materials that are appealing to niche markets. Examine the shelf life and packaging issues as it relates to specialty breeding lines. 7. Develop germplasm/varieties with enhanced nutrient levels. Evaluate genetic differences in carotenoids, anthocyanins, vitamin C, iron, and zinc in
new materials, study genetic variation and make crosses with the goal of emphasizing enhanced nutrients. Determine if higher iron and vitamin C translate into higher iron availability in feeding studies. Milestones Accomplishments 2007-2008 1. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased foliar and tuber resistance to late blight. Continue screening in Corvallis and Toluca Mexico. Submit promising clones to Tri-State Program. Continue to retrieve selected materials from Mexico and pass through Quarantine. 2. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to corky ringspot disease. Continue screening in Prosser, WA and Egen Bench, Idaho. Submit promising materials to Tri-State Trials after appropriate seed indexing and multiplication. 3. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to viruses. Continue identifying PVY immune clones, PLRV resistant clones. Screen transgenic clones in Prosser to determine value of transgenic strategies. Develop materials with
combined resistance to PLRV and PVY. Through 4x- 2x crosses and somatic polyploidization of breeding materials developed at 2x level. Search for doubly duplex parents. 4. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased resistance to Columbia root-knot nematode. Continue to make crosses, and select promising selections based on resistance from Solanum bulbocastanum. Re-extract resistance to race 2 and begin introgression of combined resistance into advanced materials. Evaluate effect of weed hosts of CRN on resistance. Attempt to transform clone of RMc1(blb) into new varieties. Determine genetic control of newly found tuber-barrier resistance. 5. Develop germplasm/varieties with increased recovery of high quality processed product expressed stably in different cultural environments from different years. Continue to screen new materials for processing quality from different environments. Evaluate genotypes that need less nitrogen input. 6. Develop germplasm/varieties that fill niched
markets for specialty potatoes. Make crosses and select new materials for niche markets. Work with various market types in evaluating raw breeding materials that are appealing to niche markets. Examine the shelf life and packaging issues as it relates to specialty breeding lines. Emphasize efforts to promote seed production. 7. Develop germplasm/varieties with enhanced nutrient levels. Evaluate genetic differences in carotenoids, anthocyanins, vitamin C, iron, and zinc in new materials, study genetic variation and make crosses with the goal of emphasizing enhanced nutrients. Determine if higher iron and vitamin C translate into higher iron availability in feeding studies. Collaborate with Nutrition scientists to determine bioavailability of constituents. 4a What was the single most significant accomplishment this past year? The Northwest US potato industry is currently under severe economic pressure due to historically low prices and increased production costs, leading to the
point of impending industry collapse. Comparing two new varieties released by the Tri-State variety improvement program, Gem Russet and Summit Russet, to the standard Russet Burbank found that net returns to the grower were $2,246, $2,066, and $327 per acre, respectively, when a contract model incorporated consideration for size categories, and percent of tubers with defects. The trials providing data for this were performed by personnel of Washington State University, University of Idaho, and Oregon State University in ten sites across these three states. New varieties must address the need to use resources more efficiently so that the industry can complete in a world market. 4b List other significant accomplishments, if any. Nitrates leached into the groundwater pose a threat to human health and development of low-input potato cultivars is essential for sustainable human and environmental health as well as globally-competitive production. It was determined by scientists in
Washington State University that the Tri-State variety development program newly released variety Alturas produces yields similar to or greater than the mainstay cultivar Russet Burbank while using 50% less nitrogen. Production of Alturas in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington jumped to over 18,000 acres in just 2 years, potentially reducing the amount of nitrogen applied to the soil by 2.7 million pounds compared with the same acreage planted to Russet Burbank at a potential savings to Northwest growers of $1.3 million or $72 per acre. 4c List any significant activities that support special target populations. The selection of disease and pest resistant germplasm supports in particular organic farmers who have highly restricted options when a serious biotic problem arises in their crop. In particular, late blight is particular hard for them to control. The acceptable organic options include copper sulfate based sprays which in themselves are rather toxic and expensive and they control
late blight to limited extent. The concerted effort to release varieties with enhanced late blight resistance is an aid to organic farmers. The organic practice of incorporating green manures as biofumigants will be more effective when combined with enhanced host resistance. Most of the new releases have an increased resistance to Verticillium wilt, allowing a longer vegetative period even in soils that have not been fumigated recently. Similarly, corky ringspot disease and Columbia root-knot nematode, both pest problems that can be reduced with green manures, will be better controlled by biofumigants in combination with host resistance. Defender is expected to be especially amenable to organic production due to its multiple disease resistance traits. 4d Progress report. The variety evaluation efforts in Washington included 8 trials to evaluate variety adaptability, all but one of which contained Tri-State selections. Six of the trials were located in grower cooperator commercial
fields. Two of the remaining trials were for selection and/or evaluation of early generation clonal material, and one was to evaluate methods of screening varieties. Of the remaining trials, five were cultural practice trials involving variety by cultural interaction and one late blight screening trial. In addition, there were three non- replicated demonstration trials located at three different statewide locations. Nine cultural practice trials included four trials directed at the use of sprout inhibitor chemical for volunteer potato plant suppression, tuber residue level and sprout control. Three trials addressed several issues associated with stand establishment; all stand establishment trials included evaluation of the impact of the cultural practice studied on recently released Tri-State varieties. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Late blight is the single most important foliar and tuber disease
worldwide, costing $ 100 million in the US alone to control on an annual basis. In 2003, the late blight resistant selection A90586-11 was released as Defender culminating 13 years of selection and evaluation carried out by researchers in USDA/ARS and University of Idaho, Washington State University, Oregon State University, Industry cooperators and Mexican Federal Institute of Agricultural Research personnel. In Defender USDA/ARS breeders have combined very diverse ancestry to create a truly multiply resistant cultivar which most prominently has foliar and tuber resistance to the late blight oomycete. Defender will provide the option of cutting out completely late blight fungicide applications in most situations, or, under more severe pressure, a grower can count on saving 50 to 75 % of the cost of fungicides, or up to $150 dollars per acre, thereby improving growers profitability and reducing fungicide impact on the environment. Objective 1 One of three pesticides found in
highest concentration in the average American diet is CIPC (chlorpropham), commonly used as a potato sprout inhibitor, and the EPA has re-assessed CIPC for residue tolerance in potatoes, lowering it from 50 ppm to 30 ppm in 2002. N.R. Knowles and other Washington State University scientists have identified sprout inhibitors composed of naturally occurring phytochemicals, discovered in potato tubers,that may be as effective as CIPC, in old varieties and promising new varieties but leave far less residue in tuber tissue. These naturally occurring phytochemicals were compared against several synthetic sprout inhibitors for effectiveness on non-dormant Ranger Russet, Russet Burbank, and other germplasm accessions using a series of different application methods, rates, and storage volumes. U.S. potato growers would have lost an estimated $56 million in profits during a recent four year period, had they not used sprout inhibitors. Objective 5 Sugar development in stored potatoes can
drastically reduce processing quality and in turn, economic return to the grower, and the identification of stable high performance in processing ability is essential to the competitive position of the US processing industry. Scientists at Washington State University have identified factors that are key to processing quality stability in promising germplasm. Samples of tubers were obtained from diverse environments and placed at different temperatures and sampled at several times. Stable processing performance was easily predicted by initial results at lower storage temperatures, because early build-up of sugars at 40 degrees Fahrenheit predicts sugar build-up much later in the storage period at 50 degrees. Roughly eighty percent of Washington States potatoes are processed and the introduction of stable processing as a trait in new varieties will increase overall recovery of processed product and improve the sustainability and global competitiveness of the U.S. Potato Processing
Industry. Objective 5 Determination of processing quality often occurs late in the varietal evaluation process, but is absolutely essential to the commercial viability of new varieties. Research designed to improve quality measurements through the use of a viscoanalyzer was cooperatively done with Dr. Kerry Huber, food scientist at UI and Steve Love of UI at the Aberdeen station. Viscoanalyzer measurements were evaluated against sensory culinary measurements and a high correlation was found followed by generation of a multivariate model that will describe optimum quality parameters. The US has become a net importer of French fries, highlighting the importance of research to improve the profitability by introducing new varieties with excellent, cost reducing processing traits. Objective 5 The industry in general is searching for information and products that emphasize the health benefits of eating fresh and processed potato. Research on vitamin C and pigments that have high
antioxidant values is directed at fostering a diversification of product types, market niches and strategies for attracting the disposable income of the consumer. Also the exploration of nutrient components of potato that have had relatively little attention is of great interest to organizations concerned with promoting potato. Most promising among these right now are iron and vitamin C contents which act synergistically to make potato a very good component of a high iron availability meal. Corky ringspot, a disease caused by vectoring of tobacco rattle virus by the stubby root nematode into potato, is emerging as a major problem in the Northwest and can be solved by producing resistant new varieties. Field screening for corky ringspot resistance was carried out in Idaho, Washington, and Oregon in infested field both on experiment stations and in farmers= fields by personnel of the State Experiment Stations of Idaho, Washington and Oregon, and by scientists of the USDA/ARS in Prosser,
WA, and Aberdeen, Idaho. New Germplasm was identified with resistance to corky ringspot, some of which is also resistant to Columbia root-knot nematode, one clone of which was among the top yielders in the Early Trial in Washington State. Corky ringspot can never be eliminated from fields, and requires expensive fumigation to suppress the nematode vector, which highlights the major advantage stemming from the identification of resistance, i.e., these new varieties will reduce cost and environmental pollution by permitting diminished use of soil fumigants, costs that approach $250 per acre. Defender a new variety with multiple disease resistance was released. It has moderate resistance to corky ringspot disease. Objective 2. Currently established methods of predicting potato tuber processing quality in new varieties are only partially effective. University of Idaho faculty at the Moscow campus (Dr. Huber) and the Aberdeen Research and Extension Center (Dr. Love) collaborated in
using new techniques to predict processing traits. A viscoanalyzer, instrument that measures starch quality and texture was the best measure that correlated with consumer preference of potatoes based on organoleptic properties. This research will provide a means of early selection of potato breeding materials to assure that advanced materials will have excellent consumer acceptance. Irrigation is a costly part of potato production, in that while sufficient water is usually available in the system, hiatuses in irrigation are very costly when unexpected. An irrigation study was carried out at the University of Idaho in Aberdeen Idaho to determine genotypic differences to irrigation options or withholding of water. Early indications from the study show distinct differences among varieties for response to limited water availability in the overall yield, size of tubers, and occurrence of internal defects, and overall recovery after a water deficit. The industry is actively interested
in tolerant potato varieties which are less likely to suffer yield and quality reductions due to uncontrolled stress periods. Growers are also interested in varieties which will tolerate cost-reducing management decisions that involve reducing fertilizer, water, and expensive cultural practices. Objective 5 The potato industry is in need of emphasizing and exploiting the nutritional benefits available from potatoes already on the market and potato varieties under development. The identification of promising genetic material with very high levels of vitamin C was performed on Experiment Station of the University of Idaho. New germplasm was characterized showing quite a range of vitamin C contents ranging to as high as four times of normal and preliminary evidence of genetic control was obtained. These varieties will increase the competitiveness of the potato industry in the Northwest, through attracting consumers that are health-conscious and direct a portion of their disposable
income to foods that address these issues. Objectives 6 and 7. Oregon has released a number of varieties since 1995 and released two more in 2003-2004. Oregon also assists in the evaluation and development of Idaho/ARS releases through field, storage and processing trials. It is anticipated that these efforts will gradually lead to improved yields, reduced reliance on pesticides and more efficient use of fertilizers and water. Reduced production costs will ultimately translate into cheaper food for U.S. consumers and competitive advantages for U.S. growers in international markets. Objective 5. It has been anticipated that the Oregon program contributes approximately $5.6 million annually to the Oregon economy, more than twice that amount to Washington and more than tree times as much to Idaho (see Oregon Invests B http://oregoninvests.css.orst.edu/htmls/FMPro#). Araji and Love* reported that each $1 spent on the Tri-state breeding program returns more than $38 to the PNW economy.
Oregon is an extremely important member of the Tri-state team. Objective 5 *Araji, A.A. and Love, S.L. 2001. The Benefits of Public Investments in Northwest Potato Breeding Research. University of Idaho College of Agriculture Bulletin 822, 12 pp. The research conducted in this project has contributed new varieties that maintain the competitiveness of the potato industry in the Northwest. Varieties are improved in disease and pest resistance, processing quality, yield and percent recovery of processed product. Reductions in disease and pest susceptiblity, reduced pollution by agricultural pesticides of the environment, and increased profitability of the industry by reducing the cost of production are achievements made possible by this germplasm. Russet Legend and Umatilla Russet, two oblong- long russet-skinned, dual-purpose varieties, were released in May, 1998. Both show much better fry color and U.S. No. 1 yields than Russet Burbank, the standard for both frozen processing and
table use. Ranger Russet has become the third most important variety in the US with 11,000 acres of seed and approximately 100,000 acres of commercial production. Umatilla Russet has created much interest among international processing and seed companies because of good performance under diverse conditions including rain-fed production. Its resistance to net necrosis disease incited by potato leafroll virus is a very important attribute now that this virus appears to be a major production constraint in the Columbia Basin and and warm production areas of Western and Southern Idaho. Bannock Russet is popular in Eastern Idaho providing raw product for both the fresh and processing markets. Objective 5 Tri-State releases Umatilla Russet and Russet Legend are very resistant to tuber blight compared to Russet Burbank, Russet Norkotah, and Ranger Russet. Ranger Russet is very susceptible to tuber blight, a cause for alarm. Objective 1 The Northwest Cooperators now have late blight
evaluations taking place in the Willamete Valley of Oregon, the Skagit Valley of Washington, and the Toluca Valley of Mexico. This has permitted the identification of stably resistant breeding materials. Objective 1 Oregon used this project to help develop a large, traditional potato breeding program based on true seeds supplied by the Aberdeen, Idaho program. The Oregon program with 65,000 new clones annually is probably the second largest in the U.S. after Aberdeen. Objectives 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Century Russet, an extremely high-yielding long, tablestock russet was released in 1995. It has shown little success in the Pacific Northwest because of local emphasis on processing, but is still creating considerable interest in parts of Canada and Texas. Objective 5. In 2000 and 2001, three new varieties were released. Gem Russet (A8495- 1) was released in 2000 and is a long shaped russet with tubers having excellent appearance, high solids, and low sugar content. It has quality and
appearance traits that give it the potential to replace significant acreage of older standard varieties. A82360-7 was released in 2001 as Alturas. It was bred specifically for dehydration processing and was comprehensively evaluated by the dehydrating industry in 2000. During the past year, it provided large quantities of potatoes to supplement raw product supplies. This was an outstanding example of public research responding rapidly to specific industry needs. NDO1496-1 was released in 2001 as Ivory Crisp. It is a cold chipper and has the ability to provide high quality chip stock from long term storage, a rarity among chippers. It is currently contributing to the chipping industries in Idaho and the upper Midwest. Objective 5. A project was initiated in 1999 to improve the vitamin C content of the Northwest breeding germplasm base. As a first step, prominent breeding parents from throughout North America were screened for vitamin C content. In the two years of subsequent
screening, a wide range of vitamin C content was found in the tested population, with a high of 43.0 mg/100g and a low of 9.7. High levels were found in clones from Idaho, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Texas. Clones with high levels of vitamin C are being intercrossed in an effort to determine the potential for maximum genetic improvement. Objective 7 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Science and technology is transferred to potato growers, packers, and processors in two forms. The first is new and superior varieties. The second is research information detailing variety characteristics and management recommendations. Information is transmitted in the form of field days and literally scores of grower/processor meetings scheduled
throughout the geographic area where research and extension personnel make presentations. Information is now available on-line at several websites. The new varieties are described at the following websites: Alturas -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/A82360-7Alturas.pdf Bannock Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Bannock.PDF Century Russet -- http://www.umaine.edu/PAA/Varieties/centuryruss.htm Defender -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/A90586-11FullDoc.pdf Frontier Russet -- http://www.umaine.edu/PAA/Varieties/frontruss.htm Gem Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Gem.pdf Gemstar Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/A9014-2RelDoc.pdf IdaRose -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/IdaRose.PDF Ivory Crisp -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Ivory%20Crisp.pdf Klamath Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Klamath.PDF Lemhi Russet -- http://www.umaine.edu/PAA/Varieties/lemhiruss.htm Mazama -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Mazama.PDF Modoc --
http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Modoc.pdf Ranger Russet -- http://www.umaine.edu/PAA/Varieties/rangerruss.htm Russet Legend -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Legend.html Summit Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/SummitRusset.pdf Umatilla Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Umatilla.PDF Wallowa Russset -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/AO87277-6.pdf Willamette -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Willamette.pdf Winema -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Winema.PDF These products are continually being updated and utilized by the target stakeholders. The only limitation to adoption is the quality and durability of the varieties. The industry is slow to accept new varieties because of the logistics of obtaining a sufficient seed supply quickly. This is true in the context that the processing industry is extremely eager to solve problems with improved varieties. Also, it is hard to predict the trend in the marketability of new varieties. Storability and appearance of fresh
and processed product although well- researched before release are often factors in the initial acceptance and later rejection of new varieties. Problems in the long term storage of varieties, in particular relating to their processing traits are often only detected after several years experience. Stress conditions often cause a never-before-seen problem late in storage. A new pathogen in Washington State, Beet-leafhopper-Transmitted Virescence Agent, a phytoplasma, has hit one variety, Ranger Russet, particularly hard and spoiled processing quality by increasing reducing sugars in the stored crop. If the pathogen is controlled, Ranger Russet will retain market share. If the pathogen is not controlled, Range Russet may disappear from fields in Washington State. The research has already had, and is expected in the future to have a significant and long-term impact on the potato industry. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to
organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Presentations Popular Press: Bohl, W.H. and S. Love. 2004. Nitrogen fertilizer management of Russet Norkotah and Ranger Russet. Potato Grower 33(5): 34-35. Bohl, W.H.and S.L. Love. 2004. Obtain a uniform potato stand. The Spudvine, March. Kennington, Carrie. 2003. Linking the Potato Industry. Potato Country, April 2004 pp 8-10 Love, S., J. Stark, B. Geary, D. Atkinson and B. Bohl. 2004. Fertilizer management issues for some new varieties. Potato Grower 33(4): 54-55. Norkotah and Ranger Russet. Potato Grower 33(5): 34-35. Pavek, M.J. and R.E. Thornton. 2005. Fighting tuber moth with proper planting depth or hill drag-off. Potato Country Magazine Vol 21 No 4 pp 4- 5. Reports: Bohl, W.H. and S.L Love. 2004. Bulking rate of six potato varieties in Eastern Idaho. Proc. Univ. Idaho Winter Comm. Schools 36:59-62. Brandt, T.L., G. Kleinkopf, N. Olsen and S. Love. 2004. Storage management
for Gem Russet potatoes. Idaho Agric. Exp. Sta. Current Info. Series No. 1118. Eldredge, E.P., C.C. Shock and L.D. Saunders. 2004. Potato variety trials, 2003. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1055:147-162;http://www.cropinfo. net/AnnualReports/2003/03PotAnnRep.htm Hane, D. and L. Leroux. 2004. Response of A90586-11 to sequential harvesting in the southern Columbia Basin. 2003 Tri-state Potato Variety Trials. University of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station Special Report 371:107-113. Hane, D. and L. Leroux. 2004. Response of A9045-7 to sequential harvesting in the southern Columbia Basin. University of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station Special Report 371:115-121. James, S.R., K.A. Rykbost, B.A. Charlton and K.A. Locke. 2004. Impact of seedborne Potato Virus Y on yield of Russet Norkotah potatoes. Central Oregon Agricultural Research Center 2003 Annual Report, Special Report 1053, Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station,
pp. 40-43. James, S.R. 2004. Seedpiece and soil treatments to control powdery scab infection of potatoes. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station Special Report 1053:36-39 Knowles, N.R. and L.O. Knowles. 2004. Advances in estimating and manipulating seed-tuber age and productivity. Proceedings of the 23rd annual National Potato Council Seed Seminar. pp. 36-44. Knowles, N.R. and L.O. Knowles. 2004. Development of methods for estimating and managing the yield potential of seed potatoes. Proceedings of the Winter Commodity Schools 2004. University of Idaho Cooperative Extension System. 36:83-91. Knowles, N.R., E.P. Driskill Jr. and L.O. Knowles. 2004. Effects of storage temperature regimes on processing quality of Russet Burbank, Ranger Russet and Umatilla Russet Potatoes. Proceedings of the 43rd annual Washington State Potato Conference. pp. 29-41. Knowles, N.R. and L.O. Knowles. 2004. Predicting tuber set and size development from stem numbers. Potato Progress
IV(9):1-3. Knowles, N.R. and M.J. Pavek. 2004. WSU potato cultivar yield and postharvest quality evaluations for 2004. Washington State University Special Report. 148 pages Love, S.L. 2004. Variety choice as a tool to manage stress. Proc. Univ. Idaho Winter Comm. Schools 36:53-58. Love, S.L., and J.C. Stark. 2004. Nitrogen fertilizer management for new potato varieties. Proc. Univ. Idaho Winter Comm. Schools 36:111-116. Mosley, A., S. Yilma, D. Hane, S. James, K. Rykbost, C. Shock, B. Charlton, B. Eldredge and L. Leroux. 2004. Western Oregon variety trials. 2003 Tri-state Potato Variety Trials, University of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station. Progress Report 371:91-106. Pavek, M.J. and R.E. Thornton. 2004. Is your potato planter restricting your profit potential? Proceedings of the Winter Commodity Schools 2004. University of Idaho Cooperative Extension System. 36:71-78. Rykbost, K.A., R. Roseberg, B.A. Charlton, J. Smith et.al. 2004. Research in the Klamath Basin. Oregon State
University Agricultural Experiment Station Special Report 1056, 93 pp. Shock, C.C., E.P. Eldredge and L.D. Saunders. 2004. Tuber bulking rate and quality of processing for early harvest. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1055:163-181;http://www. cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2003/PotatoEarHarvBulking.htm Shock, C.C., E.P. Eldredge and L.D. Saunders. 2004. Planting configuration and plant population effects on drip-irrigated Umatilla Russet yield and grade. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1055:182-186;http://www.cropinfo. net/AnnualReports/2003/UmConfAnnRep03.htm Shock, C.C., E.P. Eldredge, L.D. Saunders and A.B. Pereira. 2004. Planting configuration and plant population effects on potato yield and grade. Poster, Annual Meeting of the American Society of Agronomy, Seattle, WA. October 31 - November 4, 2004. Online Variety Descriptions: Online descriptions of Tri-state varieties are maintained on the OSU Potato
Website (Potato Information Exchange, http://oregonstate. edu/potatoes/variety.HTM). ARS pass-through monies via this and related special grants were used in the crossing, selection, development and release of all the following: Alturas -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/A82360-7Alturas.pdf Bannock Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Bannock.PDF Century Russet -- http://www.umaine.edu/PAA/Varieties/centuryruss.htm Defender -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/A90586-11FullDoc.pdf Frontier Russet -- http://www.umaine.edu/PAA/Varieties/frontruss.htm Gem Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Gem.pdf Gemstar Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/A9014-2RelDoc.pdf IdaRose -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/IdaRose.PDF Ivory Crisp -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Ivory%20Crisp.pdf Klamath Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Klamath.PDF Lemhi Russet -- http://www.umaine.edu/PAA/Varieties/lemhiruss.htm Mazama -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Mazama.PDF Modoc --
http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Modoc.pdf Ranger Russet -- http://www.umaine.edu/PAA/Varieties/rangerruss.htm Russet Legend -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Legend.html Summit Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/SummitRusset.pdf Umatilla Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Umatilla.PDF Wallowa Russset -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/AO87277-6.pdf Willamette -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Willamette.pdf Winema -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Winema.PDF Publications (Refereed Journal) Love, S.L., T. Salaiz, B. Shafli, W.J. Price, A.R. Mosley, and R. E. Thornton. 2004. Stability of Expression and Concentration of Ascorbic Acid in North American Potato Germplasm. Hortscience 39(1):156-160. Salaiz, TA, SL Love, PE Patterson and J.F. Guenthner. 2005. Economic performance of two new potato varieties using a fresh market consignment- packing model. Amer. J. Potato Res. 82:147-153. Abstracts Brandt, T.L., G.E. Kleinkopf, N. Olsen, and S. Love. 2004. Storage
management of Gem Russet and Summit Russet potatoes. Amer. J. Potato Res. 81:48 (abst.). Geary, B., J. Stark, S. Love, B. Hopkins, J. Ellsworth, D. Atkinson, and J. Windes. 2004. Potato varietal response to nitrogen rate and timing. Amer. J. Potato Res. 81:60-61 (abst.). Higley, J.S. S.L. Love, W.J. Price, J.E. Nelson, and K.C. Huber. 2004 The Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) as a tool for differentiating potato cultivars on the basis of flour pasting profiles. Amer. J. Potato Res. 81:65-66(abst.). Khu, D., S.L. Love, and J. Lorenzen. 2004. Evaluation of a corky ringspot disease resistance of three tetraploid populations for genetic map construction. Amer. J. Potato Res. 81:69 (abst.). Knowles, N.R., L.O. Knowles and G.N.M. Kumar. 2004. Predicting the yield potentials of northern and southern seed lots in the Columbia Basin. Proceedings of the 87th Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America, American Journal of Potato Research 81:70. (abst.) Kumar, G.N.M., L.O. Knowles
and N.R. Knowles. 2004. Physiological basis for the loss of wound-healing ability with advancing tuber age. Proceedings of the 87th Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America, American Journal of Potato Research 81:70-71. (abst.) Miller, J., P. B. Hamm, S. R. James, B. D. Geary, D. A. Johnson and K. Rykbost. 2004. Influence of soil, seed source, and fludioxonil seed treatment on incidence and severity of silver scurf on daughter tubers. Amer J Potato Res 81:74 (abst.). Salaiz, T. and S.L. Love. 2004. Seed warming and ambient temperature effects on Umatilla Russet little-tuber syndrome. Amer. J. Potato Res. 81:86 (abst.). Shock, C.A., C.C. Shock, L.D. Saunders, L.B. Jensen, K. Locke, S.R. James, H.L. Carlson, D.W. Kirby and B.A. Charlton. 2004. Evaluation of the Wallin model for regional predictions of potato late blight in semi- arid regions of Oregon. Amer J Potato Res 81:88 (abst.).
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Novy, R.G., D.L. Corsini, S.L. Love, J.J. Pavek, A.R. Mosley, S.R. James, D.C. Hane, C.C. Shock, K.A. Rykbost, C.R. Brown, and R.E. Thornton. Bannock Russet: a dual-purpose russet potato cultivar with high U.S. No.1 yield and multiple disease resistances. American Journal Potato Research. 2002. v. 79. p.147-153.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? Potato production typically costs more than $2300 per acre in the U.S. Much of this cost is dedicated to pest and disease control. For example, new and highly aggressive strains of late blight alone cost U.S. growers up to $300/acre for fungicidal controls, which are often less than totally effective. Fortunately, genetic resistance to most diseases and pests is readily available to U.S. breeders in the form of wild species are increasingly utilizable due to advances in hybridization technology, use of molecular markers to track genes of interest and advances in cloning of natural resistance genes and then transforming them into standard varieties. Compared to current leading varieties, traditional breeding can clearly provide new offerings which: improve yield and quality for both table and processing
use; provide high levels of practical resistance to most diseases and insects; compete better with weeds throughout the season; require less water and less chemical fertilizer; reduce environmental and groundwater impacts; store and handle better; and favor lower production costs to the grower and cheaper prices to the consumer. The potato industry is under pressure to reduce the cost of production in order to compete in the world market. Although export of processed products to the Pacific Rim has increased imports of cheaper processed potato have made the US a net importer of French Fries, for instance. All of the promising clones in trial need to be evaluated for efficiency of end use. This ranges from the cost of inputs during the cultivation of the crop to the efficiency of extraction of finished product from raw product. A few percentage points can mean millions of dollars in profit or loss. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Milestones:
1. Develop varieties with increased foliar and tuber resistance to late blight 2. Develop varieties with increased resistance to corky ringspot disease 3. Develop varieties with increased resistance to viruses. 4. Develop varieties with increased resistance to Columbia root-knot nematode 5. Develop varieties with increased recovery of high quality processed product expressed stably in different cultural environments from different years. 6. Develop varieties that fill niche markets for specialty potatoes. 7. Develop varieties with enhanced nutrient levels. As noted above, most U.S. potato growers are spending up to $300/acre for late blight control, which is often less than adequate. Several northern California growers are currently dumping storages because of tuber decay despite the use of recommended field spray programs. Tuber resistance to late blight is urgently needed. Several other diseases and disorders also require high financial inputs for acceptable control. The
negative impacts of agricultural pesticides and fertilizers on the nation's air and water are of concern to the general public. The leading western variety, Russet Burbank, has a number of physiological disorders, which cannot be controlled effectively with any level of input. Notable among these are hollow-heart, second-growth and dark stem-end fry color. These can only be corrected by the introduction of resistant varieties. The world market has increased the importance of disease and pest resistant, and stress tolerant potato varieties that have high recovery of final product to a very high level. Profit margins are slim and international competitors threaten to take away our recently developed export market and pose the danger of causing the collapse of our price structure to the point that our growers cannot compete. 3. Milestones: A: The following milestones were scheduled to be addressed. Objective 1: The release of "Defender" addresses late blight resistance in a
substantial fashion. It is also resistant to corky ringspot, net necrosis and early blight. Objective 2: The clone PA94A11-14, presently in Western Regional Trial is a high yielding early maturing highly corky ringspot resistant variety. Defender is moderately resistant to corky ringspot disease. PA97B3-2 a long russet with good frying quality, submitted to the Tri-State Trials is highly corky ringspot resistant. Objective 4: The clone PA99N82-4 has high resistance to Columbia root- knot nematode and will be introduced to the Tri-State Trials as soon as sufficient seed is multiplied. Objective 5: A number of clones in the Tri-State and Western Regional Trials have yield, profit and processed product recovery profiles that are highly superior to the standard cultivars. Objective 6: The release of Modoc will provide a new red-skinned variety for the red-skinned and specialty market. Objective 7: We have large amount of data on vitamin C, carotenoids, anthocyanins, iron, zinc
contents, and antioxidant values from the advanced lines. Potato has the potential of being an excellent source of iron because it does not have significant amounts of iron-binding compounds like phytic acid and polyphenols and the high levels of vitamin C are known to increase iron availability. We have found a correlation between iron and zinc content. B. 2005 Continue screening in Corvallis and Toluca Mexico. Submit promising clones to Tri-State Program. Continue screening in Prosser, WA and Egen Bench, Idaho. Submit promising materials to Tri-State Trials after appropriate seed indexing and multiplication. Continue identifying PVY immune clones, PLRV resistant clones. Screen transgenic clones in Prosser to determine value of transgenic strategies. Continue to make crosses, and select promising selections based on resistance from Solanum bulbocastanum. Re-extract resistance to race 2 and begin introgression of combined resistance into advanced materials. Evaluate effect of
weed hosts of CRN on resistance. Continue to screen new materials for processing quality from different environments. Make crosses between parents with pigmented flesh and select new materials for niche markets. Evaluate genetic differences in carotenoids, anthocyanins, vitamin C, iron, and zinc in new materials, study genetic variation and make crosses with the goal of emphasizing enhanced nutrients. 2006 Continue screening in Corvallis and Toluca Mexico. Continue to evaluated durability conferred by transgenic resistance gene "RB." Submit promising clones to Tri-State Program. Continue screening in Prosser, WA and Egen Bench, Idaho. Submit promising materials to Tri-State Trials after appropriate seed indexing and multiplication. Continue identifying PVY immune clones, PLRV resistant clones. Screen transgenic clones in Prosser to determine value of transgenic strategies. Continue to make crosses, and select promising selections based on resistance from Solanum bulbocastanum.
Re-extract resistance to race 2 and begin introgression of combined resistance into advanced materials. Evaluate effect of weed hosts of Columbia root-knot nematode (CRN) on resistance. Use mapping results to develop DNA markers in high through- put screening of CRN resistance. Continue to screen new materials for processing quality from different environments. Evaluate new genotypes that maintain quality and yield under brief water deficit conditions. Make crosses and select new materials for niche markets. Attempt to define better the different sets of traits that are need for subspecialization in niche markets. Evaluate genetic differences in carotenoids, anthocyanins, vitamin C, iron, and zinc in new materials, study genetic variation and make crosses with the goal of emphasizing enhanced nutrients. Develop heritability estimates of iron, zinc, and vitamin C genetic correlations. 2007 Continue screening in Corvallis and Toluca Mexico. Submit promising clones to Tri-State
Program. Continue to assess the durability of RB gene under the Toluca Mexico late blight epidemic. Continue screening in Prosser, WA and Egen Bench, Idaho. Submit promising materials to Tri-State Trials after appropriate seed indexing and multiplication. Use marker assisted selection where feasible to accelerate selection for corky ringspot resistance. Continue identifying PVY immune clones, PLRV resistant clones. Screen transgenic clones in Prosser to determine value of transgenic strategies. Continue to make crosses, and select promising selections based on resistance from Solanum bulbocastanum. Re-extract resistance to race 2 and begin introgression of combined resistance into advanced. Continue to screen new materials for processing quality from different environments. Evaluate genotypes that need less nitrogen input. Make crosses and select new materials for niche markets. Work with various market types in evaluating raw breeding materials that are appealing to niche
markets. Examine the shelf life and packaging issues as it relates to specialty breeding lines. Evaluate genetic differences in carotenoids, anthocyanins, vitamin C, iron, and zinc in new materials, study genetic variation and make crosses with the goal of emphasizing enhanced nutrients. Determine if higher iron and vitamin C translate into higher iron availability in feeding studies. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Late blight is the single most important foliar and tuber disease worldwide, costing $ 100 million in the U.S. alone to control on an annual basis. In 2003, the late blight resistant selection A90586-11 was released as "Defender" culminating 13 years of selection and evaluation carried out by researchers in USDA/ARS and University of Idaho, Washington State University, Oregon State University, Industry cooperators and Mexican Federal Institute of Agricultural Research personnel. In "Defender" USDA/ARS breeders have combined very
diverse ancestry to create a truly multiply resistant cultivar which most prominently has foliar and tuber resistance to the late blight oomycete. Defender will provide the option of cutting out completely late blight fungicide applications in most situations, or, under more severe pressure, a grower can count on saving 50 to 75% of the cost of fungicides, or up to $150 dollars per acre, thereby improving growers' profitability and reducing fungicide impact on the environment. B. Sugar development in stored potatoes can drastically reduce processing quality and in turn, economic return to the grower, and the identification of stable high performance in processing ability is essential to the competitive position of the US processing industry. Scientists at Washington State University have identified factors that are key to processing quality stability in promising germplasm. Samples of tubers were obtained from diverse environments and placed at different temperatures and sampled at
several times. Stable processing performance was easily predicted by initial results at lower storage temperatures, because early build-up of sugars at 40 degrees Fahrenheit predicts sugar build-up much later in the storage period at 50 degrees. Roughly eighty percent of Washington State's potatoes are processed and the introduction of stable processing as a trait in new varieties will increase overall recovery of processed product and improve the sustainability and global competitiveness of the U.S. Potato Processing Industry. Determination of processing quality often occurs late in the varietal evaluation process, but is absolutely essential to the commercial viability of new varieties. Research designed to improve quality measurements through the use of a viscoanalyzer was cooperatively done with Dr. Kerry Huber, food scientist at UI and Steve Love of UI at the Aberdeen station. Viscoanalyzer measurements were evaluated against sensory culinary measurements and a high
correlation was found followed by generation of a multivariate model that will describe optimum quality parameters. The US has become a net importer of French fries, highlighting the importance of research to improve the profitability by introducing new varieties with excellent, cost reducing processing traits. C. Significant accomplishments/activities that support special target populations: The selection of disease and pest resistant germplasm supports in particular organic farmers who have highly restricted options when a serious biotic problem arises in their crop. Late blight is particularly hard for them to control in organic production systems. The acceptable organic options include copper sulfate based sprays which are rather toxic and expensive and they control late blight to limited extent. Efforts to release varieties with enhanced late blight resistance are in progress as an aid to organic farmers. The organic practice of incorporating green manures as biofumigants
will be more effective when combined with enhanced host resistance. Most of the new releases have an increased resistance to Verticillium wilt, allowing a longer vegetative period even in soils that have not been fumigated recently. Similarly, corky ringspot disease and Columbia root-knot nematode, both pest problems that can be reduced with green manures, will be better controlled by biofumigants in combination with host resistance. Defender is expected to be especially amenable to organic production due to its multiple disease resistance traits. The industry in general is searching for information and products that emphasize the health benefits of eating fresh and processed potato. Research on vitamin C and pigments that have high antioxidant values is directed at fostering a diversification of product types, market niches and strategies for attracting the disposable income of the consumer. Also the exploration of nutrient components of potato that have had relatively little
attention is of great interest to organizations concerned with promoting potato. Most promising among these right now are iron and vitamin C contents, which act synergistically to make potato a very good component of a high iron availability meal. D. Progress Report: The variety evaluation efforts in Washington included 8 trials to evaluate variety adaptability, all but one of which contained Tri-State selections. Six of the trials were located in grower cooperator commercial fields. Two of the remaining trials were for selection and/or evaluation of early generation clonal material, and one was to evaluate methods of screening varieties. Of the remaining trials, five were cultural practice trials involving variety by cultural interaction and one late blight screening trial. In addition, there were three non-replicated demonstration trials located at three different statewide locations. Nine cultural practice trials included four trials directed at the use of sprout inhibitor
chemical for volunteer potato plant suppression, tuber residue level and sprout control. Three trials addressed several issues associated with stand establishment; all stand establishment trials included evaluation of the impact of the cultural practice studied on recently released Tri-State varieties. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Corky ringspot, a disease caused by vectoring of tobacco rattle virus by the stubby root nematode into potato, is emerging as a major problem in the Northwest and can be solved by producing resistant new varieties. Field screening for corky ringspot resistance was carried out in Idaho, Washington, and Oregon in infested field both on experiment stations and in farmers= fields by personnel of the State Experiment Stations of Idaho, Washington and Oregon, and by scientists of the USDA/ARS in Prosser, WA, and Aberdeen, Idaho. New Germplasm was identified with resistance to
corky ringspot, some of which is also resistant to Columbia root-knot nematode, one clone of which was among the top yielders in the Early Trial in Washington State. Corky ringspot can never be eliminated from fields, and requires expensive fumigation to suppress the nematode vector, which highlights the major advantage stemming from the identification of resistance, i.e., these new varieties will reduce cost and environmental pollution by permitting diminished use of soil fumigants, costs that approach $250 per acre. "Defender" a new variety with multiple disease resistance was released. It has moderate resistance to corky ringspot disease. Currently established methods of predicting potato tuber processing quality in new varieties are only partially effective. University of Idaho faculty at the Moscow campus (Dr. Huber) and the Aberdeen Research and Extension Center (Dr. Love) collaborated in using new techniques to predict processing traits. A viscoanalyzer, instrument that
measures starch quality and texture was the best measure that correlated with consumer preference of potatoes based on organoleptic properties. This research will provide a means of early selection of potato breeding materials to assure that advanced materials will have excellent consumer acceptance. Irrigation is a costly part of potato production. An irrigation study was carried out at the University of Idaho in Aberdeen Idaho to determine genotypic differences to irrigation options or withholding of water. Early indications from the study show distinct differences among varieties for response to limited water availability in the overall yield, size of tubers, and occurrence of internal defects, and overall recovery after a water deficit. The industry is actively interested in tolerant potato varieties, which are less likely to suffer yield and quality reductions due to uncontrolled stress periods. Growers are also interested in varieties, which will tolerate cost-reducing
management decisions that involve reducing fertilizer, water, and expensive cultural practices. The potato industry is in need of emphasizing and exploiting the nutritional benefits available from potatoes already on the market and potato varieties under development. The identification of promising genetic material with very high levels of vitamin C was performed on Experiment Station of the University of Idaho. New germplasm was characterized showing quite a range of vitamin C contents ranging to as high as four times of normal and preliminary evidence of genetic control was obtained. These varieties will increase the competitiveness of the potato industry in the Northwest, through attracting consumers that are health-conscious and direct a portion of their disposable income to foods that address these issues. Oregon has released a number of varieties since 1995 and released two more in 2003-2004. Oregon also assists in the evaluation and development of Idaho/ARS releases through
field, storage and processing trials. It is anticipated that these efforts will gradually lead to improved yields, reduced reliance on pesticides and more efficient use of fertilizers and water. Reduced production costs will ultimately translate into cheaper food for U.S. consumers and competitive advantages for U.S. growers in international markets. The research conducted in this project has contributed new varieties that maintain the competitiveness of the potato industry in the Northwest. Varieties are improved in disease and pest resistance, processing quality, yield and percent recovery of processed product. Reductions in disease and pest susceptiblity, reduced pollution by agricultural pesticides of the environment, and increased profitability of the industry by reducing the cost of production are achievements made possible by this germplasm. Russet Legend and Umatilla Russet, two oblong- long russet-skinned, dual-purpose varieties, were released in May, 1998. Both show much
better fry color and U.S. No. 1 yields than Russet Burbank, the standard for both frozen processing and table use. Ranger Russet has become the third most important variety in the US with 11,000 acres of seed and approximately 100,000 acres of commercial production. Umatilla Russet has created much interest among international processing and seed companies because of good performance under diverse conditions including rain-fed production. Its resistance to net necrosis disease incited by potato leafroll virus is a very important attribute now that this virus appears to be a major production constraint in the Columbia Basin and and warm production areas of Western and Southern Idaho. Bannock Russet is popular in Eastern Idaho providing raw product for both the fresh and processing markets. In response to the emerging and imminent threat presented by the foliar and tuber disease of late blight, the State Experiment Stations and USDA/ARS have pooled resources and increased the amount
of work devoted to selection of resistance. We have been able to identify and extensively cross with proven durable sources of resistance. This collaboration continues to allow specialization of the different institutions and extensive complementation of resources and abilities. Recently released Umatilla Russet and Russet Legend are very resistant to tuber blight compared to Russet Burbank, Russet Norkotah, and Ranger Russet. Ranger Russet is very susceptible to tuber blight, a cause for alarm. The Northwest Cooperators now have late blight evaluations taking place in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, the Skagit Valley of Washington, and the Toluca Valley of Mexico. This has permitted the identification of stably resistant breeding materials. Oregon used this project to help develop a large, traditional potato breeding program based on true seeds supplied by the Aberdeen, Idaho program. The Oregon program with 65,000 new clones annually is probably the second largest in the U.S.
after Aberdeen. This project was essential to the Oregon release of 3 cultivars over the last 5 years. Washington State University, the University of Idaho and the USDA/ARS participated in all three releases. Century Russet, an extremely high-yielding long, tablestock russet was released in 1995. It has shown little success in the Pacific Northwest because of local emphasis on processing, but is still creating considerable interest in parts of Canada and Texas. Considering the three states as a whole, over the life of the project, eighteen varieties have been cooperatively released with the ARS, Oregon State University and Washington State University. All of these varieties are still in commerce in the northwest. Ranger Russet, a 1991 release, now makes up approximately 10% of northwest acreage, providing a farm gate value of over $1 billion. Several other varieties are beginning to have a significant impact, a positive trend that is expected to continue for many years. In 2000 and
2001, three new varieties were released. Gem Russet (A8495- 1) was released in 2000 and is a long shaped russet with tubers having excellent appearance, high solids, and low sugar content. It has quality and appearance traits that give it the potential to replace significant acreage of older standard varieties. A82360-7 was released in 2001 as Alturas. It was bred specifically for dehydration processing and was comprehensively evaluated by the dehydrating industry in 2000. During the past year, it provided large quantities of potatoes to supplement raw product supplies. This was an outstanding example of public research responding rapidly to specific industry needs. NDO1496-1 was released in 2001 as Ivory Crisp. It is a cold chipper and has the ability to provide high quality chip stock from long term storage, a rarity among chippers. It is currently contributing to the chipping industries in Idaho and the upper Midwest. Continued efforts were made to identify resistance to
corky ringspot in germplasm with processing quality. This research has now moved into a phase where good quality russet type parents have been identified for use in crossing. The corky ringspot research is becoming more important as each year new infected sites are identified throughout the Northwest. In Idaho, during the summer of 2000, two new infection sites were discovered in locations geographically removed from known problem fields. A project was initiated in 1999 to improve the vitamin C content of the Northwest breeding germplasm base. As a first step, prominent breeding parents from throughout North America were screened for vitamin C content. In the two years of subsequent screening, a wide range of vitamin C content was found in the tested population, with a high of 43.0 mg/100g and a low of 9.7. High levels were found in clones from Idaho, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Texas. Clones with high levels of vitamin C are being intercrossed in an effort to determine the
potential for maximum genetic improvement. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Science and technology is transferred to potato growers, packers, and processors in two forms. The first is new and superior varieties. The second is research information detailing variety characteristics and management recommendations. Information is transmitted in the form of field days and grower/processor meetings scheduled throughout the geographic area where research and extension personnel make presentations. Information is now available on-line at several websites. The new varieties are described at the following websites: Alturas -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/A82360-7Alturas.pdf Bannock Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Bannock.PDF
Century Russet -- http://www.umaine.edu/PAA/Varieties/centuryruss.htm Defender -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/A90586-11FullDoc.pdf Frontier Russet -- http://www.umaine.edu/PAA/Varieties/frontruss.htm Gem Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Gem.pdf Gemstar Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/A9014-2RelDoc.pdf IdaRose -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/IdaRose.PDF Ivory Crisp -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Ivory%20Crisp.pdf Klamath Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Klamath.PDF Lemhi Russet -- http://www.umaine.edu/PAA/Varieties/lemhiruss.htm Mazama -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Mazama.PDF Modoc -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Modoc.pdf Ranger Russet -- http://www.umaine.edu/PAA/Varieties/rangerruss.htm Russet Legend -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Legend.html Summit Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/SummitRusset.pdf Umatilla Russet -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Umatilla.PDF Wallowa Russset --
http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/AO87277-6.pdf Willamette -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Willamette.pdf Winema -- http://oregonstate.edu/potatoes/Winema.PDF These products are continually being updated and utilized by the target stakeholders. The only limitation to adoption is the quality and durability of the varieties. The industry is slow to accept new varieties because of the logistics of obtaining a sufficient seed supply quickly. This is true in the context that the processing industry is extremely eager to solve problems with improved varieties. Also, it is hard to predict the trend in the marketability of new varieties. Storability and appearance of fresh and processed product, although well- researched before release, are often factors in the initial acceptance and later rejection of new varieties. Problems in the long-term storage of varieties, in particular relating to their processing traits are often only detected after several years' experience. Stress
conditions often cause a never-before-seen problem late in storage. A new pathogen in Washington State, Beet-leafhopper-Transmitted Virescence Agent, a phytoplasma, has hit one variety, Ranger Russet, particularly hard and spoiled processing quality by increasing reducing sugars in the stored crop. If the pathogen is controlled, Ranger Russet will retain market share. If the pathogen is not controlled, Range Russet may disappear from fields in Washington State. The research has already had, and is expected in the future to have a significant and long-term impact on the potato industry. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. Presentations / Popular Press: Pavek, M.J. and R.E. Thornton. Planter skips and irregular plant spacing consume potato grower profits. Potato Country magazine, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 23-26. 2003. Pavek, M.J. An integrated approach for reducing in-field greening of
potato tubers. Manitoba Potato Production Conference, January Brandon, Manitoba, CA. 2004. Thornton, R.E. Testing of potato clones and cultivars for adaptability for production in Washington State. IN: Washington State Potato Commission Progress Reports for Research Conducted in 2003. Washington State Potato Commission Special Report. p.177-179. 2004. Thornton, R.E., Knowles, N.R. Potato cultivar yield and postharvest quality evaluations. Washington State University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Special Report. 144p. 2004. Publications: Hane, D.C., A.R. Mosley, S.R. James, K.A. Rykbost, C.C. Shock, S.L. Love, D.L. Corsini, J.J. Pavek, R.E. Thornton, B.A. Charlton, E.P. Eldredge, and S. Yilma. 2003. Wallowa Russet: A full season long russet for processing and fresh market. Amer. J. Potato Res. 80:289-294. Higley, J.S., S.L. Love, W.J. Price, J.E. Nelson, and K.C. Huber. 2003. The rapid visco analyzer (RVA) as a tool for differentiating potato
cultivars on the basis of flour pasting properties. Amer. J. Potato Res. 80:195-206. Love, S.L., A.R. Mosley, R. Novy, D.L. Corsini, R.E. Thornton, S.R. James, and D.C. Hane. 2003. Ivory Crisp: A potato variety with high tuber solids and cold shipping ability. Am J Potato Res 80:207-213. Love, S.L., T. Salaiz, B. Shafli, W.J. Price, A.R. Mosley, and R. E. Thornton. 2004. Stability of Expression and Concentration of Ascorbic Acid in North American Potato Germplasm. Hortscience 39(1):156-160. Novy, R.G., D.L. Corsini, S.L. Love, J.J. Pavek, A.R. Mosley, S.R. James, D.C. Hane, C.C. Shock, K.A. Rykbost, C.R. Brown and R.E. Thornton. 2003. Alturas: A Multi-Purpose, Russet Potato Cultivar with High Yield and Tuber Specific Gravity. Amer J Potato Res 80:295-302. Rykbost, K.A., S.R. James, A.R. Mosley, B.A. Charlton, D.C. Hane, E. Eldredge, R. Voss, R.H. Johansen, S.L. Love, and R.E. Thornton. 2001. Modoc: A potato variety with bright red skin and early maturity for fresh market. Amer.
J. Potato Res. 80:235-240. Reports: Love, S.L., J. Stark, and B. King. 2003. Irrigation tips for new varieties. Proc. Univ. Idaho Winter Comm. Schools 35:41-44. Love, S.L., T. Salaiz, and P. Bain. 2003. 2002 descriptions of potato varieties and clones. Proc. Univ. Idaho Winter Comm. Schools 35:25-40. Love. S.L., R. Novy, D. Corsini, P. Bain, T. Salaiz, L. Later, J. Stimpson, and A. Mosley. 2003. Idaho. Nat. Potato Germplasm Eval. Rept. , 2001, 72:96-110. Mosley, A., S. Yilma, D. Hane, S. James, K. Rykbost, C. Shock, B. Charlton, E. Eldredge and L. Leroux. 2003. Western Oregon Variety Trials. 2002 Tri-State Potato Variety Trials. Progress Report 366, University of Idaho College of Agriculture, pp. 108-126. Mosley, A., S. Yilma, D. Hane, S. James, K. Rykbost, C. Shock, B. Charlton, E. Eldredge and L. Leroux. 2003. Oregon. National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 2001: Seventy-Second Annual Report by Cooperators. Ed. by K. Haynes. USDA/ARS ARS 162,
September 2003. Pp. 369-388. Abstracts: Pavek, M.J. and R.E. Thornton. Understanding the influence of planting depth and post-planting tillage on potato production. Abstract - The 87th Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Aug. 10-14, Spokane, WA. Am J Potato Res Vol. 81 pp. 80-81. 2003 Pavek, M.J. and R.E. Thornton. Economic impact of missing and irregularly spaced potato plants. Abstract - The 87th Annual Meeting of the Potato Association of America. Aug. 10-14, Spokane, WA. Am J Potato Res Vol. 81 p. 80. 2003.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Novy, R.G., D.L. Corsini, S.L. Love, J.J. Pavek, A.R. Mosley, S.R. James, D.C. Hane, C.C. Shock, K.A. Rykbost, C.R. Brown, and R.E. Thornton. Bannock Russet: a dual-purpose russet potato cultivar with high U.S. No.1 yield and multiple disease resistances. American Journal Potato Research. 2002. v. 79. p.147-153.
|
Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? Society is sending agriculturists a clear message that reduced use of pesticides, fertilizers and water is highly desirable. At the same time, Americans demand a cheap and abundant food supply. Superior new potato varieties are essential for achieving these paradoxical goals. Potato production typically costs more than $2300 per acre in the U.S. Much of this cost is dedicated to pest and disease control. For example, new and highly aggressive strains of late blight alone cost U.S. growers up to $300/acre for fungicidal controls which are often less than totally effective. Fortunately, genetic resistance to most diseases and pests is readily available to U.S. breeders in the form of wild species are increasingly utilizable due to advances in hybridization technology, use of molecular markers to track genes of interest and advances in cloning of natural resistance genes and then transforming
them into standard varieties. Compared to current leading varieties, traditional breeding can clearly provide new offerings which: improve yield and quality for both table and processing use; provide high levels of practical resistance to most diseases and insects; compete better with weeds throughout the season; require less water and less chemical fertilizer; reduce environmental and groundwater impacts; store and handle better; and favor lower production costs to the grower and cheaper prices to the consumer. The potato industry is under pressure to reduce the cost of production in order to compete in the world market. Although export of processed products to the Pacific Rim has increased imports of cheaper processed potato have made the US a net importer of French Fries, for instance. All of the promising clones in trial need to be evaluated for efficiency of end use. This ranges from the cost of inputs during the cultivation of the crop to the efficiency of extraction of
finished product from raw product. A few percentage points can mean millions of dollars in profit or loss. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? As noted above, most U.S. potato growers are spending up to $300/acre for late blight control which is often less than adequate. Several northern California growers are currently dumping storages because of tuber decay despite the use of recommended field spray programs. Tuber resistance to late blight is urgently needed. Several other diseases and disorders also require high financial inputs for acceptable control. The negative impacts of agricultural pesticides and fertilizers on the nation's air and water are of concern to the general public. The leading western variety, Russet Burbank, has a number of physiological disorders which cannot be controlled effectively with any level of input. Notable among these are hollow-heart, second-growth and dark stem-end fry color. These can only be corrected by the introduction of
resistant varieties. The world market has increased the importance of disease and pest resistant, and stress tolerant potato varieties that have high recovery of final product to a very high level. Profit margins are slim and international competitors threaten to take away our recently developed export market and pose the danger of causing the collapse of our price structure to the point that our growers cannot compete. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Program Component(s) to which it has been assigned? This research contributes to Plant, Microbial, and Insect Genetic Resources, Genomics and Genetic Improvement (NP 301 - 100%). This CRIS performs work in the 'Genomic Characterization and Genetic Improvement' component. Sources of useful and important genes are being identified and incorporated into potato germplasm. The genetic bases of trait expression are being broadened. Studies of the genetic control and genomic localization (mapping) are being
carried out for quality, nutritional, disease, pest, and yield traits. This increases the long- term economic value of the potato crop by diversifying potato cultivar types and providing cultivars that fit better into old and newly emerging market niches, with reduced production costs and input needs. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single most significant accomplishment: The potato industry is in need of emphasizing and exploiting the nutritional benefits available from potatoes already on the market and potato varieties under development. The identification of promising genetic material with very high levels of vitamin C was performed on Experiment Station of the Univeristy of Idaho. New germplasm was characterized showing quite a range of vitamin C contents ranging to as high as four times of normal, and preliminary evidence of genetic control was obtained. These varieties will increase the competitiveness of the potato industry in the
Northwest, through attracting consumers that are health-conscious and direct a portion of their disposable income to foods that address these issues. B. Other significant accomplishments: Corky ringspot, a disease caused by vectoring of tobacco rattle virus by the stubby root nematode into potato, is emerging as a major problem in the Northwest and can be solved by producing resistant new varieties. Field screening for corky ringspot resistance was carried out in Idaho, Washington, and Oregon in infested field both on experiment stations and in farmers' fields by personnel of the State Experiment Stations of Idaho, Washington and Oregon, and by scientists of the USDA/ARS in Prosser, WA, and Aberdeen, Idaho. New Germplasm was identified with resistance to corky ringspot, some of which is also resistant to Columbia root-knot nematode, one clone of which was among the top yielders in the Early Trial in Washington State. Corky ringspot can never be eliminated from fields, and requires
expensive fumigation to suppress the nematode vector, which highlights the major advantage stemming from the identification of resistance, i.e., these new varieties will reduce cost and environmental pollution by permitting diminished use of soil fumigants, that costs up to $250 per acre. Currently established methods of predicting potato tuber processing quality in new varieties are only partially effective. University of Idaho faculty at the Moscow campus (Dr. Huber) and the Aberdeen Research and Extension Center (Dr. Love) collaborated in using new techniques to predict processing traits. A viscoanalyzer, instrument that measures starch quality and texture was the best measure that correlated with consumer preference of potatoes based on organoleptic properties. This research will provide a means of early selection of potato breeding materials to assure that advanced materials will have excellent consumer acceptance. Irrigation is a costly part of potato production, in that
while sufficient water is usually available in the system, hiatuses in irrigation are very costly when unexpected. An irrigation study was carried out at the University of Idaho in Aberdeen Idaho to determine genotypic differences to irrigation options or withholding of water. Early indications from the study show distinct differences among varieties for response to limited water availability in the overall yield, size of tubers, and occurrence of internal defects, and overall recovery after a water deficit. The industry is actively interested in tolerant potato varieties which will allow the withholding of certain inputs at various points without inducing major quality or yield reductions, in order to reduce costs judiciously when opportunity arises. C. Significant accomplishments/activities that support special target populations: The selection of disease and pest resistant germplasm supports in particular organic farmers who have highly restricted options when a serious biotic
problem arises in their crop. In particular, late blight is particularly hard for them to control. The acceptable organic options include copper sulfate based sprays which are rather toxic and expensive and they control late blight to limited extent. The concerted effort to release varieties with enhanced late blight resistance is an aid to organic farmers. The organic practice of incorporating green manures as biofumigants will be more effective when combined with enhanced host resistance. Most of the new releases have an increased resistance to Verticillium wilt, allowing a longer vegetative period even in soils that have not been fumigated recently. Similarly, corky ringspot disease and Columbia root-knot nematode, both pest problems that can be reduced with green manures, will be better controlled by biofumigants in combination with host resistance. Also the industry in general is searching for products that emphasize the health benefits of eating fresh and processed
potato. The research on vitamin C and pigment related high antioxidant values is directed at fostering a diversification of product types, market niches and strategies for attracting the disposable income of the consumer. D. Progress Report: The variety evaluation efforts in Washington included 8 trials to evaluate variety adaptability, all but one of which contained Tri-State selections. Six of the trials were located in grower cooperator commercial fields. Two of the remaining trials were for selection and/or evaluation of early generation clonal material, and one was to evaluate methods of screening varieties. Of the remaining trials, five were cultural practice trials involving variety by cultural interaction and one late blight screening trial. In addition, there were three non-replicated demonstration trials located at three different statewide locations. Nine cultural practice trials included four trials directed at the use of sprout inhibitor chemical for volunteer
potato plant suppression, tuber residue level and sprout control. Three trials addressed several issues associated with stand establishment; all stand establishment trials included evaluation of the impact of the cultural practice studied on recently released Tri-State varieties. A replicated late blight susceptibility trial carried out with Dr. Debra Inglis at Mount Vernon provided information on differential response of clonal material to late blight. The material in the 2002 trial did have selections with resistance better than the White Rose susceptible check cultivar. In all, one hundred twenty clonal entries were evaluated, forty-five of which were Tri-State material. Interestingly, of the thirty-one variety entries used as checks, eleven of them are varieties that originated from the Tri-State variety development program. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Oregon has released varieties since 1995
and expects to release two more in 2002. Oregon also assists in the evaluation and development of Idaho/ARS releases through field, storage and processing trials. It is anticipated that these efforts will gradually lead to improved yields, reduced reliance on pesticides and more efficient use of fertilizers and water. Reduced production costs will ultimately translate into cheaper food for U.S. consumers and competitive advantages for U.S. growers in international markets. It has been anticipated that the Oregon program contributes approximately $5.6 million annually to the Oregon economy, more than twice that amount to Washington and more than tree times as much to Idaho (see Oregon Invests B http://oregoninvests.css.orst.edu/htmls/FMPro#). Araji and Love* reported that each $1 spent on the Tri-state breeding program returns more than $38 to the PNW economy. Oregon is an extremely important member of the Tri-state team. *Araji, A.A. and Love, S.L. 2001. The Benefits of Public
Investments in Northwest Potato Breeding Research. University of Idaho College of Agriculture Bulletin 822, 12 pp. The research conducted in this project has contributed new varieties that maintain the competitiveness of the potato industry in the Northwest. Varieties are improved in disease and pest resistance, processing quality, yield and percent recovery of processed product. Reductions in disease and pest susceptiblity, reduced pollution by agricultural pesticides of the environment, and increase profitability of the industry by reducing the cost of production. Russet Legend and Umatilla Russet, two oblong-long russet-skinned, dual-purpose varieties, were released in May, 1998. Both show much better fry color and U.S. No. 1 yields than Russet Burbank, the standard for both frozen processing and table use. Ranger Russet has become the third most important variety in the US with 11,000 acres of seed and approximately 100,000 acres of commercial production. Umatilla Russet has
created much interest among international processing and seed companies because of good performance under diverse conditions including rain-fed production. Its resistance to net necrosis disease incited by potato leafroll virus is a very important attribute now that this virus appears to be a major production constraint in the Columbia Basin and and Warm Production areas of Western and Southern Idaho. Bannock Russet is popular in Eastern Idaho providing raw product for both the fresh and processing markets. In response to the emerging and imminent threat presented by the foliar and tuber disease of late blight, the State Experiment Stations and USDA/ARS have pooled resources and increased the amount of work devoted to selection of resistance. We have been able to identify and extensively cross with proven durable sources of resistance. This collaboration continues to allow specialization of the different institutions and extensive complementation of resources and abilities. For
instance, the poor seed site of USDA/ARS Prosser, Washington is compensated by the much better seed hygiene characteristics by the USDA/ARS and Univeristy of Idaho facilities in Aberdeen, Idaho and Oregon State University at Powell Butte, Oregon. Recently released Umatilla Russet and Russet Legend are very resistant to tuber blight compared to Russet Burbank, Russet Norkotah, and Ranger Russet. Ranger Russet is very susceptible to tuber blight, a cause for alarm. The Northwest Cooperators now have late blight evaluations taking place in the Willamete Valley of Oregon, the Skagit Valley of Washington, and the Toluca Valley of Mexico. This has permitted the identification of stably resistant breeding materials. Oregon used this project to help develop a large, traditional potato breeding program based on true seeds supplied by the Aberdeen, Idaho program. The Oregon program with 65,000 new clones annually is probably the second largest in the U.S. after Aberdeen. This project was
essential to the Oregon release of 3 cultivars over the last 5 years. Washington State University, the University of Idaho and the USDA/ARS participated in all three releases. Century Russet, an extremely high-yielding long, tablestock russet was released in 1995. It has shown little success in the Pacific Northwest because of local emphasis on processing, but is still creating considerable interest in parts of Canada and Texas. Considering the three states as a whole, over the life of the project, eighteen varieties have been cooperatively released with the ARS, Oregon State University and Washington State University. All of these varieties are still in commerce in the northwest. Ranger Russet, a 1991 release, now makes up approximately 10% of northwest acreage, providing a farm gate value of over $1 billion. Several other varieties are beginning to have a significant impact, a positive trend that is expected to continue for many years. In 2000 and 2001, three new varieties were
released. Gem Russet (A8495- 1) was released in 2000 and is a long shaped russet with tubers having excellent appearance, high solids, and low sugar content. It has quality and appearance traits that give it the potential to replace significant acreage of older standard varieties. A82360-7 was released in 2001 as Alturas. It was bred specifically for dehydration processing and was comprehensively evaluated by the dehydrating industry in 2000. During the past year, it provided large quantities of potatoes to supplement raw product supplies. This was an outstanding example of public research responding rapidly to specific industry needs. NDO1496-1 was released in 2001 as Ivory Crisp. It is a cold chipper and has the ability to provide high quality chip stock from long term storage, a rarity among chippers. It is currently contributing to the chipping industries in Idaho and the upper Midwest. Continued efforts were made to identify resistance to corky ringspot in germplasm with
processing quality. This research has now moved into a phase where good quality russet type parents have been identified for use in crossing. The corky ringspot research is becoming more important as each year new infected sites are identified throughout the Northwest. In Idaho, during the summer of 2000, two new infection sites were discovered in locations geographically removed from known problem fields. A project was initiated in 1999 to improve the vitamin C content of the Northwest breeding germplasm base. As a first step, prominent breeding parents from throughout North America were screened for vitamin C content. In the two years of subsequent screening, a wide range of vitamin C content was found in the tested population, with a high of 43.0 mg/100g and a low of 9.7. High levels were found in clones from Idaho, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Texas. Clones with high levels of vitamin C are being intercrossed in an effort to determine the potential for maximum genetic
improvement. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? 2003-2004: Publish the cultivar by plant emergence and stand establishment data and results. Conduct the ongoing cultivar evaluation program. Continue all activities associated with identification and evaluation of superior varieties. Complete the identification of genetic markers for selection of corky ringspot resistance. Initiate vitamin C inheritance studies and begin recurrent selection for increased vitamin C content. Complete a drought tolerance study with new potato varieties. Complete research associated with visconalyzer measurements of tuber quality and develop associated screening methods. Release new cultivars for French fry production and fresh markets of red skinned, round whites, long whites, and specialty potatoes 2004-2005: New PI for the in field cultivar evaluation program will reevaluate and as found appropriate revise objectives and protocol. Continue all activities associated
with identification and evaluation of superior varieties. Begin selection of corky ringspot resistant germplasm using selectable markers. Continue crop management related research for new varieties on fertility, irrigation, herbicide tolerance, and seed spacing. Complete research designed to provide prediction models for optimal seed spacing for new varieties based on tuber size and set characteristics. Continue recurrent selection program for improving vitamin C content. 2005-2006 Incorporate high vitamin C with high carotenoid, and high phenolics to achieve a cassette of high impact health benefiting phytonutrients in new cultivar releases. Carry out late blight screening in Corvallis, Oregon and Mount Vernon, Washington. Use data from screenings in Toluca, Mexico to enhance breeding efforts. Place corky ringspot and Columbia root-knot nematode resistant clones in Tri-State trials. Continue the incorporation of enhanced Verticillium resistance to reduce need for soil fumigation for
early dying prevention. Eradicate virus from promising advanced selection to provide virus-free stocks for seed programs. Continue multisite trials with emphasis on yield, yield components, disease and pest resistance screening, processing and storability assays, and attention to overall cost of production and profitability of new cultivars Release new cultivars for French fry production and fresh markets of red skinned, round whites, long whites, and specialty potatoes including, super yellows, red fleshed, purple fleshed, and fingerlings 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Superior new germplasm was presented to the industry in 2001 in the form of new varieties with traits that address the needs of the industry. As far as constraints
to introduction the major one is the willingness of the producers to accept the new cultivars and the predisposition of the processor to contract growers to grow new varieties for use in their plants. The technology is as durable as the cultivars themselves, and will need to continue to be modified as the industry identifies weaknesses in it. Nonetheless new varieties are being commercialized as quickly as a sufficient seed is available and they are accepted. 8. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: This does not replace your peer-reviewed publications listed below). Presentations / Popular Press: Eldredge, E.P., Shock, C.C. and Saunders, L.D. Potato variety trials 2001. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1038, 2002, pp 178-189. Eldredge, E.P., Shock, C.C., Saunders, L.D. Early and late harvest potato cultivar response to drip irrigation. 26th
International Horticultural Congress and Exhibition, Toronto, Canada. August 2002. Hagemeier, H. 2003. 'The Promise of Potatoes' In: The Bulletin (Bend, Oregon), Community Life Section. pp. 1 and 6, January 14. James, S.R., Hane, D., Mosley, A.R., Rykobst, K.A., Shock, C.C. New potato variety development ' yearly progress report. Central Oregon Agricultural Research Center 2002 Annual Report, Special Report 1039, Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, p 47-51. James, S.R., Shock, C.C., Rykbost, K., Mosley, A.R., Hane, D. Oregon Potato Variety Development Program. Oregon Potato Commission Research Progress Reports, 2003, pp 35-41. Mosley, A.R. Potato Breeding and Variety Development. Oregon Potato Commission Research Progress Reports, 2003, pp 48-65. Pavek, Mark. 2003. Economic Impact of Missing and Irregulary Spaced Potato Plants. Western Washington Potato Workshop, Mt. Vernon, Wa. Feb. 28. Rykbost, K.A. Specialty Potato Variety Development. Oregon Potato
Commission Research Progress Reports, 2003, pp 84-85. Shock, C.C, Eldredge, E.P., Saunders, L.D. Drip-irrigated red and russet potato varieties harvested early or late. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1038, 2002, pp 170-177. Shock, C.C., Eldredge, E.P., Saunders, L.D. Drip irrigation management factors `Umatilla Russet' potato production. Oregon State University Agricultural Experiment Station, Special Report 1038, 2002, pp 157-169. Shock, C.C., Eldredge, E.P., Saunders, L.D. Irrigation criteria and drip tape placement for `Umatilla Russet' potato production. International Irrigation Show 2002 Proceedings, The Irrigation Association. New Orleans, LA. October 24-26, 2002. p 8. Shock, C.C., Rykbost, K., Mosley, A.R., Hane, D., and James, S. Oregon potato variety development program. Oregon Potato Commission Research Progress Reports, 2002, pp 88-95. Thompson, S., S. Love, and G. Porter. 2000-2001. Cultivar Corner (eight articles describing new
potato varieties. Spudman, Vol. 38 and 39. Thornton, R.E. 2003. Western Washington Variety Trial Results. Western Washington Potato Workshop, Mt. Vernon, Wa. Feb. 28. Thornton, R.E. 2003. Western Washington Variety Trial Results. Western Washington Potato Workshop, Mt. Vernon, Wa. Feb. 28. Thornton, R.E. In Field Testing of Potato Clones and Cultivars for Adaptability for Production in Washington State. IN: Washington State Potato Commission Progress Reports for Research Conducted in 2002. Washington State Potato Commission Special Report. 2003. p. 234-237. Thornton, R.E. In Field Testing of Potato Clones and Cultivars for Adaptability for Production in Washington State. IN: Washington State Potato Commission Progress Reports for Research Conducted in 2002. Washington State Potato Commission Special Report. 2003. p. 234-237. Thornton, R.E., Knowles, N.R. Potato Cultivar Yield and Postharvest Quality Evaluations. Washington State University Department of Horticulture
and Landscape Architecture Special Report. 2003. 132p. Thornton, R.E., Knowles, N.R. Potato Cultivar Yield and Postharvest Quality Evaluations. Washington State University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Special Report. 2003. 132p. Araji, A.A. and S. Love. The economic impact of investment in the Pacific Northwest potato variety development program. 2002. Amer. J. Potato Res. 79:411-420. Love, S.L., Novy, R., Corsini, D.L., Pavek, J.J., Mosley, A.R., Thornton, R.E., James, S.R., and Hane, D.C. Gem Russet: a long russet potato variety with excellent fresh market and French fry processing quality. 2001. Amer. J. of Potato Res. 79(1) 25-33. Pavek, Mark. 2003. Economics And Agronomics Of Potato Stand Establishment: A Look At Planter Performance , Plant Spacing,Planting Depth And Associated Tillage, And Cultivar Response. PhD Thesis. 2003. Washington State University. 135 p. Abstracts: Bamberg, J., S. Love, D. Corsini, and K. Deahl. 2001. Fine screening
potato germplasm for high leaf and low tuber glycoalkaloids. Amer. J. Potato Res. 78:443. Bohl, W.H. and S.L. Love. 2001. Effect of planting depth and hilling practices on yield and quality of Russet Burbank and Gem Russet potatoes. Amer. J. Potato Res. 78:444 (Abstr.). Brown, C.R., H. Mojtahedi, G.S. Santo, P. Hamm, R. Novy, D. Corsini, S. Love, and S. James. 2001. Defending the profitability of growing potato in the Columbia Basin: development of corky and Columbia root-knot nematode resistant germplasm. Amer. J. Potato Res. 78:446. Novy, R.D., D. Corsini, S. Love, and J.J. Pavek. 2000. A90586-11: a high yielding processing selection with foliar and tuber resistance to late blight. Amer. J. Potato Res. 77:414 (abstr.). Pavek, M.J and R.E. Thornton.2002. Agronomics and Economics of Potato Stand Establishment. Abstracts of Papers and Posters 15th Triennial Conference of the European Association for Potato Research. p. 53 Salaiz, T.S., S.L. Love and P.E. Patterson. 2001.
Economic performance of Gem Russet (A8495-1) and A84118-3 as compared to Russet Burbank using a fresh pack model. Amer. J. Potato Res. 78:480. See online descriptions and production recommendations for approximately 20 advanced PNW selections and new varieties at: http://www.css.orst. edu/potatoes/variety.htm; see also an interactive database for all Tristate and Western Regional Trial entries at http://www.css.orst. edu/coarc/database.htm and additional varietal information at http://orst. edu/dept/kes/potato.htm Reports: Bain, P., S.L. Love, and T. Salaiz. 2002. Potato variety development screening criteria. Proc. Univ. Idaho Winter Comm. Schools 34:73-76. Love, S.L., T. Salaiz, and P. Bain. 2002. 2001 descriptions of potato varieties and clones. Proc. Univ. Idaho Winter Comm. Schools 34:77-86. Bulletins: Bain, P. and S.L. Love. 2002. Tri-state potato variety trials ' 2001. Idaho Agric. Exp. Sta. Progress Rept. No. 357. Bohl, W.H. and S.L. Love. Cultural management of
Russet Norkotah potatoes. 2003. Univ. of Idaho Agric. Exp. Sta. Curr. Info. Series No. 1106. Bohl, W.H., S.L. Love, D.L. Corsini, J.C. Stark, and N. Olsen. 2002. Cultural management of Bannock Russet potatoes. Idaho Agric. Exp. Sta. Current Info. Series No. 1103. Brandt, T.L., G. Kleinkopf, N. Olsen and S. Love. Storage management for Umatilla Russet potatoes. 2003. Univ. of Idaho Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 839.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Novy, R.G., D.L. Corsini, S.L. Love, J.J. Pavek, A.R. Mosley, S.R. James, D.C. Hane, C.C. Shock, K.A. Rykbost, C.R. Brown, and R.E. Thornton. Bannock Russet: a dual-purpose russet potato cultivar with high U.S. No.1 yield and multiple disease resistances. American Journal Potato Research. 2002. v. 79. p.147-153.
|
Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? Society is sending agriculturists a clear message that reduced use of pesticides, fertilizers and water is highly desirable. At the same time, Americans demand a cheap and abundant food supply. Superior new potato varieties are essential for achieving these paradoxical goals. Potato production typically costs more than $2300 per acre in the U.S. Much of this cost is dedicated to pest and disease control. For example, new and highly aggressive strains of late blight alone cost U.S. growers up to $300/acre for fungicidal controls which are often less than totally effective. Fortunately, genetic resistance to most diseases and pests is readily available to U.S. breeders in the form of wild species which are increasingly crossable to the cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum L. Compared to current leading varieties, traditional breeding can clearly provide new offerings which: improve yield and
quality for both table and processing use; provide high levels of practical resistance to most diseases and insects; compete better with weeds throughout the season; require less water and less chemical fertilizer; reduce environmental and groundwater impacts; store and handle better; and favor lower production costs to the grower and cheaper prices to the consumer. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? As noted above, most U.S. potato growers are spending up to $300/acre for late blight control which is often less than adequate. Several northern California growers are currently dumping storages because of tuber decay despite the use of recommended field spray programs. Tuber resistance to late blight is urgently needed. Several other diseases and disorders also require high financial inputs for acceptable control. The negative impacts of agricultural pesticides and fertilizers on the nation's air and water are of concern to the general public. The leading western
variety, Russet Burbank, has a number of physiological disorders which cannot be controlled effectively with any level of input. Notable among these are hollow-heart, second-growth and dark stem-end fry color. These can only be corrected by the introduction of resistant varieties. 3. How does it relate to the national Program(s) and National Program Component(s) to which it has been assigned? This research contributes to Plant, Microbial, and Insect Genetic Resources, Genomics and Genetic Improvement (NP 301 - 100%). This CRIS performs work in the "Genomic Characterization and Genetic Improvement" component. Sources of useful and important genes are being identified and incorporated into potato germplasm. The genetic bases of trait expression are being broadened. Studies of the genetic control and genomic localization (mapping) are being carried out for quality, nutritional, disease, pest, and yield traits. This increases the long- term economic value of the potato crop by
diversifying potato cultivar types and providing cultivars that fit better into old and newly emerging market niches, with reduced production costs and input needs. 4. What was your most significant accomplishment this past year? A. Single most significant accomplishment: The potato industry needs new varieties that improve the profitability picture by being less costly to grow and less demanding of inputs that give rise to environmental contamination. The identification of promising genetic materials was performed on Experiment Stations of the State Universities of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon incorporating the efforts of State University Faculty, USDA/ARS scientists at Aberdeen, ID and Prosser, WA, and growers under the umbrella organization known as the Tri-State Potato Variety Program. New germplasm with late blight, corky ringspot, and potato leafroll virus resistances, was selected out of field, laboratory and greenhouse screenings, the most advanced of which was were
released as new varieties to transfer the technology to commercial enterprises, namely four clones designated Summit Russet, Wallowa Russet, Willamette Russet and Modoc. These varieties and upcoming new selections that will be named in the future will increase the competitiveness of the potato industry in the Northwest, through enhanced disease and pest resistance, reduced production cost, reduced pesticide usage, enhanced quality, and more efficient recovery of processed product. B. None C. Significant accomplishments/activities that support special target populations: None. D. Progress Report: The variety evaluation efforts in Washington included 8 trials to evaluate variety adaptability, all but one of which contained Tri-State selections. Six of the trials were located in grower cooperator commercial fields. Two of the remaining trials were for selection and/or evaluation of early generation clonal material, and one was to evaluate methods of screening varieties. Of the
remaining trials, five were cultural practice trials involving variety by cultural interaction and one late blight screening trial. In addition, there were three non-replicated demonstration trials located at three different statewide locations. Nine cultural practice trials included four trials directed at the use of sprout inhibitor chemical for volunteer potato plant suppression, tuber residue level and sprout control. Three trials addressed several issues associated with stand establishment; all stand establishment trials included evaluation of the impact of the cultural practice studied on recently released Tri-State varieties. A replicated late blight susceptibility trial carried out with Dr. Debra Inglis at Mount Vernon provided information on differential response of clonal material to late blight. The material in the 2001 trial did have selections with resistance better than the White Rose susceptible check cultivar. In all, one hundred twenty clonal entries were
evaluated, forty-five of which were Tri-State material. Interestingly, of the thirty-one variety entries used as checks, eleven of them are varieties that originated from the Tri-State variety development program. This year for the first time green house grown early generation tubers were grown as a part of the Washington potato variety program, these tubers were provided by Oregon State University. They were grown at a high temperature long season location. Eleven clonal families were represented. Nineteen single hills selections from this material are currently being further evaluated. 5. Describe your major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact? Oregon has released seven varieties since 1995 and expects to release two more in 2002. Oregon also assists in the evaluation and development of Idaho/ARS releases through field, storage and processing trials. It is anticipated that these efforts will gradually lead to improved yields,
reduced reliance on pesticides and more efficient use of fertilizers and water. Reduced production costs will ultimately translate into cheaper food for U.S. consumers and competitive advantages for U.S. growers in international markets. It has been anticipated that the Oregon program contributes approximately $5.6 million annually to the Oregon economy, more than twice that amount to Washington and more than tree times as much to Idaho (see Oregon Invests ? http://oregoninvests.css.orst.edu/htmls/FMPro#). Araji and Love* reported that each $1 spent on the Tri-state breeding program returns more than $38 to the PNW economy. Oregon is an extremely important member of the Tri-state team. *Araji, A.A. and Love, S.L. 2001. The Benefits of Public Investments in Northwest Potato Breeding Research. University of Idaho College of Agriculture Bulletin 822, 12 pp. The research conducted in this project has contributed new varieties that maintain the competitiveness of the potato industry in the
Northwest. Varieties are improved in disease and pest resistance, processing quality, yield and percent recovery of processed product. Reductions in disease and pest susceptiblity, reduced pollution by agricultural pesticides of the environment, and increase profitability of the industry by reducing the cost of production. Russet Legend and Umatilla Russet, two oblong-long russet-skinned, dual-purpose varieties, were released in May, 1998. Both show much better fry color and U.S. No. 1 yields than Russet Burbank, the standard for both frozen processing and table use. Ranger Russet has become the third most important variety in the US with 11,000 acres of seed and approximately 100,000 acres of commercial production. Umatilla Russet has created much interest among international processing and seed companies because of good performance under diverse conditions including rain-fed production. Its resistance to net necrosis disease incited by potato leafroll virus is a very important
attribute now that this virus appears to be a major production constraint in the Columbia Basin and and Warm Production areas of Western and Southern Idaho. Bannock Russet is popular in Eastern Idaho providing raw product for both the fresh and processing markets. In response to the emerging and imminent threat presented by the foliar and tuber disease of late blight, the State Experiment Stations and USDA/ARS have pooled resources and increased the amount of work devoted to selection of resistance. We have been able to identify and extensively cross proven durable sources of resistance. In this context, 24,000 seedlings were grown in a high blight environment in Oregon in 1998, leading to the selection of 780 seedling clones. These clones are being evaluated further in 1999 as twelve-hill plots in Aberdeen. Recently released Umatilla Russet and Russet Legend are very resistant to tuber blight compared to Russet Burbank, Russet Norkotah, and Ranger Russet. Ranger Russet is very
susceptible to tuber blight, a cause for alarm. The Northwest Cooperators now have late blight evaluations taking place in the Willamete Valley of Oregon, the Skagit Valley of Washington, and the Toluca Valley of Mexico. This has permitted the identification of stably resistant breeding materials. Oregon used this project to help develop a large, traditional potato breeding program based on true seeds supplied by the Aberdeen, Idaho program. The Oregon program with 65,000 new clones annually is probably the second largest in the U.S. after Aberdeen. This project was essential to the Oregon release of 3 cultivars over the last 5 years. Washington State University, the University of Idaho and the USDA/ARS participated in all three releases. Century Russet, an extremely high-yielding long, tablestock russet was released in 1995. It has shown little success in the Pacific Northwest because of local emphasis on processing, but is still creating considerable interest in parts of Canada and
Texas. Oregon entries in the 1998 and 1999 Statewide, Tri-State and Western Regional trials showed excellent promise. We expect to release several of these over the next 5 years. Considering the three states as a whole, over the life of the project, thirteen varieties have been cooperatively released with the ARS, Oregon State University and Washington State University. All of these varieties are still in commerce in the northwest. Ranger Russet, a 1991 release, now makes up approximately 10% of northwest acreage, providing a farm gate value of over $1 billion. Several other varieties are beginning to have a significant impact, a positive trend that is expected to continue for many years. In 2000 and 2001, three new varieties were released. Gem Russet (A8495- 1) was released in 2000 and is a long shaped russet with tubers having excellent appearance, high solids, and low sugar content. It has quality and appearance traits that give it the potential to replace significant acreage
of older standard varieties. A82360-7 was released in 2001 as Alturas. It was bred specifically for dehydration processing and was comprehensively evaluated by the dehydrating industry in 2000. During the past year, it provided large quantities of potatoes to supplement raw product supplies. This was an outstanding example of public research responding rapidly to specific industry needs. NDO1496-1 was released in 2001 as Ivory Crisp. It is a cold chipper and has the ability to provide high quality chip stock from long term storage, a rarity among chippers. It is currently contributing to the chipping industries in Idaho and the upper Midwest. Continued efforts were made to identify resistance to corky ringspot in germplasm with processing quality. This research has now moved into a phase where good quality russet type parents have been identified for use in crossing. The corky ringspot research is becoming more important as each year new infected sites are identified
throughout the Northwest. In Idaho, during the summer of 2000, two new infection sites were discovered in locations geographically removed from known problem fields. A project was initiated in 1999 to improve the vitamin C content of the Northwest breeding germplasm base. As a first step, prominent breeding parents from throughout North America were screened for vitamin C content. In the two years of subsequent screening, a wide range of vitamin C content was found in the tested population, with a high of 43.0 mg/100g and a low of 9.7. High levels were found in clones from Idaho, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Texas. Clones with high levels of vitamin C are being intercrossed in an effort to determine the potential for maximum genetic improvement. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? 2002-2003: Finalize results of cultivar by cultural practice research including MH sprout inhibitor and plant emergence and stand establishment and publish the MH
results. Publish the cultivar testing methods data and results obtained in 2000 and 2001. Establish and conduct trials that are an ongoing part of the potato cultivar evaluation program. Complete evaluations of A9014-2 (a long russet with high tuber quality) and A91790-13 (a cold-sweetening resistant clone with high yield potential) and determine their potential for release. Complete characterization of three corky ringspot populations for use in developing a marker assisted selection program. Complete the development of populations for vitamin C inheritance research. Complete a second year of research correlating viscoanalyzer measurements with sensory tests. Complete a research study on the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on dry- matter partitioning in new varieties. Compile and publish management recommendations for Alturas and Summit Russet. 2003-2004: Publish the cultivar by plant emergence and stand establishment data and results. Conduct the ongoing cultivar evaluation
program. Continue all activities associated with identification and evaluation of superior varieties. Complete the identification of genetic markers for selection of corky ringspot resistance. Initiate vitamin C inheritance studies and begin recurrent selection for increased vitamin C content. Complete a drought tolerance study with new potato varieties. Complete research associated with visconalyzer measurements of tuber quality and develop associated screening methods. 2004-2005: New PI for the in field cultivar evaluation program will reevaluate and as found appropriate revise objectives and protocol. Continue all activities associated with identification and evaluation of superior varieties. Begin selection of corky ringspot resistant germplasm using selectable markers. Continue crop management related research for new varieties on fertility, irrigation, herbicide tolerance, and seed spacing. Complete research designed to provide prediction models for optimal seed spacing for new
varieties based on tuber size and set characteristics. Continue recurrent selection program for improving vitamin C content. 7. What technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the technology likely to become available to the end user (industry, farmer other scientist)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption durability of the technology? Superior new germplasm was presented to the industry in 2001 in the form of new varieties with traits that address the needs of the industry. As far as constraints to introduction the major one is the willingness of the producers to accept the new cultivars and the predisposition of the processor to contract growers to grow new varieties for use in their plants. The technology is as durable as the cultivars themselves, and will need to continue to be modified as the industry identifies weaknesses in it. Nonetheless new varieties are being commercialized as quickly as a sufficient seed is available and they are accepted. 8.
List your most important publications and presentations, and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your review publications which are listed below) Presentations Popular Press: Bain, P., S.L. Love and T. Salaiz. 2002. Potato variety development screening criteria. Proc. Univ. Idaho Winter Comm. Schools 34:73-76. Bohl, W and S.L. Love. 2002. What causes green ends? Potato Grower 31(4):50-53. Bohl, W.H. and S.L. Love. 2000. Use specific practices to minimize bruise damage for each potato variety. The Spudvine, August 2000. Bohl, W.H. and S.L. Love. 2001. Planting depth and hilling practices affect yield. The Spudvine, April 2001. Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 1999. 2001. ARS 158, April 2001. K. Haynes, ed. Hane, D. Mosley, A., Rykbost, C., Shock, C., and James, S. Oregon Potato Variety Development Program. 2000. In: FY 1999-2000 Research Progress Reports, Oregon Potato Commission, Portland. Pp 51-56. Hane, D. Mosley, A., Rykbost, C., Shock, C.,
and James, S. Oregon Potato Variety Development Program. 2000. In: FY 1999-2000 Research Progress Reports, Oregon Potato Commission, Portland. Pp 51-56. Knowles, N.R. Postharvest Quality of New Clones and Cultivars. IN: Washington State Potato Commission Progress Reports for Research Conducted in 2001. Washington State Potato Commission Special Report. 2002. Love, S., J. Stark and W. Bohl. 2002. Late season bulking: how important is it? Potato Grower 31(7):18-23. Love, S., R. Novy, and D. Corsini. 2002. UI, ARS, Tri-state turning out winners. Potato Grower 31(2):38-40. Love, S.L, T. Salaiz and P. Bain. 2002. 2001 description of potato varieties and clones. Proc. Univ. Idaho Winter Comm. Schools 34:77-86. Love, S.L. 2002. Variety development: public or private. Valley Potato Grower (Feb. 2002):18-19. Mosley, A. and Yilma, S. Crop Science Potato Research and Extension, 1999. 2000. In: FY 1999-2000 Research Progress Reports, Oregon Potato Commission, Portland. Pp. 72-96.
Mosley, A. and Yilma, S. Crop Science Potato Research and Extension, 1999. 2000. In: FY 1999-2000 Research Progress Reports, Oregon Potato Commission, Portland. Pp. 72-96. Mosley, A., Hane, D., James, S., Rykbost, K., Shock, C. Yilma, B, Charlton, B., Eldredge, E. and Leroux, L. OREGON ? National Potato Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Report, 1999. 2001. ARS 158, April 2001. K. Haynes, ed. USDA, ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, pp Newberry, G.D. Potato Volunteers-The Problem and Potential Solutions. Columbia Basin Potato Workshops. Pasco, Wa. January 16, Moses Lake, Wa. January 17, 2002 p. 82-98. Pavek, Mark. Factors Impacting Potato Plant Emergence and Population. Western Washington Potato Workshop, Mt. Vernon, Wa. Feb. 21, 2002. Rykbost, K. Cultural Management for Potato Varieties. 2000. FY 1999-2000 Research Progress Reports, Oregon Potato Commission, Portland. Pp. 131- 138. Rykbost, K. Cultural Management for Potato Varieties. 2000. FY
1999-2000 Research Progress Reports, Oregon Potato Commission, Portland. Pp. 131- 138. Thompson, S., S. Love, and G. Porter. 2000-2001. Cultivar Corner (eight articles describing new potato varieties. Spudman, Vol. 38 and 39. Thornton, R.E. In Field Testing of Potato Clones and Cultivars for Adaptability for Production in Washington State. IN: Washington State Potato Commission Progress Reports for Research Conducted in 2001. Washington State Potato Commission Special Report. 2002. p. 244-258. Thornton, R.E., Knowles, N.R. Potato Cultivar Yield and Postharvest Quality Evaluations. Washington State University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Special Report. 2002. 143p. USDA, ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, pp
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Love, S.L., R. Novy, D.L. Corsini, J.J. Pavek, A.R. Mosley, R.E. Thornton, S.R. James, and D.C. Hane. 2002. Gem Russet: a long russet potato variety with excellent fresh market and french fry processing quality. Amer. J. Potato Res. 79:25-32.
- Castleberry, Henry Charles. Causes, effects and avoidance of intervarietal competition on yield and quality of potato cultivars grown for research. MS Thesis. 2001. Washington State University. p. 116.
- Love, S., R. Novy, D. Corsini, P. Bain, T. Salaiz, L. Later, J. Stimpson, and A. Mosley. 2002. Idaho. Nat. Potato Germplasm Eval. Rept., 2000, 71:126-143.
- Love, S.L., Corsini, D.L., Novy, R., Pavek, J.J., Mosley, A.R., Thornton, R.E., James, S.R., Hane, D. and Rykbost, K.A. IdaRose: a potato variety with bright red skin, excellent culinary quality, and long tuber dormancy. 2001. Amer. J. of Potato Res. 79(2): 79-85.
- Newberry, George D. Integrated methods for suppression of volunteer potato Solanum Tuberosum in Washington State. Ph.D Thesis. 2002. Washington State University. 178 p.
- Rykbost, K.A., Voss, R., James, S.R., Mosley, A.R., Charlton, B.A., Hane, D.C., Love, S.L., and Thornton, R.E. Mazama: An early maturing, bright red- skinned cultivar for fresh market. 2001. Amer. J. of Potato Res. 78:383- 387.
- Rykbost, K.A., Voss, R., James, S.R., Mosley, A.R., Charlton, B.A., Hane, D.C., Johansen, R.H., Love, S.L., and Thornton, R.E. Winema: An early maturing, red-skinned cultivar for fresh market. 2001. Amer. J. of Potato Res. 78:371-375.
- Abstracts: Bamberg, J., S. Love, D. Corsini, and K. Deahl. 2001. Fine screening potato germplasm for high leaf and low tuber glycoalkaloids. Amer. J. Potato Res. 78:443 (Abstr.).
- Bohl, W.H. and S.L. Love. 2001. Effect of planting depth and hilling practices on yield and quality of Russet Burbank and Gem Russet potatoes. Amer. J. Potato Res. 78:444 (Abstr.).
- Love, S.L., T.A. Salaiz, J.J. Pavek, and C.R. Brown. 2001. Development of russet-type germplasm with resistance to corky ringspot. Amer. J. Potato Res. 78: 467 (Abstr.).
- Novy, R.D., D. Corsini, S. Love, and J.J. Pavek. 2000. A90586-11: a high yielding processing selection with foliar and tuber resistance to late blight. Amer. J. Potato Res. 77:414 (abstr.).
- Salaiz, T.S., S.L. Love and P.E. Patterson. 2001. Economic performance of Gem Russet (A8495-1) and A84118-3 as compared to Russet Burbank using a fresh pack model. Amer. J. Potato Res. 78:480 (Abstr.).
- See online descriptions and production recommendations for approximately 20 advanced PNW selections and new varieties at: http://www.css.orst. edu/potatoes/variety.htm; see also an interactive database for all Tristate and Western Regional Trial entries at http://www.css.orst. edu/coarc/database.htm and additional varietal information at http://orst. edu/dept/kes/potato.htm
- Love, S.L., D.L. Corsini, R. Novy, J.J. Pavek, A.R. Mosley, R.E. Thornton, S.R. James, D.C. Hane, and K.A. Rykbost. 2002. IdaRose: a potato variety with bright red skin, excellent culinary quality, and long tuber dormancy. Amer. J. Potato Res. 79:79-84.
- Love, S.L., Novy, R., Corsini, D.L., Pavek, J.J., Mosley, A.R., Thornton, R.E., James, S.R., and Hane, D.C. Gem Russet: a long russet potato variety with excellent fresh market and French fry processing quality. 2001. Amer. J. of Potato Res. 79(1) 25-33.
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