Progress 04/13/02 to 06/14/05
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? Sunflower is the only row crop in North America coexisting with its native ancestors. Native sunflower co-evolved with a number of insects, many of which specifically attack sunflower, and thus must be managed separately from problems on other crops. Although over 150 insects occur on native sunflowers, the sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte), banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes Walsingham, the sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis (Fabricius), sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst), red sunflower seed weevil, Smicronyx fulvus LeConte, and sunflower midge, Contarinia schulzi Gagne, are of most concern to cultivated sunflower and have become economic pests in the northern and central Great Plains. Insect management currently relies heavily on chemical controls which
contribute to environmental contamination, are harmful to beneficial organisms that keep potential pests in check, and negatively impact pollinators. Of particular importance to the effort on mitigating insect pest damage below economic thresholds to sunflower is the development of effective, economical, and environmentally sound management strategies, including plant resistance and the use of biological control to reduce the need for chemical insecticides to help the U.S. sunflower industry to maintain yield and oil quality and to reduce environmental damage. There is a need to develop knowledge of parasitoids of insect pests to increase their impact as biological control agents, understand multi- trophic (sunflower-pest-parasitoid) interactions, and identify sunflower germplasm offering resistance to pest damage and with attributes promoting natural enemy activity. The project has four specific goals: 1) to identify species of parasitoids of the sunflower stem weevil and banded
sunflower moth in native sunflowers; 2) to rear the primary parasitoid species of the banded sunflower moth and determine their biology and population dynamics and interaction with the host; 3) to evaluate sunflower germplasm for potential resistance to insect attack and damage by the banded sunflower moth, sunflower stem weevil, and sunflower moth; and 4) to determine the interaction of natural enemies of sunflower insect pests, plant resistance, and other biologically-based strategies to maintain pests below economic injury levels. The proposed research is relevant to the Mission Statement within the NP304 Action Plan which is "to provide technology to manage pest populations below economic damage thresholds by the integration of environmentally compatible strategies that are based on increased understanding of the biology and ecology of insect, mite, and weed pests. " In particular, this research addresses Component II which targets the "Biology of Pests and Natural Enemies,"
Component III which targets "Plant, Pest, and Natural Enemy Interactions and Ecology," and Component V which targets "Pest Control Technologies." Potential benefits from this research are pest management strategies for major sunflower insect pests that maintain the species below economic injury levels and lower costs for the producer while providing long-term, environmentally safe control for sunflower from insect damage. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Year 1 (FY 2003) Make collections of native sunflower species. Develop rearing procedures for the parasitoid, Glypta prognatha. Develop rearing procedures for the parasitoid, Chelonus phaloniae. Screen germplasm for sunflower stem weevil resistance. Screen germplasm for banded sunflower moth resistance. Screen germplasm for sunflower moth resistance. Year 2 (FY 2004) Make collections of native sunflower species. Recover sunflower insects from collected native sunflower species collected and rear
to recover parasitoid species. Continue developing rearing procedures for the parasitoid, Glypta prognatha. Continue developing rearing procedures for the parasitoid, Chelonus phaloniae. Laboratory studies on the biology of Glypta prognatha. Laboratory studies on the biology of Chelonus phaloniae. Screen germplasm for sunflower stem weevil resistance. Screen germplasm for banded sunflower moth resistance. Screen germplasm for sunflower moth resistance. Rear sunflower stem weevil larvae to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. Rear banded sunflower moth larvae to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. Rear sunflower moth larvae to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. Year 3 (FY 2005) Make collections of native sunflower species. Recover sunflower insects from collected native sunflower species collected and rear to recover parasitoid species. Laboratory studies on the biology of Glypta prognatha. Laboratory studies on the biology of
Chelonus phaloniae. Screen germplasm for sunflower stem weevil resistance. Screen germplasm for banded sunflower moth resistance. Screen germplasm for sunflower moth resistance. Rear sunflower stem weevil larvae to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. Rear banded sunflower moth larvae to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. Rear sunflower moth larvae to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. 3a List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2005. For each milestone, indicate the status: fully met, substantially met, or not met. If not met, why. 1. Collections of native sunflower species were made in North Dakota. Milestone Fully Met 2. Banded sunflower moth larvae in the heads of native sunflowers were recovered and are being reared to determine the species of parasitoids attacking the moth. Milestone Fully Met 3. Studies were undertaken to determine the most effective method to rear the parasitoid, Glypta
prognatha in the laboratory in order to study its biology. Milestone Fully Met 4. Experiments were conducted to determine the survival, sex ratio, and number of eggs produced by the banded sunflower moth parasitoid, Chelonus phaloniae. Milestone Fully Met 5. Germplasm was screened for sunflower stem weevil resistance in field nurseries in Kansas. Milestone Fully Met 6. Germplasm was screened for banded sunflower moth resistance in field nurseries in North Dakota. Milestone Fully Met 7. Germplasm was screened for sunflower moth resistance in field nurseries in Kansas. Milestone Fully Met 8. Sunflower stem weevil larvae collected from selected lines in resistance nurseries in Kansas were reared to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. Milestone Fully Met 9. Banded sunflower moth larvae collected from selected lines in resistance nurseries in North Dakota were reared to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. Milestone Fully Met 10. Sunflower moth larvae
collected from selected lines in resistance nurseries in Kansas were reared to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. Milestone Fully Met 3b List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2006, 2007, and 2008). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? The project was completed in FY 2005. 4a What was the single most significant accomplishment this past year? Planting date effective in lowering weevil numbers. Results show that delaying planting until after the early and later May planting periods reduced sunflower stem weevil densities in western Kansas. This study's objective was to determine whether altered planting periods could reduce weevil densities in confection and oilseed sunflower in the central High Plains production region. High numbers of weevils can reduce yield because of the lodging of infested plants. The impact of four planting dates was determined by measuring larval
density within sunflower stalks, weevil parasite species present, and parasitism rates. Research showed that farmers can reduce the numbers of weevils in sunflower plants without sacrificing yield by delayed planting of their fields. 4b List other significant accomplishments, if any. Evaluation of sunflower for insect pest resistance. Screening of sunflower germplasm in nurseries established in Kansas for the sunflower moth and sunflower stem weevil and for the banded sunflower moth in North Dakota resulted in lines with reduced damage from all of these insect pests. The germplasm is being evaluated again to confirm its efficacy and additional lines are being screened. The lines that are the most resistant will be crossed with other germplasm to increase resistance to these insect pests. The lines will eventually be released for use by seed companies in providing hybrids used by sunflower growers as a non- chemical, biologically-based strategy for insect management. 5. Describe the
major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Damage to the sunflower seed known as kernel brown spot was discovered to be caused by lygus bugs feeding on the developing seed. Tissue destruction caused the brown spot on the sunflower kernel and also resulted in a bitter taste to the seeds. Research provided an understanding of the underlying causes and economic injury levels to assist the growers in making management decisions about their control to reduce crop losses. The sunflower stem weevil, a pest of cultivated sunflower, has been causing severe crop losses in the major central Plains sunflower production areas of Colorado and Kansas. Cooperative studies with the University of Colorado and Kansas State University were conducted in field nurseries in both western Colorado and eastern Kansas to evaluate sunflower hybrids and accessions for resistance and the impact of altered planting dates to reduce weevil damage. Research showed
that some accessions evaluated had 70% less weevil larvae in the stalks than others and populations of larvae in the stalks were reduced as planting was delayed. Integrated management techniques that include the use of less susceptible sunflower hybrids and delayed planting dates can successfully reduce weevil damage in sunflower stalks or improve the plant's ability to tolerate weevil attack and thus prevent yield losses for producers. The red sunflower seed weevil, banded sunflower moth, and sunflower moth are all serious pests causing seed yield loss to sunflower in the major sunflower growing regions. Cooperative studies with South Dakota State University and Kansas State University were conducted in field nurseries in South Dakota, Kansas, and North Dakota to evaluate sunflower accessions and lines for resistance to these insects. Research identified sunflower germplasm with reduced levels of seed damage against each pest. Investigations will continue in the same areas to confirm
the resistance and evaluate new lines and this material will in the future provide sources for companies to utilize in creating hybrids for growers as a non- chemical, biologically-based strategy for insect management. A three-year study was conducted to determine the most effective management practices to reduce densities of the sunflower stem weevil. This insect is a major pest of cultivated sunflower in the central Plains and has resulted in reduced yields for growers for the past several years. Research trials which included foliar applied insecticides, insecticide seed treatment, and alterations in planting dates showed that delayed planting was the most effective method to lower numbers the weevil. In the final year of the study, an increase in the dosage of the seed treatment showed that this strategy also could reduce weevil numbers. Biological control by parasitoids of the weevil was not hampered by any of the management practices. This information will assist sunflower
producers in protecting their crop from this insect pest. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Biologically-based strategies, including biological control, for reduction in damage caused by the sunflower stem weevil was presented to scientists at a meeting in October 2004. Information on the potential of native sunflower species as sources of resistance and natural enemies for insect pests of sunflower was presented to crop consultants, seed industry scientists, growers, and agricultural industry representatives at a meeting in January 2005. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Charlet, L.
D. 2004. Attended Entomological Society of Canada Annual Meeting, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, 15-17 October 2004 and made a presentation, "Sunflower stem weevil & its parasitoids in native sunflowers in the central & northern Plains." Charlet, L. D., J. F. Miller, and G. J. Seiler. 2004. Evaluation of sunflower for resistance to stem and seed insect pests in North America. Proc. 16th International Sunflower Conference, Intern. Sunflower Assoc., Fargo, ND, 29 August to 2 September 2004. p. 861-865. Charlet, L. D., P. Ode, and G. J. Seiler. 2005. Native sunflower in the central and northern Plains as sources for resistance and natural enemies of insect pests of cultivated sunflower: banded sunflower moth and sunflower stem weevil. Proc. 27th Sunflower Research Workshop, Natl. Sunflower Assoc., Fargo, ND, 12-13 January 2005. http://www.sunflowernsa. com/ research/research-workshop/documents/ Charlet_NativeSunflowers_05. PDF Grady, K., J. Miller, and L. Charlet. 2005. Resistance
of sunflower germplasm to the red sunflower seed weevil. Central Crops and Soils Research Station Progress Report 2004. Plant Science Pamphlet 20, So. Dakota State Univ., Brookings, SD. p.7-8.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Morris, B.D., Foster, S.P., Grugel, S.R., Charlet, L.D. 2005. Isolation of the diterpenoids, ent-kauran-16a-ol and ent-atisan-16a-ol, from sunflowers, as oviposition stimulants for the banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 31(1):89-102.
- Charlet, L.D., Miller, J.F., Seiler, G.J. 2004. Evaluation of sunflower for resistance to stem and seed insect pests in North America. Sunflower International Conference Proceedings. 16th International Sunflower Conference, August 29-September 2, 2004, Fargo, ND. Vol. II. p. 861-866.
- Charlet, L.D., Ode, P.I., Seiler, G.J. 2005. Native sunflowers in the central and northern Plains as sources for resistance and natural enemies of insect pests of cultivated sunflower: Banded sunflower moth and sunflower stem weevil. Proceedings Sunflower Research Workshop. 27th Sunflower Workshop, January 12-13, 2005, Fargo, ND. Available: http://www. sunflowernsa.com/research/research- workshop/documents/Charlet_NativeSunflowers_05.PDF
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? Sunflower is the only row crop in North America coexisting with its native ancestors. Native sunflower co-evolved with a number of insects, many of which specifically attack sunflower, and thus must be managed separately from problems on other crops. Although over 150 insects occur on native sunflowers, the sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte), banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes Walsingham, the sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis (Fabricius), sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst), red sunflower seed weevil, Smicronyx fulvus LeConte, and sunflower midge, Contarinia schulzi Gagne, are of most concern to cultivated sunflower and have become economic pests in the northern and central Great Plains. Insect management currently relies heavily on chemical controls
which contribute to environmental contamination, are harmful to beneficial organisms that keep potential pests in check, and negatively impact pollinators. Of particular importance to the effort on mitigating insect pest damage below economic thresholds to sunflower is the development of effective, economical, and environmentally sound management strategies, including plant resistance and the use of biological control to reduce the need for chemical insecticides to help the U.S. sunflower industry to maintain yield and oil quality and to reduce environmental damage. There is a need to develop knowledge of parasitoids of insect pests to increase their impact as biological control agents, understand multi- trophic (sunflower-pest-parasitoid) interactions, and identify sunflower germplasm offering resistance to pest damage and with attributes promoting natural enemy activity. The project has four specific goals: 1) to identify species of parasitoids of the sunflower stem weevil and
banded sunflower moth in native sunflowers; 2) to rear the primary parasitoid species of the banded sunflower moth and determine their biology and population dynamics and interaction with the host; 3) to evaluate sunflower germplasm for potential resistance to insect attack and damage by the banded sunflower moth, sunflower stem weevil, and sunflower moth; and 4) to determine the interaction of natural enemies of sunflower insect pests, plant resistance, and other biologically-based strategies to maintain pests below economic injury levels. The proposed research is relevant to the Mission Statement within the NP304 Action Plan which is to provide technology to manage pest populations below economic damage thresholds by the integration of environmentally compatible strategies that are based on increased understanding of the biology and ecology of insect, mite, and weed pests. In particular, this research addresses Component II which targets the Biology of Pests and Natural Enemies,
Component III which targets Plant, Pest, and Natural Enemy Interactions and Ecology, and Component V which targets Pest Control Technologies. Potential benefits from this research are pest management strategies for major sunflower insect pests that maintain the species below economic injury levels and lower costs for the producer while providing long-term, environmentally safe control for sunflower from insect damage. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Year 1 (FY 2003) Make collections of native sunflower species. Develop rearing procedures for the parasitoid, Glypta prognatha. Develop rearing procedures for the parasitoid, Chelonus phaloniae. Screen germplasm for sunflower stem weevil resistance. Screen germplasm for banded sunflower moth resistance. Screen germplasm for sunflower moth resistance. Year 2 (FY 2004) Make collections of native sunflower species. Recover sunflower insects from collected native sunflower species collected and rear to
recover parasitoid species. Continue developing rearing procedures for the parasitoid, Glypta prognatha. Continue developing rearing procedures for the parasitoid, Chelonus phaloniae. Laboratory studies on the biology of Glypta prognatha. Laboratory studies on the biology of Chelonus phaloniae. Screen germplasm for sunflower stem weevil resistance. Screen germplasm for banded sunflower moth resistance. Screen germplasm for sunflower moth resistance. Rear sunflower stem weevil larvae to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. Rear banded sunflower moth larvae to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. Rear sunflower moth larvae to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. Year 3 (FY 2005) Make collections of native sunflower species. Recover sunflower insects from collected native sunflower species collected and rear to recover parasitoid species. Laboratory studies on the biology of Glypta prognatha. Laboratory studies on the biology of
Chelonus phaloniae. Screen germplasm for sunflower stem weevil resistance. Screen germplasm for banded sunflower moth resistance. Screen germplasm for sunflower moth resistance. Rear sunflower stem weevil larvae to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. Rear banded sunflower moth larvae to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. Rear sunflower moth larvae to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. 3. Milestones: A. List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2004. How many milestones did you fully or substantially met in FY 2004 and indicate which ones were not fully or substantially met, briefly explain why not, and your plans to do so. Most of the milestones for Year 2 (FY 2004) listed in Question 2 were fully or substantially completed. However, a few were delayed as explained below. Collections of native sunflower species were made in North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming. Sunflower
insects recovered from collected native sunflower species collected were reared to recover parasitoid species. Rearing procedures for the parasitoid, Glypta prognatha have been slowed due to the inability to define requirements to maximize oviposition of the parasitoid under laboratory conditions. Additional trials are being instituted to refine the rearing procedures. Rearing procedures for the parasitoid, Chelonus phaloniae have also be inadequate to provide the number of insects needed to develop a colony that provides the quantity of insects to use in laboratory studies. Additional trials are being instituted to refine the rearing procedures. Laboratory studies on the biologies of Glypta prognatha and Chelonus phaloniae have been hampered by the inability to develop effective rearing procedures to provide the quantity of insects needed. Studies will continue when adequate insects are available for experiments. Germplasm was screened for sunflower stem weevil resistance in field
nurseries in Kansas. Germplasm was screened for banded sunflower moth resistance in field nurseries in North Dakota. Germplasm was screened for sunflower moth resistance in field nurseries in Kansas. Sunflower stem weevil larvae collected from selected lines in resistance nurseries in Kansas were reared to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. Banded sunflower moth larvae collected from selected lines in resistance nurseries in North Dakota were reared to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. Sunflower moth larvae collected from selected lines in resistance nurseries in Kansas were reared to compare parasitoid species and rates of parasitization. B. List the milestones that you expect to address over the next three years (FY 2005, FY 2006, FY 2007). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? The year 3 (FY 2005) milestones are listed below with a description of the anticipated outcomes. The entire
project is scheduled to be completed in FY 2005 and a new project is currently being developed to undergo OSQR review, and subsequent implementation in FY 2005. Year 3 (FY 2005) Native sunflower species will be collected from sites in the northern, central, and southern Plains. Sunflower insects from collected native sunflower species will be reared to recover parasitoid species. Laboratory studies on biology of Glypta prognatha and Chelonus phaloniae will continue once adequate insects are available from a laboratory colony to conduct experiments. Germplasm will be screened for sunflower stem weevil resistance in Kansas. Germplasm will be screened for banded sunflower moth resistance in North Dakota. Germplasm will be screened for sunflower moth resistance in Kansas. Sunflower stem weevil larvae will be reared from selected lines in resistance nurseries to compare species of parasitoids and rates of parasitization. Banded sunflower moth larvae will be reared from selected lines in
resistance nurseries to compare species of parasitoids and rates of parasitization. Sunflower moth larvae will be reared from selected lines in resistance nurseries to compare species of parasitoids and rates of parasitization. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single most significant accomplishment during FY 2004: A three-year study demonstrated that the most effective management practice to reduce densities of the sunflower stem weevil was to delay planting. The results are important because they give producers an additional approach to control this insect, which is a major pest of cultivated sunflower in the central Plains and has resulted in reduced yields for growers for the past several years. The research trials compared foliar applied insecticides, insecticide seed treatment, and alterations in planting dates. In the final year of the study, an increase in the dosage of the seed treatment showed that this strategy also could reduce weevil
numbers. This information will assist sunflower producers in protecting their crop from the sunflower stem weevil. B. Other significant accomplishment(s), if any. Sunflower germplasm with increased tolerance to several insect pests was identified. The study was important because it demonstrated that genes for insect pest resistance are available in sunflower germplasm accessions for use by breeders. Sunflower germplasm was screened in nurseries established in Kansas for the sunflower moth and sunflower stem weevil and for the banded sunflower moth in North Dakota. The lines that are the most resistant will be crossed with other germplasm to increase resistance to these insect pests, and the lines will eventually be released for use by seed companies in providing hybrids used by sunflower growers as a non-chemical, biologically-based strategy for insect management. C. Significant activities that support special target populations. None D. Progress Report opportunity to submit
additional programmatic information to your Area Office and NPS. None 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Damage to the sunflower seed known as kernel brown spot was discovered to be caused by lygus bugs feeding on the developing seed. Tissue destruction caused the brown spot on the sunflower kernel and also resulted in a bitter taste to the seeds. Research provided an understanding of the underlying causes and economic injury levels to assist the growers in making management decisions about their control to reduce crop losses. (This project was an unexpected, industry-initiated project that was not included as a milestone in the Project Plan, but falls within the scope of the National Program 304 Action Plan, Component I.) The sunflower stem weevil, a pest of cultivated sunflower, has been causing severe crop losses in the major central Plains sunflower production areas of Colorado and Kansas. Cooperative
studies with the University of Colorado and Kansas State University were conducted in field nurseries in both western Colorado and eastern Kansas to evaluate sunflower hybrids and accessions for resistance and the impact of altered planting dates to reduce weevil damage. Research showed that some accessions evaluated had 70% less weevil larvae in the stalks than others and populations of larvae in the stalks were reduced as planting was delayed. Integrated management techniques that include the use of less susceptible sunflower hybrids and delayed planting dates can successfully reduce weevil damage in sunflower stalks or improve the plant's ability to tolerate weevil attack and thus prevent yield losses for producers. (Project Plan Milestone: Screen germplasm for sunflower stem weevil resistance. National Program 304 Action Plan Component III.) The red sunflower seed weevil, banded sunflower moth, and sunflower moth are all serious pests causing seed yield loss to sunflower in the
major sunflower growing regions. Cooperative studies with South Dakota State University and Kansas State University were conducted in field nurseries in South Dakota, Kansas, and North Dakota to evaluate sunflower accessions and lines for resistance to these insects. Research identified sunflower germplasm with reduced levels of seed damage against each pest. Investigations will continue in the same areas to confirm the resistance and evaluate new lines and this material will in the future provide sources for companies to utilize in creating hybrids for growers as a non- chemical, biologically-based strategy for insect management. (Project Plan Milestones: Screen germplasm for banded sunflower moth and sunflower moth resistance. National Program 304 Action Plan Component III.) 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the
constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Biologically based strategies, including plant resistance and cultural controls, for reduction in damage caused by the sunflower stem weevil pests were released to extension and seed industry personnel for distribution to sunflower growers. Information on the biology and pest management of important sunflower pests in the central and northern Plains was presented to crop consultants, seed industry scientists, growers, and agricultural industry representatives at a meeting in January 2004. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. Presentations to three chemical companies in North Carolina (Syngenta, BASF, and Bayer), 15-18 November 2003, to assist their development personnel in understanding the insect problems facing sunflower producers throughout the United States.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Charlet, L.D. 2003. Plant stage susceptibility and economic injury level for tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Heteroptera: Miridae), on confection sunflower. Helia. 26(39):83-92.
- Foster, S.P., Morris, B.D., Charlet, L.D., Gross, T., Grugel, S. 2003. Identification of the sex pheromone of Cochylis arthuri (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae). The Canadian Entomologist. 135:713-719.
- Brewer, G.J., Charlet, L.D. 2004. Sunflower beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Pattern of larval distribution and parasitism in cultivated sunflower fields. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 77(1):21-25.
- Charlet, L.D., Aiken, R.M., Meyer, R.F., Gebre-Amlak, A. 2004. Management of sunflower stem insect pests. Proceedings Sunflower Research Workshop. Available: http://www.sunflowernsa.com/research/research- workshop/documents/141.pdf
- CHARLET, L.D., BREWER, G.J. SUNFLOWER INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT IN NORTH AMERICA. UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA WORLD WIDE WEB SITE. 2004. http://ipmworld.umn.edu/chapters/charlet2.htm
- CHARLET, L.D., GLOGOZA, P.A. INSECT PROBLEMS IN THE SUNFLOWER PRODUCTION REGIONS BASED ON THE 2003 SUNFLOWER CROP SURVEY AND COMPARISONS WITH THE 2002 SURVEY. PROCEEDINGS SUNFLOWER RESEARCH WORKSHOP. 2004. www. sunflowernsa.com/research/research-workshop/documents/143.pdf
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? Development of new and improved pest control technologies for sunflower insects with the objective of enhancing our understanding of natural biological control agents and development of improved methods for conserving beneficial organisms within agricultural production systems. The goal is to develop new pest control methods, particularly biologically-based technologies, that are cost effective and environmentally compatible. Biological control, including microbial control and the use of parasites and predators, because of its great potential as a management tool will be emphasized. Parasites attacking sunflower pests on native sunflowers and in cultivated fields will be determined and the most promising species studied for introduction or increase in commercial fields. Other pest management strategies, such as the use of insect resistant plants also will be investigated. 2. How serious is
the problem? Why does it matter? There is a need to develop new and improved pest control technologies because of overuse and reliance on chemical insecticides which have had serious side-effects on humans, wildlife and the environment. These concerns have led to the concept of integrated pest management (IPM). The reliance on pesticides is a serious problem for cultivated sunflower because sunflower is an important vegetable oil crop and the use of insecticides increases production costs, destroys natural enemies of plant feeding insects, and fat-soluble chemical insecticides can affect the quality of the oil. Sunflower was planted on an estimated 2,600,000 acres in 7 states in the Great Plains in 2002. New uses for sunflower oil in the frying food industry are expanding which will increase planted acreage and the need for sunflower insect management. Chemical control and some methods of cultural control of sunflower pests have been implemented but insect control for sunflower is
best described as pesticide management. Thus the problem of overuse and reliance on chemical control of sunflower pests has been minimally addressed. The seasonal development of pest populations and their major natural enemies have been described but implementation of natural enemies for biological control has not been explored. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Program Component(s) to which it has been assigned? The project is assigned to National Program 304, Crop and Commodity Pest Biology, Control and Quarantine (100%). Within Program 304 the most relevant problems include the identification and classification of insects, mites, microbes and plants and development of new improved pest control technologies. Program components focus on research enhancing our ability to recognize and rapidly identify important organisms including both pests and beneficial agents that are crucial for the protection of U. S. agriculture and the development of new
environmentally-friendly and cost effective natural enemies. The specific focus of this project is on biological control of sunflower insect pests, emphasizing the use of parasites. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Feeding by the tarnished plant bug causes kernel brown spot, a serious problem for confection sunflower growers and processors because the tolerance for seed damage in the finished product is only 0.5% and damage in some growing areas has approached 7%. Investigations were conducted in the greenhouse and sunflower fields to determine the economic injury level and plant stage susceptibility for confection sunflower using sunflower heads artificially infested with adults. Research showed each adult bug damaged 33 to 38 seeds per head, damage to sunflower heads was approximately twice as severe when infestations occurred at late bud and early bloom compared to stages when heads had completed flowering. Thus, tarnished plant bug management
should be initiated prior to or at the beginning of the bloom stage if adult densities approach the economic injury level of one adult per 10 to 15 plants in order to reduce losses for confection sunflower growers in the northern Plains when this pest is present in the fields. B. The sunflower stem weevil, a pest of cultivated sunflower, has been causing severe crop losses in the major Central Plains sunflower production areas of Colorado and Kansas. Cooperative studies of the Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Sunflower Research Unit with Ron Meyer and Assefa Gebre-Amlak, University of Colorado and Rob Aiken, Kansas State University, were conducted in field nurseries in both western Colorado and eastern Kansas to evaluate sunflower hybrids and accessions for resistance and the impact of altered planting dates to reduce weevil damage. Research showed that some accessions evaluated had 70% less weevil larvae in the stalks than others and populations of larvae in the stalks were reduced
as planting was delayed. Integrated management techniques that include the use of less susceptible sunflower hybrids and delayed planting dates can successfully reduce weevil damage in sunflower stalks or improve the plant's ability to tolerate weevil attack and thus prevent yield losses for producers. The red sunflower seed weevil, banded sunflower moth, and sunflower moth are all serious pests causing seed yield loss to sunflower in the major sunflower growing regions. Cooperative studies of the Northern Crop Science Laboratory, Sunflower Research Unit with Kathy Grady, South Dakota State University and Rob Aiken, Kansas State University, were conducted in field nurseries in South Dakota, Kansas, and North Dakota to evaluate sunflower accessions and lines for resistance to these insects. Research identified sunflower germplasm with reduced levels of seed damage against each pest. Investigations will continue in the same areas to confirm the resistance and evaluate new lines and this
material will in the future provide sources for companies to utilize in creating hybrids for growers as a non-chemical, biologically-based strategy for insect management. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Development of biologically-based management systems for the sunflower stem weevil and the use of resistant plant varieties in the central Great Plains will protect sunflower from losses caused by this pest and reduce input costs for growers. Damage to the sunflower seed known as kernel brown spot was discovered to be caused by lygus bugs feeding on the developing seed. Tissue destruction caused the brown spot on the sunflower kernel and also resulted in a bitter taste to the seeds. Research provided an understanding of the underlying causes and economic injury levels to assist the growers in making management decisions about their control to reduce crop losses. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by
year, over the next 3 years? Sunflower insect investigations during FY2004, FY2005, and FY2006 on the biology, population dynamics, natural enemies, and the screening of germplasm for resistance, will result in recommendations by ARS on IPM strategies to reduce losses from the banded sunflower moth and red sunflower seed weevil in the northern Great Plains and the sunflower moth and sunflower stem weevil in the central Great Plains production regions. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Biologically-based strategies, including plant resistance and cultural controls, for reduction in damage caused by the sunflower stem weevil pests was released for use by extension and seed industry personnel to sunflower producers. Information on the
biology and pest management of Lygus plant bug and other important sunflower pests in the northern Plains was presented to crop consultants, seed industry scientists, growers, and agricultural industry representatives meetings in October and November 2002. 8. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: This does not replace your peer-reviewed publications listed below). Sayler, T. Stem weevil upheaval. The Sunflower. 2002. v. 28. n. 6. p. 7-9. Sayler, T. Pinpointing '03 insect potential. The Sunflower. 2003. v. 29. n. 3. p. 20-22. Charlet, L. D. Insects damaging sunflower seeds. Western IPM Forum, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, 4 October 2002. Charlet, L. D. Incidence and damage to confection sunflower by lygus bugs in North and South Dakota. Entomological Society of Canada Annual Meeting, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, 6-9 October 2002. Charlet, L. D. Biological control for native
pest-parasitoid complexes. Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, November 2002. Charlet, L. D. Sunflower insect pests in the northern Plains. Ag Horizons Conference, South Dakota Crop Improvement Association, Pierre, SD, 10-11 December 2002.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- CHARLET, L.D., GLOGOZA, P.A. INSECT INCIDENCE AND DAMAGE TO SUNFLOWER FROM TEXAS TO NORTH DAKOTA BASED ON THE 2002 SUNFLOWER CROP SURVEY. http://www. sunflowernsa.com/research/research-workshop/documents/100.pdf PROCEEDINGS SUNFLOWER RESEARCH WORKSHOP [2003]
- CHARLET, L.D., KNODEL, J.J. IMPACT OF PLANTING DATE ON SUNFLOWER BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) INFESTATION, DAMAGE, AND PARASITISM IN CULTIVATED SUNFLOWER. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 2003. V. 96 (3). P. 706-713.
- Foster, S.P., Noll, M., Grugel, S., Charlet, L.D. A reinvestigation of the role of sunflower chemicals in host selection by female banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes (Walsingham) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Journal Kansas Entomological Society. 2003. v. 76 (3). p. 387-396.
- NELSON, D.R., CHARLET, L.D. Cuticular hydrocarbons of the sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. 2003. Part B. v. 135 (2). p. 273-284.
- Charlet, L.D. Parasitization of the red sunflower seed weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by its larval parasitoid, Triaspis aequoris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in cultivated sunflower. Environmental Entomology. v. 31 (5). p. 844-851.
- Charlet, L.D., Armstrong, J.S., Hein, G.L. Sunflower stem weevil and its larval parasitoids in the Central and Northern Plains of the USA. BioControl. 2002. v. 47(5). p. 513-523.
- Charlet, L.D. Entomological challenges for sunflower as an introduced agricultural crop: Review of insect pests and their management in Africa, India and Pakistan. http://isa.cetiom.fr/symposium/charletusa.htm Proceedings International Symposium on Sunflower in Developing Countries [2002]
- KNODEL, J.J., CHARLET, L.D. BIOLOGY AND INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT OF THE SUNFLOWER STEM WEEVILS IN THE GREAT PLAINS. NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY COOPERATIVE EXTENSION BULLETIN E-821. 2002. P. 1-8.
- CHARLET, L.D. SUNFLOWER BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) OVIPOSITION, OVERWINTERING, AND IMPACT OF CULTIVATION ON ADULT SURVIVAL IN CULTIVATED SUNFLOWER. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY. OCT 2002. V. 19 (4). P. 185-195.
- CHARLET, L.D. INCIDENCE OF SUNFLOWER BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) AND PARASITISM OF ITS LARVAE BY MYIOPHARUS MACELLUS (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) IN NATIVE SUNFLOWERS IN NORTH DAKOTA AND MINNESOTA. 2003. JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. V. 76 (3). P. 436-441.
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