Progress 11/20/00 to 06/03/04
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? Risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease and certain cancers may be decreased by plant phytochemicals. The ARS project objectives are to increase utilization of cereal grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables by researching effects of processing methods on final product nutritional and health promoting properties. Plant phytochemicals in the diet can reduce risks for chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease that result in annual health related costs in the hundreds of billions of dollars. Science-based health claims associated with foods can effectively increase consumer demand, create new value added healthful foods and improve the economics of agricultural communities and promote human health. This research examines cereal, legume and fruit processing methods
and effects they have on products improving nutritional and health promoting properties, which contributes to National Program 306 (100%), New Uses, Quality, and Marketability of Plant and Animal Products. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Milestones: 1. Extrude wheat and barley fiber fractions and determine bile acid binding and colon cancer prevention potential; evaluate cereal phytosterols to reduce plasma cholesterol. 2. Determine glycemic effect of beta-glucans and effects of cereal fibers in the min-mouse and rat. 3. Evaluate sterol esters in hamster model. Extrude mixtures of cereal components and evaluate in vitro and in vivo. 4. Perform human sensory studies on health promoting fractions of cereals. 3. Milestones: Future Milestones: A. Milestones 3 (Evaluating sterol esters in hamster model. Extruding mixtures of cereal components and evaluating in vitro and in vivo) and 4 (Perform human sensory studies of health-promoting
fractions of cereals) occurred in FY2004. B. This CRIS project was developed into a new CRIS Project in 2004 and the future milestones are defined in CRIS 5325-41440-004-00D, "Processing and Biotechnological Improvement of Foods to Prevent Obesity Related and Degenerative Diseases". 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Processed legume protein fractions were shown to have variable plasma cholesterol lowering abilities in an animal model. In collaboration with a large commercial food manufacturer under trust agreement 5325-41440-003-09T, scientists in the Processed Foods Research Unit at WRRC, Albany, CA demonstrated that food processing can improve the ability of legume proteins to lower cholesterol from none to a highly significant level of reduction. A subsequent study of enzyme treated legume proteins indicated that certain peptide fractions are responsible for the beneficial activity. This research increased our understanding of how foods can
prevent cardiovascular disease and enabled the development of more healthful foods from legumes. B. Rice bran is 10-15% of the rice seed and is primarily utilized for low value feed uses that yield poor economic returns for producers. Rice bran is not only high in nutrients, but may have benefits in improving colon health. Researchers in the Processed Foods Research Unit at WRRC, Albany, CA collaborated on two trust agreements with commodity organizations, 5325-41440-003-05T and 5325-41440-07T, feeding dephytinized rice bran to rats to determine colon cancer preventing potential. A second feeding study was recently completed that evaluated the effects of full fatt, defatted, and phytase treated rice bran on colon health. This research increased our understanding of the ability of food components to prevent disease and ultimately will improve consumer health, as well as increase income streams to producers by adding value to their commodities. Consumption of cereal brans can reduce
the risk of colon cancer, a major cause of cancer death and chronic disease. Researchers in the Processed Foods Research Unit at WRRC, Albany, CA completed an animal feeding study of barley with genetically low levels of phytate and the tissues are being analyzed for markers of colon cancer through a specific cooperative agreement, 5325-41440-003-08S, with a university partner. Barley and other cereal brans are ingredients in breakfast cereals, muffins, breads and other manufactured foods. This research investigated ways that processing can enhance the beneficial properties of the fiber in the bran. Soybean is a major agricultural commodity and more research is needed on its use in food products to improve human health and nutrition. Researchers in the Processed Foods Research Unit at WRRC, Albany, CA evaluated the plasma cholesterol lowering properties of various processed soy protein hydrolysates using a hypercholesterolemic hamster model through a trust agreement with a large
food company, 5325-41440-003-09T. Several of the hydrolysates resulted in significant cholesterol reduction. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death in the U.S. and this research could identify ways that food processing can modify soy protein structure to prevent cardiovascular disease. Obesity and type II diabetes are epidemic in the U.S. Control of blood sugar is essential to diabetics and soluble fibers are very effective in this regard. Researchers in the Processed Foods Research Unit at WRRC, Albany, CA developed a healthy noodle by incorporating a modified cellulose-based soluble fiber into the noodles through a trust agreement with a commodity organization, 5325-41440-003-10N. Effects of the fiber on processing variables, fiber loss during cooking, and the sensory properties of the resulting high fiber noodles were tested. These noodles offer consumers a healthy alternative to traditional noodles. There is a need to find a rapid, non-chemical method to eliminate
insect pests from paddy rice. Several currently used pesticides are scheduled to be banned in the future. Researchers in the Processed Foods Research Unit, WRRC, Albany, CA worked with a commodity organization through a trust agreement, 5325-41440-003-11T, to evaluate the effectiveness of electromagnetic radiation in the radio frequency and infrared ranges at eliminating adult insects, larvae and eggs and improving milling quality and sensory characteristics. This research will benefit the producers, food manufacturers and consumers by improving the quality and storage stability of rice. C. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations: None. D. Progress Report: None. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. This project has shown that plant components, in particular, dietary fiber and protein, have significant physiological effects that are beneficial to human health. It is still unclear how
soluble fibers interact with the digestive system to produce the physiological effects but interaction with the components of the fat emulsifying system and not viscosity may be the most important but least emphasized mechanism. Although phytochemicals in soy have received the most attention, undigested hydrophobic peptide fragments may also play a role in lipid metabolism. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? As a result of our research on the hypocholesterolemic properties of beta glucans in animal models and our physical characterization of oat and barley beta-glucans the national barley food group was able to obtain Congressional grants to fund two human studies. The result of the research and human studies has resulted in a petition
to FDA to allow health claims for beta-glucans in barley. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. Yokoyama, W.H., Xu, R., Walzem, R., German, B. Size exclusion chromatography and ultracentrifugation of lipoproteins. ACS Symposium Series. Log #162512. Yokoyama, W.H., Nutritional Characteristics of Germinated Rice and Other Cereal Grains. AACC Meeting. Portland, OR. Sept. 2003. Log #153230. Yokoyama, W.H., Shao, Q., Keafy, P.M., M. Chen, Prevention of Insulin Resistance in Animals by Soluble Dietary Fiber. Int'l Food Science & Technology Meeting. Wuxi, China. Oct. 2003. Log #154409. Yokoyama, W.H. Phytonutrients in Rice, Barley and Wheat Products. US- China MOST Workshop. Monterey Park, CA. July 2004. Log #167284. Yokoyama, W.H., Knuckles, B.E. Polymer Properties of Barley Beta-Glucans Used in Nutritional Studies. USDA Stakeholders Workshop. Beltsville, MD. July, 2004. Log #167286. Shao, Q.,
Yokoyama, W.H., Watkins, S.M., Baillie, R.A. Plasma and Tissue Lipids in Insulin Resistant Hamsters Fed High Fat and Fiber Diets. FASEB Meeting. Washington, DC. April 2004. Log #157302. Shao, Q., Chen, M., Keagy, P.M., Yokoyama, W.H. Soluble Dietary Fiber Sources Prevent Insulin Resistance in Test Animals. FASEB Meeting. Las Vegas, NV. Sept. 2003. Log #151770. Kahlon, T.S., Burry, B.J. Food Pyramid and Healthful Potential of Grains, Fruits and Vegetables. AACC Meeting. Portland, OR. Sept. 2003. Log #148388. Kahlon, T.S., Smith, G.E. Healthful Properties in Rice and Wheat Bran by Extrusion Processing. Shanghai Symposium. Shanghai, China. June 2004. Log #163306. Kahlon, T.S., Smith, Obesity and Heart Disease. AACC Meeting. San Diego, CA. Sept. 2004. Log #163308. Knuckles, B.E., Chiu, M.C.M. Problems and Solutions In Determining Physicochemical Characteristics of B-Glucans in Barley. AACC Meeting. Portland, OR. Sept. 2003. Log #147541.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Kahlon, T.S. 2003. Cholesterol lowering with grain fractions. Getreide Mehl Und Brot. Vol 57: 279-291.
- Kahlon, T.S., Shao, Q. 2004. In vitro binding of bile acids by soybean (glycine max), black eye bean (vigna unguiculata), garbanzo (cicer arietinum) and lima bean (phaseolus lunatus). Food Chemistry. Vol 86: 435- 440.
- Yokoyama, W.H. Book Chapter, 3rd Edition, Rice: Chemistry and Technology, 2004, Edited by E.T. Champagne. Chapter 20:595-609.
- Kahlon, T.S., Smith, G.E. 2004. Rice bran: a health-promoting ingredient. Cereal Foods World Journal. 49, 4:188-194
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? The ARS project objectives are to increase utilization of cereal grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables by researching effects of processing methods on final product nutritional and health promoting properties. Efforts are focused on cereal and fruit components that promote health and reduce risk factors that contribute to obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? Science-based health claims associated with foods can effectively increase consumer demand, create new value added healthful foods and improve the economics of agricultural communities and promote human health. Diet can reduce risks for chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease that result in annual health related costs in the hundreds of billions of dollars. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Program Component(s) to which it has
been assigned? This research examines cereal, legume and fruit processing methods and effects they have on products improving nutritional and health promoting properties, which contributes to National Program 306 (100%), New Uses, Quality, and Marketability of Plant Animal Products. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Type II diabetes is a growing public health and fiscal problem that may be prevented by dietary intervention. Insulin resistance, a condition that precedes type II diabetes, was prevented by fiber diets in animal models developed by researchers at the Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA. The devastating effects of insulin resistance and their reduction by fiber diets were shown by transmission electron microscope photographs of liver and other cells in this reporting period. This animal model can be used to develop and evaluate food ingredients and processes that may prevent insulin resistance and type II diabetes. B. The
cholesterol lowering and other health promoting properties of soy and soy proteins has resulted in their increased utilization in processed foods. Animal models were used to evaluate the cholesterol lowering properties of whole soy and soy protein isolates by researchers at the Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA. Whole soy and some soy protein isolates reduced plasma LDL cholesterol in test animals while other isolates had no benefit. Processing can enhance or reduce the health promoting properties of soy and soy isolates widely utilized in health promoting foods. Knowledge of the mechanisms by which components of grains and legumes reduce plasma cholesterol and improve gut health will aid the development of more healthful foods using these commodities. Researchers at the Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, have shown that breakfast cereals containing wheat and oat may reduce plasma cholesterol by binding bile acids. The excretion of bile acids results in the
lowering of plasma cholesterol and decreasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. The research was conducted to identify agricultural byproducts with health promoting potential. Cholesterol-lowering foods will contribute significantly to public health. Researchers at the Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, UC Davis and Universidad Complutense, Madrid processed byproducts of fruits and vegetables into food ingredients for animals which they then tested for cholesterol reduction. Some skins from the processing of fruits and vegetables were shown to lower plasma cholesterol in test animals. Plant agricultural wastes that are an economic problem for processors may be a source of higher value, health promoting food ingredients. C. None. D. None. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. This work is a continuation of prior work under project 5325-41440-002- 00D. Under that project barley was milled and
sifted to produce a high beta-glucan fraction. The fraction lowered cholesterol when fed to laboratory animals and foods containing the fraction lowered glycemic response in humans. Molecular characterization of the beta glucans suggested that physiological efficacy and viscosity may be affected by molecular size. Research is continuing to develop an economically viable process for production of the enriched material and define the characteristics essential for physiological efficacy. Studies with other grains have shown that wheat and rice bran decrease precancerous cells in carcinogen treated rats. The rate of macronutrient digestion and absorption may be as important as amounts of caloric intake and exercise to the onset of insulin resistance and type II diabetes. New food ingredients and knowledge of health promoting properties of cereal grain foods can increase the consumption of cereal grains, providing improved nutrition to the consumer and improved incomes to the farmer
and processor. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? In FY 2004, we will focus our extensive experience in the isolation and characterization of dietary fiber, food processing, and use of animal models of chronic diseases on dietary plant components that prevent insulin resistance and obesity. We have recently developed an animal model of insulin resistance induced by high fat feeding. We have shown that soluble fibers or diets high in polyunsaturated fats prevent insulin resistance. These results suggest that insulin resistance and obesity are not necessarily connected. We will work on the development of soluble fibers suitable for reducing insulin resistance and their sensory quality in processed foods. We will also collaborate with other institutions to process fruit fibers, wheat pastas and legume proteins to enhance their health promoting potential. The optimal conditions to extrude wheat bran resulting in maximum plasma cholesterol
reduction is planned. In FY 2005, we plan to evaluate the long-term effects of high fat feeding and high fat with soluble fiber feeding on test animals. We would like to determine if high fat feeding that rapidly results in insulin resistance also results in type II diabetes. We will also evaluate other food components, such as proteins and unabsorbed polyphenolics, which retard the rate of digestion to determine their effects on insulin resistance. We will collaborate with human nutrition centers to run parallel animal studies to human studies of fiber and other plan components that have potential to reduce obesity or diabetes. We will also continue processing and isolating plant byproduct components that reduce plasma cholesterol. In FY 2006, we expect to develop processed foods containing plant components that prevent insulin resistance and type II diabetes and test these foods in animal models. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the
science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? A commodity group has utilized our research in animals to obtain government funds for a human study of cholesterol lowering. Two large multinational corporations have expressed interest in a cooperative research project to utilize research results on soluble fibers in health promoting food products.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Kahlon, T.S., Woodruff, C.L. In vitro binding of bile acids by rice bran, oat bran, barley and beta-glucan enriched barley. Cereal Chemistry. 2003. v. 80. p. 260-263.
- Kahlon, T.S., Woodruff, C.L. In vitro binding of bile acids by various ready to eat breakfast cereals. Cereal Foods World. 2003. v. 48. p.73-75.
- Kahlon, T.S., Keagy, P.M. Benefits and sources of functional foods. Cereal Foods World. 2003. v. 48. p. 112-115.
- Yokoyama. W.H., Knuckles, B.E., Davis, P.A., Daggy, B.P. Stability of ingested methylcellulose in the rat determined by polymer molar mass measurements by light scattering. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2002. v. 50. p. 7726-30.
- Yokoyama, W.H., Knuckles, B.E., Wood, D., Inglett, G.E. Food processing reduces size of soluble cereal Beta-glucan polymers without loss of cholesterol reducing properties. C-T. Ho, T-C. Lee, editors. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. Bioactive Compounds in Foods: Effects of Processing and Storage. ACS Symposium Series 816. 2002. p. 105-116.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? The ARS project objectives are to increase utilization of cereal grains, fruits and vegetables by researching effects of processing methods on final product nutritional and health promoting properties. Efforts are focused on cereal and fruit components that promote health and reduce risk factors that contribute to heart disease, cancer, obesity and diabetes. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? Science based health claims associated with foods can effectively increase demand and create markets for value added healthful foods. Cancer, heart disease, strokes and diabetes mellitus account for 65% of deaths in the United States. Each is affected by risk factors with a dietary component. Cereal grains can contribute to lowering risk factors such as blood cholesterol and insulin levels, and numbers of precancerous colon cells. Products and information developed in this project
should result in greater consumption and increased value of healthful grain and fruit based foods. 3. How does it relate to the national Program(s) and National Program Component(s) to which it has been assigned? This research examines cereal and fruit processing methods and effects they have on products improving nutritional and health promoting properties, which contributes to National Program 306, New Uses, Quality, and Marketability of Plant & Animal Products. 4. What was your most significant accomplishment this past year? A. Knowledge of the mechanisms by which grains, fruits and vegetables reduce plasma cholesterol, colon cancer and insulin resistance will aid in the development of more healthful foods using these commodities. In FY02, the Processed Foods Research Unit at WRRC discovered that sterols and soluble fibers, found in high levels in many cereal brans, are highly effective in reducing cholesterol and colon cancer, respectively. An animal model for type II diabetes
insulin resistance by dietary means was developed and implemented to prove that plant fibers can abolish or reduce insulin resistance. These results can be used to develop processes to improve the healthfulness of foods. B.Knowledge of the mechanisms by which grains and legumes reduce plasma cholesterol and improve gut health will aid the development of more healthful foods using these commodities. In FY02, the Processed Foods Research Unit at WRRC compared the effectiveness of grain and legume proteins to the cholesterol lowering drug, cholestyramine, in reducing plasma cholesterol. Relative bile acid binding was cholestyramine (100%), wheat gluten (12%), soy protein (17%), pinto beans (23%) and black beans (30%) indicating their potential to lower plasma cholesterol. Bile acid binding studies on these components can be used to develop processes to improve the healthfulness of foods. C. This research could have significant impact on diabetics, as well as individuals with risk
factors for heart disease and colon cancer. D. An animal model for type II diabetes was developed. Insulin resistance an early stage of type II diabetes can be induced by diet alone. Soluble plant fibers were shown to reduce or abolish the dietary induced insulin resistance. The results suggest that in addition to caloric intake and exercise the rate of macronutrient absorption is an important factor to the development of insulin resistance and perhaps type II diabetes. Additional research was conducted under a trust agreement between ARS and an industrial partner. The results of the research demonstrated that about one in ten polymer molecules fed to rats were hydrolyzed by colonic bacteria were presented at the Vahouny Fiber Symposium, Edinburgh, Scotland, May 2002. Research was also conducted under a trust agreement between ARS and the California Rice Research Board. Rice bran contains both lipid and water soluble antioxidants. We have previously shown that an early stage of
atherosclerosis can be moderated by either lipid or water soluble antioxidants. An experiment with full fat and defatted rice bran has been conducted with this animal model to determine if rice bran can be a significant source of antioxidants or anti-inflammatory compounds. Another trust agreement with an industrial cooperator ends December 31, 2002. Research results from this agreement showed that although some barley diets caused decrease in cholesterol level, the effect of molecular weight differences could not be determined. Not all barley diets significantly reduced LDL levels possibly because of 'soluble and undigestible' components in the barley and other ingredients of the diet. Research in support of this are: 1) Size exclusion chromatography of diets and feces show the presence of a soluble high molecular weight non- glucan component in all diets including the cellulose control, 2) Feces of hamsters fed barley diets contained very little glucan originally present and they
were <75,000 MW, and 3) Methylcellulose lowers cholesterol and its break down in the gut is very small. This research supports continued studies of non-glucan components in barley and possibly processing barley to reduce less digestibility but retain soluble derivatives of the glucans. Under a trust agreement between ARS and industrial cooperator, rice bran for a six month study of colon cancer in rats was defatted by solvent extraction. Rice bran and defatted rice bran were analyzed for proximate composition including total and soluble dietary fibers. The rice brans will be treated with phytase and fed to rats to determine the effect of fiber, fat, phytate and antioxidants in bran on markers for colon cancer. Under a trust agreement between ARS and a cooperator, animal use protocol and diets were prepared during this period awaiting the start of a study of the effects of rice and barley brans on colonic markers for colon cancer. 5. Describe your major accomplishments over the
life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact? This work is a continuation of prior work under project 5325- 41440-002-00D. Under that project barley was milled and sifted to produce a high beta-glucan fraction. The fraction lowered cholesterol when fed to laboratory animals and foods containing the fraction lowered glycemic response in humans. Molecular characterization of the beta glucans suggested that physiological efficacy and viscosity may be affected by molecular size. Research is continuing to develop an economically viable process for production of the enriched material and define the characteristics essential for physiological efficacy. Studies with other grains have shown that wheat and rice bran decrease precancerous cells in carcinogen treated rats. The rate of macronutrient digestion and absorption may be as important as amounts of caloric intake and exercise to the onset of insulin resistance and type II diabetes. New food
ingredients and knowledge of health promoting properties of cereal grain foods can increase the consumption of cereal grains, providing improved nutrition to the consumer and improved incomes to the farmer and processor. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? In FY 2003 we expect to determine the molecular basis for insulin resistance in our animal model, determine if insulin resistance is reversible, and determine the length of time required to develop insulin resistance. We also expect to process fruit fibers from processing waste and conduct food and nutrition research to determine their economic potential. We will examine the role of antioxidants as anti-inflammatory agents in the reduction of atherosclerosis in animal models. The optimal conditions to extrude wheat bran resulting in maximum plasma cholesterol is planned. Healthful potential of cereal brans could be determined by their bile acid binding under physiological conditions relative
to a cholesterol lowering drug cholestyramine. Studies evaluating relative bile acid binding of grain and bean fractions are being conducted. In FY 2004 we expect to research processes to farm foods with increased amounts of fiber and/or digestive properties that reduce insulin resistance in our animal model; evaluate components of fruits that may promote cholesterol reduction in test animals. In FY 2005 we expect to conduct human studies of health promoting foods that may reduce insulin resistance based on previous animal studies. 7. What technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the technology likely to become available to the end user (industry, farmer other scientist)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption durability of the technology? A CRADA with a manufacturer of soluble fibers to promote colonic health resulted in the demonstration that certain cellulose fibers are only minimally degraded by bacteria in the colon. 8. List your most important
publications and presentations, and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your review publications which are listed below) Kahlon, T.S. Cholesterol lowering with resistant starch. AACC Annual Meeting Symposium. October 15, 2001. Charlotte, NC. Kahlon, T.S. Discussed healthful potential of cereal fractions. The Deuel Conference on Lipids. March 5-8, 2002. Borrego Springs, CA. Kahlon, T.S., Woodruff, C.L. Cholesterol lowering with grain fractions. AACC Annual Meeting. Submitted April 17, 2002. Yokoyama, W.H., Knuckles, B.E., Davis, P.A., Daggy, B.P. Stability of Ingested Methylcellulose in the Rat Determined by Measurements of Polymer Molar Mass Distribution. Vahouny Fiber Symposium. Edinburgh, Scotland. May 27-31, 2002. Kahlon, T.S., Knuckles, B.E., Shao, Q., Takeoka, G.R., Yokoyama, W.H. Flavor and nutritional properties of processed foods. ARS Nutritional Enhancement of Plant, Animal and Food Conference and Workshop. Houston, TX. May 15-16, 2002. Yokoyama,
W.H., Knuckles, B.E., Davis, P.A. Soluble Fiber Composition Affects Markers for Colon Cancer. 2002 United States-Japan Natural Resources Protein Panel. Tsukuba, Japan. October 15-19, 2001. Yokoyama, W.H., Knuckles, B.E. Dietary Components Reduce Plasma Cholesterol and Increase Bile Acid Excretion in Hamsters. Int'l Conference & Exhibition on Nutraneuticals and Functional Foods. Portland, OR. Nov. 28-Dec. 1, 2001.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Kahlon, T.S., Xu, R., Chow, F.I. Comparison of lipoprotein fractionation by sequential density gradient ultracentrifugation with precipitation or fast phase liquid chromatography. Food Chemistry. October 2001. v. 75. p. 115-122.
- Kahlon, T.S., Woodruff, C.L. In Vitro Binding of bile acids by soy protein, pinto beans, black beans and wheat gluten. Food Chemistry. 2002. v. 715.e. p. 1-5.
- Shao, Q., Keagy, P., Yokoyama, W., Kahlon, T., Hudson, C., Wood, D. Psyllium, a viscous soluble fiber, lessens, decreases, prevents, averts, and counteracts insulin resistance in rats. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal. 2002. 16A630-631.
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Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it?
The ARS project objectives are to increase cereal grain utilization by developing processing methods and products that provide improved nutritional and health promoting properties. Efforts are focused on cereal components that promote health and reduce risk factors that contribute to heart disease, cancer, obesity and diabetes.
2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter?
Science based health claims associated with foods can effectively increase demand for those foods and create markets for value added healthful products. Cancer, heart disease, strokes and diabetes mellitus account for 65% of deaths in the United States. Each is affected by risk factors with a dietary component. Cereal grains can contribute to lowering risk factors such as blood cholesterol and insulin levels, and numbers of precancerous colon cells. Products and information developed in this project should result in greater consumption and increased value of healthful grain foods.
3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Component(s)?
This research develops cereal processing methods and products that provide improved nutritional and health promoting properties, which contributes to National Program 306 Quality and Utilization of Agricultural Products. The research is also relevant to National Program 107, Human Nutrition Requirements, Food Composition, and Intake and its component on Health Promoting Properties of Plant and Animal Foods.
4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year?
A. Knowledge of the mechanisms by which grains and legumes reduce plasma cholesterol will aid in development of more healthful foods using these products. The capacity of cereal brans to bind bile acids was compared to the cholesterol lowering drug, cholestryamine, for equal amounts of non absorbable dietary fiber under simulated physiological conditions. Relative bile acid binding was cholestrymine, 100%; rice bran, 51%; wheat bran, 31%; oat bran, 26%; and corn bran, 5%; indicating the potential to reduce plasma cholesterol by this mechanism. Comparison of these results with animal and human tests suggests that cholesterol lowering by rice bran appears to be related to bile acid binding, while cholesterol lowering by oat bran may be enhanced by other mechanisms. B. None. C. None. D. Barley fractions containing beta-glucans of differing molecular weights, were fed to hypercholesterolemic hamsters in order to determine the optimum molecular weight for cholesterol lowering. A
soluble non-beta-glucan component was detected that could interfere with interpretation of results since it has a high molecular weight and viscosity. Characterization of this component is continuing as well as measurement of fecal bile acid excretion. Preliminary findings indicate that diet affects adenoma number in a mouse model that is genetically predisposed to the development of intestinal polyps. This model may be used to avoid the use of carcinogens in future studies of diet components and cancer risk reduction.
5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project including their predicted or actual impact.
This work is a continuation of prior work under project 5325-41440-002-00D. Under that project barley was milled and sifted to produce a high beta-glucan fraction. The fraction lowered cholesterol when fed to laboratory animals and foods containing the fraction lowered glycemic response in humans. Molecular characterization of the beta glucans suggested that physiological efficacy and viscosity may be affected by molecular size. Research is continuing to develop an economically viable process for production of the enriched material and define the characteristics essential for physiological efficacy. Studies with other grains have shown that wheat and rice bran decrease precancerous cells in carcinogen treated rats. New food ingredients and knowledge of health promoting properties of cereal grain foods can increase the consumption of cereal grains, providing improved nutrition to the consumer and improved incomes to the farmer and processor.
6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years?
In FY 2002 we expect to extrude cereal brans and determine changes in bile acid binding capacity, cholesterol lowering activity, impact on insulin resistance, and colon cancer risk reduction; correlate molecular size of beta-glucan with cholesterol lowering in animals; use brans from low phytate barley developed by ARS in animal cancer risk studies, and assess the effect of processing designed to increase bioavailability of beneficial components; complete development of an insulin resistant hamster model and test the effect of cereal components incorporated into a high fat diet. In FY 2003 we expect to complete analysis and publish results of studies begun in FY02; examine the effectiveness of cereal phenolics or fatty acid and sterol ester combinations for plasma cholesterol reduction. In FY 2004 we expect to evaluate foods/snacks made with most healthful cereal and legume fractions and test their efficacy in animal and in vitro studies.
7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the technology product?
Results have been summarized and given to the Barley Foods Research Steering Committee for their use in assembling data related to a health claim petition for barley. We have also assisted in the identification of needed research. Discussions have been conducted with processors on production and evaluation of beta-glucan enriched barley products. One CRADA and two new trust agreements have been established for research of mutual interest concerning the nutritional potential of cereal grain components.
8. List your most important publications in the popular press (no abstracts) and presentations to non-scientific organizations and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your peer-reviewed publications which are listed below)
None.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Kahlon, T.S. Cholesterol Lowering Properties of Cereal Fibers and Fractions. Advanced Dietary Fiber Tech., editors B.V. McCleary and L. Prosky. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford, Great Britain. 2001. pp. 206-220.
- Kahlon, T.S., Chow, F.I. Rice bran production, composition, availability, healthful properties, safety and food applications. Handbook of dietary fiber and functional foods, pp. 543-551, 2001.
- Kahlon, T.S., Chow, F.I., Hoefer, J.L., Betschart, A.A. 2001. Effect of Wheat Bran Fiber and Bran Particle Size on Fat and Fiber Digestibility and Gastrointestinal Tract Measurements in the Rat. Cereal Chem. 78:481-484.
- Kahlon, T.S. Lipids, Lipoproteins and Atherosclerosis. Recent Research Developments in Oil Chemistry. 5:1-7, 2001 (Book Chapter).
- Keagy, P.M., Knuckles, B.E., Yokoyama, W.H., Kahlon, T.S. Health promoting properties of a high beta-glucan barley fraction. 2001. Nutrition Today 36:121-123.
- DeVries, J.W., Keagy, P.M., Hudson, C.A., Rader, J.I. 2001. Total Folate in Cereal Products, Microbiological Assay Using Trienzyme Extraction, Collaborative Study Report. Cereal Foods World 46:216-219.
- Keagy, P.M. 2001. The Role of Barley Foods in Health Promotion. Proceedings of the 33rd Barley Improvement Conference, San Antonio, Texas, Jan. 10-12, 2001. American Malting Barley Assn. Milwaukee, WI pp. 40-43. Available from:http://www.ambainc.org/pub/index.htm.
- Christensen, B.E., Ulset, A.-S., Beer, M.U., Knuckles, B.E., Williams, D.L., Fishman, M.L., Chau, H.K., Wood, P.J. 2001. Macromolecular characterization of three barley beta-glucan standards by size-exclusion chromatography combined with light scattering and viscometry: an inter-laboratory study. Carbohydrate Polymers 45:11-22.
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