Progress 07/04/01 to 02/19/04
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? Current, accurate, unbiased, and representative food composition data for up to 128 nutrients and other components (e.g. flavonoids) which may be bioactive are not widely available from sources other than USDA. These data for more than 6,000 foods are used as the foundation of most other food composition databases and related applications in the U.S. and worldwide to monitor food and nutrient intake, to conduct human nutrition research, to label foods under the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, and to provide a safe and adequate food supply. In particular, data for newly recognized food components (e.g., flavonoids) are used to test important health hypotheses (e.g., relationship of flavonoid intake to incidence of cardiovascular disease). This CRIS supports the research to develop and maintain the
National Nutrient Databank System (NDBS). The project covers research conducted under three main objectives; Objective 1. To develop and release the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR) and its related subset of more than 3000 foods and 65 components for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), What We Eat in America. Objective 2. To develop and release the Special Interest Databases for carotenoids, trans fatty acids, and newly recognized phytonutrients, as well as databases for special populations. Objective 3. To develop and validate standardized procedures for calculating levels of nutrients in foods, to develop the multi-nutrient expert system for the evaluation of data quality and to update software and hardware in the National Nutrient Databank System. The research summarized here falls under National Program 107-Component 4, Composition of Foods, Performance Goal 3.1.2 for food composition and consumption. There is a requirement to
develop techniques for determining food composition, maintain national food composition databases, and monitor the food and nutrient consumption of the U.S. population. In addition, the Action Plan discusses the fact that the national nutrition focus is shifting from the prevention of nutrient deficiencies to emphasizing health and reducing disease risk. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. The development of Project Plan 1235-52000-038-00D preceded the format required under the Office of Scientific Quality and Review (implemented 2003-2004). However, the objectives and milestones for this project have been summarized here for the five-year period. Year 1 (FY 1999) through Year 5 (2003) Objective 1. To develop and release the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR) and its related subset of 3000 foods and 65 components for the NHANES, What We Eat in America (formerly, the USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals).
National food and nutrient analysis program (NFNAP) Identify foods for analysis using the Keyfoods Method. Develop statistically sound sampling plans for foods to be analyzed. Generate new analytical data for foods for up to 128 dietary components. Evaluate and compile new analytical data. Analytical contracts for NFNAP Develop Request for Proposals (RFP) to solicit qualified analytical contractors. Receive and evaluate lab proposals. Award multiple contracts to qualified labs. Prepare and send samples for analyses. Receive and review data for quality assurance. Release data to the public. Disseminate SR releases Disseminate SR releases 13 through 16 on the Web site www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp. Objective 2. To develop and release the Special Interest Databases for trans fatty acids, choline, and phytonutrients as well as databases for special populations. Trans fatty acids Review existing data for trans fatty acids. Sample and analyze selected foods for trans fatty acids. Review,
compile and release data. Develop of a Choline Database Identify food samples for choline analysis. Review, revise, and validate analytical method for choline. Collect and analyze foods. Compile and release database. Phytonutrients Generate, review and compile data for flavonoids and carotenoids in fruits, vegetables, seeds, nuts, and grains. Release the first Special Interest Database for flavonoids in foods. Compile and review new analytical data for flavonoids in fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains. Update and release flavonoids Special Interest Database. Expand carotenoids data for foods to populate field for more than 3000 foods in the SR 15. Database for special populations Plan a study to develop a database of composition data for American Indian and Alaskan Native (AI/AN) foods. Develop a statistically based sampling plan for selecting and collecting AI/AN foods. Collect and analyze food sample units. Evaluate and release data. Objective 3. To develop and validate
standardized procedures for calculating levels of nutrients in foods, to develop the multi-nutrient expert system for the evaluation of data quality and to update software and hardware in the National Nutrient Databank System. Develop and validate standardized procedures for calculating levels of Nutrients in foods. Develop database modules for acquisition, evaluation, formulation, compilation and other major areas of the process. Develop system of methods and decisions for documenting, storing and retrieving information and related data in the system. Develop a comprehensive approach for statistical analysis of food composition data. Develop a multi-nutrient system for data quality evaluation. Identify critical areas of the data generation process which affect data quality. Develop standardized and critical questions pertaining to each of the areas of concern. Develop a rating system to evaluate peer-reviewed publications and other research reports. Update software and hardware in
the National Nutrient Databank System Develop and implement a plan for upgrading the National Nutrient Databank System hardware and software. Develop a database model for the new system. Develop a risk/benefit report for the project. 3. Milestones: A. List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY1999 through 2003. How many milestones did you fully or substantially meet during this period and indicate which ones were not fully or substantially met, briefly explain why not, and your plans to do so. All of the objectives and milestones listed above in Question 2 were completed. B. List the milestones that you expect to address over then next 3 yars (FY 2005, 2006, & 2007). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under ech milestone? This project was terminated in September 2004. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single Most Significant Accomplishment During FY 1999 through FY 2003. Food composition databases
are needed to monitor food and nutrient intake, to conduct human nutrition research, to label foods under the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, and to provide a safe and adequate food supply. NDL developed four annual versions of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR), Release 13 (FY 1999) through Release 16 (FY 2003) SR is the major product of the National Nutrient Databank System (NNDBS)and is available on the NDL Web site (www.nal.usda. gov/fnic/foodcomp) and on CD-ROM. These successive versions provide estimates of composition for up to 128 components and approximately 6,000 foods. These releases include data for selected foods analyzed under the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP). NFNAP is a program designed to 1) identify those foods that are the major contributors of nutrients to the U.S. diet; 2) conduct a probability-based nationwide sampling of those foods; and 3) analyze the samples under USDA supervised laboratory contracts. As
part of the NFNAP, NDL sampled approximately 500 food items, including prepared frozen (including frozen pizza and lsagna), canned and staple foods, various cookies and crackers, and margarines and spreads. To the end of FY 2003, NFNAP nutrient data were used to add or update about 250 food items in the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR). Other major data changes made to the database during FY 1999 to FY 2003 include: updated nutrient profiles for retail ground beef and fresh beef cuts; revised methods for calculating vitamin A from individual carotenoids; revised definitions for the calculation of vitamin E; and revisions in the methods to calculate folate, due to the recently published revisions of the Dietary Reference Intakes (Institute of Medicine). Also, NDL added brand name data where analytical data were available through NFNAP; and new data, including trans fatty acid levels, and other nutrients for numerous food products. USDA's food composition data
is the major source of food composition data in the United States, and provides the foundation for most public and private sector databases. It is also the foundation of the database used to evaluate nutrient intakes from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and is used in the development of nutrition guidance materials. B. Other Significant Accomplishments. Redesign of the National Nutrient Databank System (NNDBS). In order to prepare SR a redesign of NNDBS was needed. Between FY 1999 and FY 2000 NDL completed and implemented the redesign of the NNDBS. This new system included state-of-the-art hardware and software to acquire, evaluate, compile, and disseminate USDA's food composition data. The system continues to support the processing and documentation of NDL's in- house food composition research program. It is expected that this technology will have a life span of approximately 6 to 7 years, in view of the fact that it is based on ORACLE and Microsoft
Technology, which have a finite life span as well. Continuous maintenance and upgrades to the system are required to meet the new demands and dynamic scientific principles in today's understanding of nutrition and health relationships. Beginning in 2001, SR was produced through the redesigned NNDBS. Update of Nutritive Value of Foods Printed food composition materials are needed to reach those segements of the population that can not access computer based information. In FY 2001, NDL revised and released Nutritive Value of Foods (HG-72), the popular printed food composition table which provided data for about 1,200 foods and 20 nutrients. The printed copy of HG-72 broadens the availabilty of food composition data to the U.S. population. Release of the Carotenoid Database Accurate characterization of the association between caroteniod intake and various chronic diseases requires a current and complete food composition database of individual carotenoid values. During 1999, a paper was
published on the Special Interest Database entitled "Carotenoid Contents of US foods: Update of the Database." It described the development of values for alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta- cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein+zeaxanthin in 215 food items. This had been released on the NDL Web site www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp in 1998. This release culminated a 4-year cooperative effort between NDL, the BHNRC Food Composition Laboratory (FCL), and scientists at the Nutrition Coordinating Center, University of Minnesota, and the private sector. Following a comprehensive review and evaluation of previously published literature data, data for five individual carotenoids was generated by the FCL. Values for five individual carotenoids were estimated for more than 3,000 foods in the SR15 database which was released in FY 2002. This permits the assessment of carotenoid intake by the population surveyed in the NHANES. Department of the Isoflavone and Flavonoids Datbases Recent interest by
the scientific community in the type and levels of flavonoids in foods centers on the varied biological properties of certain flavonoid compounds including antioxidative, antimicrobial and possibly anticarcinogenic, and/or cardioprotective effects. Scientists are interested in isoflavones because of their weak estrogenic and other biological properties. To investigate these associations, a database of the amounts and specific types of these compounds in food was needed. NDL developed databases for isoflavones and for flavonoids in approximately 210 foods, and released them on the Web site www.nal.usda. gov/fnic/foodcomp. Data were collected from the literature, reviewed and rated for quality, using USDA's data quality evaluation system. NDL scientists collaborated with sciencetist at Iowa State University to develop an isflavones database. Following an assessment of new research priorities for flavonoids, an analytical method to generate flavonoid levels as aglycones in foods was
developed by the FCL, and applied by NDL to samples of 65 fruits, vegetables and nuts. Collaborators included scientists at the Tufts Human Nutrition Center; Mars, Inc.; and Produce for Better Health Foundation. These databases can be used to investigate the relationship between intake of these compounds and various diseases. Development of the Proanthocyanidins Database Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are polymers of flavan-3-ols. It has been hypothesized that the free radical scavenging properties of PAs may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). A database of the PA content of foods was needed. NDL developed a Special Interest Database for PAs in over 200 foods which was later released in August 2004.The major part of the analytical data were generated by the USDA and the Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR in collaboration with Masterfoods/M&M Mars. Also, existing literature reports were reviewed and evaluated for additional analytical data using USDA's data
quality evaluation system. The Special Interest Database for PAs can be used to study the link between cardiovascular disease and PA intakes. Development of the Choline Database The Institute of Medicine has established recommended intake levels for choline. A database for the choline content of foods is needed to determine choline intake of the population. Through FY 2003 NDL scientists collaborated with scientists at the University of North Carolina to validate a method for choline in foods and to select foods for analysis. During this period approximately 700 samples of more than 400 foods were screened for choline content. These data were reviewed and compiled in FY 2003 and were readied for release as a Special Interest Database in FY 2004. This first ever database will be important to the assessment of choline intake by various populations and will have an effect on studying the relationships between intake of choline and betaine and the development of cardiovascular disease in
adults and neural tube defects in infants. Development of Statistical Algorithms Major revision in the statistical methods for analyzing data and for estimating mean values for nutritional components in foods was needed. Scientists in the NDL collaborated with scientists in the National Agricultural Statistics Service to review and develop multiple statistical modules to estimate nutrient values for foods. This work represented a major improvement in the way NDL calculated estimates for nutrient values. Additional statistical parameters are being reported in SR. C. Significant accomplishments/activities that support special target populations. Data for Native American and Alaskan Native Foods Significant progress occurred in the development of the American Indian and Alaskan Native (AI/AN) Food Database, a collaboration of USDA and NIH to develop a comprehensive nutrient database for hundreds of traditional hunted and harvested foods, and mixed dishes as prepared and consumed by
Natives. The goal of this effort is to yield analytical data for around 200 traditional foods, supplemented with high quality published data from the scientific literature and or Government documents. These foods were historically a significant part of the Native diet and contributed to a lower incidence of obesity, diabetes, cancer and CVD among American Indians. Since FY 1999 a unique sampling plan, which is probability based and representing the tribal nations across the U.S. has been developed and published to guide the selection of foods. To date, approximately 20 Navajo (AZ) foods have been sampled and analyzed. These data will be included in SR17 in 2004. In addition, about 10 foods from the Ft. Hall Shoshone-Bannock tribe (ID), several foods from the White Mountain Apache (AZ), 10 additional Navajo foods, several forms of agave Pima, NM), approximately 30 forms of subsistence fish and marine mammals (various tribes in Alaska), and a limited number of other traditional foods
have been sampled and are being analyzed. Additionally, published data for Alaska native foods and foods consumed by other tribes across the 48 conterminous states are being added to the database. Data for approximately 70 Alaska Native subsistence foods will be released. Choline Data for Trimethylaminurea In addition to serving the general research needs of the scientific community, the development of a Choline Database will serve the needs of the research community who are concerned with treating individuals suffering from trimethylaminurea. About 1% of the U.S. population suffer from a genetic defect which results in an adverse choline side effect - fishy body odor. For individuals with trimethylaminuria, high intakes of choline can result in hypotension and cholinergic side effects such as sweating and diarrhea, as well as fishy body odor. Restricting choline intake for this group could lead to a reduction in body odor and alleviation of symptoms. Furthermore, women of
childbearing age, whose intakes of folate are inadequate, are at risk for delivery of babies with neural tube defects. As with folate, the choline metabolite, betaine, serves as a methyl donor in the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. Therefore, diets adequate in choline may act to alleviate the risk for neural tube defect. Information on both the betaine and choline content of foods is of particular importance to this population. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. The completion of this 5-year project by the NDL represents a series of major changes and improvements in USDA's food composition data. The accomplishments for this project plan will expand and update available data for traditional nutrients and bioactive components. USDA's food composition data are the foundation of most other national, local, and regional nutrition and health research applications. In addition, they are used to guide the
development of health policy in the U.S. and worldwide. Data for several bioactive components have had a direct impact on health research findings (e.g., lutein and macular degeneration). 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Periodic releases of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR), provide the foundation for most other food composition databases in the U.S. and in many other countries of the world. This database serves as the basis for food policy development, nutrition monitoring, nutrition research, trade and food product development. The analytical data collected under this program will be disseminated to users in academia, the government, the food industry, the media, and consumers. Research findings
pertaining to sampling of the food supply, the evaluation of data quality and the generation of statistically representative estimates will be of value to other investigators in the U. S., other national governments, and international health and agriculture organizations. USDA's food composition products are available on the NDL Web site www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp, on free software for the PALM OS Personal Digital Assitant (PDA), and on versions to be loaded onto PC's. NDL received a 2003 USDA Secretary's Superior Service Award for enhancing existing nutrient data delivery methods and creating new distribution platforms (internet, pc, and PDA formats) for dissemination of nutrient data through an ARS Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) . The technology was transferred, in part, to the scientific community through presentations at the National Nutrient Databank Conferences, Experimental Biology Meetings, the Institute of Food Technologist Annual Meetings, the
Society for Nutrition Education Annual Meeting, the annual meetings of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, and the American Dietetic Association. In addition to scientific presentations, Nutrient Data Laboratory information was highlighted at several Human Nutrition Research Program-sponsored exhibitions at professional meetings; information from the lab was also featured at a variety of non-nutrition related conferences and events, including BARC Field Day, FFA annual meetings, the National Science Teachers Association, Minorities in Science and Technology, high school and college career/health fairs, and several teacher workshops conducted for Maryland Agricultural Education Foundation. Materials distributed at these venues included Nutrient Data Laboratory magnets and bookmarks, SR announcements, and promotional flyers for HG-72, NFNAP, phytonutrient data, and database availability on PDA and PC. NDL database methodologies and research products are also transferred to
the Food and Agriculture Organization's International Network of Food Data Systems (INFOODS) through specialized training programs which were held in Latin America, South Africa, Northeast Asia, and Wageningen, The Netherlands, between FY 1999 and FY 2003. These training courses are supported, in part, by the Food and Agriculture Organization, U.N., as well as by the respective regional organizations where the training course are held. There are no obvious constraints to the transfer of this technology. Constraints to the release of data may be due to the lack of resources to update data and software. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. The release of the personal digital assistant (PDA) version of the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR) was highlighted in the Agricultural Research Magazine's Science Update in October of 2003 ("Nutrient Database-To-Go". 2003.
Agricultural Research Magazine. 51(10): Science Update). Data from SR are cited frequently and sourced by major media. For example, the food section of The Washington Post utilizes the NDL database for calculating the "Nutritional Analysis" of published recipes: "At the end of each recipe in the Food section a breakdown of calories and nutrients is provided. These figures are generated by a computer program designed specifically for nutritional analysis. All information is based on figures from the USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory." ("Nutrition Analysis", The Washington Post, Food Section, July 28, 2004). These kinds of citations occur frequently in publications such as Parade magazine and USA Today, which go to approximately 35 million readers weekly. Other sources, which frequently use NDL data, include the Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Emerging Food R&D Report, and Business Wire.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Dumont, J.F., Peterson, J.W., Haytowitz, D., Booth, S.L. 2003. Phylloquinone and dihydrophylloquinone contents of mixed dishes, processed meats, soups and cheeses. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 5:595- 603.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? The Nutrient Data Lab (NDL) acquires, evaluates, and compiles food composition data for up to 125 components and disseminates representative, accurate, and current estimates for foods available in the United States. These data for non-nutritional components constitute the National Nutrient Databank for the U.S. and are used as the foundation of most other food composition databases to monitor food and nutrient intake, to label foods under the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, and to provide a safe and adequate food supply. This CRIS supports the development and maintenance of the National Nutrient Databank System and NDL's research program to acquire, evaluate, compile and disseminate USDA food composition data. During FY 2003, the NDL staff released the Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR), Release 16 to the scientific community and the public through the NDL website
(www.nal.usda. gov/fnic/foodcomp). NDL continues to conduct the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program to generate new analytical data for up to 1,000 key foods and ingredients to provide current, accurate and representative food composition estimates and keep it updated and to extend the databank to include more components, more specificity and more data on variability of nutrients in foods. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? The U.S. food supply is dynamic and constantly changing in response to food preferences, production of new foods, and eating habits. These dynamics cause food composition to change and require a continuous effort to monitor and update food composition data as needed. Since USDA food composition data are used in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the data must be reviewed and updated periodically to reflect the changes in the food supply. Representative estimates of the mean nutrient content and variability of
foods will permit a more accurate assessment of the nutrient intakes by populations and individuals. In addition, research concerning the health effects of nutritionally relevant components will be more accurate and less biased when investigators are using current and representative data for foods. The need for analytical data on newly recognized components (e.g., individual carotenoids, choline, flavonoids, folic acid, and other phytonutrients) drives new areas of research in NDL. Finally, changes in food policy and fortification (e.g. folic acid) must be based upon an appropriate assessment of the composition of available foods. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Program Component(s) to which it has been assigned? Research on the composition of the diet is one of the major components of the ARS National Program 107 on Nutrition. ARS has identified the need for an expansion of the Nutrient Databank to reflect more contemporary patterns of food consumption
as well as to provide representative estimates for levels of components (e.g., carotenoids, flavonoids, choline, vitamin k) newly recognized by the scientific community as having potential benefits for public health. In fact, SEC. 611 of the "Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act of 1998" required that the Secretary of Agriculture shall update, on a periodic basis, nutrient composition data. Therefore, NDL's research on food composition data is critical to achieving the goals of the National Program on Human Nutrition Requirements, Food Composition, and Food Consumption. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single Most Significant Accomplishment During FY 2003: The U.S. food supply is dynamic and constantly changing in response to food preferences, production of new foods, and eating habits. To update food composition data, NDL developed the Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR), Release 16, which was released in August
2003, on the NDL website (www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp) and on CD-ROM. During 2003, the SR16 was expanded to include data for nine new components (e.g., individual carotenoids, vitamin K, alpha-tocoperal, total sugar). These food composition data are regarded as the foundation and benchmark for all second generation databases concerning nutrition monitoring, nutrition research, and food policy in the U.S. USDA's data for newly recognized compounds, including specific phytonutrients and choline are recognized as the most important source of authoritative data. B. Other Significant Accomplishments: The need for analytical data on newly recognized components (e.g., individual carotenoids, choline, flavonoids, folic acid, and other phytonutrients) drives new areas of research in NDL. NDL released the Flavonoids Database, resulting from a collaboration with scientists at Tufts University in May 2003. These food composition data are regarded as the foundation and benchmark for all second
generation databases concerning nutrition monitoring, nutrition research, and food policy in the U.S. USDA's data for newly recognized compounds, including specific phytonutrients and choline, are recognized as the most important source of authoritative data. C. Significant Accomplishments that Support Special Target Populations: A pilot study of the composition of the Native American foods has been conducted to obtain limited analytical data for Native American recipes and prepared foods. A probability-based sampling plan for Native American Populations developed by NDL staff in 2002, in collaboration with statisticians at National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), was implemented in 2003. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Since FY 1996 NDL has accomplished the following: 1) NDL staff, working with Federal Systems Integration and Management Center (FEDSIM), have redesigned and replaced the extensive
software and hardware for the National Nutrient Data Bank System (NDBS). As part of this effort, all protocols, procedures, and algorithms have been reviewed by NDL staff and panels of external experts for scientific accuracy and reliability. The new NDBS became fully operational in the fall of 2001, and will support NDL's requirements for evaluation, documentation, and statistical calculation and compilation of data points for 6,200 foods and more than 125 components. 2) Since FY 1995, NDL has developed and implemented the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program to support the generation of new analytical data for 1,000 key foods and more than 125 components. These food composition data are regarded as the foundation and benchmark for all second generation databases concerning nutrition monitoring, nutrition research, and food policy in the U.S. The program incorporates statistically-based nationwide sampling of foods and high quality analysis of components. Data have been added
to the NNDB to revise pre- existing estimates or to expand the number of nutritional components. 3) Since FY 1996, NDL has updated and released successive annual versions of the Nutrient Database for Standard Reference on the NDL website (www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp) and on CD-ROM. NDL has expanded the list of nutritional components, for which databases are being developed, to include selected phytonutrients (carotenoids, flavonoids and isoflavonoids) vitamin k, choline, and individual sugars. 4) During FY 2003, NDL initiated the release of its search program for data products in formats for the personal digital assistant (PDA) and personal computer (PC). 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? During FY 2004, NDL will develop and release Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 17 (SR17). It will include new data for many more foods analyzed in the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP). NDL will generate and update data for
selected phytonutrients as an ongoing collaboration with the Food Composition Laboratory (FCL). NDL staff will complete and release the flavonoids database for selected foods. As part of the continuing efforts under NFNAP, NDL staff will develop statistically based sampling plans for additional key foods and ingredients as well as USDA commodities. Also, NDL will develop and implement a plan to provide expanded and updated nutrient data for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): What We Eat in America. NDL staff are developing new data on trans fatty acids in foods. During FY 2005, NDL will develop and release SR18, incorporating newly generated data for key foods. To support the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): What Do We Eat in America, NDL will acquire, evaluate and compile nutrient data for additional nutrients including alpha-tocopherol and individual sugars. Also, NDL will continue with the sampling and analysis of key foods
under NFNAP. During FY 2006, NDL will develop and release SR19, including additional newly generated data for key foods. NDL will continue to sample and analyze foods for nutritional components, and will compile data to generate publications and database releases. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Periodic releases of the USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference provide the foundation for most other food composition databases in the U. S. and in many other countries of the world. This database serves as the basis for food policy development, nutrition monitoring and research. These data provide the foundation of nutrient databases for the NHANES Survey: What We Eat in America. The analytical data collected under this program are
being disseminated to users in academia, the Government, the food industry, the media, and consumers. Research findings pertaining to sampling of the food supply, the evaluation of data quality and the generation of statistically representative estimates will be of value to other investigators in the U.S., other National Governments, and international health and agriculture organizations. The technology was transferred, in part, to the scientific community in FY 2003 through presentations at the 27th National Nutrient Databank Conference, Experimental Biology 2003, the 5th International Food Data Conference (IFDC-5) and the Institute of Food Technologist Annual Meeting. The research findings on food sampling constitute basic technology which has value to USDA and to others over time. As part of the USDA's new Nutrient Databank System, an expert system is being developed and implemented to evaluate the quality of food composition data for many nutrients. NDL scientists are working with
expert analysts in the FCL and other laboratories worldwide to develop, validate, and implement a system which addresses the quality of sampling plans, sample handling, analytical method, analytical quality control, and numbers of samples analyzed. For some time this technology has been of interest to the international scientific community. Upon completion it will be available for others to adapt and implement in their own regional centers. NDL expects to release this technology in FY 2005. There are no obvious constraints to the transfer of this technology. 8. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: This does not replace your peer-reviewed publications listed below). Holden, J.M. The production, management and use of food composition data in the United States: Present status and future activities. The Second Masia Foods Meeting, Beijing, China. 2002. Holden, J.M., Bhagwat, S.A.,
Beecher, G.R., Eldridge, A., Gebhardt, S.E., Haytowitz, D.B., Dwyer, J., Peterson, J., Balentine, D. Development of a database of critically evaluated flavonoids data. 2003. Fifth International Food Data Conference. Washington, DC. Lemar, L.E., Cutrufelli, R.L., De Jesus, V.P., Haytowitz, D.B., Thomas, R.G., Chevaux, K., Krainak, J.T. Enhancement and expansion of data dissemination formats for the USDA National Database for Standard Reference. 2003. Fifth International Food Data Conference. Washington, DC. Levy, S., Wefel, J., Heilman, J., Himes, J., Holden, J. M., Cutrufelli, R.L., Phillips, K., Pehrsson, P.R. National Fluoride Database and intake assessment study. 2003. National Oral Health Conference. Milwaukee, WI. Mar, M., Holden, J.M., Howe, J.C., Zeisel, S.H. Content of choline- containing compounds and betaine in common foods. 2003. Experimental Biology. San Diego, CA. Pehrsson, P.R., Sorenson, A., Hallfrisch, J.G., Holden, J.M. Development of the USDA American Indian and
Native Foods Database. 2003. Fifth International Food Data Conference. Washington, DC. Pehrsson, P.R., Haytowitz, D.B., Holden, J.M., Perry, C. The USDA's National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program: Studies of nutrient variability. 2003. Fifth International Food Data Conference. Washington, DC.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Cutrufelli, R.L., De Jesus, V.P., Chevaux, K., Gradwell, E., Schwartzentruber, J., Keeble, R., Lemar, L.E., Haytowitz, D.B., Thomas, R. G. USDA National Database For Windows Personal Computer(PC). Available from: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp Home Page [2003].
- Cutrufelli, R.L., De Jesus, V.P., Chevaux, V.P., Gradwell, E., Schwartzentruber, J., Keeble, R., Lemar, L.E., Haytowitz, D.B., Thomas, R. G. USDA National Database For Windows Personal Computer(PC) Compact Disc (CD). CD-ROM. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ARS.
- De Jesus, V.P., Cutrufelli, R.L., Chevaux, K, Gradwell, E., Schwartzentruber, J., Olson, J., Lemar, L.E., Haytowitz, D.B., Thomas, R.G. USDA National Nutrient Database For The Palm OS. Available from: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp Home Page [2003].
- De Jesus, V.P., Cutrufelli, R.L., Lemar, L.E., Haytowitz, D.B., Thomas, R. G. USDA National Nutrient Database for Personal Digital Assistants (PDAS) User's Guide. Available from: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp Home Page [2003].
- De Jesus, V.P., Stup, M., Cutrufelli, R.L., Lemar, L.E., Haytowitz, D.B., Thomas, R.G. USDA National Nutrient Database For Personal Computers (PCS) User's Guide. Available from: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp Home Page [2003].
- Gebhardt, S.E., Howe, J.C., Lemar, L.E., Haytowitz, D.B., Pehrsson, P.R., Cutrufelli, R.L., Exler, J., Thomas, R.G., Holcomb, G.T., De Jesus, V.P., Holden, J.M. USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release No. 16. Available from: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp Home Page [2003].
- Haytowitz, D.H., Gebhardt, S.E., Howe, J.C., Lemar, L.E., Cutrufelli, R.L., Showell, B.A., Thomas, R.G., Holcomb, G.T., Pehrsson, P.R., Exler, J. USDA Nutrient Database For Standard Reference, Release No. 15, CD-ROM. CD- ROM. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ARS.
- Holcomb, G.T., Showell, B.A., Cutrufelli, R.L., Lemar, L.E., Howe, J.C. USDA Table of Nutrient Retention Factors, Release 5. Available from: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp Home Page [2003].
- Lemar, L.E., Cutrufelli, R.L., Krainak, J.T., Haytowitz, D.B., Borchardt, W.H., Thompson, M.E., De Jesus, V.P., Thomas, R.G., Howe, J.C. Enhancement of the Online Search Program for the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Available from: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp Home Page [2003].
- Pehrsson, P.R., Haytowitz, D.B., Holden, J.M. The USDA's National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program: Update 2002. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2003. v.16. p.331-341.
- Zeisel, S.H., Mar, H-H., Howe, J.C., Holden, J.M. Concentrations of chlorine-containing compounds and betaine in common foods. Journal of Nutrition. 2003. v.133. p. 1302-1307.
- Dumont, J.F, Peterson, J., Haytowitz, D.B., Booth, S.L. Phylloquinone and Dihydrophylloquinone Contents of Mixed Dishes, Processed Meats, Soups and Cheeses. Journal of Food Composition And Analysis. 2003. v.16. p.595-603.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? The Nutrient Data Lab (NDL) acquires, evaluates, and compiles food composition data for up to 80 components and disseminates representative, accurate, and current estimates for foods available in the United States. These nutrient data constitute the National Nutrient Databank for the U.S. and are used as the foundation of most other food composition databases to monitor food and nutrient intake, to label foods under the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, and to provide a safe and adequate food supply. This CRIS project supports the development and maintenance of the Nutrient Databank System and NDL's research program to acquire, evaluate, compile and disseminate USDA food composition data. During FY 2002 the NDL staff released the Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR), Release 15 to the scientific community and the public through the NDL web- site
(www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp). NDL continues to conduct the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program to generate new analytical data for up to 1,000 key foods and ingredients to provide current, accurate and representative food composition estimates. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? The U.S. food supply is dynamic and constantly changing in response to food preferences and eating habits. These dynamics cause food composition to change and require an ongoing effort to monitor and update food composition data as needed. Since USDA food composition data are used in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), data must be reviewed and updated periodically to reflect these changes. Representative estimates of the mean nutrient content and variability of foods will permit a more accurate assessment of the nutrient intakes by populations and individuals. In addition, research concerning the health effects of nutritionally relevant components will
be more accurate and less biased when investigators are using current and representative data for foods. The need for analytical data on newly recognized components (e. g., individiual carotenoids, flavonoids, folic acid) drives new areas of research in NDL. Finally, changes in food policy and fortification (e.g., folic acid) must be based upon an appropriate assessment of the composition of available foods. Major system modifications, including hardware and software, have been developed to permit the NDL to generate, evaluate and compile food composition data in an accurate and timely manner. 3. How does it relate to the national Program(s) and National Program Component(s) to which it has been assigned? Research on the composition of the diet is one of the major components of the ARS National Program on Nutrition. ARS has identified the need for an expansion of the Nutrient Databank to reflect more contemporary patterns of food consumption as well as to provide representative
estimates for levels of nutrients (e.g., carotenoids, flavonoids, choline, vitamin K) currently receiving renewed interest by the scientific community as having potential benefits for public health. In fact, SEC. 611 of the "Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act of 1998" required that the Secretary of Agriculture shall update, on a periodic basis, nutrient composition data. Therefore NDL's research on food composition data is critical to achieving the goals of the National Program on Human Nutrition Requirements, Food Composition, and Food Consumption (NP 107). 4. What was your most significant accomplishment this past year? A. Single Most Significant Accomplishment During FY 2002: NDL developed the Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR), Release 15, which was released in July 2002. SR is the major product of the National Nutrient Databank System and is available on the NDL website (www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp)and on CD-ROM. SR15 provides estimates of
composition for up to 80 components and approximately 6,200 foods. B. Other Significant Accomplishment(s), if any: As part of the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP), NDL has analyzed more than 100 foods, representing more than 10,000 sample units collected from 12-24 locations, nationwide. NDL's staff reviewed, revised, and implemented new procedures and algorithms to provide data for folic acid and vitamin A expressed according to new recommendations by the National Academy of Science, Institute of Medicine. A statistically-based nationwide sampling plan was developed for fluoride selecting beverages and foods in 72 locations for fluoride analysis. C. Significant Activities that Support Special Target Populations: A pilot study of the composition of the Native American foods has been conducted to obtain limited analytical data for Native American recipes and prepared foods. A probability-based sampling plan for Native American populations was developed by NDL staff
in 2002, in collaboration with statisticians at National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). 5. Describe your major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact? Since FY 1996, NDL has accomplished the following: 1) NDL staff, working with FEDSIM have redesigned and replaced the extensive software and hardware for the National Nutrient Data Bank System (NDBS). As part of this effort, all protocols, procedures, and algorithms have been reviewed by NDL staff and panels of external experts for scientific accuracy and reliability. The new NDBS became fully operational in the fall of 2001, and will support NDL's requirements for evaluation, documentation, and statistical calculation and compilation of data points for 6,000 foods and more than 80 components. 2) Since 1997, NDL has developed and implemented the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program to support the generation of new analytical data for 1,000 key foods and more than 80
components. These food composition data are regarded as the foundation and benchmark for all second generation databases concerning nutrition monitoring, nutrition research, and food policy in the U.S. funding from USDA and NIH will support the continuous efforts of this program through 2005. The program incorporates statistically-based nationwide sampling of foods and high quality analysis of components. 3) Since 1999, NDL has updated and released successive annual versions of the Nutrient Database for Standard Reference on the NDL website (www. nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp) and on CD-ROM. NDL has expanded the list of nutritional components for which databases are being developed to include selected phytonutrients (carotenoids, flavonoids and isoflavonoids) vitamin K, choline, and individual sugars. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? 1) During FY 2003, NDL will develop and release Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 16 (SR16). It
will include new data for many foods analyzed in the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP). NDL will generate and compile data for selected phytonutrients as an ongoing collaboration with the Food Composition Lab. NDL staff will complete and release the flavonoids database for selected foods. As part of the continuing efforts under NFNAP, NDL staff will develop statistically based sampling plans for additional key foods and ingredients as well as USDA commodities. Also, NDL will develop and implement a plan to provide expanded and updated nutrient data for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). NDL staff are developing software programs for dissemination of USDA nutrient data for Windows PC and Palm operating systems, in collaboration with Healthetech. 2) During FY 2004, NDL will develop and release SR17, incorporating newly generated data for key foods. To support the NHANES, NDL will acquire, evaluate and compile nutrient data for additional
nutrients, including alpha-tocopherol and individual sugars. Also, NDL will continue with the sampling and analysis of key foods under NFNAP. 3) During FY 2005, NDL will develop and release SR18, including additional newly generated data for key foods. NDL will continue to sample and analyze foods for nutritional components, and will compile data to generate publications and database releases. 7. What technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the technology likely to become available to the end user (industry, farmer other scientist)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption durability of the technology? Periodic releases of the USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, provide the foundation for most other food composition databases in the U. S. and in many other countries of the world. This database serves as the basis for food policy development, nutrition monitoring and research. The analytical data collected under this program will be disseminated
to users in academia, the Government, the food industry, the media, and consumers. Research findings pertaining to sampling of the food supply, the evaluation of data quality, and the generation of statistically representative estimates will be of value to other investigators in the U. S., other national governments, and international health and agriculture organizations. The technology was transferred, in part, to the scientific community in FY 2002 through presentations at the 26th National Nutrient Databank Conference, Experimental Biology 2002, and the Institute of Food Technologist. The research findings on food sampling constitute basic technology which has value to USDA and others over time. As part of the USDA's new Nutrient Databank System, an expert system is being developed to evaluate the quality of food composition data for many nutrients. NDL scientists are working with expert analysts in the Food Composition Lab and other laboratories worldwide to develop, validate, and
implement a system which addresses the quality of sampling plans, sample handling, analytical method, analytical quality control, and numbers of samples analyzed. For some time this technology has been of interest to the international scientific community. Upon completion it will be available for others to adapt and implement in their own regional centers. NDL expects to release this technology in FY 2003. There are no obvious constraints to the transfer of this technology. 8. List your most important publications and presentations, and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your review publications which are listed below) Bliss, R., Haytowitz, D.B, Holden, J.M. USDA launches online nutrient database. Food Technology Public News and Analysis. 2002. v.56(7).p.6.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Peterson, J.W., Muzzi, K.L., Haytowitz, D.B., Exler, J.E., Lemar, L., Booth, S.L. Phylloquione (vitamin K) and dihydrophylloquione content of fats and oils. Journal of American Association of Oil Chemists. 2002. v. 79(7). p.641-646.
- Haytowitz, D.B., Peterson, J., Booth, S. Phylloquinone (vitamin K) content of vegetables and vegetable products. Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting and Food Expo. Special Issue. 2002. Abstract No. 46F-14.
- Gebhardt, S.E., Howe, J.C., Lemar, L.E., Cutrufelli, R.E., Haytowitz, D.B., Showell, B.A., Thomas, R.G., Holcomb, G.T., Pehrsson, P.R., Exler, J., De Jesus, V.P., Holden, J.M. USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release No. 15. Home Page. Available from http://nal.usda. gov/fnic/foodcomp. August, 2002.
- Behall, K.M., Howe, J.C., Anderson, R.A. Apparent mineral retention is similar in control and hyperinsulinemic men after consumption of high amylose cornstarch. Journal of Nutrition. 2002. v.132. p.1886-1891.
- Haytowitz, D.B., Pehrsson, P.R. Holden, J.M. The identification of key foods for food composition research. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2002. v. 15-2. p.183-194.
- Holden, J.M., Bhagwat, S., Patterson, K.K. Development of a multi-nutrient data quality evaluation system. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. Special Issue. 2002. v.15-4.
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