Progress 03/01/01 to 02/28/06
Outputs
Progress Report 1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? The research to be undertaken falls under National Program 107-Component 4, Composition of Foods, Performance Goal 3.1.2 for food composition and consumption, there is a requirement to "develop techniques for determining food composition, maintain national food composition databases, [and] monitor the food and nutrient consumption of the U.S. population." The Nutrient Data Lab (NDL) acquires, evaluates, and compiles food composition data for up to 140 components and disseminates representative, accurate, and current estimates for foods available in the United States. These nutrient data constitute the National Nutrient Data Bank for the U. S. and are used as the foundation of most other food composition databases to monitor food and nutrient intake, to label foods under the Nutrition
Labeling and Education Act, and to provide a safe and adequate food supply. The objective of this research project was to develop a comprehensive and high-quality database on the vitamin K content of foods commonly eaten in the United States. Increasing interest in the levels of vitamin K in foods led to the development of the first database on vitamin K in 1990, which was revised in 1994. Improvements in methodology as well as a changing food supply demand that data for vitamin K in foods be updated and expanded to include major contributors of this nutrient, which are identified using the Key Foods approach, to establish the core of foods to be analyzed. The core of foods is supplemented by other foods deemed of particular interest due to their frequent use as ingredients or content of nutrients of emerging interest. Sampling plans were developed for each type of food to be sampled using NDLs nationwide probability model to assure representative sampling of the food supply. 2. List
by year the currently approved milestones (indicators of research progress) Vitamin K functions as a coenzyme and is involved in the synthesis of a number of proteins in blood clotting and bone metabolism. It may have a role in osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. While a recommended intake exists for vitamin K, national nutrition monitoring programs have not included vitamin K, due to the lack of a comprehensive database. A provisional table was issued by NDL in 1994, which revised data on 194 foods, primarily single ingredient/simple foods. Since then, many foods have been introduced into the market, including large numbers of multi- component, processed and prepared foods which are not included in the existing vitamin K database. Other foods have been reformulated and the existing data were no longer accurate. Therefore, it is important to have accurate data on the vitamin K content of foods in order to properly monitor vitamin K intake. Milestones (FY 2002-2006) 1. Analyze foods and
dietary supplements for vitamin K (phylloquinoes, dihydrophyloquinones, metaquinones as appropriate). 2. Incorporate new vitamin K values into USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. 3. Expand vitamin K values to all foods used in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). 4. Report results of research in scientific papers. 4a List the single most significant research accomplishment during FY 2006. During 2006, 20 food and ingredient samples for two forms of vitamin K, phylloquinone, the primary dietary source of vitamin K in the U.S., and its hydrogenated form, dihydrophylloquinone (dK) have been analyzed. In addition, menaquinone, found only in animal products, has also been analyzed. Green, leafy vegetables are the richest source of phylloquinone, followed by certain plant oils. Certain nuts and fruits are also good dietary sources of vitamin K. In some margarines or spreads, all shortenings, certain fast-foods, and most snack foods, the
dihydrophylloquinone concentrations were higher than corresponding phylloquinone concentrations. This finding is of potential clinical significance in light of NDL's previous findings that hydrogenation of plant oils decreases absorption and biological effect of vitamin K in bone. 4c List significant activities that support special target populations. A number of samples collected from the Shoshone-Bannock Reservation Navajo Reservation, Northern Plains Indians, and Alaskan native villages were analyzed. These are part of a Native American/Alaskan Native database, which is being developed by USDA. 4d Progress report. This report serves to document research under a reimbursable agreement between ARS and Tufts University. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the parent project 1235-52000-051-00D, Development of Accurate and Representative Food Composition Data for the U.S. Food Supply. 5. Describe the major accomplishments to date and their predicted or actual
impact. Since the inception of this agreement in FY 2001, nearly 2,000 samples have been analyzed, representing approximately 700 different foods. These data are the basis of over 3,200 vitamin K values which have been added to the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. As a result, vitamin K has been added to the USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies. Reports of usual intakes of vitamin K from food have been made in the National Health and Nutrition Examinations Survey (NHANES). Finally, changes in food policy and fortification must be based upon an appropriate assessment of the composition of available foods. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Vitamin K values were maintained and updated with the release
of SR19 in August 2006. This makes vitamin K values for a wide variety of foods available to researchers in government, academia, and the food industry.
Impacts
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Publications
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Progress 10/01/04 to 09/30/05
Outputs
4d Progress report. This report serves to document research conducted under a Specific Cooperative Agreement between the Nutrient Data Laboratory, ARS and Tufts University. Additional details of research can be found in the report for project 1235-52000-051-00D, "Development of Accurate and Representative Food Composition Data for the U.S. Food Supply." To date >1,600 (90 in the last year) representative foods and ingredients samples for two forms of vitamin K, phylloquinone, the primary dietary source of vitamin K in the U.S., and its hydrogenated form, dihydrophylloquinone (dK) have been analyzed at the Vitamin K Laboratory at Tufts University. In addition, meat samples were analyzed for menaquinone-4 (MK-4). Samples analyzed in the past year include: pies, rotisserie chicken, mushrooms, selected USDA commodities, and foods from the Shoshone-Bannock tribe and Alaskan native villages. Vegetable lasagna is a particularly good source of vitamin K. A number of pies
(apple, pumpkin, and pecan) along with peas, and turkey stuffing are shown to be significant sources of vitamin K. Though the precise physiological impact of dK and MK-4 are not fully known, knowing their content in foods, will facilitate understanding of their role in human health. Vitamin K values continue to be maintained and updated, most recently with the release of SR18 in July 2005. This makes vitamin K values for a wide variety of foods available to researchers in Government, academia, and the food industry. These data were also provided for use in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), permitting the monitoring of vitamin K intake by populations and individuals.
Impacts
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? D. Progress Report. This report serves to document research conducted under a Specific Cooperative Agreement between the Nutrient Data Laboratory, ARS, and Tufts University. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the CRIS 1235-52000-051-00D, Development of Accurate and Representative Food Composition Data for the U.S. Food Supply. To date >1, 500 (185 in the last year) representative foods and ingredients for two forms of vitamin K, phylloquinone, the primary dietary source of vitamin K in the U.S., and its hydrogenated form, dihydrophylloquinone (dK) have been analyzed at the vitamin K Laboratory. Samples analyzed in the past year include: fast food pizza, hams, cream of wheat, corn grits, selected commodities, and foods from the Shoshone-Bannock tribe and Alaskan native villages. In some margarines or spreads, all shortenings, certain fast- foods, and most snack foods, the dK
concentrations were higher than corresponding phylloquinone concentrations. This finding is of potential clinical significance in light of our previous findings that hydrogenation of plant oils decreases absorption and biological effect of vitamin K in bone. Vitamin K values continue to be maintained and updated, most recently with the release of SR17 in August 2004. This makes vitamin K values for a wide variety of foods available to researchers in government, academia, and the food industry. These data will also be used in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), permitting the monitoring of vitamin K intake by populations and individuals for the first time.
Impacts
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Publications
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