Progress 10/01/00 to 07/20/04
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? This project will develop knowledge and new technology to assist the U.S. fruit industry in optimizing harvest of premium fruit whose dessert quality can be defined, regulated, and maintained to increase global marketability. Questions underlying this research are: 1) How do preharvest environmental conditions affect fruit maturity and quality during storage? 2) What effects do fruit maturity and storage regime have on flavor and aroma development? and 3) Does stage of fruit maturity alter the response to treatments imposed after harvest or storage? Influence of preharvest environment on fruit quality will be investigated by correlating development of physiological disorders (scald, lenticel blotch, and surface pitting) during fruit development and storage with seasonal changes in surface wax
constituents, cuticle development, and rate of cell enlargement of disorder-susceptible cultivars under differing microclimates. Influence of fruit developmental stage at harvest on post-storage quality in different cultivars will be investigated by a) characterizing the biochemical regulation of volatile synthesis; and b) identifying factors that affect aroma production following storage. The relationship between fruit ethylene production and action capacity and volatile production will be examined by manipulation of fruit ethylene binding with 1-methylcyclopropane (MCP) and/or prolonged storage in low O2, high CO2 cold storage. Influence of fruit developmental stage on efficacy of and response to disinfestation alternatives to methyl bromide will be determined by evaluating fruit quality characteristics using instrumental and organoleptic analysis following treatments such as rate and duration of hot and cold temperature, irradiation, controlled atmosphere, microwave, radio
frequency, and various combinations thereof. As part of National Program 306 (New Uses, Quality and Marketability of Plant & Animal Products, New Processes, New Uses, and Value-Added Foods and Biobased Products) this research project falls within Problem Area 1c (Factors and Processes that Affect Quality) by 1) determining how preharvest environmental condition affect fruit maturity and quality during storage. and 2) evaluating how stage of fruit maturity alters the response to treatments imposed after harvest or storage, and on Problem Area 1d (Preservation and/or Enhancement of Quality and Marketability) by focusing on 1) what effects fruit maturity and storage regime have on flavor and aroma development?, and 2) influence of fruit developmental stage on efficacy of and response to disinfestation alternatives to methyl bromide. The value of deciduous tree fruit crops in the United States is in the billions of dollars and a major portion of the deciduous tree fruit crop is grown in
the Pacific Northwest. Historically, a significant amount of the tree fruit produced in the Pacific Northwest is exported to other countries. A rapid increase in volume of tree fruit production from other countries has heightened competition. To maintain the competitive edge for the U.S. producer, knowledge concerning handling and storage of existing and new cultivars of deciduous tree fruit crops must be developed to inform and assist our producers. Knowledge and new technology are required to assist the U.S. fruit industry in optimizing harvest of premium fruit with dessert quality that can be defined, regulated and maintained to increase global marketability. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. 1. Determine how pre-harvest environmental conditions affect development of superficial physiological fruit disorders and post-storage fruit quality characteristics. 2001 - Field plots established, fruit collected, storage trials initiated. 2002 -
Results from 2001 experiments summarized, repeated to assess fruit seasonal variability. Initial identification of apple cultivars with high aroma generation capacity prior to climacteric onset. 2003 - Results from 2002 experiments summarized, repeated to assess fruit seasonal variability. Determine if use of 1-MCP can replace controlled atmospheres for short to mid-term storage of apple and pear fruit. 2004 - Results from 2003 experiments summarized, repeated to assess fruit seasonal variability. 2005: Summarization of 2001-2004 experiments. Industry pilot tests with 1-MCP for 'd'Anjou' and 'Bartlett' pear fruit. 2. Identify biochemical and physiological changes during fruit development, maturation, and senescence that impact fruit flavor and aroma of deciduous tree fruits. 2001 - Sites established, trees selected, methods for data collection and analysis established. Initial samples collected. 2002 - Initial SEM analysis of wax platelet and cuticle development of different
cultivars and of wax composition. 2003 - Identification of major apolar and polar wax constituents and preliminary attempt to correlate with weather parameters 2004 - If correlations validate hypothesis, continue analysis of previous 3 years; If preliminary correlations do not validate the hypothesis, establish a companion trial using caged crab apples in the field and crab apples in environmental chambers. 2005 - Preliminary evaluation of data from crab apple studies and qualitative and quantitative wax analysis and growing conditions. 3. Determine effect of fruit developmental stage on efficacy of and response to disinfestation alternatives to methyl bromide. 2001 - Initiate most of the aspects of the research concerning the use of radio frequencies as an alternative to methyl bromide as a quarantine treatment for tree fruits. 2002 - Complete all studies concerning the use of controlled atmosphere/temperature treatment systems and submit final manuscripts. Emphasis will be placed
on the response of different cultivars. 2003 - Report on the initial response of tree fruits to the use of radio frequencies as an alternative to methyl bromide. 2004 - Submit final manuscripts concerning the use of radio frequencies as an alternative to methyl bromide and other identified alternatives to methyl bromide 2005 - Complete all studies on alternatives to methyl bromide for a quarantine treatment for the exportation of tree fruits. Identify acceptable alternatives to methyl bromide as a quarantine treatment. 3. Milestones: 2004 Submit final manuscripts concerning the use of radio frequencies as an alternative to methyl bromide and other identified alternatives to methyl bromide. Results from 2003 experiments summarized, repeated to assess fruit seasonal variability. If correlations validate hypothesis, continue analysis of previous 3 years; If preliminary correlations do not validate the hypothesis, establish a companion trial using caged crab apples in the field and crab
apples in environmental chambers. B. Project is terminating 2004. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? Role of ethylene in development of apple lenticel breakdown. Lenticel breakdown, a physiological disorder of apple fruit that occurs in the fruit peel after storage and packing, is a significant factor limiting packout of 'Gala' and 'Fuji' apples. Previous research has indicated fruit maturity, storage duration and storage type can impact development of lenticel breakdown, therefore, studies were conducted to determine how manipulation of fruit ripening impacts development of lenticel breakdown were conducted at the Tree Fruit Research Laboratory in Wenatchee, WA. Development of lenticel breakdown was reduced by treatments that reduced activity of ethylene, a compound produced by apples that stimulates ripening. The results are immediately applicable to the fruit industry as the methods shown to reduce development of lenticel breakdown, storing fruit
in a controlled atmosphere and/or use of the ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene, are currently available for use. B. Other Significant Accomplishment(s), if any. Development of an at-harvest procedure to predict apple fruit susceptibility to lenticel breakdown Lenticel breakdown, a peel disorder of apple fruit that occurs after storage and packing, is a lot specific problem affecting some but not all orchards. The ability to predict susceptibility would be a very useful tool to aid in fruit segregation at harvest for short or long storage duration, therefore, research was conducted at the Tree Fruit Research Laboratory in Wenatchee, WA to determine what if any correlation exists between uptake of aniline blue dye by apples at harvest and subsequent development of lenticel breakdown after storage. The results showed there is a high correlation between dye uptake at harvest and development of lenticel breakdown after 5 months cold storage in air. Use of this test could
aid producers in identifying orchard lots with a high susceptibility for development of lenticel breakdown that could then be marketed soon after harvest to reduce the likelihood of disorder development after longer storage durations. C. Significant activities that support special target populations. None D. Progress Report. None 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. 2001: Manipulation of the natural promoter of apple and pear fruit ripening, ethylene, is critical to postharvest management of these fruit. An ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) was applied to various apple and pear cultivars obtained from commercial orchards in central Washington State. Post-treatment and storage evaluations indicate 1-MCP induced responses in all cultivars tested: deterioration in fruit quality was delayed, the incidence of various physiological disorders was reduced, but sensitivity to CO2 injury in certain
apple cultivars increased. The commercialization of 1-MCP will allow greater flexibility for storage management of apple and pear cultivars produced in the United States. Action Plan Component: NP306, 1) Quality Characterization, Preservation and Enhancement. Problem Area 1a. Definition and Basics for Quality. 2002: Use of elevated carbon dioxide (3%) in the storage of winter pears can and does reduce storage cost and enhance storage quality. A difference of 1 to 2% carbon dioxide in the storage atmosphere can reduce storage cost by $1.00/bin on electrical use alone. Use of proper paper type (3% oil with copper and ethoxquin) vs. (5% oil with copper and ethoxquin) in the packing of pears eliminates the physiological disorder 'Black Speck' and reduces packing cost. Elimination of the use of carbon dioxide pre-treatment (12% for 14 days), prior to the storage of pears, reduces handling and storage cost. Action Plan Component: NP306, 1) Quality, Characterization, Preservation and
Enhancement. Problem Area 1c. Factors and Processes that Affect Quality. 2003: Research evaluating development of superficial scald on 'Granny Smith' apple fruit treated with the ethylene action inhibitor 1- methylcyclopropene was conducted to elucidate the role of ethylene in promoting development of superficial scald. Apples harvested prior to and after initiation of ethylene production were treated with 1-MCP, then stored up to 8 months at 33 oF in air or a controlled atmosphere containing 1% O2 and 1% CO2 at the USDA, ARS Tree Fruit Research Laboratory in Wenatchee, WA. Application of 1-MCP prevented scald development regardless of fruit ethylene production at harvest and post-1- MCP treatment storage conditions. The results indicate early harvest of 'Granny Smith' apples to avoid sunburn or development of peel blush can be conducted with a low risk of development of superficial scald if fruit ethylene action is inhibited after harvest. Action Plan Component: NP 306, 1)
Quality Characterization, Preservation and Enhancement. Problem Area 1d. Preservation and/or Enhancement of Quality and Marketability. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Information concerning the handling and storage of apples and pears has been transferred to various groups including: Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Washington State Horticulture Association, Idaho State Horticulture Association, Grade and Pack Committee of the Washington State Horticulture Association, Institute of Food Technologist, and multiple producers and packers of tree fruit produced in the Pacific Northwest. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. The
influence of bioregulators on the instrumental and sensory quality of apples and apple juice (Malus x domestica Borkh.). Presented at the 64th annual meeting Institute of Food Technologist. Las Vegas, NV, July, 2004. (Drake) Postharvest Management of Apples: Current Trends and Developments, presented at ENFRUTE VI, Fraiburgo, SC, Brazil, July 2004. (Mattheis) Lenticel Breakdown in Apples. Presentation at Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission Postharvest Review, Yakima, WA, July 2004. (Curry)
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Drake, S.R., Elfving, D., Sanderson, P.G. 2004. Influences of float materials on the quality of 'Anjou' pears after regular and controlled atmosphere storage. Journal of Food Preservation. 28:29-38.
- Drake, S.R., Elfving, D. 2004. Quality of packed and bin-stored 'd'Anjou' pears as influenced by storage atmosphere and temperature. Journal of Food Preservation. 27:141-152.
- Drake, S.R., Mielke, E.A., Elfving, D.C. 2004. Maturity and storage quality of 'concorde' pears. HortTechnology. 14:250-256.
- Curry, E.A. 2003. Does preharvest treatment with NAA cause ripening in climacteric tree fruit? Proceedings of Plant Growth Regulators Society of America. December. p. 38.
- Elfving, D., Curry, E.A. 2003. Bioregulator applications in nursery fruit tree production. Proceedings of Plant Growth Regulators Society of America. December. p.93.
- Curry, E.A. 2003. Proceedings 30th annual meeting of the Plant Growth Regulator Society of America. Proceedings of Plant Growth Regulators Society of America. December. 243 pp.
- Curry, E.A., Baer, D., Young, J. 2004. X-ray microanalysis of apples treated with kaolin indicates wax-embedded particulate in the cuticle. Acta Horticulture Proceedings. 636:497-503.
- Link, S.O., Drake, S.R. 2004. Prediction of apple firmness from mass loss and shrinkage. Journal of Food Quality. 27:13-26.
- DOU, H., HAGENMAIER, R.D., JU, Z., CURRY, E.A. FOOD OILS REDUCE POSTHARVEST PITTING AND INFLUENCE THE STORAGE QUALITY OF GRAPEFRUIT. PROCEEDINGS OF FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 2003. v. 115. p. 283- 287.
- Pusey, P.L., Curry, E.A. 2004. Temperature and pomaceous flower age related to colonization by Erwinia amylovora and antagonists. Phytopathology. 94:901-911.
- Curry, E.A. 2003. Factors associated with lenticel breakdown in apples. Washington State Horticulture Association Proceedings. Available: http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/REP2003B.pdf. 9 pp.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? Knowledge and new technology is required to assist the U.S. fruit industry to optimize harvest of premium fruit whose dessert quality can be defined, regulated and maintained to increase global marketability. Questions to be answered are: 1) How do preharvest environmental conditions affect fruit maturity and quality during storage? 2) Can stage of fruit maturity alter the response to treatments imposed before harvest, after harvest and during storage? Research projects are underway to address these problems. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? The value of deciduous tree fruit crops in the United States is in the billions of dollars and a major portion of these are grown in the Pacific Northwest. A significant amount of tree fruit produced in the Pacific Northwest in exported to other countries, however, a rapid increase in production from other countries has heightened
competition. To maintain a strong market for the U.S. producer, knowledge concerning handling and storage of existing and new cultivars of deciduous tree fruit crops must be developed to inform and assist producers. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Program Component(s) to which it has been assigned? This research is assigned to National Program element 306 (New Uses, Quality and Marketability of Plant Products). This includes fundamental and applied research to: 1) determine alternate methods of scald control on apples and pears and possible mechanisms there of and 2) characterize maturation and response to storage conditions for apples and pears cultivars new to the U.S. industry, and 3) determine biochemical and physiological bases for non-pathogenic disorders. New technology will be used to improve practices to enhance fruit quality and reduce loss. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? Research evaluating development of
superficial scald on 'Granny Smith' apple fruit treated with the ethylene action inhibitor 1- methylcyclopropene was conducted to elucidate the role of ethylene in promoting development of superficial scald. Apples harvested prior to and after initiation of ethylene production were treated with 1-MCP, then stored up to 8 months at 33 oF in air or a controlled atmosphere containing 1% O2 and 1% CO2 at the USDA, ARS Tree Fruit Research Laboratory in Wenatchee, WA. Application of 1-MCP prevented scald development regardless of fruit ethylene production at harvest and post-1- MCP treatment storage conditions. The results indicate early harvest of 'Granny Smith' apples to avoid sunburn or development of peel blush can be conducted with a low risk of development of superficial scald if fruit ethylene action is inhibited after harvest. B. Other Significant Accomplishment(s): Storage cost reduction is a major consideration by most fruit packers. Dr. Steve Drake packed and bin-stored
'd'Anjou' pears under various controlled atmosphere storage conditions (different atmospheres and temperatures). Increasing the CO2 (3%) in the storage atmospheres improved color retention and subjective quality scores, and reduced firmness loss. This allows for reduced storage cost with enhanced fruit quality. C. Significant Accomplishments/Activities that Support Special Target Populations. None D. Progress Report None 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. Determined that the modified atmosphere packing (MAP) of 'Bartlett' pears was comparable to controlled atmosphere storage for the long-term keeping quality. Use of MAP in the storage of 'Bartlett' pears has cost reduction potential (CA use eliminated) and reduction of waste. Use of elevated carbon dioxide (3%) in the storage of winter pears can and does reduce storage cost and enhance storage quality. A difference of 1 to 2% carbon dioxide in the
storage atmosphere can reduce storage cost by $1. 00/bin on electrical use alone. Use of proper paper type (3% oil with copper and ethoxyquin) vs. (6% oil with copper and ethoxyquin) in the packing of pears eliminates the physiological disorder "Black Speck" and reduces packing cost. Elimination of the use of carbon dioxide pretreatment (12% for 14 days), prior to the storage of pears, reduces handling and storage cost 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? 2004 - Complete studies on the use of organic paper wraps used in the storage of winter pears. Complete studies on the influence of radio frequency (quarantine treatment) on apple and cherry quality. Expand studies on the influence of bioregulators, on apple quality and storage potential, to include combinations of aminoethoxyvinylglycine, ethephon and 1-MCP. Final year of initial phase of studies to identify physiological mechanisms of CO2 sensitivity in apple fruit. Initiate investigations
regarding changes in surface wax development due to external treatments. 2005 - Complete studies on the influence of bioregulators on apple quality and storage potential. Use of bioregulators (ethephon and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (ReTain) to enhance apple fruit quality and consumer acceptance without loss of storage potential will continue. Emphasis will be placed on sensory evaluation of apples after use of bioregulators, at harvest and after storage. Analyze changes in wax composition from environmental factors. 2006 - Initiate studies on the effects of ethylene inhibitors on wax biosynthesis. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? Provided industry with improved handling methods to alleviate symptoms of lenticel breakdown in apples.
Information concerning handling and storage of pears has been transferred to various grower groups including: Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Washington State Horticultural Association, Blue Bird Inc., Stemilt Inc., and Blue Star Inc. Information concerning the influence of bioregulators on apple quality and storage potential has been transferred to the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Washington State Horticultural Association and presented at the annual meeting of the Institute of Food Technologists. Results of cultivar/maturity/rate studies for MCP were used to assist in revision of the technical use bulletin by AgroFresh, Inc. Commercial use in the United States on apple fruit was extensive in the fall of 2002. 8. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: This does not replace your peer-reviewed publications listed below). Wang, S., Tang, J., Hansen, J.D.,
Johnson, J.,Mitcham, E., Drake, S., Hallman, G. "RF Treatments as Alternatives to Chemical Fumigation for Insect Control in Nuts". Proceedings of Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reduction. San Diego, CA. 2002. Nov. 5-8. Invited oral presentation "Factors Influencing Efficacy of 1-MCP Use on Apple Fruit", SmartFresh Apple Conference, Stellenbosch, South Africa. November 2002. (Mattheis) Invited oral presentation "Factors Contributing to Lenticel Breakdown in Apples", Washington State Horticultural Association annual meeting, Yakima, WA. December 2002. (Curry) "Influence of Bioregulators on Apple Fruit Quality" presented at the Washington State Horticulture Association annual meeting. December 2002. (Drake). Invited oral presentation "What 1-MCP Can (and Can't) Do For You", Washington State Horticultural Association annual meeting, Yakima, WA. December 2002. (Mattheis) Poster presentation "Manipulation of Ethylene for Apple
Postharvest Management" Washington State Horticultural Association annual meeting, Yakima, WA. December 2002. (Mattheis) "Maturity and Storage of Pears" presented at the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission meeting. 2003. (Drake) Oral presentation "Environmental Effects on Scald of Winter Pears", Winter Pear Control Committee, Hood River Grower Shippers Association pear research review, Hood River, OR. February 2003. (Curry) Oral presentation "Manipulation of Pear Fruit Ripening by Control of Ethylene Action', at Winter Pear Control Committee, Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Hood River Grower Shippers Association pear research review, Hood River, OR. February 2003. (Mattheis) "MCP Slows Quality Loss in Stored Apples". Good Fruit Grower. v. 54(5). p. 16. March 1, 2003.(Mattheis) "MCP Looks Promising on Apricots and Plums". Good Fruit Grower. v. 54(5). p. 17. March 1, 2003.(Mattheis) "MCP, a New Tool". Good Fruit Grower. v. 54(7). p. 24. April 15, 2003. (Mattheis)
Invited Oral presentation "Lenticel Disorders of Gala and Fuji Apples" Washington State Horticultural Association Special Session, Yakima, WA. April 2003. (Curry) "Natural Compound Improves Apples "Red Coloring". Agricultural Research. v. 51(5). p. 10. May, 2003.(Mattheis) "Lenticel Breakdown in Apples" presented at the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission Postharvest Research Review. July 2003. (Curry). "Effects of Ethephon and Aminoethoxyvinylglycine on the Carbohydrate and Acid Contents of 'Scarletspur Delicious' Apples (Malus domestica, Borkh.) " presented at the Institute of Food Technologist annual meeting. July 2003. (Drake). "Bioregulators and Their Influence on Sensory Quality of Apples and Apple Juice" presented at the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission Postharvest Research Review. July 2003. (Drake) "Development of Cultivar-specific Storage Protocols Utilizing 1-MCP" presented at Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission Postharvest Research Review. July 2003.
(Mattheis) Oral presentation "Does NAA Cause Ripening of Apple and Pear Fruit?", Plant Growth Regulator Society of America and the Japanese Society for Chemical Regulation of Plants joint annual meeting, Vancouver, BC. August 2003. (Curry) Oral presentation "Bioregulator Applications in Nursery Fruit-tree Production", Plant Growth Regulator Society of America and the Japanese Society for Chemical Regulation of Plants joint annual meeting, Vancouver, BC. August 2003. (Curry) Invited oral presentation "Management of Climacteric Fruit Ripening with 1-methylcyclopropene", Plant Growth Regulator Society of America and the Japanese Society for Chemical Regulation of Plants joint annual meeting, Vancouver, BC. August 2003.(Mattheis)
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- RAESE, J.T., DRAKE, S.R. CALCIUM SPRAY MATERIALS AND FRUIT CALCIUM CONTENT INFLUENCE APPLE QUALITY. JOURNAL AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 2002. v. 56. p. 136-143.
- SHELLIE, K.C., NEVEN, L.G., DRAKE, S.R. TOLERANCE OF 'BING' SWEET CHERRY TO A HEATED CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE FOR INSECT CONTROL. HORTTECHNOLOGY. 2001. v. 11. p. 176-179.
- DRAKE, S.R., ELFVING, D.C. INDICATORS OF MATURITY AND STORAGE QUALITY OF 'LAPINS' SWEET CHERRIES. HORTTECHNOLOGY. 2002. v. 12. p. 687-690.
- DRAKE, S.R., ELFVING, D.C., EISELE, T.A. HARVEST MATURITY AND STORAGE AFFECT QUALITY OF 'CRIPPS PINK' (PINK LADY) APPLES. HORTTECHNOLOGY. 2002. v. 12. p. 388-390.
- GONG, Y., FAN, X., MATTHEIS, J.P. RESPONSES OF 'BING' AND 'RAINIER' SWEET CHERRIES TO ETHYLENE AND 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HORTICULTURE SCIENCE. 2002. v. 127(5). p. 831-835.
- DRAKE, S.R., NEVEN, L.G., SANDERSON, P.G. CARBOHYDRATE CONCENTRATIONS OF APPLES AND PEARS AS INFLUENCED BY IRRADIATION AS A QUARANTINE TREATMENT. JOURNAL FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION. 2003. v. 27. p. 165-172.
- DRAKE, S.R., ELFVING, D. SHORT-TERM CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE FOR STORAGE-LIFE EXTENSION OF WHITE-FLESHED PEACHES AND NECTARINES. FOOD QUALITY JOURNAL. 2003. v. 26. p. 135-147.
- ELFVING, D.C., LOMBARDINI, L., MCFERSON, J.R., DRAKE, S.R., FAUBION, D.F., AUVIL, T.D., VAN DE, G., VISSER, D.B. EFFECTS OF DIRECTED APPLICATIONS OF PROHEXADIONE-CALCIUM TO TOPS OF MATURE PEAR TREES ON SHOOT GROWTH, LIGHT PENETRATION, PRUNING AND FRUIT QUALITY. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 2003. v. 57(2). p.45-57.
- ARGENTA, L.C., FAN, X., MATTHEIS, J.P. INFLUENCE OF 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE ON RIPENING, STORAGE LIFE AND VOLATILE PRODUCTION BY 'D'ANJOU' CV. PEAR FRUIT. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY. 2003. v. 51(13). p. 3858-3864.
- GONG, Y., MATTHEIS, J.P. EFFECTS OF ETHYLENE AND 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE ON CHLOROPHYLL CATABOLISM IN BROCCOLI FLORETS. PLANT GROWTH REGULATION. 2003. v. 40. p. 33-38.
- MATTHEIS, J.P., FAN, X., ARGENTA, L. MANAGEMENT OF CLIMACTERIC FRUIT RIPENING WITH 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE, AN INHIBITOR OF ETHYLENE ACTION. PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR SOCIETY OF AMERICA QUARTERLY. 2003. ABSTRACT. v. 31. p. 80.
- WANG, S., TANG, J., JOHNSON, J.A., MITCHAM, E., HANSEN, J.D., HALLMAN, G., DRAKE, S.R., WANG, Y. DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF FRUITS AND INSECT PESTS AS RELATED TO RADIO FREQUENCY AND MICROWAVE TREATMENTS. BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING. 2003. v. 85. p. 201-212.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? Knowledge and new technology is required to assist the U.S. fruit industry to optimize harvest of premium fruit whose dessert quality can be defined, regulated and maintained to increase global marketability. Questions to be answered are: 1) How do preharvest environmental conditions affect fruit maturity and quality during storage? 2) Can stage of fruit maturity later affect the response to treatments imposed before harvest, after harvest and during? Research projects have been initiated to address these problems. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? The value of deciduous tree fruit crops in the United States is in the billions of dollars and a major portion of the deciduous tree fruit crop is grown in the Pacific Northwest. Historically, a significant amount of the tree fruit produced in the Pacific Northwest in exported to other countries. A rapid increase in volume of
tree fruit production from other countries has heightened competition. To maintain the competitive edge for the U.S. producer, knowledge concerning handling and storage of existing and new cultivars of deciduous tree fruit crops must be developed to inform and assist our producers. 3. How does it relate to the national Program(s) and National Program Component(s) to which it has been assigned? This research is assigned to Program element 306 (New Uses, Quality and Marketability of Plant Products). This includes fundamental and applied research to: 1) determine alternate methods of scald control on apples and pears and possible mechanisms there of and 2) characterize maturation and response to storage conditions for apples and pears cultivars new to the U.S. industry. New information will be used to improve practices that will enhance fruit quality. 4. What was your most significant accomplishment this past year? A. Single Most Significant Accomplishment during FY 2001:
Manipulation of the natural promoter of apple and pear fruit ripening, ethylene, is critical to postharvest management of these fruit. An ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) was applied to various apple and pear cultivars obtained from commercial orchards in central Washington State. Post-treatment and storage evaluations indicate 1-MCP induced responses in all cultivars tested: deterioration in fruit quality was delayed, the incidence of various physiological disorders was reduced, but sensitivity to CO2 injury in certain apple cultivars increased. The commercialization of 1-MCP will allow greater flexibility for storage management of apple and pear cultivars produced in the United States. B. In order to maximize quality and minimize loss in storage, each new fruit cultivar must be evaluated to determine optimum maturity for fresh market as well as long term storage. Quality of 'Cripps Pink' apples was evaluated using 2 maturity levels and 4 storage regimes
(regular atmosphere (RA) and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage at 1% O2 & 1% CO2; 1% O2 & 3% CO2 and 1% O2 & 5% CO2) over three crop seasons. Firmness and acid levels remained at acceptable levels in 'Cripps Pink' apples regardless of harvest maturity, storage time or storage condition, whereas fructose decreased and malic and citric acid increased with delay in harvest, and internal quality decreased when stored in an atmosphere of 1% O2 & 5% CO2. Although, 'Cripps Pink' is a new cultivar and the present acreage is low, understanding proper harvest and storage techniques will result in reduced loss in the future. C. None D. None 5. Describe your major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact? Use of elevated carbon dioxide (3%) in the storage of winter pears can and does reduce storage cost and enhance storage quality. A difference of 1 to 2% carbon dioxide in the storage atmosphere can reduce storage cost by $1.00/bin on electrical
use alone. Use of proper paper type (3% oil with copper and ethoxyquin vs. 6% oil with copper and ethoxyquin) in the packing of pears eliminates the physiological disorder "Black Speck" and reduces packing cost. Elimination of the use of carbon dioxide pretreatment (12% for 14 days), prior to the storage of pears, reduces handling and storage cost. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? 2003 - Expand study to investigate the relationship between scald development during storage and the quality of wax, cuticle, and antioxidants in peel tissue during development of winter pears, and on scald susceptible (Granny Smith) and scald resistant (Golden Delicious) apple cultivars. Complete studies on the use of floatation materials used in commercial packing lines for long-term storage of winter pears. Complete studies on the manipulation of atmospheres for the long-term storage of winter pears. 1-MCP efficacy studies to be based on results from commercial
use in 2003. Final year of initial phase of studies to identify physiological mechanisms of CO2 sensitivity in apple fruit. 2004 - Research defining procedures to reduce the incidence's of physiological disorders of winter pears during storage will continue. This research will include use of atmosphere manipulation (controlled and modified), organic paper wraps and different handling procedures during packing sand storage. Storage research will emphasize types of atmosphere to maintain fruit quality and cost reduction during storage. 2005 - Use of bioregulators [ethephon and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (ReTain)] to enhance apple fruit quality and consumer acceptance without loss of storage potential will continue. Emphasis will be placed on sensory evaluation of apples after use of bioregulators, at harvest and after storage. 7. What technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the technology likely to become available to the end user (industry, farmer other scientist)?
What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption durability of the technology? Provided industry with a vacuum infiltration dye test to examine whether apple fruit lenticels were "open" or "closed". This is being used to help predict whether lenticel breakdown is likely to occur in storage. Information concerning handling and storage of pears has been transferred to various grower groups including: Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Washington State Horticultural Association, Blue Bird Inc., Stemilt Inc., and Blue Star Inc. Information concerning the influence of bioregulators on apple quality and storage potential has been transferred to the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission, Washington State Horticultural Association and presented at the annual meeting of the Institute of Food Technologist. 8. List your most important publications and presentations, and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your review publications which are listed
below) "Flecking, Blister Spot, and Lenticel Breakdown in Apples" presented at the annual meeting of the Washington State Horticultural Association, December 2001. (Curry) "Cuticle growth in d'Anjou pears" presented at the annual meeting of the Washington State Horticultural Association, December 2001. (Curry) "Environmental effects on scald of winter pears" presented at the Winter Pear Control Committee. February 2002. (Curry) "Maturity and storage of winter pears" presented at the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission meeting. February 2002. (Drake) "Disorders associated with the fruit cuticle" presented at the annual meeting of the Washington Pest Consultants Association, March 2002. (Curry) "Biotechnology to improve quality of fruits and vegetables: Potential, Safety and Consumer Acceptability", presented at the annual meeting of the Institute of Food Technologist. July 2002. Symposium Co chair and Organizer (Drake) "Influence of bioregulators on apple fruit quality"
presented at the annual meeting of the Institute of Food Technologist. July 2002. (Drake) "Technologies for preservation of produce quality utilizing volatile materials." presented at the annual meeting of the Institute of Food Technologist. July 2002. (Mattheis) "Factors influencing Lenticel Breakdown" presented at the Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission meeting. July 2002. (Curry) "Cyclanalide: Action and Mode of action" presented at the annual meeting of the Plant Growth Regulator Society of America, July 2002. (Curry) "X-Ray microanalysis of apples treated with kaolin indicates wax- embedded particulate in the cuticle" presented at the Joint ISHS Hort. Congress, ASHS Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada, August, 2002. (Curry)
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Drake, S.R., Elfving, D.C. Influence of prestorage carbon dioxide treatments on the quality of 'd'Anjou' and 'Bartlett' pears. Journal Food Processing & Preservation. 2002. v. 26. p. 143-151.
- Neven, L.G., Drake, S.R., Shellie, K.C. Development of combination high temperature and controlled atmosphere quarantine treatments for pome and stone fruits. Acta Horticulturae 2001. v. 553. p. 457-460.
- Ikediala, J.N., Hansen, J.D., Tang, J., Drake, S.R., Wang, S. Development of saline water immersion technique with RF energy as a postharvest treatment against codling moth in cherries. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 2001. v. 24. p. 25-37.
- Wang, S., Tang, J., Hansen, J.D., Johnson, J., Mitcham, E., Drake, S., Hallman, G. RF treatments as alternatives to chemical fumigation for insect control in nuts. Proceedings of International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reduction. Nov., 2001. San Diego, CA.
- Mattheis, J.P., Fan, X., Argenta, L. Technologies for preservation of produce quality utilizing volatile materials. IFT Annual Meeting Technical Program Abstracts, August 2002. p. 44.
- Gong, Y., Mattheis, J.P. Effect of ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene on chlorophyll catabolism in florets of broccoli. Joint ISHS Hort. Congress, ASHS Annual Meeting Technical Program Abstracts, Toronto, Canada, August, 2002. p. 240.
- Gong, Y., Mattheis, J.P. Effects of low oxygen on active oxygen metabolism and internal browning in 'Braeburn' apple fruit. Joint ISHS Horticultural Congress, ASHS Annual Meeting Technical Program. Abstracts, Toronto, Canada, August, 2002. p. 261.
- Rudell, D.R., Buchanan, D.A., Mattheis, J.P. Ethylene Intensifies but is not a Requirement for Methyl Jasmonate-Enhanced Anthocyanin Synthesis by 'Fuji' Apple Fruit. Joint ISHS Horticultural Congress, ASHS Annual Meeting Technical Program Abstracts, Toronto, Canada, August, 2002. p. 374.
- Mattheis, J.P., Fan, X., Rudell, D., Gong, Y. Etiology and Physiology of Stain, a 'Fuji' apple Peel disorder. Joint ISHS Hort. Congress, ASHS Annual Meeting Technical Program Abstracts, Toronto, Canada, August, 2002. p. 155.
- Curry, E.A., Baer, D., Young, J. X-Ray microanalysis of apples treated with kaolin indicates wax-embedded particulate in the cuticle. Joint ISHS Hort. Congress, ASHS Annual Meeting Technical Program Abstracts, Toronto, Canada, August, 2002. p. 373.
- Curry, E.A., Elfving, D. Cyclanalide: Action and Mode of action. 29th Annual Meeting of the Plant Growth Regulator Society of America Technical Program Abstracts, August 2002.
- Ju, Z., Curry, E.A. Effects of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one vapor on peel browning of 'Delicious' and 'Granny Smith' apples: open vs. closed system. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2002, v. 25 p. 265-272.
- Ju, Z., Duan, Y., Curry, E.A. Vegetable oil emulsion treatment reduces rain-induced cracking of sweet cherries. Proceedings of 4th International Cherry Symposium "Advances in Cherry Genetics, Physiology, Technology, and Management". Technical Program Abstracts. October 2001, p. 18.
- Ju, Z., Duan, Y., Curry, E.A. Early blossom thinning of sweet cherry trees with vegetable oil emulsion. Proceedings of 4th International Cherry Symposium "Advances in Cherry Genetics, Physiology, Technology, and Management". Technical Program Abstracts. October 2001, p. 23.
- Ju, Z., Curry, E.A. Vegetable oil emulsion for blossom thinning and pest control in organic fruit production. Proceedings of 1st Annual Organic Fruit Symposium, Fruitvale, CO. December, 2002. p. 110-120.
- Drake, S.R., Elfving, D.C., Fallahi, E. Fruit quality of spur and non spur 'Delicious' apple strains. Journal American Pomological Society. 2002. v. 55. p. 209-215.
- Drake, S.R., Elfving, D.C., Gix, R.D. The influence of paper wraps on the quality of 'Anjou' pears after controlled atmosphere. HortTechnology. 2001. v. 11. p. 566-570.
- Drake, S.R. The influence of paper wraps on the quality and disorders of 'd'Anjou' pears after controlled atmosphere storage. Proc: 18th Annual Washington Tree Fruit Postharvest Conf., March 2002. Available from: http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/PC2002X.pdf (WWW Electronic Proceedings).
- Drake, S.R., Raese, J.T., Smith, T.J. Time of nitrogen application and its influence on 'Golden Delicious' apple yield and fruit quality. Journal Plant Nutrition. 2002. v. 25. p.143-157.
- Drake, S.R., Gix, R.D. Quality of 'Anjou' pears from variable oxygen and high carbon dioxide controlled atmosphere storage. Journal Food Quality. 2002. v. 25. p.155-164.
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Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it?
Knowledge and new technology are required to assist the U.S. fruit industry in optimizing harvest of premium fruit with dessert quality that can be defined, regulated and maintained to increase global marketability. Questions to be answered are: 1) How do preharvest environmental conditions affect fruit maturity and quality during storage? 2) Can stage of fruit maturity affect the response to treatments imposed before, after, and during harvest? Research projects addressing these problems is underway.
2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter?
The value of deciduous tree fruit crops in the United States is in the billions of dollars and a major portion of the deciduous tree fruit crop is grown in the Pacific Northwest. Historically, a significant amount of the tree fruit produced in the Pacific Northwest is exported to other countries. A rapid increase in volume of tree fruit production from other countries has heightened competition. To maintain the competitive edge for the U.S. producer, knowledge concerning handling and storage of existing and new cultivars of deciduous tree fruit crops must be developed to inform and assist our producers.
3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Component(s)?
This research is assigned to Nationa Program 306 Quality and Utilization of Agricultural Products. This includes fundamental and applied research to: 1) determine alternate methods of scald control on apples and pears and possible mechanisms there of and 2) characterize maturation and response to storage conditions for apple and pear cultivars new to the U.S. industry. New information will be used to improve practices that will enhance fruit quality.
4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year?
A. Manipulation of the natural promoter of apple and pear fruit ripening, ethylene, is critical to postharvest management of these fruit. An ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) was applied to various apple and pear cultivars obtained from commercial orchards in central Washington State. Post- treatment and storage evaluations indicate 1-MCP induced responses in all cultivars tested: deterioration in fruit quality was delayed, the incidence of various physiological disorders was reduced, but sensitivity to CO2 injury in certain apple cultivars increased. The commercialization of 1-MCP will allow greater flexibility for storage management of apple and pear cultivars produced in the United States. B. Advances in elucidating the biochemical nature of superficial scald, the most serious post-storage disorder of apples and pears, were made with an enzyme inhibitor used presently as a cholesterol inhibiting pharmaceutical. We showed that this inhibitor (Lovastatin)
could shut down the biosynthesis of farnesene, the putative precursor leading to scald manifestation, and completely eliminate the appearance of the disorder without affecting the ripening of the fruit. This should prove valuable to bio-engineers seeking to transform fruit trees for scald-resistant fruit. Establishment of controlled atmosphere storage conditions (2% oxygen and <1% carbon dioxide) on warm pears, prior to cooling, resulted in reduced firmness, finish and color and increased amounts of scald, shrivel and physiological disorders. Proper cooling of winter pears prior to the establishment of controlled atmosphere storage conditions permits pear packers to store fruit for longer periods of time, reduce physiological disorders and deliver a good quality product to the consumer. Carbon dioxide (12%) treatment of 'd'Anjou' pears prior to regular cold storage was advantageous, but of no value prior to controlled atmosphere storage. Carbon dioxide treatment of 'Bartlett' pears
was of no value either before regular color storage or controlled atmosphere storage. Elimination of a high carbon dioxide procedure prior to storage results in significant cost savings to pear storage operators. 'Jonagold' apples should be harvested at a starch level of 2 (scale of 1 to 5) for either regular or controlled atmosphere storage. 'Jonagold' apples should not be stored in excess of 50 days in regular atmosphere or 120 days in controlled atmosphere to maintain acceptable quality. 'Black speck' is a physiological disorder of 'd'Anjou' pears that occurs during controlled atmosphere storage and has resulted in major monetary loss to the pear industry. 'Black speck' was eliminated using controlled atmosphere storage of 1.5% oxygen and 1.0% carbon dioxide combined with paper wraps containing no more than 3% oil, or controlled atmosphere of 1.5% oxygen and 3.0% carbon dioxide regardless of the amount of oil in the paper C. None
5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project including their predicted or actual impact.
Use of elevated carbon dioxide (3%) in the storage of winter pears can and does reduce storage cost and enhance storage quality. A difference of 1 to 2% carbon dioxide in the storage atmosphere can reduce storage cost by $1.00/bin on electrical use alone. Use of proper paper type (3% oil with copper and ethoxquin) vs. (6% oil with copper and ethoxquin) in the packing of pears eliminates the physiological disorder "Black Speck" and reduces packing cost. Elimination of the use of carbon dioxide pretreatment (12% for 14 days), prior to the storage of pears, reduces handling and storage cost
6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years?
Research defining procedures to reduce the incidence's of physiological disorders, of winter pears during storage will continue. This research will include use of atmosphere manipulation, organic paper wraps and different handling procedures during packing and storage. Storage research will emphasis types of atmosphere to maintain fruit quality and cost reduction during storage. Develop and test uses of bioregulators to enhance 'Delicious' fruit quality and consumer acceptance without loss of long-term storage potential. Determination of pre-harvest factors that influence fruit maturity, storage and handling will continue.
7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the technology product?
Information concerning handling and storage of winter pears has been transferred to various groups including: Washington State Research Commission, Washington State Hort. Assoc., Blue Star, Inc., Blue Bird and Peshastin Hi-Up. Information concerning the influence of bioregulators on apple quality and apple storage potential has been transferred to the Washington State Research Commission, Washington State Hort. Assoc., and the grade and pack committee of the Washington Apple Commission.
8. List your most important publications in the popular press (no abstracts) and presentations to non-scientific organizations and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your peer-reviewed publications which are listed below)
Presentations: Symposium Co-chair and Organizer, Food Irradiation, presented at the annual meeting of the Institute of Food Technologist. 2001. "Physiological disorders of pears", presented at the Washington Tree Fruit Postharvest Conference. 2001. "Influence of elevated temperature and carbon dioxide levels on the quality of 'Anjou' pears", presented at the Washington State Horticultural Association annual meeting. 2000. "Influence of paper wraps on the long-term keeping quality of winter pears", presented to the Washington State Tree Fruit Research Comm. 2001. "Use of bioregulators to enhance 'Delicious' fruit quality and maintain fruit condition", presented to the Washington state Tree Fruit Research Comm. 2001. Written articles: Researchers study ReTain and Ethrel on apples, Good Fruit Grower. Geraldine Warner. 2000. Researcher explains impact of technology, The Wenatchee World. Rene Featherstone. 2001.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Argenta, L., Fan, X., Mattheis, J. Delaying establishment of controlled atmosphere or CO2 exposure reduces 'Fuji' apple CO2 injury without excessive fruit quality loss. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 2000. v. 20. p. 221-229.
- Curry, E.A. Changes in firmness and brix in apple with 2- methylpropionic acid. Acta Horticulturae. 2000. v. 518. p. 262- 267.
- Curry, E.A. Using ReTain to delay and Ethephon to advance maturity of apples. Proceedings 16th Annual Washington Tree Fruit Postharvest Conference. 2000. Available from: http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/proc/display.php3?article=PC2000 AA.
- Curry, E.A. A method for predicting calcium related disorders in 'Braeburn' Apples. Proceedings 16th Annual Washington Tree Fruit Postharvest Conference. 2000. Available from: http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/proc/display.php3?article=PC2000 EE.
- Curry, E. Regulating ethylene for optimum quality. Proceedings Plant Growth Regulator Society America. 2000. v. 25. p. 211-216.
- Drake, S.R., Chen, P.M. Storage quality of ethylene-treated 'Anjou' and 'Bosc' winter pears. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 2000. v. 24. p. 379-388.
- Drake, S.R., Kupferman, E.M. Maturity and storage quality of 'Jonagold' apples related to starch index. Journal American Pomology Society. 2000. v. 54. p. 213-218.
- Drake, S.R., Gix, R.D., Coureau, C. Response of 'Anjou' winter pears to various commercial controlled atmosphere storage conditions. Journal Food Quality. 2001. v. 24. p. 27-36.
- Mattheis, J., Fellman, J. Impacts of modified atmosphere packaging and controlled atmospheres on aroma, flavor, and quality of horticultural commodities. HortTechnology. 2000. v. 10. p. 507-510.
- Neven, L.G., Drake, S.R. Effects of the rate of heating on apple and pear fruit quality. Journal Food Quality. 2000. v. 23. p. 317-325.
- Neven L.G., Drake, S.R. Comparison of alternative postharvest quarantine treatments for sweet cherry. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 2000. v. 20. p. 107-114.
- Shellie, K.C., Neven, L.G., Drake, S.R. Assessing 'Bing' sweet cherry tolerance to a heated controlled atmosphere for insect pest control. HortTechnology. 2001. v. 1. p. 308-311.
- Glenn, D.M., Puterka, G., Drake, S., Unruh, T., Knight, A., Baherle, P., Pardo, E., Baugger, T. Effect of a particle film on apple yield and productivity. Journal American Society Horticultural Science. 2001. v. 126. p. 175-181.
- Ju, Z., Curry, E.A. Stripped corn oil alters ripening, and reduces scald and internal browning in 'Granny Smith' apples and scald and decay in 'd'Anjou' pears. PostHarvest Biology and Technology. 2000. v. 20. p. 185-193.
- Fan, X., Mattheis, J.P. Reduction of ethylene-induced physiological disorders of carrots and iceberg lettuce by 1- methylcyclopropene. HortScience. 2000. v. 35(7). P. 1312-1314.
- Fan, X., Argenta, L., Mattheis, J.P. Inhibition of ethylene action by 1-methylcyclopropene prolongs storage life of apricots. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 2000. v. 20. p. 135-142.
- Fan, X., Mattheis, J.P., Roberts, R.G. Biosynthesis of phytoalexin in carrot root requires ethylene action. Physiology Plantarum. 2000. v. 110. p. 450-454.
- Fan, X., Mattheis, J.P. Yellowing of broccoli in storage is reduced by 1-methylcyclopropene. HortScience. 2000. v. 35. P. 885-887.
- Mattheis, J.P., Fan, X., Argenta, L.C. Ethylene inhibitors, the potential revolution implications for growers. Proceedings British Columbia Fruit Forum. 2000. p. 11-15.
- Mattheis, J.P., Argenta, L.C. Fan, X. Treatment with 1-MCP delays dissipation of watercore during controlled atmosphere storage of Fuji apple fruit. HortScience. 2001. v. 36(3). Abstract p. 467.
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