Progress 04/03/00 to 04/02/05
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? Poultry litter is an excellent organic fertilizer that has a relatively high content of nitrogen and phosphorus. However, there is concern that offsite movement of nutrients from land-applied poultry litter is impacting the nation's surface and ground water quality. Our research is addressing when and where runoff occurs in the landscape and how pasture and animal waste management can be modified to maintain pasture productivity and minimize adverse environmental impacts from poultry litter. Of particular concern is phosphorus runoff from fields fertilized with poultry litter; however, other emerging issues include atmospheric emissions from manure and the potential of contaminants (i.e., hormones, heavy metals, and antibiotic residuals) in runoff water. Excessive phosphorus runoff can cause excessive
algal blooms, which can lead to taste and odor problems in municipal drinking water supplies. More than 7 billion poultry are produced annually in the U.S., and runoff from poultry litter is believed to be one of the major sources of phosphorus in runoff water. We are conducting research to define how nutrients and other contaminants move in both surface and sub-surface waters, and we are developing best management practices (BMPs) for farmers to reduce the amount of phosphorus and other contaminants in runoff from poultry manure. Our research is also focusing on the measurement of ammonia emissions from manure and the development of new technology to reduce these emissions. The project has the following specific objectives: (1) determine the factors that affect phosphorus chemistry and transport in soil, water, and manure, (2) determine the long-term impacts of manure management strategies on soil, water, and air resources, (3) develop and evaluate best management practices to
reduce non-point phosphorus pollution, (4) determine ammonia emission rates from poultry litter and develop best management practices to control ammonia loss, (5) determine the factors that influence surface runoff within watersheds, and (6) evaluate the sources and occurrence of nutrients, organic wastewater compounds, and antibiotic residuals at the watershed-scale. This research is covered under the Manure and Byproduct Utilization National Program Plan (NP 206), incorporating three components (nutrients, air quality and pathogens) of the program. This project focuses mainly on the Nutrient Component and Focus Areas 1 (Animal Feeding and Management), 2 (Innovative Technology for the Collection, Storage and Treatment), 3 (Management Tools for Indexing and Evaluating Nutrient Fate and Transport, and 4 (Farming Systems and Practices for Managing Manure in an Efficient and Balanced Fashion). Other components of this research include the Atmospheric Emissions Component Focus Areas 2
(Emission Factors from Livestock Facilities) and 3 (Control Technologies and Strategies for Emissions) and Pathogens Component Focus Areas 2 (Fate and Transport of Pathogens), 3 (Pharmaceutically Active Chemicals) and 4 (Treatment Technologies). We will also be conducting research on non- point and point source pollution within watersheds, which is related to the Water Quality and Management National Program (NP 201). If the U.S. poultry industry is to remain competitive and not be crippled by adverse legislative dictates, it is critical that the issue of managing excess phosphorus runoff and ammonia emissions associated with poultry litter be resolved. Effective, economical, and environmentally acceptable methods to prevent phosphorus runoff from lands fertilized with poultry litter and ammonia emissions must be developed to assure the continued economic viability of the poultry industry's operations. State and federal agencies are developing phosphorus water-quality criteria for
streams and reservoirs in our region, possibly leading to the development of total maximum daily loads. This future development may also limit land application of poultry manure, underscoring the need to develop farm-level management strategies and best management practices that will allow farmers to continue to use poultry litter as a fertilizer while minimizing adverse environmental impacts in surface waters. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Year 1 (FY 2001) Evaluate the effect of treating poultry litter with aluminum sulfate on phosphorus leaching. Develop a liquid alum delivery system to control ammonia in high-rise laying hen houses. Year 2 (FY 2002) Develop a Phosphorus Index for pastures. Evaluate the effect of grazing cattle on surface soil bulk density, infiltration of rainwater and runoff. Year 3 (FY 2003) Evaluate the efficacy of pasture renovation in reducing phosphorus and nitrogen runoff from pastures. Assist the USDA Natural
Resource Conservation Service in developing a Conservation Practice for treating poultry litter with alum. Development of a new treatment for liquid swine manure to reduce phosphorus runoff and ammonia volatilization (aluminum chloride treatment of swine manure). Year 4 (FY 2004) Develop the Protective Rates of poultry litter and commercial nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers for the state of Arkansas. Continue long-term (20 year) study on the effects of alum-treated poultry litter, normal poultry litter and ammonium nitrate on soil chemistry, nutrient runoff and plant growth. Initiate long-term (13 year) study on the effects of pasture management on hydrology and nutrient and pathogen runoff. Year 5 (FY 2005) Initiate three-year study to measure ammonia emissions from broiler litter in four tunnel-ventilated houses and following land application. Continue long-term (20 year) study on the effects of alum-treated poultry litter, normal poultry litter and ammonium nitrate on soil
chemistry, nutrient runoff and plant growth. Continue long-term (13 year) study on the effects of pasture management on hydrology and nutrient and pathogen runoff. 3a List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2005. For each milestone, indicate the status: fully met, substantially met, or not met. If not met, why. 1. Initiate three-year study to measure ammonia emissions from broiler litter in four tunnel-ventilated houses and following land application. Milestone Substantially Met 2. Continue long-term (20 year) study on the effects of alum-treated poultry litter, normal poultry litter and ammonium nitrate on soil chemistry, nutrient runoff and plant growth. Milestone Substantially Met 3. Continue long-term (13 year) study on the effects of pasture management on hydrology and nutrient and pathogen runoff. Milestone Substantially Met 3b List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY 2006, 2007, and 2008). What do you expect to
accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? Project terminated 4/02/05 and was replaced by 6226-63000-001-00D. 4a What was the single most significant accomplishment this past year? Ammonia Scrubber Developed: An ammonia scrubber was developed for reducing ammonia and particulate emissions from animal rearing facilities. An investigator at the Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Fayetteville, AR, designed a small chamber that attaches to the ventilation fans of poultry or swine barns. This chamber has a reservoir that is filled with a slightly acidic solution, such as aluminum sulfate, that is recycled within the chamber with a pump (similar to an evaporative cooler). As air is exhausted from the barn, the ammonia and particulate matter is scrubbed from the air stream. This nitrogen could then be used as a fertilizer source for crops. The aluminum in the solution has been shown to dramatically lower soluble phosphorus in soils, which
would reduce phosphorus runoff and leaching. Hence this technology should boost crop yields while protecting both air and water quality. Initial calculations indicate that the cost of the trapped nitrogen will be less than commercial fertilizer nitrogen. USDA/ARS has applied for a U.S. Patent for this technology and decisions have been made to seek an international patent. 4b List other significant accomplishments, if any. Nitrate leaching study will impact nutrient management plans in Arkansas: The laws regulating manure applications are generally believed to result in very little nitrate leaching into groundwater. In Arkansas liquid manures are applied according to Regulation 5, which allows manure to be based on the nitrogen needs of the crop. While conducting research on nitrate leaching in conjunction with U.S. EPA, an investigator at the Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Fayetteville, AR, discovered extremely high nitrate levels in shallow groundwater
(~500 mg N/L). This was difficult to understand, since effluent application rates (150 lbs N/acre) at the site had been less than what crop (Bermuda grass) removal would be expected to be. However, during the fall and winter it became obvious what was causing the problem--the effluent application site also served as a dairy loafing area. While a nutrient management plan had been developed for the effluent application, it had not taken into account the nitrogen from the manure of grazing animals. This research will change the way nutrient management plans for dairy farms are written in Arkansas. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. All accomplishments made under this project are fully consistent with relevant milestones listed in the Project Plan, and with the relevant research components as defined in the National Program 206 Action Plans. Accomplishments under this project contribute to the achievement of
ARS Strategic Plan Objective 5.2: Provide science-based knowledge and education to improve quality and management of soil, air, and water resources. One of our biggest goals of our project plan and the National Program 206 action plan is to develop best management practices that reduce phosphorus runoff. We have discovered that alum (aluminum sulfate) , when added to poultry litter in commercial houses, greatly lowers ammonia levels in the houses and results in significantly healthier birds. Birds grown in alum-treated houses weigh more, they utilize their feed better, there is less bird death, and heating costs during winter months are significantly lower (due to less ventilation required to remove ammonia vapors). The use of alum in poultry houses is very cost effective; producers make an additional two dollars for every dollar spent. Very detailed studies over several years have shown that alum- treated poultry litter applied to pastures reduced phosphorus runoff by 75%
compared with untreated litter. Field trials conducted in 15 states and on more than 30 million chickens proved this technology to be cost- effective and that its widespread utilization by the poultry industry will have great effects in reducing phosphorus pollution of the environment. In the past year, it is estimated that more than 600 million broiler chickens will be produced on alum-treated litter, which will undoubtedly result in less pollution of our nation's soils and waters, in addition to facilitating the production of healthier chickens at lower cost. Other benefits of treating litter with alum include a reduction in the number of pathogens, such as Campylobacter, on the birds; lower heavy metal and estrogen runoff from fields fertilized with litter; and higher yields from crops fertilized with alum (to higher nitrogen contents in the litter). We also developed the Phosphorus Index for Pastures which is used by the state of Arkansas to write nutrient management plans and
the Protective Rate of poultry litter and commercial fertilizers for those farmers who don't have nutrient management plans in place. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? A fact sheet on treating poultry litter with aluminum sulfate (alum) was developed in collaboration with the SERA-17 group. A patent application was filed for the ammonia scrubber described above. Inquiries about licensing this technology have been made from companies located in the U.S. and abroad. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Treating both diets and manure can slash phosphorus runoff. Poultry Times, Jan. 28,
2005, p. 11. Article about Doug Smith and Philip Moore's research on adding aluminum chloride to swine manure.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Harmel, R.D., Torbert, H.A., Haggard, B.E., Haney, R., Dozier, M. 2004. Water quality impacts of converting to a poultry litter fertilization strategy. Journal of Environmental Quality. 33(6):2229-2242.
- Moore Jr, P.A., Formica, S.J., Van Epps, M., Delaune, P.B. 2005. Effect of pasture renovation on nutrient runoff from pastures fertilized with manure. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Livestock Environment, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, May 18-20, 2005, Beijing, China. p. 301.
- Delaune, P.B., Moore Jr, P.A., Carman, D.K., Sharpley, A.N., Haggard, B.E., Daniel, T.C. 2004. Development of a phosphorus index for pastures fertilized with poultry litter - factors affecting phosphorus runoff. Journal of Environmental Quality. 33:2183-2191.
- Smith, D.R., Moore Jr, P.A., Miles, D.M., Haggard, B.E., Daniel, T.C. 2004. Decreasing phosphorous runoff losses from land applied poultry litter with dietary modifications and alum addition. Journal of Environmental Quality. 33:2210-2216.
- Delaune, P.B., Moore Jr, P.A., Carmen, D.K., Sharpley, A.N., Haggard, B.E., Daniel, T.C. 2004. Evaluation of the phosphorus source component in the phosphorus index for pastures. Journal of Environmental Quality. 33:2192- 2200.
- Haggard, B.E., Ekka, S.A., Matlock, M.D., Chaubey, I. 2004. Phosphate equilibrium between stream sediments and water: Potential effects of chemical amendments. Transactions of the ASAE. 47(4):1113-1118.
- Smith, D.R., Haggard, B.E., Warnemuende, E.A., Huang, C. 2005. Sediment phosphorus dynamics for three tile fed drainage ditches in northeast Indiana. Agricultural Water Management. 71(1):19-32.
- White, K.L., Haggard, B.E., Matlock, M.D., Kim, J. 2005. Periphytic chlorophyll a response to triclosan exposure: Application of a passive diffusion periphytometer. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 21(2):307- 311.
- Haggard, B.E., Moore Jr, P.A., Delaune, P.B. 2005. Phosphorus flux from reservoir bottom sediments in Lake Eucha, Oklahoma. Journal of Environmental Quality. 34:724-728.
- White, K.L., Chaubey, I., Haggard, B.E. 2005. Coupling of CE-QUAL-W2 and SWAT to simulate watershed-reservoir nutrient management. In: Proceedings of the American Academy of Sciences. 1st International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, January 23-26, 2005, New Orleans, Louisiana. 2005 CDROM.
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Progress 10/01/03 to 09/30/04
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? What does it matter? Poultry litter is an excellent organic fertilizer that has a relatively high content of nitrogen and phosphorus. However, there is concern that offsite movement of nutrients from land-applied poultry litter is impacting the nation's surface and ground water quality. Our research is addressing when and where runoff occurs in the landscape and how pasture and animal waste management can be modified to maintain pasture productivity and minimize adverse environmental impacts from poultry litter. Of particular concern is phosphorus runoff from fields fertilized with poultry litter; however, other emerging issues include atmospheric emissions from manure and the loss of hormones, heavy metals, and antibiotic residuals in runoff water. Excessive phosphorus runoff can cause excessive algal blooms, which can
lead to taste and odor problems in municipal drinking water supplies. More than 7 billion poultry are produced annually in the U.S. and runoff from poultry litter is believed to be one of the major sources of phosphorus in runoff water. We are conducting research to define how nutrients and other contaminants move in both surface and sub-surface waters, and we are developing best management practices (BMPs) for industry and growers to reduce the amount of phosphorus and other contaminants in runoff from poultry manure. Our research is also focusing on the measurement of ammonia emissions from manure and the development of new technology to reduce these emissions. The project has the following specific objectives; (1) determine the factors that affect phosphorus chemistry and transport in soil, water, and manure, (2) determine the long-term impacts of manure management strategies on soil, water, and air resources, (3) develop and evaluate best management practices to reduce
non-point phosphorus pollution, (4) determine ammonia emission rates from poultry litter and develop best management practices to control ammonia loss, (5) determine the factors that influence surface runoff within watersheds, and (6) evaluate the sources and occurrence of nutrients, organic wastewater compounds, and antibiotic residuals at the watershed-scale. This research is covered under the Manure and Byproduct Utilization National Program Plan (NP 206), incorporating three compartments (nutrients, air quality, and pathogens) of the program. This project focuses mainly on the Nutrient Component and Focus Areas 1 (Animal Feeding and Management), 2 (Innovative Technology for the Collection, Storage and Treatment), 3 (Management Tools for Indexing and Evaluating Nutrient Fate and Transport, and 4 (Farming Systems and Practices for Managing Manure in an Efficient and Balanced Fashion). Other components of this research include the Atmospheric Emissions Component Focus Areas 2
(Emission Factors from Livestock Facilities) and 3 (Control Technologies and Strategies for Emissions) and Pathogens Component Focus Areas 2 (Fate and Transport of Pathogens), 3 (Pharmaceutically Active Chemicals) and 4 (Treatment Technologies). We will also be conducting research on non-point and point source pollution within watersheds, which is related to the Water Quality and Management National Program (NP 201). If the U.S. poultry industry is to remain competitive and not be crippled by adverse legislative dictates, it is critical that the issue of managing excess phosphorus runoff and ammonia emissions associated with poultry litter be resolved. Effective, economical, and environmentally acceptable methods to prevent phosphorus runoff from lands fertilized with poultry litter and ammonia emissions must be developed to assure the continued economic viability of the poultry industry's operations. State and federal agencies are developing phosphorus water-quality criteria for
streams and reservoirs in our region, possibly leading to the development of total maximum daily loads. This future development may also limit land application of poultry manure, underscoring the need to develop farm-level management strategies and best management practices that will allow farmers to continue to use poultry litter as a fertilizer, while minimizing adverse environmental impacts in surface waters. 2. List the milestones (indicators of progress) from your Project Plan. Year 1 (FY 2001) Evaluate the effect of treating poultry litter with aluminum sulfate on phosphorus leaching. Develop a liquid alum delivery system to control ammonia in high-rise laying hen houses. Year 2 (FY 2002) Develop a Phosphorus Index for pastures. Evaluate the effect of grazing cattle on surface soil bulk density, infiltration of rainwater and runoff. Year 3 (FY 2003) Evaluate the efficacy of pasture renovation in reducing phosphorus and nitrogen runoff from pastures. Assist the USDA Natural
Resource Conservation Service in developing a Conservation Practice for treating poultry litter with alum. Development of a new treatment for liquid swine manure to reduce phosphorus runoff and ammonia volatilization (aluminum chloride treatment of swine manure). Year 4 (FY 2004) Develop the Protective Rates of poultry litter and commercial nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers for the state of Arkansas. Continue long-term (20-year) study on the effects of alum-treated poultry litter, normal poultry litter, and ammonium nitrate on soil chemistry, nutrient runoff and plant growth. Initiate long-term (13-year) study on the effects of pasture management on hydrology and nutrient and pathogen runoff. Year 5 (FY 2005) Initiate three year study to measure ammonia emissions from broiler litter in four tunnel-ventilated houses and following land application. Continue long-term (20-year) study on the effects of alum-treated poultry litter, normal poultry litter, and ammonium nitrate on soil
chemistry, nutrient runoff, and plant growth. Continue long-term (13-year) study on the effects of pasture management on hydrology and nutrient and pathogen runoff. FY 6 (FY 2006) Continue ammonia emissions study from broiler litter in four tunnel- ventilated houses and following land application. Work in collaboration with USGS research chemists at the National Water Quality Laboratory to evaluate the effect of alum treatment on runoff water concentrations of multiple hormones from plots receiving poultry. Evaluate the effect of pelletizing on manure nutrient content and nutrient concentrations in runoff water using untreated and alum-treated poultry litter. FY 7 (FY 2007) Complete ammonia emissions study from broiler litter in four tunnel- ventilated houses and following land application. 3. Milestones: A. List the milestones that were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2004. How many milestones did you fully or substantially meet in FY 2004 and indicate which ones were not fully or
substantially met, briefly explain why not, and your plans to do so. The milestones listed below were scheduled to be addressed in FY 2004. They were all completed. Develop the Protective Rates of poultry litter and commercial nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers for the state of Arkansas. Continue long-term (20-year) study on the effects of alum-treated poultry litter, normal poultry litter, and ammonium nitrate on soil chemistry, nutrient runoff, and plant growth. Initiate long-term (13 year) study on the effects of pasture management on hydrology and nutrient and pathogen runoff. B. List the milestones that you expect to address over the next 3 years (FY2005, 2006, and 2007). What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years under each milestone? The Year 5 milestones are listed below with a description of the anticipated outcomes. The project is scheduled to be completed during FY 2005 and a new project plan will be developed to undergo OSQR review, and
subsequent implementation in FY 2006. Year 5 (FY 2005) Initiate three-year study to measure ammonia emissions from broiler litter in four tunnel-ventilated houses and following land application. We will hire a post-doctoral research associate and he/she will outfit the four chicken houses with equipment necessary to measure ammonia losses from the house, including ammonia sensors for measuring ammonia concentrations, anemometers for measuring wind speed, and data-loggers. Ammonia fluxes will also be measured with simple chamber methods to determine if ammonia losses can be predicted using simple and inexpensive chamber methodology. Continue long-term (20-year) study on the effects of alum-treated poultry litter, normal poultry litter, and ammonium nitrate on soil chemistry, nutrient runoff, and plant growth. Monitoring of plant growth, soil chemistry and runoff water quality will continue. This will be the 10th year in this study and we plan to publish the interim results of this
research on phosphorus leaching and runoff, aluminum chemistry, and plant growth. Continue long-term (13-year) study on the effects of pasture management on hydrology and nutrient and pathogen runoff. Runoff water from each storm event will be analyzed for nutrients and pathogens. Bulk density and penetrometer readings will be made to determine how grazing affects hydrology. John Pennington, a masters student at the University of Arkansas, will complete his research on this project. Year 6 (FY 2006) Continue ammonia emissions study from broiler litter in four tunnel- ventilated houses and following land application. During this year a mass balance of nitrogen will be conducted for the poultry houses, where all inputs and outputs from the house are measured. Work in collaboration with USGS research chemists at the National Water Quality Laboratory to evaluate the effect of alum treatment on runoff water concentrations of multiple hormones from plots receiving poultry litter. This
research should confirm earlier studies that have shown that alum additions to manure reduce hormone runoff. Evaluate the effect of pelletizing on manure nutrient content and nutrient concentrations in runoff water using untreated and alum-treated poultry litter. This research is being done to evaluate the effect of pelletizing litter on soluble phosphorus in the litter and on phosphorus runoff from land fertilized with litter. We expect additions of alum to greatly reduce phosphorus runoff. Year 7 (FY 2007) Complete ammonia emissions study from broiler litter in four tunnel- ventilated houses and following land application. During FY 2007 the effect of various best management practices on ammonia emissions will be evaluated. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single Most Significant Accomplishment during FY 2004. Development of the Protective Rate of Poultry Litter and Commercial Fertilizers for Arkansas. The State of Arkansas passed several new
laws in 2003 that affected poultry producers. One of these laws stated that poultry litter and commercial nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers must be applied at the "Protective Rate" in 8 watersheds deemed by the State to be nutrient enriched (these were primarily where most of the chickens are grown in Arkansas). The Arkansas Soil and Water conservation Commission requested that Philip Moore from our unit develop what these protective rates should be. A series of rainfall simulation studies were conducted that evaluated phosphorus and nitrogen runoff from 17 different fertilizer sources. Based on these results and predictions made using the Arkansas Phosphorus Index (which was also developed by our unit) the Protective Rates were determined. Afterwards a series of public meetings were held around the state and they are currently being codified into state law. This research will determine the legal limit of manure and fertilizer for a large area of Arkansas. B. Other Significant
Accomplishments(s) if any. Previous research conducted by our unit on pasture renovation (aeration) had indicated that this practice results in increased infiltration of rainwater, which causes a significant reduction in surface runoff. These earlier studies were almost too good to be true, since nitrogen and phosphorus runoff were shown to be reduced by 50% using this practice. Therefore, research was conducted at another site this year to verify these earlier studies. These studies showed pasture hydrology was significantly impacted by this practice, causing nitrogen and phosphorus losses to be much lower, validating prior work. This is important because water quality is impaired by high nutrient runoff. Scientists from our unit were the first to discover that this practice could be used to improve water quality. C. Significant accomplishments/activities that support special target populations None. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including
their predicted or actual impact. One of our biggest goals of our project plan and the National Program 206 action plan is to develop best management practices that reduce phosphorus runoff (Action Plan components 2-4). We have discovered that alum (aluminum sulfate), when added to poultry litter in commercial houses, greatly lowers ammonia levels in the houses and results in significantly healthier birds. Birds grown in alum-treated houses weigh more, they utilize their feed better, there is less bird death, and heating costs during winter months are significantly lower (due to less ventilation required to remove ammonia vapors). The use of alum in poultry houses is very cost effective; producers make an additional two dollars for every dollar spent. Very detailed studies over several years have shown that alum-treated poultry litter applied to pastures reduced phosphorus runoff by 75% compared with untreated litter. Field trials conducted in 15 states and on more than 30
million chickens proved this technology to be cost-effective and that its widespread utilization by the poultry industry will have great effects in reducing phosphorus pollution of the environment. In the past year, it is estimated that more than 600 million broiler chickens will be produced on alum-treated litter which will undoubtedly result in less pollution of our nation's soils and waters, in addition to facilitating the production of healthier chickens at lower cost. Other benefits of treating litter with alum include a reduction in the number of pathogens, such as Campylobacter, on the birds; lower heavy metal and estrogen runoff from fields fertilized with litter, and higher yields from crops fertilized with alum (due to higher N contents in the litter). We also developed the Phosphorus Index for Pastures, which is used by the State of Arkansas to write nutrient management plans, and the Protective Rate of poultry litter and commercial fertilizers for those farmers who
don't have nutrient management plans in place. 6. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? A fact sheet on treating poultry litter with aluminum sulfate (alum) was developed in collaboration with scientists from the University of Arkansas for poultry producers. We developed the Protective Rate of poultry litter and commercial fertilizers for the State of Arkansas. This technology was made available to the growers of Arkansas through a series of public hearings held throughout the state by the Arkansas Soil & Water Conservation Commission. Philip Moore was one of the recipient's of the ARS Group Award for Superior Technology Transfer for development and implementation of a Phosphorus Indexing procedure to target remedial measures for nutrient
management strategies that maintain productivity and protect water quality. 7. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. Moore, P.A., Jr., M.G. Wilson, T.C. Daniel, T.R. Costello and D.R. Edwards. 2004. Effect of alum applications to hen manure on ammonia volatilization and phosphorus runoff. Egg Industry News. 108:5. Goihl, J. 2004. Aluminum chloride, phytase may reduce manure ammonia losses. Feedstuffs, March 22, 2004. Synopsis of research conducted by P. A. Moore and graduate student Doug Smith. p. 5. Moore Jr, P.A., Watkins, S., Carman, D., Delaune, P. 2004. Treating poultry litter with alum. Extension Fact Sheets. (FSA8003-PD-1-04N).
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Miles, D.M., Rowe, D.E., Moore, P.A., Rice, D.W., Smith, D.R. 2003. Mineral composition of poultry litter resulting from dietary HAP corn and phytase enzyme with alum litter treatment [abstract]. Agronomy Abstracts. CD-ROM.
- Smith, D.R., Moore Jr, P.A., Haggard, B.E., Maxwell, C.V., Daniel, T.C., Vandevander, K., Davis, M.E. 2004. Impact of aluminum chloride and dietary phytase on relative ammonia losses from swine manure. Journal of Animal Science. 82:605-611.
- HAGGARD, B.E., STORM, D.E. EFFECT OF LEAF LITTER ON PHOSPHORUS RETENTION AND HYDROLOGIC PROPERTIES AT A 1ST ORDER STREAM IN NORTHEAST OKLAHOMA, USA. JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY. 2003. V. 18(8). P. 557-565.
- Garg, V., Chaubey, I., Haggard, B.E. 2003. Impact of calibrating watershed on runoff model accuracy. Transactions of the ASAE. 46(5):1347-1353.
- White, K.L., Haggard, B.E., Chaubey, I., Green, W.R., Petersen, J.C. 2003. Water quality trends and hydrograph separation at the Buffalo National River, Arkansas, 1991-2001. Transactions of the ASAE. 47(2):407-417.
- Gilmour, J.T., Koehler, M.A., Cabrera, M.L., Szajdak, L., Moore Jr, P.A. 2004. Alum treatment of poultry litter: Decomposition and nitrogen dynamics. Journal of Environmental Quality. 33:402-405.
- Miles, D.M., Moore, P.A., Smith, D.R., Rice, D.W., Stillborn, H.L., Rowe, D.E., Lott, B.D., Branton, S.L., Simmons, J.D. 2003. Total and water- soluble phosphorus in broiler litter over three flocks with litter treatment and dietary inclusion of high available phosphorus corn and phytase supplementation. Poultry Science. 82:1544-1549.
- POTE, D.H., KINGERY, W.L., AIKEN, G.E., HAN, F.X., MOORE JR, P.A., BUDDINGTON, K.K. WATER-QUALITY EFFECTS OF INCORPORATING POULTRY LITTER INTO PERENNIAL GRASSLAND SOILS. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. 2003. V. 32. P. 2392-2398.
- Delaune, P.B., Moore Jr, P.A., Daniel, T.C., Lemunyon, J.L. 2004. Effect of chemical and microbial amendments or ammonia emissions from composting poultry litter. Journal of Environmental Quality. 33:728-734.
- Smith, D.R., Moore Jr, P.A., Maxwell, C.V., Haggard, B.E., Daniel, T.C. 2004. Reducing phosphorus runoff from swine manure with dietary phytase and aluminum chloride. Journal of Environmental Quality. 33:1048-1054.
- Timby, G.G., Daniel, T.C., Moore Jr, P.A., McNew, R.W. 2004. Polymer type and aluminum chloride affect solids and phosphorus removal from dairy slurry. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 20:57-64.
- Self-Davis, M.L., Moore Jr, P.A., Daniel, T.C., Nichols, D.J., Sauer, T.J., West, C.P., Aiken, G.E., Edwards, D.R. 2003. Forage species and canopy cover effects on runoff from small plots. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 58:349-359.
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? Poultry litter is an excellent organic fertilizer that has a relatively high content of nitrogen and phosphorus. However, there is concern that offsite movement of nutrients from land-applied poultry litter is impacting the nation's surface and ground water quality. Our research is addressing when and where runoff occurs in the landscape and how pasture and animal waste management can be modified to maintain pasture productivity and minimize adverse environmental impacts from poultry litter. Of particular concern is phosphorus runoff from fields fertilized with poultry litter; however, other emerging issues include atmospheric emissions from manure and the loss of hormones, heavy metals and antibiotic residuals in runoff water. Excessive phosphorus runoff can cause excessive algal blooms, which can lead to taste and odor problems in municipal drinking water supplies. More than 8-9
billion poultry are produced annually in the U.S., and runoff from poultry litter is believed to be one of the major sources of phosphorus in runoff water. We are conducting research to define how nutrients and other contaminants move in both surface and sub-surface waters, and we are developing best management practices (BMPs) for industry and growers to reduce the amount of phosphorus and other contaminants in runoff from poultry manure. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? The phosphorus problem is very serious. There is a trend for state and federal agencies to develop thresholds of soil phosphorus levels in watersheds above which poultry growers would not be allowed to apply any more poultry litter. Such thresholds are already in place in some areas, and the practice will almost surely expand. If the U.S. poultry industry is to remain competitive and not be crippled by adverse legislative dictates, it is critical that the issue of managing excess nutrients
associated with poultry litter be resolved. Effective, economical, and environmentally acceptable methods to prevent phosphorus runoff from lands fertilized with poultry litter must be developed to assure the continued economic viability of the poultry industry's operations. State and federal agencies are developing phosphorus water-quality criteria for streams and reservoirs in our region, possibly leading to the development of total maximum daily loads. This future development may also limit land application of poultry manure, underscoring the need to develop farm- level management strategies and best management practices that will allow farmers to continue to use poultry litter as a fertilizer while minimizing adverse environmental impacts in surface waters. 3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Program Component(s) to which it has been assigned? This research is under the ARS National Program on Manure and Byproduct Utilization NP 206. Our work explores
poultry waste management from a holistic perspective to ensure that the best management practices proposed can be effectively and sustainably integrated into soil-plant- animal production systems. In the area of off-site impacts, technologies to modify the hydrology and retain nutrients on the landscape are being evaluated. Techniques to identify areas in watersheds that are particularly susceptible to nutrient runoff or percolation into groundwater are being developed and evaluated. In the area of manure treatment, research is being conducted on the utilization of genetically altered grains and enzymes to improve phosphorus availability to poultry and thus decrease the amount of phosphorus required in poultry feeds. Research is also being conducted on ways to treat manures to reduce ammonia volatilization and to precipitate soluble phosphorus such that it will not dissolve in water. Our research is also focusing on the effects of post-processing of poultry litter, such as
pelletizing, on manure characteristics and nutrient concentrations in runoff water. This work has contributed and will continue to contribute to the aims of the relevant ARS National Program in utilizing and managing poultry waste products in an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly manner. 4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? A. Single Most Significant Accomplishment during FY 2003 Phosphorus runoff from poultry litter is believed to be one of the primary factors affecting water quality in many parts of the U.S. We have conducted research in conjunction with personnel from University of Arkansas and University of Kentucky on the use of aluminum sulfate (alum) to reduce phosphorus runoff for the past ten years. During the past year scientists from the Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Fayetteville, AR, helped the USDA/NRCS develop a Conservation Practice Standard for alum-treatment of poultry litter in Arkansas,
Tennessee, and South Carolina. As a result, this practice is being cost-shared by the EQIP (Environmental Quality Incentives Program) program and is utilized by more growers in these three states, thus improving water quality. B. Other Significant Accomplishments(s) if any Synoptic sampling of several Ozark streams was conducted to identify sources of phosphorus during base flow conditions. Water quality samples were collected from personnel with the Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Fayetteville, AR, in cooperation with local municipalities and the Biological Engineering Department of the University of Arkansas, from a site near the stateline in a trans-state boundary watershed upstream into the headwaters where municipal wastewater treatment effluent was discharged. Water quality analyses showed elevated phosphorus concentrations downstream of the effluent discharges, and when chloride concentrations were used to correct phosphorus concentrations for
dilution, it was apparent that dilution, not retention, was the mechanism responsible for any decline in phosphorus concentrations at increasing distances from the wastewater treatment plants. This study identified that wastewater treatment plants had a much greater impact on phosphorus concentrations and transport during base flow conditions compared with other watershed sources. C. Significant accomplishments/activities that support special target populations None. 5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact. One of our biggest goals of our project plan and the National Program 206 action plan is to develop best management practices that reduce phosphorus runoff. We have discovered that alum (aluminum sulfate), when added to poultry litter in commercial houses, greatly lowers ammonia levels in the houses and results in significantly healthier birds. Birds grown in alum-treated houses weigh more, they utilize
their feed better, there is less bird death, and heating costs during winter months are significantly lower (due to less ventilation required to remove ammonia vapors). The use of alum in poultry houses is very cost effective; producers make an additional two dollars for every dollar spent. Very detailed studies over several years have shown that alum-treated poultry litter applied to pastures reduced phosphorus runoff by 75% compared with untreated litter. Field trials conducted in 15 states and on more than 30 million chickens proved this technology to be cost-effective and that its widespread utilization by the poultry industry will have great effects in reducing phosphorus pollution of the environment. In the past year, it is estimated that more than 600 million broiler chickens will be produced on alum-treated litter which will undoubtedly result in less pollution of our nation's soils and waters, in addition to facilitating the production of healthier chickens at lower cost.
Other benefits of treating litter with alum include a reduction in the number of pathogens, such as Campylobacter, on the birds; lower heavy metal and estrogen runoff from fields fertilized with litter; and higher yields from crops fertilized with alum (to higher N contents in the litter). We also developed the Phosphorus Index for Pastures which is used by the state of Arkansas to write nutrient management plans. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? During FY 2004, ARS scientists with the Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit will determine the 'Protective Rate' of fertilizer (both inorganic and organic nitrogen and phosphorus sources) as requested by the state of Arkansas for use in conjunction with new regulations that the legislation passed in 2003. This will be accomplished by conducting a series of rainfall simulations with plots fertilized with organic sources (poultry litter and sewage sludge) and inorganic sources
(commercial fertilizers). During this year research will also be conducted which quantifies ammonia emissions from poultry litter both in the rearing facility and following land application. During FY 2005, ARS, in collaboration with USGS research chemists at the National Water Quality Laboratory, will evaluate the effect of alum treatment on runoff water concentrations of multiple hormones from plots receiving poultry. Research on ammonia emissions will also be continued. During FY 2006, ARS will again evaluate the effect of pelletizing on manure nutrient content and nutrient concentrations in runoff water using untreated and alum-treated poultry litter from a farm where we are conducting long-term experiments on poultry production. 7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end- user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and
durability of the technology products? We have worked very closely with USDA/NRCS in Arkansas and other states on developing a Conservation Practice Standard for alum treatment of poultry litter. We have patented the alum technology, which is licensed it to the General Chemical Corporation, and is called Al+Clear. It is used in poultry houses for ammonia control and reducing phosphorus runoff. Last year about 600 million chickens were grown with alum. Cost- sharing is now available to some farmers in states that have adopted this conservation practice standard. We continue to work closely with the U.S. EPA, the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and many University and poultry industry scientists to expand the utilization and acceptance of alum as a cost effective and environmentally friendly best management practice in poultry production. Working with University cooperators, we are extending our successes with alum in poultry production to successful management of
livestock manures. We are patenting our discoveries as they are made and are actively seeking out industry partners. As past experiences have shown, we do not anticipate significant future constraints to transfer of our technology and it is expected to be widely adopted by appropriate users and to be of long-lasting durability. We have also worked very closely with Arkansas Soil and Water Conservation Commission (ASWCC) and USDA/NRCS in Arkansas on technology transfer associated with the Arkansas Phosphorus Index. This P Index, which was developed in our laboratory, is used to write nutrient management plans for farms in Arkansas. 8. List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: This does not replace your peer-reviewed publications listed below). The Phosphorus Question. Feed International, December, 2002. Too much of a good thing. Arkansas Land Life, Fall/Winter, 2002, vol. 7:6-10.
Phytase and Farm Runoff: Have you checked your P Index lately? Manure Matters, Winter, 2003. Haggard, B.E., Masoner, J., Becker, C.J. Percentile Distributions of Median Nitrate plus Nitrite Nitrogen, Total Nitrogen and Total Phosphorus Concentrations in Oklahoma Streams. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 03-4084. 2003. p. 18.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- White, K.L., Haggard, B.E., Chaubey, I. 2003. Changes in water quality at buffalo national river. American Water Resources Association Conference Proceedings. CD-ROM, TPS-03-01. Kansas City, MO.
- White, K.L., Haggard, B.E., Kim, J., Matlock, M.D. 2003. Periphytic chlorophyll a response to triclosan exposure at the White River, Arkansas. American Water Resources Association Conference Proceedings. CD-ROM, TPS- 03-1.
- Moore, P.A., Jr. Effect of phytase enzyme addition to animal diets on phosphorus runoff from pastures. 2003. Proceedings of the Organic P Conference, Ascona Switzerland. p. 66.
- Moore, P.A., Jr., Daniels, T.C., Edwards, D.R. Long-term Effects of alum- treated poultry litter, untreated litter and ammonium nitrate on soil chemical properties. Poultry Science. 2003. Abstracts p. 54.
- Moore, P.A., Jr., Daniels, T.C., Edwards, D.R. Long-term Effects of Alum Additions to Poultry Litter on Phosphorus Leaching and Runoff. CD-ROM. Proceedings of American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Las Vegas, NV. 2003.
- Moore, P.A., Jr., Haggard, B.E., Formica, S., DeLaune, P.B., Bellows, B.C. Environmental considerations for grazing management. American Society of Animal Science Southern Meetings. 2003. p. 21.
- Sharpley, A.N., Weld, J.L., Beegle, D., Kleinman, P.J., Gburek, W.J., Moore, Jr., P.A., Mullins, G. 2003. Development of phosphorus indices for nutrient management planning strategies in the U.S. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 58(3):137-152.
- Smith, D.R., Moore, P.A., Jr., Miles, D.M., Maxwell, C.V. Effects of manure amendments and diet treatments on soil test P with time. Abstracts of the SSSA, ASA, CSA annual meeting, Indianapolis, IN. 2002. Paper No. 215041.
- Smith, D.R., Moore, P.A., Jr., Miles, D.M., Maxwell, C.V., Delaune, P.B., Daniel, T.C., Haggard, B.E. Phosphorus runoff and ammonia volatilization from poultry and swine fed phytase diets. Abstracts of the SSSA, ASA, CSA annual meeting, Indianapolis, IN. 2002. Paper No. 103508.
- Haggard, B.E., Ekka, S.A., Matlock, M.D., Chaubey, I. 2003. Impact of wastewater treatment plants in streams of the illinois river basin. American Water Resources Association Conference Proceedings. CD-ROM, TPS- 03-01. Kansas City, MO.
- Garg, V., Bajwa, S., Chaubey, I., Haggard, B.E. 2003. Effect of suspended sediment distribution on spectral reflectance. American Water Resources Association Conference Proceedings. TPS-03-1. CD-ROM. Kansas City, MO.
- Haggard, B.E., Moore Jr, P.A., Delaune, P.B., Smith, D.R. 2003. Nutrient and b17-estradiol loss in runoff water from various poultry litters. American Water Resources Association Conference Proceedings. CD-ROM, TPS- 03-01. Kansas City, MO.
- Sahoo, D., Chaubey, I., Haggard, B.E., Matlock, M.D. 2003. Stream nutrient retention and limitation in Moores Creek, Northwest Arkansas. American Water Resources Association Conference Proceedings. TPS-03-01. CD-ROM. Kansas City, MO.
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it? Poultry litter is an excellent organic fertilizer that has a relatively high content of nitrogen and phosphorus. However, there is concern that offsite movement of nutrients from land-applied poultry litter is impacting the nation's surface and ground water quality. Our research is addressing when and where runoff occurs in the landscape, and how pasture and animal waste management can be modified to maintain pasture productivity and minimize adverse environmental impacts from poultry litter. Of particular concern is phosphorus runoff from fields fertilized with poultry litter; however, other emerging issues include the runoff of hormones, heavy metals, and antibiotic residuals from animal manure. Such runoff can cause excessive algal blooms and may even lead to outbreaks of Pfiesteria (the so-called killer algae), such as those seen recently in waters of the eastern United States.
Recent reports have chronicled the detection of hormones and antibiotic residuals in surface waters across the U.S. More than 7 billion poultry are produced annually in the U.S. and the utilization/disposal of poultry litter on land surfaces is one of the major sources of phosphorus in runoff water. We are conducting research to define how nutrients and other contaminants move in both surface and sub-surface waters, and we are developing best management practices (BMPs) for industry and growers to reduce the amount of phosphorus and other contaminants in runoff from poultry manure. 2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? The phosphorus problem is very serious. There is a trend for state and federal agencies to develop thresholds of soil phosphorus levels in watersheds above which poultry growers would not be allowed to apply any more poultry litter. Such thresholds are already in place in some areas, and the practice will almost surely expand. If the U.S. poultry
industry is to remain competitive and not be crippled by adverse legislative dictates, it is critical that the issue of managing excess nutrients associated with poultry litter be resolved. Effective, economical, and environmentally acceptable methods to prevent phosphorus runoff from lands fertilized with poultry litter must be developed to assure the continued economic viability of the poultry industry's operations. State and federal agencies are developing phosphorus water-quality criteria for streams and reservoirs in our region, possibly leading to the development of total maximum daily loads. This future development may also limit land application of poultry manure, underscoring the need to develop farm- level management strategies and best management practices that will allow farmers to continue to use poultry litter as a fertilizer, while minimizing adverse environmental impacts in surface waters. 3. How does it relate to the national Program(s) and National Program
Component(s) to which it has been assigned? This research is under the ARS National Program on Manure and Byproduct Utilization, NP206. Our work explores poultry waste management from a holistic perspective to ensure that the best management practices proposed can be effectively and sustainably integrated into soil-plant- animal production systems. In the area of off-site impacts, technologies to modify the hydrology and retain nutrients on the landscape are being evaluated. Techniques to identify areas in watersheds that are particularly susceptible to nutrient runoff or percolation into groundwater are being developed and evaluated. In the area of manure treatment, research is being conducted on the utilization of genetically altered grains and enzymes to improve phosphorus availability to poultry and thus decrease the amount of phosphorus required in poultry feeds. Research is also being conducted on ways to treat manures to reduce ammonia volatilization and to precipitate
soluble phosphorus such that it will not dissolve in water. Our research is also focusing on the effects of post-processing of poultry litter, such as pelletizing, on manure characteristics and nutrient concentrations in runoff water. This work has contributed and will continue to contribute to the aims of the relevant ARS National Program in utilizing and managing poultry waste products in an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly manner. 4. What was your most significant accomplishment this past year? A. Single most significant accomplishment during FY 2002: Phosphorus leaching from animal manure negatively impacts water quality throughout the country. Scientists at the Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Fayetteville, AR, discovered that the addition of aluminum sulfate to poultry litter reduces phosphorus leaching from soils in year 7 of a long-term study on the effects of various fertilizers (normal poultry litter, alum-treated litter and
ammonium nitrate) on soil chemistry, nutrient runoff, and plant growth. Soil samples taken from various depths showed that water soluble, extractable and total phosphorus levels had increased much greater in sub-surface soil layers with normal poultry litter, compared with alum-treated litter. These data indicate that alum-treated poultry litter is a more sustainable fertilizer source than normal litter. B. Other significant accomplishments: Some scientists have voiced concern that the use of alum-treated poultry litter will caused increased aluminum availability to plants or increased aluminum runoff. Scientists at the Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Fayetteville, AR, while conducting the long-term study on poultry litter, alum-treated litter and ammonium nitrate described above, found that ammonium nitrate applications result in very high exchangeable aluminum levels in the soil. Soil analysis from plots fertilized with these three fertilizers over the past
seven years indicated that while the acidity and aluminum levels were very high with ammonium nitrate, soils fertilized with either litter source had very low exchangeable aluminum. These results indicate that animal manure is a more sustainable fertilizer than ammonium nitrate. C. Significant accomplishments/activities that support special target populations: We found that atmospheric ammonia levels in high rise hen houses could be controlled with a liquid alum delivery system, leading to greater egg production and improved feed conversion. Improvements in hen performance resulted in a net benefit of $426/house/week. This research could greatly benefit small egg producers seeking ways to improve performance from laying hens, while making their working environment safer. D. Progress report: Phosphorus Index research continued. Scientists in our unit continued to work with local, state and federal agencies on the implementation and training of the Phosphorus Index for Pastures,
which was developed in our lab. We also have continued to conduct research on the factors affecting phosphorus runoff from pastures. We found that grazing has a profound effect on the amount of runoff versus infiltration compared to haying. We also found that using pasture renovators can greatly reduce phosphorus runoff. These discoveries will be incorporated into the phosphorus index for pastures in the near future. 5. Describe your major accomplishments over the life of the project, including their predicted or actual impact? We have discovered that alum (aluminum sulfate), when added to poultry litter in commercial houses, greatly lowers ammonia levels in the houses and results in significantly healthier birds. Birds grown in alum- treated houses weigh more, they utilize their feed better, there is less bird death, and heating costs during winter months are significantly lower (due to less ventilation required to remove ammonia vapors). The use of alum in poultry houses is
very cost effective; producers make an additional $2 for every dollar spent. Very detailed studies over several years have shown that alum-treated poultry litter applied to pastures reduced phosphorus runoff by 75%, compared with untreated litter. Field trials conducted in 15 states and on more than 30 million chickens proved this technology to be cost-effective and that its widespread utilization by the poultry industry will have great effects in reducing phosphorus pollution of the environment. In the past year, it is estimated that more than 500 million broiler chickens were produced on alum-treated litter which undoubtedly resulted in less pollution of our nation's soils and waters, in addition to facilitating the production of healthier chickens at lower cost. Other benefits of treating litter with alum include a reduction in the number of pathogens, such as campylobacter, on the birds; lower heavy metal and estrogen runoff from fields fertilized with litter; and higher
yields from crops fertilized with alum (due to higher N contents in the litter). We also developed the Phosphorus Index for Pastures which is used by the State of Arkansas to write nutrient management plans. 6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years? During FY 2003, ARS scientists at this location will continue to refine the Phosphorus Index for pasture with an emphasis on hydrology. Next year we also plan to investigate factors that influence the hydrology of pastures, such as the effects of slope, soil type, vegetation, grazing management, and landscape position on phosphorus movement in pastures. These investigations will be conducted on small plots and watersheds. During FY 2004, ARS, in collaboration with USGS research chemists at the National Water Quality Laboratory, will evaluate the effect of alum treatment on runoff water concentrations of multiple hormones from plots receiving poultry. During FY 2005, ARS will again evaluate the effect of
pelletizing on manure nutrient content and nutrient concentrations in runoff water using untreated and alum-treated poultry litter from a farm where we are conducting long-term experiments on poultry production. 7. What technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the technology likely to become available to the end user (industry, farmer other scientist)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption durability of the technology? During the past year we have worked very closely with the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), the Arkansas Soil and Water Conservation Commission, and Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality on technology transfer related to the Phosphorus Index we developed. The USDA/NRCS in Arkansas began using our Phosphorus Index to write nutrient management plans for farms in February of 2001. There were many different questions on this new index, hence, members or our group gave talks to various groups throughout the state and
the nation during the past year. We have also continued to work very closely with our University, poultry industry, and other government agency cooperators and customers, transferring our alum technology. The product of our patented alum technology, which is licensed it to the General Chemical Corporation, is called Al+Clear and is used in poultry houses for ammonia control and reducing phosphorus runoff. Last year about 500 million chickens were grown with alum. We continue to work closely with the U.S. EPA, the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and many University and poultry industry scientists to expand the utilization and acceptance of alum as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly best management practice in poultry production. Working with University cooperators, we are extending our successes with alum in poultry production to successful management of livestock manures. We are patenting our discoveries as they are made and are actively seeking out
industry partners. As past experiences have shown, we do not anticipate significant future constraints to transfer of our technology, and it is expected to be widely adopted by appropriate users and to be of long-lasting durability. During the past year we have also worked with USDA/NRCS personnel to develop a Conservation Practice Standard for alum, which should be complete next year. 8. List your most important publications and presentations, and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your review publications which are listed below) Discovery to aid poultry growers. Arkansas Democrat Gazette, Jan. 27, 2002. River Rift. Arkansas Democrat Gazette, section H, August 11, 2002. ARS Area Scientist of the Year: Philip Moore. In the University of Arkansas Vision Newsletter. Oct. 2001.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Daniels, M.B., DeLaune, P., Moore, P.A., Jr., Mauromoustakos, A., Chapman, S.L., Langston, J.M. Soil phosphorus variability in pastures: Implications for sampling and environmental management strategies. Journal of Environmental Quality. 2001. v. 30. p. 2157-2165.
- Daniels, M.B., Moore, P.A., Jr., DeLaune, P., Carmen, D., Morgan, R., VanDevender, K., Langston, J. Nutrient management planning in Arkansas. CD- ROM. Madison, WI: ASA, CSSA, SSSA. 2001.
- DeLaune, P.B. Development and validation of a phosphorus index for pastures. Ph.D. Dissertation. 2002. University of Arkansas.
- DeLaune, P.B., Moore, P.A., Jr., Carmen, D.K., Daniel, T.C., Sharpley, A.N. Development of a phosphorus index for pastures fertilized with animal manure. CD-ROM. Madison, WI: ASA, CSSA, SSSA. 2001.
- DeLaune, P.B., Moore, P.A., Jr., Carmen, D.K., Daniel, T.C., Sharpley, A.N. Development of a phosphorus index for pastures fertilized with animal manure. Soil and Water Conservation Society Annual Conference. 2001. Abstract p. 47.
- DeLaune, P.B., Moore, P.A., Jr., Carmen, D.K., Daniel, T.C., Sharpley, A.N. Development and validation of a phosphorus index for pastures fertilized with animal manures. Havenstein, G.B., editor. Proceedings of International Symposium Addressing Animal Production and Environmental Issues. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. 2001. p. 239-247.
- Green, W.R., Haggard, B.E. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and loads at Illinois River South of Siloam Springs, Arkansas, 1997-1999. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4217. 2001.
- Haggard, B.E., Storm, D.E., Stanley, E.H., Tejral, R.D., Popova, Y.A., Keyworth, V.G. Stream nutrient retention in three northeastern Oklahoma agricultural catchments. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 2001. v. 44(3). p. 597-605.
- Haggard, B.E., Storm, D.E., Stanley, E.H. Effect of a PS input on stream nutrient retention. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 2001. v. 37. p. 1291-1299.
- Moore, P.A., Jr. Methods of treating animal waste slurries. 2002. U.S. Patent 6,346,240.
- Moore, P.A., Jr., DeLaune, P.B., Carmen, D.C., Daniel, T.C., Sharpley, A.N. Development and validation of a phosphorus index for pastures. Haygarth, P.M., Condron, L.M., Butler, P.J., editors. Connecting Phosphorus Transfer from Agriculture to Impacts in Surface Waters. International Phosphorus Transfer Workshop, Devon, England. 2002. p. 49.
- Sauer, T.J., Moore, P.A., Jr., Ham, J.M., Bland, W.L., Prueger, J.H., West, C.P. Seasonal water balance of an Ozark hillslope. Agricultural Water Management. 2002. v. 55. p. 71-82.
- Smith, D.R. Reducing phosphorus runoff through diet modification and treatment of manure with aluminum amendments. Ph.D. Dissertation. 2002. University of Arkansas.
- Smith, D.R., Moore, P.A., Jr., Maxwell, C.V., Daniel, T.C. Reduction of ammonia volatilization in swine manure with aluminum chloride. CD-ROM. Madison, WI: ASA, CSSA, SSSA. 2001.
- Smith, D.R., Moore, P.A., Jr., Maxwell, C.V., Daniel, T.C. Aluminum chloride and dietary phytase to reduce phosphorus runoff in swine manure. CD-ROM. Madison, WI: ASA, CSSA, SSSA. 2001.
- Smith, D.R., Moore, P.A., Jr., Maxwell, C.V., Daniel, T.C. Dietary phytase and aluminum chloride manure amendments to reduce phosphorus and ammonia volatilization form swine manure. Havenstein, G.B., editor. Proceedings of International Symposium Addressing Animal Production and Environmental Issues. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. 2001. p. 502-507.
- West, C.P., Braden, I.S., DeLaune, P.B., Moore, P.A., Jr. Comparison of three phosphorus indexes for assessing risk of phosphorus runoff from pastures. American Forage and Grassland Council. 2002. v. 11. Abstract p. 205.
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Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it?
Poultry litter is an excellent organic fertilizer that has a relatively high content of nitrogen and phosphorus. However, there is concern that offsite movement of nutrients from land-applied poultry litter is impacting the nation's surface and ground water quality. Our research is addressing when and where runoff occurs in the landscape and how pasture and animal waste management can be modified to maintain pasture productivity and minimize adverse environmental impacts from poultry litter. Of particular concern is phosphorus runoff from fields fertilized with poultry litter. Such runoff can cause excessive algal blooms and may even lead to outbreaks of Pfiesteria (the so-called killer algae), such as those seen recently in waters of the Eastern United States. More than 7 billion poultry are produced annually in the U.S. and the utilization/disposal of poultry litter on land surfaces is one of the major sources of phosphorus runoff. We are conducting research to define how
nutrients move in both surface and sub-surface waters, and we are developing best management practices (BMPs) for industry and growers to reduce the amount of phosphorus runoff from poultry manure.
2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter?
The phosphorus problem is very serious. There is a trend for state and federal agencies to develop thresholds of soil phosphorus levels in watersheds above which poultry growers would not be allowed to apply any more poultry litter. Such thresholds are already in place in some areas, and the practice will almost surely expand. If the U.S. poultry industry is to remain competitive and not be crippled by adverse legislative dictates, it is critical that the issue of managing excess nutrients associated with poultry litter be resolved. Effective, economical, and environmentally acceptable methods to prevent phosphorus runoff from lands fertilized with poultry litter must be developed to assure the continued economic viability of the poultry industry's operations.
3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Component(s)?
This research is under the ARS National Program on Manure and Byproduct Utilization. Our work explores poultry waste management from a holistic perspective to ensure that the best management practices proposed can be effectively and sustainably integrated into soil-plant-animal production systems. In the area of off-site impacts, technologies to modify the hydrology and retain nutrients on the landscape are being evaluated. Techniques to identify areas in watersheds that are particularly susceptible to nutrient runoff or percolation into groundwater are being developed and evaluated. In the area of manure treatment, research is being conducted on the utilization of genetically altered grains and enzymes to improve phosphorus availability to poultry and thus decrease the amount of phosphorus required in poultry feeds. Research is also being conducted on ways to treat manures to reduce ammonia volatilization and to precipitate soluble phosphorus such that it will not dissolve in
water. This work has contributed and will continue to contribute to the aims of the relevant ARS National Program in utilizing and managing poultry waste products in an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly manner.
4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year?
A. Single Most Significant Accomplishment during FY 2000 year: Research was conducted to reduce phosphorus runoff and ammonia emmissions from swine manure. We conducted an experiment in conjunction with Dr. Charles Maxwell of the University of Arkansas to look at the effects of diet modification of swine using the phytase enzyme and aluminum chloride were additions to manure. In FY 2000, we discovered that phytase additions to swine manure resulted in significantly less ammonia emissions than normal diets (due to lower manure pH), and that while phytase alone increases phosphorus runoff from pastures fertilized with swine manure, the use of aluminum chloride alone or particularly in combination with phytase greatly reduces phosphorus runoff. B. Other Significant Accomplishments, if any: Dr. Moore the Lead Scientist on this project was named Southern Plains Area Senior Scientist of the Year. C. Significant Accomplishments/Activities that Support Special Target Populations: We also
conducted a diet modification/alum study with ARS scientists in Mississippi. The effect of four diets (normal, high available phosphorus (HAP) corn, phytase, and HAP corn plus phytase) were studied with and without the addition of aluminum sulfate (alum). The results of this study showed that dietary reductions in combination with alum use greatly reduced phosphorus runoff. Our research on diet modification and manure amendments will lead to sustainable agricultural practices that can be used by poultry and swine farmers throughout the country to reduce non- point source phosphorus runoff. Currently, environmental regulations are threatening their very existence in the U.S. if best management practices, such as these, are not developed. D. Progress Report Research on diet modification and manure amendments (alum to broiler litter and aluminum chloride to swine manure) showed very promising results. Not only can aluminum chloride additions lower ammonia emissions in swine houses
by over 50%, they also result in greatly reduced phosphorus runoff.
5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project including their predicted or actual impact.
We have discovered that alum (aluminum sulfate), when added to poultry litter in commercial houses, greatly lowers ammonia levels in the houses and results in significantly healthier birds. Birds grown in alum-treated houses weigh more, they utilize their feed better, there is less bird death, and heating costs during winter months are significantly lower (due to less ventilation required to remove ammonia vapors). The use of alum in poultry houses is very cost effective; producers make an additional two dollars for every dollar spent. Very detailed studies over several years have shown that alum-treated poultry litter applied to pastures reduced phosphorus runoff by 75% compared to untreated litter. Field trials conducted in 15 states and on more than 30 million chickens proved this technology to be cost-effective and that its widespread utilization by the poultry industry will have great effects in reducing phosphorus pollution of the environment. In the past year, it is
estimated that more than 500 million broiler chickens will be produced on alum-treated litter which will undoubtedly result in less pollution of our nation's soils and waters, in addition to facilitating the production of healthier chickens at lower cost. Other benefits of treating litter with alum include a reduction in the number of pathogens, such as campylobacter, on the birds; lower heavy metal and estrogen runoff from fields fertilized with litter, and higher yields from crops fertilized with alum (to higher N contents in the litter).
6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years?
During FY 2002, ARS scientists at this location will continue to refine the Phosphorus Index for pasture with an emphasis on hydrology. We plan to investigate factors that influence the hydrology of pastures, such as the effects of slope, soil type, vegetation, grazing management, and landscape position on phosphorus movement in pastures. During FY 2003, ARS will, in cooperation with partners, evaluate the efficacy of pasture renovators for reducing surface runoff from pastures. During FY 2004, ARS will initiate studies to determine the effects of grazing on the hydrology of pastures.
7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the technology product?
During the past year we have worked very closely with the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), the Arkansas Soil and Water Conservation Commission, and Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality on technology transfer related to the Phosphorus Index we developed. The USDA/NRCS in Arkansas began using our Phosphorus Index to write nutrient management plans for farms in February 2001. There were many different questions on this new index, hence, members of our Unit gave talks to various groups throughout the state and the nation during the past year. We have also continued to work very closely with our university, poultry industry, and other government agency cooperators and customers transferring our alum technology. The product of our patented alum technology, which is licensed it to the General Chemical Corporation, is called Al+Clear and is used in poultry houses for ammonia control and reducing phosphorus runoff. Last year about 500 million chickens were grown
with alum. We continue to work closely with the U.S. EPA, the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and many University and poultry industry scientists to expand the utilization and acceptance of alum as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly best management practice in poultry production. Working with University cooperators, we are extending our successes with alum in poultry production to successful management of livestock manures. We are patenting our discoveries as they are made and are actively seeking out industry partners. As past experiences have shown, we do not anticipate significant future constraints to transfer of our technology and it is expected to be widely adopted by appropriate users and to be of long-lasting durability. During the past year we have also worked with USDA/NRCS personnel to develop a Conservation Practice Standard for alum, which should be complete next year.
8. List your most important publications in the popular press (no abstracts) and presentations to non-scientific organizations and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your peer-reviewed publications which are listed below)
ARS Scientists Develop Phosphorus Index to Control Pasture Runoff. ARS news release. 2001. ARS scientists develop index to help control litter phosphorus runoff. Feedstuffs. 2001. p. 2. Phosphorus Index is Developed. Conservation Voices. 2001. p. 5. Phosphorus Index for Pastures. The Tri-county Conservation District Newsletter. 2001. p. 2-3. Scientific Method. Northwest Arkansas Morning News. 2001. Chemicals help control ammonia volatilization. Mid-Atlantic Poultry Farmer. 2001. p. 6.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Timby, G.G., Daniel, T.C., Moore, P.A., Jr. Solids and phosphorus removal from flushed dairy manure using organic polymers and aluminum chloride. American Society of Agronomy. 2000. Abstract p. 309.
- DeLaune, P.B., Moore, P.A., Jr., Carman, D.E., Daniel, T.C., Sharpley, A.N. Predicting P runoff from pastures using a P index. EPA Mid-Continent Total Maximum Daily Load Practitioners' Workshop. 2000. Abstract p. 5.
- DeLaune, P.B., Moore, P.A., Jr. Development of a Phosphorus Index for pastures: II. Multiple regression analysis. Southern Branch American Society of Agronomy. 2000. Abstract p. 8-9.
- Haustein, G.K., Daniel, T.C., Miller, D.M., Moore, P.A., Jr., McNew, R.W. Aluminum-containing residuals influence high-phosphorus soils and runoff water quality. Journal of Environmental Quality. 2000. v. 29. p. 154-159.
- Moore, P.A., Jr., DeLaune, P.B., Daniel, T.C., Sharpley, A.N. Development of a phosphorus index for pastures. Proceedings National Poultry Waste Management Symposium. 2000. p. 158-165.
- Moore, P.A., Jr., DeLaune, P.B. Development of a Phosphorus Index for pastures: I. Rainfall simulation studies. Southern Branch American Society of Agronomy. 2000. Abstract p. 8.
- Moore, P.A., Jr., DeLaune, P.B., Daniel, T.C. Development of a P index for pastures. American Society of Agronomy. 2000. Abstract p. 327.
- Pote, D.H., Reed, B.A., Daniel, T.C., Nichols, D.J., Moore, P.A., Jr., Edwards, D.R., Formica, S. Water quality effects of infiltration rate and manure application rate for soils receiving swine manure. American Society of Agronomy. 2000. Abstract p. 387.
- Pote, D.H., Reed, B.A., Daniel, T.C., Nichols, D.J., Moore, P.A., Jr., Edwards, D.R., Formica, S. Water quality effects of infiltration rate and manure application rate for soils receiving swine manure. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 2000. v. 55. p. 535-540.
- Phillips, B.J., Moore, P.A., Jr., Smith, D.R., Shreve, B.R., Daniel, T.C., Wolf, D.C. Using constructed wetlands for remediation of wastewater originating on swine farms. Proceeding of Arkansas Water Resources Conference, Environmental Hydrology, Arkansas Water Resources Center, Fayetteville, Arkansas. 2001. p. 33.
- Phillips, B.J., Moore, P.A., Jr., Smith, D.R., Shreve, B.R., Daniel, T.C., Langston, J., Carman, D.K., Edwards, D.R., Formica, S.J., Wolf, D.C. Constructed wetlands for wastewater remediation at swine rearing facilities. Final report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for Task 95-1000 (Federal Assistance Project No. 996103030). 64 p.
- Sauer, T.J., Moore, P.A., Jr., Ham, J.M., Bland, W.L., Prueger, J.H., West, C.P. Seasonal variation in the energy and water balances of an Ozark grassland. Proceedings of Agricultural Forest Meteorology Conference. 2000. p. 15-16.
- Self-Davis, M.L., Moore, P.A., Jr. Method of determining water soluble phosphorus in animal manure. Methods of Phosphorus Analysis for Soils, Sediments, Residuals, and Waters. 2000. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin No. 396. p. 74-77.
- Self-Davis, M.L., Moore, P.A., Jr., Joern, B.C. Determination of water and/or dilute salt extractable phosphorus in soil. Methods of Phosphorus Analysis for Soils, Sediments, Residuals, and Waters. 2000. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin No. 396. p. 24-26.
- Daniels, M.B., Chapman, S.L., Moore, P.A., Jr., DeLaune, P.B. Spatial variability of soil P in pastures amended with animal wastes. 2000. American Society of Agronomy. Abstracts p. 333.
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