Progress 09/28/99 to 09/27/04
Outputs
4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? This report serves to document research conducted under a specific cooperative agreement between ARS and Oregon State University. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the parent project 5358-22000-030-00D Biology and Control of Foliar and Fruit Diseases of Horticultural Crops. S. Mehlenbacher and cooperators evaluated the breeding and selection of hazelnuts for resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight. Objective: Develop improved germplasm of hazelnut with resistance to the Eastern Filbert Blight disease as well as a genetic base from which to select hazelnuts with other improved traits. Results: Scions of selections from the breeding program were distributed to nurseries that are currently propagating and evaluating selections with the eastern filbert blight (EFB) resistance gene from 'Gasaway' and desirable nut characteristics, precocity and yield. Two EFB-immune selections are
especially promising. The most advanced, OSU 509.064, is a candidate for release in December 2004. In vitro cultures were established of these two promising selections, which are also being evaluated for horticultural characteristics in replicated trials. The release notice for four EFB-immune pollinizers ('Gamma', 'Delta', 'Epsilon' and 'Zeta) will soon be published in HortScience. 1400 primers were screened to identify 35 RAPD markers linked to the 'Gasaway' gene, and RAPDs were used to screen 3000 seedlings for resistance. A linkage map was constructed for hazelnut and presented at the Sixth International Congress on Hazelnut in June 2004. To date, breeding efforts for resistance to EFB have focused on the 'Gasaway' gene, but other sources of resistance are needed to ensure durable resistance to this disease. 'Zimmerman' appears to have the same resistance gene as 'Gasaway', as the same RAPD markers are useful for both sources. S. Mehlenbacher and cooperators have identified
additional resistant genotypes of European hazelnut, including OSU 408.040, 'Ratoli', 'Closca Molla', a cultivar from the Republic of Georgia, and a seedling from southern Russia. All have been used as parents in crosses with susceptible selections. In such crosses, resistance in OSU 408.040 and 'Ratoli' is transmitted to half of their offspring, indicating control by a single locus; AFLP markers were identified for the dominant resistance allele from each source. S. Mehlenbacher and cooperators used greenhouse inoculation to identify additional accessions with complete resistance. Quantitative resistance to the disease is being characterized. Promising selection OSU 540.130 combines a high level of quantitative resistance (comparable to 'Tonda di Giffoni') with high yields and excellent kernel quality. Multiple sources of resistance identified through this research will be useful in breeding cultivars of hazelnut with durable resistance to EFB.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Lunde, C.F., Mehlenbacher, S.A.,Smith, D.C. Survey of Hazelnut Cultivars for Response to Eastern Filbert Blight Inoculation. HortScience. 2000. v. 35(4) p.729-731
- Coyne, C.J., Mehlenbacher, S.A., Johnson, K.B., Pinkerton, J.N., and Smith, D.C. Comparison of Two Methods to Evaluate Quantitative Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in European Hazelnut. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 2000. v. 125(5) p.603-608
- Mehlenbacher, S.A., Kubisiak, T.L. Additional RAPD Markers for Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance. HortScience. 2001. v. 36(3) p.536
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Progress 10/01/02 to 09/30/03
Outputs
4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year? This report serves to document research conducted under a specific cooperative agreement agreement between ARS and Oregon State University. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the parent project 5358-22000-030-00D Biology and Control of Foliar and Fruit Diseases of Horticultural Crops. Objectives: Develop improved germplasm of hazelnut with resistance to the Eastern Filbert Blight disease as well as a genetic base from which to select hazelnuts with other improved traits. Results towards: S. Mehlenbacher and cooperators distributed scions of selections from their breeding program to nurseries that are currently propagating and evaluating selections with the eastern filbert blight (EFB) resistance gene from 'Gasaway' and desirable nut characteristics, precocity and yield. Four selections are especially promising. In vitro cultures were established of these four selections,
which are also being evaluated for horticultural characteristics in replicated trials. 1100 primers were screened to identify 25 RAPD markers tightly linked to the 'Gasaway' gene, and RAPDs were used to screen 5000 seedlings for resistance. Progress was made in constructing a linkage map for hazelnut. From the most advanced immune selections, release of a cultivar immune to EFB is expected in 2004. To date, breeding efforts for resistance to EFB have focused on the 'Gasaway' gene, but other sources of resistance are needed to ensure durable resistance to this disease. S. Mehlenbacher and cooperators have identified additional resistant genotypes of European hazelnut, including OSU 408.040, 'Ratoli', 'Closca Molla', a cultivar from the Republic of Georgia, and a seedling from southern Russia. In crosses with susceptible parents, resistance in OSU 408.040 and 'Ratoli' is transmitted to half of their offspring, indicating control by a single locus; AFLP markers were identified for
the dominant resistance allele from each source. S. Mehlenbacher and cooperators used greenhouse inoculation to identify additional accessions with complete resistance: 2 C. avellana accessions, 5 C. americana - C. avellana hybrids, 4 accessions with C. colurna parentage, and 1 C. heterophylla var. sutchuensis x C. avellana hybrid. Resistant interspecific hybrid selections have also been identified and crosses made with them. Quantitative resistance to the disease is being characterized. Multiple sources of resistance identified through this research will be useful in breeding cultivars of hazelnut with durable resistance to EFB. Four pollinizer selections with resistance to eastern filbert blight ('Gamma', 'Delta', 'Epsilon' and 'Zeta') were released in January 2002 and a manuscript recently accepted for publication in HortScience. These four pollinizers give growers additional options when planting new orchards.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Mehlenbacher, S.A., Kubisiak, T.L. Additional RAPD Markers for Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance. HortScience. 2001. v. 36(3) p.536
- Lunde, C.F., Mehlenbacher, S.A.,Smith, D.C. Survey of Hazelnut Cultivars for Response to Eastern Filbert Blight Inoculation. HortScience. 2000. v. 35(4) p.729-731
- Coyne, C.J., Mehlenbacher, S.A., Johnson, K.B., Pinkerton, J.N., and Smith, D.C. Comparison of Two Methods to Evaluate Quantitative Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in European Hazelnut. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 2000. v. 125(5) p.603-608
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Progress 10/01/01 to 09/30/02
Outputs
4. What was your most significant accomplishment this past year? D. This report serves to document research conducted under a specific cooperative agreement between ARS and Oregon State University. Additional details of research can be found in the report for the parent project 5358-22000-024-00D Biology and Management of Foliage and Fruit Diseases of Horticultural Crops. S. Mehlenbacher and cooperators distributed scions of selections from their breeding program to nurseries, who are currently propagating and evaluating about a dozen selections with the eastern filbert blight (EFB) resistance gene from 'Gasaway' and desirable nut characteristics, precocity and yield. In vitro cultures were established of promising selections, which are being evaluated for horticultural characteristics in replicated trials. 1100 primers were screened to identify 16 RAPD markers tightly linked to the 'Gasaway' gene, and RAPDs were used to screen 6000 genotypes for resistance.
Progress was made in constructing a linkage map for hazelnut. From the most advanced immune selections, release of a cultivar immune to EFB is expected in 2004. To date, efforts to breed for resistance to EFB have focused on the 'Gasaway' gene, but other sources of resistance are needed to ensure durable resistance to this disease. S. Mehlenbacher and cooperators have identified additional resistant genotypes of European hazelnut, including 'Ratoli', 'Closca Molla', a cultivar from the Republic of Georgia, and a seedling from southern Russia. Resistant selections have also been identified in hazelnut species, and crosses made with them. Quantitative resistance to the disease is being characterized. Multiple sources of resistance identified through this research will be useful in breeding cultivars of hazelnut with durable resistance to EFB. Four pollinizer selections with resistance to eastern filbert blight ('Gamma', 'Delta', 'Epsilon' and 'Zeta') were released in January,
2002. These four pollinizers give growers additional options when planting new orchards.
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Mehlenbacher, S.A., Kubisiak, T.L. Additional RAPD Markers for Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance. HortScience. 2001. v. 36(3) p.536
- Lunde, C.F., Mehlenbacher, S.A.,Smith, D.C. Survey of Hazelnut Cultivars for Response to Eastern Filbert Blight Inoculation. HortScience. 2000. v. 35(4) p.729-731
- Coyne, C.J., Mehlenbacher, S.A., Johnson, K.B., Pinkerton, J.N., and Smith, D.C. Comparison of Two Methods to Evaluate Quantitative Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in European Hazelnut. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 2000. v. 125(5) p.603-608
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Progress 10/01/00 to 09/30/01
Outputs
1. What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it?
Oregon produces the entire U.S. hazelnut crop. In the early 1990s, Eastern Filbert Blight was detected in orchards, causing a serious threat to the hazelnut industry. The disease is caused by a fungus, Anisogramma anomala, which infects tree branches and forms a canker that eventually kills the branch. Once infected, the branch becomes a source of spore inoculum that spreads the pathogen within the infected tree and to adjacent trees. All commercial cultivars are susceptible, and the only control strategies are to prune out infected branches and apply protective fungicide sprays. While those methods are somewhat effective in the short term, the long-term solution is to develop resistant trees that can replace the susceptible ones. One selection known as 'Gasaway' is immune to the disease, and its immunity is due to a single gene. The goal was to transfer that gene into commercially acceptable cultivars. Thus, this project was established through a Specific Cooperative Agreement with
Oregon State University for the purpose of developing improved germplasm of hazelnut with resistance to the Eastern Filbert Blight as well as a genetic base from which to select hazelnuts with other improved traits.
2. How serious is the problem? Why does it matter?
Eastern Filbert Blight threatened to destroy the entire U.S./Oregon hazelnut industry unless it could be brought into check. ARS established cooperative research with scientists at Oregon State University to study the disease and develop control/management strategies. As a result of that research, the disease is currently under control using the management system developed by the research team. An offshoot of the research was to develop more efficient inoculation methods so that germplasm could be easily evaluated in a short time of several months instead of the 18 month evaluation in the field. This work enhanced the opportunity to select for resistance to the disease and became the basis for the Oregon State University breeder, Dr. Shawn Mehlenbacher, to develop commercial cultivars with high levels of resistance to the disease.
3. How does it relate to the National Program(s) and National Component(s)?
This project is assigned to National Program 303 Plant Diseases 100%. It also relates to NP 304 Crop Protection and Quarantine and NP 301 Plant, Microbial, and Insect Genetic Resources, Genomics and Genetic Improvement. The research is on the development of resistance to the Eastern Filbert Blight disease by means of controlled crosses with resistant cultivars or by the development of resistant transgenic cultivars that have desirable horticultural traits.
4. What were the most significant accomplishments this past year?
This cooperative agreement is with Oregon State University, with work being done by S. Mehlenbacher and colleagues, in association with 5358-22000-024- 00D. Improved cultivars of production and pollinator trees of hazelnut with resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight and desirable nut and horticultural characteristics are needed. S. Mehlenbacher and cooperators released selections from their breeding program to nurseries, who are currently propagating and evaluating 12 selections with the resistance gene from 'Gasaway' and desirable nut characteristics, precocity and yield. In vitro cultures of the 12 selections were established, replicated trials are being evaluated for horticultural characteristics, 700 primers were screened to identify RAPD markers tightly linked to the 'Gasaway' gene, and RAPDs were used to screen 5000 genotypes for resistance. From the most advanced immune selections, a cultivar immune to Eastern Filbert Blight is expected to be released in 2004. To date,
efforts to breed for resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight have focused on the 'Gasaway' gene, but other sources of resistance are needed to ensure durable resistance to this disease. S. Mehlenbacher and cooperators used four shrubby species of Corylus with resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight as parents in crosses with C. Americana; fourteen seedlings resulting from these crosses were evaluated for horticultural characteristics; and one seedling was used as a parent in further crosses. Quantitative resistance to the disease is being characterized; resistant cultivars from the Republic of Georgia and other sources are being used as parents in the hazelnut breeding program. Multiple sources of resistance identified through this research will be useful in breeding for cultivars of hazelnut with durable resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight.
5. Describe the major accomplishments over the life of the project including their predicted or actual impact.
Over the life of the project, there have been significant accomplishments in 1) determining the details of the disease epidemiology that became the basis for management decisions such as when to apply pesticides in relation to the release of pathogen spores, 2) developing methods to inoculate with spores of the pathogen collected from branch cankers that shortened the inoculation/incubation period needed to evaluate resistance/susceptibility of progeny from controlled crosses, 3) developing genetic markers that allow resistance genes to be tracked in progeny from controlled crosses, and 4) identifying multiple sources of resistance beyond 'Gasaway' that can contribute to more complete and broad-based resistance. Resistance from the 'Gasaway' source has been incorporated into new cultivars with good quantitative resistance such as 'Lewis and Clark' and 'Willamette'.
6. What do you expect to accomplish, year by year, over the next 3 years?
Expected accomplishments over the next few years would be to develop sources of resistance other than from 'Gasaway'genes, i.e. sources from other germplasm, using genetic markers coupled with controlled inoculations and progeny evaluation. Further, methods will be developed for producing transgenic plants with incorporated resistance into existing cultivars such as 'Ennis' that already has good horticultural traits.
7. What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints if known, to the adoption & durability of the technology product?
Research accomplishments resulting from the cooperative research are presented orally at hazelnut growers meetings and in written reports to them and the Oregon Hazelnut Commission.
8. List your most important publications in the popular press (no abstracts) and presentations to non-scientific organizations and articles written about your work (NOTE: this does not replace your peer-reviewed publications which are listed below)
None
Impacts
(N/A)
Publications
- Mehlenbacher, S.A., Kubisiak, T.L. Additional RAPD Markers for Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance. HortScience. 2001. v. 36(3) p.536
- Lunde, C.F., Mehlenbacher, S.A.,Smith, D.C. Survey of Hazelnut Cultivars for Response to Eastern Filbert Blight Inoculation. HortScience. 2000. v. 35(4) p.729-731
- Coyne, C.J., Mehlenbacher, S.A., Johnson, K.B., Pinkerton, J.N., and Smith, D.C. Comparison of Two Methods to Evaluate Quantitative Resistance to Eastern Filbert Blight in European Hazelnut. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 2000. v. 125(5) p.603-608
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