DETERMINATION OF DIETARY NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR "HIGH GROWTH LINE" LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI IN SUPER-INTENSIVE BIOFLOC PRODUCTION RACEWAY SYSTEMS

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 0233748
• Project Start Date: Jun 1, 2013
• Project End Date: May 31, 2018
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
750 AGRONOMY RD STE 2701
COLLEGE STATION,TX 77843-0001

Performing Department
Corpus Christi-TAMU Agr Res

Non Technical Summary
Traditional agricultural crops are experiencing annual growth rates of less than 3% per year in the United States whereas aquacultural crops are experiencing worldwide annual growth rates of over 8% per year. There was a similar increase in the aquaculture production of shrimp in the United States (US) during the 1990's except for the years in which there was a significant outbreak of "Class I diseases" on shrimp farms in Texas. Production of farmed shrimp in the US peaked during the years 2001 and 2002 having a value between $27 and $28 million USD per year. However, with significant increase shrimp farm production in ponds in the tropics having a year around growing season with two to three crops/year as compared to a seasonal growing period in the US of only one crop/year the US farms were at a significant economic disadvantage resulting in a decrease in the value of US shrimp farm production to $7,603,000 USD in 2009. From 2001 to 2010 the values of the US shrimp fisheries were constant with an average value of about $450 million USD /year. In contrast, the value of US import of shrimp increased to a maximum of $4,703,208 USD for 2010. This stimulated the shrimp research community to increase effort to develop super-intensive production technology using raceways in greenhouses and buildings with year around production. Further, the concept of reduced to zero water exchange production with biofloc water has succeeded in increasing growth and survival in these raceway systems. However, feeds for these raceway systems remain very high at a cost of about $1,500/metric ton. Data has accumulated from research on biofloc production systems which indicate that biofloc significantly contributes to the dietary nutritional requirements for shrimp. However, essentially nothing is known concerning the quantitative dietary requirements for specific nutrients. This means that there is an inadequate data base for least cost formulation of commercial feeds. Also, shrimp like all animals have a decreasing daily dietary requirement with age. Further, it is logical that the contribution of biofloc to the daily dietary requirements for shrimp is greater for smaller than larger shrimp. Compounding the problem is that growth rate for genetically selected "High Growth" line L. vannamei is at least twice as great as non-genetically selected L. vannamei. Thus, most existing dietary nutrient information for L. vannamei is not appropriate for formulating commercial feeds for the new high growth lines. The three objectives of this research program are to provide information in all three of the above areas with the goal of providing information for commercial shrimp feeds to be formulated with an ingredient cost of less than $800/metric ton and with at 2.5 gms/week growth and more that 80% survival in super-intensive production systems. This will be very significant in making commercial shrimp farming in the US once again competitive and provide the bases for a viable, sustainable shrimp farming US industry since feed is the largest of the variable production costs.

Animal Health Component

(N/A)

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

(N/A)

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
301	0811	1010	20%
301	0811	1050	20%
302	0811	1010	20%
302	0811	1050	20%
307	0811	1010	10%
307	0811	1050	10%

Knowledge Area
302 - Nutrient Utilization in Animals; 307 - Animal Management Systems; 301 - Reproductive Performance of Animals;

Subject Of Investigation
0811 - Shellfish;

Field Of Science
1010 - Nutrition and metabolism; 1050 - Developmental biology;

Keywords

litopenaeus vannamei

shrimp

raceway

super-intensive

reduced-zero water exchange

biofloc

nutrition

commercial feed

genetically selected

dietary requirements

size

feed cost

protein

mineral

vitamin

cholesterol

phospholipids

essential amino acids

essential fatty acids

Goals / Objectives
Objectives: 1. To determine the dietary nutritional requirements for the genetically selected "High Growth Lines" for the shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, exhibiting growth rates of greater than 2.5 gms/week in the linear growth phase. 2. To determine the dietary nutritional requirements for the genetically selected L. vannamei "High Growth Lines" during the nursery phase (~0.003 to ~4 gms/shrimp) versus the production phase (~5 to ~30 gms/shrimp). 3. To determine the dietary nutritional requirements in the presence of biofloc versus clear water for super intensive reduced to zero water exchange super-intensive production raceway systems for the shrimp, L. vannamei. Output: The dietary nutritional requirements required for the formulation of commercial feeds for the nursery and production phases for L. vannamei in biofloc seawater for super-intensive raceway production systems will be obtained. From this information it is expected that the least cost commercially formulated feeds will have an ingredient cost of less that $800 per metric ton with a survival of greater than 80% and growth rate of greater than 2.5 gms/week in the linear growth phase in biofloc seawater in a super-intensive reduced to zero water exchange raceway production system. This will be very significant in making super-intensive production of shrimp in raceways inside greenhouses or buildings in the United States commercially feasible.

Project Methods
Genetically selected "High Growth Line" L. vannamei will be obtained from Shrimp Improvement System, Inc. (Islamorada, Florida) and reared to the desired stocking size using the standard procedures developed at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research Laboratory at Port Aransas (TARL). Two sizes of shrimp, 0.003 to 0.2 gms/shrimp and 5 to 7 gms/shrimp will be stocked into 0.1 and 0.33 square meter indoor laboratory tanks, respectively, containing either biofloc water or clear water. Diets containing five levels of different nutrients with other nutrients being held constant in semi-purified diets will be fed for ~5 and ~7 weeks for the small and large shrimp, respectively. Feeding rate will be adjusted to just below satiation as determined by consumption by shrimp in the clear water tank system. During the experimental period dissolved oxygen, salinity and temperature will be determined daily and total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, total alkalinity, and biofloc levels determined weekly. Growth(final weight, specific growth rate, percent change in weight)and survival will be determined for each tank(observation) at the end of the experiment. The detailed experimental methods which will be used to determine the dietary nutritional requirements of shrimp at TARL have been previously reported in many peer reviewed journals. Data will be analyzed using two-way ANOVA. If an interaction between a dietary nutrient and culture system is detected, one-way ANOVA by nutrient level and by culture system will be submitted for further analyses. Student-Newman-Keuls'(SNK) multiple range test will be as used to determine differences (P < 0.05) among treatment means. Growth and survival data for the two sizes of shrimp in clear water will provide information for the dietary requirements for the two class sizes of shrimp (small versus large). The dietary nutrient requirements determined for the genetically selected "High Growth" line will be compared to the dietary nutrient requirements for the non-genetically selected L. vannamei stocked at the same time in the clear water system or if they are not available to nutritional requirements for the non-genetically selected L. vannamei reported in the literature. This comparison will provide information if the dietary nutritional requirements have changed with genetic selection. The comparison of the growth and survival of the two classes of shrimp in clear to growth and survival in biofloc water will provide data as to the nutritional contribution of biofloc to the dietary nutritional requirements. By systematically evaluating the major and most costly nutrients (protein, essential amino acids, energy, essential fatty acids (HUFA and PUFA), cholesterol, phospholipids, minerals (e.g. Ca, P, Zn, Cu, Mn, etc.), vitamins, etc.) during the five years of this proposed research program it is expected that adequate information concerning the dietary nutritional requirements for shrimp will be obtained to least-cost formulate commercial feeds for L. vannamei with ingredient cost levels of less that $800 per metric ton of feed with growth rates above 2.5 gms/week in the linear growth phase with survival above 90%.

Progress 06/01/13 to 05/31/18

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Project Director has retired - nothing to report

Publications

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: 1. Scientists at other Universities and Experiment Stations 2. Nutritionists of Feed Companies 3. Potential Farmers of Shrimp Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? 1. Opportunity for graduate students to obtain advance degrees in the area of feed, nutrition and biofloc production systems for shrimp. 2. Adult outreach education in terms of tours for adults were conducted to informed the general public about research beeing done on shrimp and the significance of this research to our society. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? 1. Tours arranged by the city of Port Aransas, Texas were conducted to disseminate information about shrimp research being conducted and the potential of shrimp farming. Lectures and presentation were made to civic clubs and to high school classes. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? 1. Continuation of graduate student education, adult and high school outreach programs, and research on feeds, nutrition and biofloc production systems for shrimp aquaculture.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Two papers were published in technical/trade fournals, two papers published in peer reviewed journals and nine abstracts were presented at scientific meetings. These publications and presentations represent significant information to researchers for planning further research, to feed millers for formulated least cost commercial shrimp feeds and for shrimp farmers to increase production using the reduce water usage biofloc system.

Publications

• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Crockett, J. Lawrence, A.L., Kuhn D.D. 2013. Shallow nursery system uses bioreactor concept for production of juvenile shrimp, Global Aquaculture Advocate, 16(3): 72-75.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Crockett, J. Lawrence, A.L., Kuhn D.D. 2013. Sistemas de crianza de camaron en tanques superficiales con Biofloc y recambio reducido de agua, Panorama Acuicola, 18(4): 44-47.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Bharadwaj, A.S., Patnaik S., Browdy C.L., Lawrence A.L. 2014. Comparative evaluation of an inorganic and a commercial chelated copper source in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed diets containing phytic acid, Aquaculture, 422-423: 63-68.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Sanchez, D.R., Fox, J.M., Gatlin III, D.M, Lawrence A.L. 2014. Dietary effect of fish oil and soybean lecithin on growth and survival of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei in the presence and absence of phytoplankton in an indoor system, Aquaculture Research, 45: 1367-1379.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Bharadwaj, A.S., Patnaik S., Browdy C.L., Lawrence A.L. 2014. Availability of dietary zinc sources and effects on performance of Pacific white shrimp of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). Book of Abstracts, 10th International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture, Roanoke, Virginia. August, 2014. p 53.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Crockett, J., Lawrence, A.L., Morgan, J.L. 2014. Evaluation of inorganic nitrogen control by comparing two organic carbon application rates in minimal water exchange, biofloc, shallow water, shrimp nursery systems using short chain fructooligosaccharide as a carbon source. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, Seattle, Washington. February, 2014. p 99.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Crockett, J., Lawrence, A.L., Morgan, J.L. 2014. Comparison of growth in minimal water exchange, biofloc, shallow water, shrimp nursery systems by using two feeding protocols. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, Seattle, Washington. February, 2014. p 100.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Crockett, J., Lawrence, A.L., McClellan, I., Morgan, J.L. 2014. Two organic carbon application rates to control inorganic nitrogen in minimal water exchange, biofloc, shallow water, shrimp nursery systems. Book of Abstracts, 10th International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture, Roanoke, Virginia, USA. August, 2014. p 80.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Crockett, J., Lawrence, A.L., McClellan, I., Morgan, J.L. 2014. Comparison of growth and production in minimal water exchange, biofloc, shallow water, shrimp nursery systems using two feed rates. Book of Abstracts, 10th International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture, Roanoke, Virginia, USA. August, 2014. p 81.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Kuhn, D., Lawrence, A.L., Crockett, J., Taylor, D. 2014. Accumulation and loss of critical elements in shrimp RAS. Book of Abstracts, 10th International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture, Roanoke, Virginia, USA. August, 2014. p 45.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Lawrence, A.L., Crockett, J. 2014. Heterotrophic biofloc production in four to six days in the shallow water raceway production system. Book of Abstracts, 10th International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture, Roanoke, Virginia, USA. August, 2014. p 79.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Lawrence, A.L., Crockett, J., Kuhn, D. 2014. Production strategies for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei using a two phase nursery raceway system. Book of Abstracts, 10th International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture, Roanoke, Virginia, USA. August, 2014. p 54.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: McClellan, I., Lawrence, A.L. 2014. Evaluation of differing levels of canola protein concentrate as a potential fish meal replacement in Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Book of Abstracts (CD-ROM), World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, Seattle, Washington. February, 2014. p 343.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wang, L., Lawrence, A.L., Castille, F.L., Zhao, Y. 2014. Dietary protein effect on survival and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei and water quality in recirculating and zero exchange water systems. Book of Abstracts, 10th International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture, Roanoke, Virginia, USA. August, 2014. p 55.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wang, L., Lawrence, A.L., Castille, F.L., Zhao, Y. 2014. Dietary vitamins, Cu and Zn effect on survival and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei and water quality in recirculating and zero exchange water systems. Book of Abstracts, 10th International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture, Roanoke, Virginia, USA. August, 2014. p 56.

Progress 06/01/13 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: Nothing Reported Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Nothing Reported How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Nothing Reported What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1. Research has been initiatied for each of the above objectives. Experiments have been completed. Analyses of the data for the completed experiments is in progress.

Publications