Progress 09/01/13 to 04/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: The Arkansas Forestry Industry, including Dr. Joshua Adams, was a target audience of this proposal. Together we coauthored a review paper on the medicinal properties of sweetgum trees which is set for publication early in 2015 in Pharmcognosy Reviews. A second review on the sliviculture andcommercial usesof sweetgum trees has been submitted to iForest. Changes/Problems: Although the MTT assay was outlined in Objective2 of the proposal, we were not able to complete the assay due to lack of cells and of purified fractions. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Oneundergraduate student and one graduate studentwereemployedasa resultof this project.The graduatestudent was trained in centrifugal partition chromatography in and used it to fractionate the hot water extract of sweetgum bark.Shealso ranTBARS and disk diffusion assays in order to measure antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the fractions.The undergraduatestudent developed a method to extract antimicrobial compounds from sweetgum bark using pyrolysis.She then used theliquid smoke generated from this method to measure the minimum inhibitory concentrations. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results are being summarized for publication in peer reviewed journals. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
This proposal serves as a pilot project for poor, rural, Southern counties with rich forestry resources in that it is aimed at developing processing technologies that will add value to existing paper mill waste by extracting high value phytochemicals from forestry tree bark. A line of medicinals, specifically antimicrobial and antioxidant specialty chemicals, will be developed from forestry waste materials, principally hardwood waste in particular, sweetgum bark. Sweetgum trees are forested along with short leaf pine which are used in paper mills and is currently burned at the mill as a means of disposal and as a limited energy source. Finding alternative uses for sweetgum trees would add value to current papermill manufacturing processes as well as provide fine chemicals to the pharmaceutical and food industries and enhance the sustainability of the forest industry. In order to add value to papermill manufacturing as well as increase sustainability of the forest industry, our research included the following technical objectives: Objective 1: Extract compounds from sweetgum bark, characterize and fractionate. Compounds were extracted from sweetgum bark using two different methods. One method utilized hot water extraction where ground bark was extracted with 85C water for one hour. The hot water extract was fractionated via centrifugal partition chromatography. Three fractions were collected and total solidsand phenolic concentraion was determined for each.Antimicrobial activity against Staphlococcus aureus was seen intwo of the fractions. The other method of extraction involved heating ground sweetgum bark until smoke was generated. The smoke was then condensed to produce liquid smoke. The minimum concentration of liquid smoke that inhbited growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimerium and Salmonella Heidelberg were measured and found to be ~3% for Listeria and Salmonella Heidelberg and ~ 6% for Salmonella Typhimerium. Objective 2. Conduct efficacy evaluation of the fractions for anti-oxidant activity using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method, using high-throughput screening for the all-natural antimicrobials and test for the potential presence of formation of any toxic compounds using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. TBARS was run on the three fractions generated from the hot water extract of sweetgum bark. One extract demonstrated antioxidant activity by this method. Objective 3. Refine the purification approach of the biologically active fractions to obtain consistent results. The purification approach is being refined in order to identify the specific compounds responsible for the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of sweetgum bark.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Under Review
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Adams, J.P., Lingbeck, J.M., Crandall, P.G., Martin, E.M., OBryan, C.A., (In Revision)Sweetgum: A new look. iForest
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Progress 09/01/13 to 04/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: The Arkansas Forestry Industry, including Dr. Joshua Adams,was a target audience of this proposal. Together we co-authored a review paper on the medicinal properties of sweetgum trees which is set for publication early in 2015. A second review on the timber uses of sweetgum trees in being written. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? An undergraduate in Engineering was employed on the initial phose of this project as well asa Master’s degree student in Food Science. The undergraudate student learned how to grow and handle pathogenic bacteria as well a perform routine tasks related to microbiology, such as media and plate preparation. In addtion he perfromed a series of experiments in order to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of certain compounds. The Masters degree studentwas able tomaster data collection on Minimum Inhibitory Compounds. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results of the increased antimicrobial resistance of smoked chicken breast over cooked chicken breast as well as its sensory qualities are currently being summarized for publication in a scientific journal. Early results were presented as a poster presentation at the Institute of Food Technology annual meeting in New Orleans, LA, June 21-24. Also a review on the medicinal properties of sweetgum was written in set for publication in Pharmcognosy Reviews in early 2015. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Our goals for the next reporting period include Once we establish the feasibility of extracting effective antimicrobials and antioxidants, Sea Star International will work cooperatively with the management of two Arkansas’ paper mills to determine the market competitiveness of the proprietary process that Sea Star International developed to produce antimicrobials. Sea Star International will work cooperatively to determine the market competitiveness of antimicrobials and antioxidants produced by this process for an initial, targeted market penetration into the all-natural sector of the market both for food and pharmaceutical grade products. Sea Star International will begin to determine the demand from the food and pharmaceutical area for tailored antimicrobials and antioxidants for niche markets.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
This proposal serves as a pilot project for poor, rural, Southern counties with rich forestry resources in that it is aimed at developing processing technologies that will add value to existing paper mill waste by extracting high value phytochemicals from forestry tree bark.A line of medicinals, specifically antimicrobial and antioxidant specialty chemicals, will be developedfrom forestry waste materials, principally hardwood waste in particular, sweetgum bark. Sweetgum trees are forested along with short leaf pine which are used in paper mills and is currently burned at the mill as a means of disposal and as alimited energy source. Finding alternative uses for sweetgum trees would add value to current papermill manufacturing processes as well as provide fine chemicals to the pharmaceutical and food industries and enhance the sustainability of the forest industry. In order toadd value topapermill manufacturingas well as increase sustainability of the forest industry,our research included the following technical objectives: Objective 1: Extract compounds from sweetgum bark, characterize and fractionate. We accomplishedthis objective byusing sweetgum barkin a commercial smoker to smoke chicken breast meatfollowed by evaluation ofthe antimicrobial properties of sweetgum smoke against spoilage bacteria on chicken. In addition, we also completed sensory evaluations on chicken breasts that were smoked using sweetgum as the smoke source in commercial smokers. Preliminary results indicate that smoked chicken breasts had a longer shelf life than the control chicken that was oven baked. Smoked chicken samples, either with our without marinade, were free of bacterial contamination throughout the six week study. The chicken that had been marinated and cooked in the convection oven started showing signs of microbial deterioration at week three while non-marinated and cooked samples showed signs of bacterial contamination a week earlier at week two. Objective 2. Conduct efficacy evaluation of the fractions for anti-oxidant activity using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method, using high-throughput screening for the all-natural antimicrobials and test for the potential presence of formation of any toxic compounds using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay Preliminary TBARS assay of a fraction collected from the CPC run of sweetgum bark extract, indicated the liquid smoke fraction did indeed contain antioxidant properties. Objective 3. Refine the purification approach of the biologically active fractions to obtain consistent results. A new method to generate liquid smoke from sweetgum bark was developed. This liquid smoke will be analyzed in the upcoming year to determine its antimicrobial properties as well as identify compounds with potential medicinal benefits.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Lingbeck et al. 2015 Sweetgum: An ancient source of beneficial compounds with modern benefits. Pharmcognosy Reviews. To be published early 2015.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Lingbeck et al. Reduction of L. monocytogenes on Ready to Eat Turkey Breast By Liquid Smoke Application. Poster Presentation. 75th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Food Technologists, June 21-24, 2014, New Orleans, LA
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