Progress 07/01/13 to 06/30/18
Outputs
Target Audience:We had the following educational events and audiences: 1.We had several educational meetings and presented tours to the fruit producers, particularly, apple growers. 2.In late February, we had a daylong educational tour in Parma, Idaho and show existing and potential fruit growers how to practice building the new architectures and canopy training in fully mature trees in our experimental orchards. 3.We had educational tour of these experimental orchards in early June to demonstrate thinning and again in September to show harvesting and productivity of apples. 4.Results were presented to the Idaho fruit growers at the annual conference of the Idaho Horticultural Society in November and the American Society for Horticultural Science in July every year. 5.The results were presented to the International Tree Fruit Association during annual meetings. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Apple growers of Idaho are adopting new rootstocks and training systems, tested in this project, in their orchards in a large scale. They are very pleased with the results and tree performance and net returns. A more precise guideline for nitrogen application was achieved through this study. Trees on RN 29 needed severe summer pruning to allow better light penetration and thus, better fruit color difference. Tall spindle is a preferred method of tree training for high density orchards. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? We have had five tours in which growers were shown different performance of trees with these techniques and rootstocks every year, and they pruned the trees according to the new methods. We have presented results and updates of this study at annual conference of Idaho and Colorado and Utah Horticultural Societies every year. Several TV and radio and professional; magazines broadcasted or wrote articles on the results of this study. Several journal articles were published. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?This is our final report. But we plan to shorten the trees in each system and convert the job as pedestrian orchards in the future.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Rootstock Effects: Trees on RN 29 rootstock were significantly more vigorous than those on Bud 9. Thus, trees on RN 29 needed significantly more sever pruning than those on Bud 9 rootstocks every year. Each tree on RN 29 sometimes needed three times longer time to prune than those on Bud 9 and this practice added to the over-all expenses of orchard operation. Based on this study, Bud 9 is preferred over RN 29 for training and pruning. Rootstock significantly affected yield, fruit quality attributes and mineral nutrients. Trees on Nic 9 had higher yield per tree than those on Bud 9 but the difference was not always significant as trees reached closer to their full maturity. Fruit from trees on RN 29 (Nic 9) were significantly larger than those on Bud 9 every year, because of the presence of higher leaf-to-fruit ratio in trees with RN 29 rootstock. Fruit from trees on Bud 9 had significantly better color and higher soluble solids concentration. This could be due to smaller size, smaller tree canopy, and thus better light penetration in fruit on Bud 9 rootstock, resulting in more soluble solids concentration and better color. Fruits from trees on Bud 9 also had higher firmness than those on Nic 9, due to their smaller size. Fruits from trees on Bud 9 had a higher percentage of sunburn because of their smaller canopy size and thus, less protection of the fruit. Leaves from tree on Bud 9 had lower potassium but higher calcium than those on RN 29. Canopy architectures effects. We found that it was much easier to form the tree canopy to either central leader or tall spindle, and easier to train workers how to create fruitful side branches when Bud 9 rootstock was used. It is noteworthy that trees with tall spindle had an average of 40.3 Tons of fruit per hectare when trees were 2 or 3 years old. But these trees were averaging about 85 tons per hectare during the period that trees were completely mature. Therefore, we are completely on the target to reach the goal of having higher production when trees are mature. Trees on Bud 9 were more vigorous when a tall spindle system was used as compared to a "tilted wall". Yield from trees with a tilted wall system was greater than those with straight wall training. Fruit from straight wall had earlier and more uniform color than did those with tilted wall. When a tilted wall architecture system was used, trees with 6 ft spacing had larger fruit with better color than those with 3 ft spacing.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2018
Citation:
Autio, W., T. Robinson, B. Black, R. Crassweller, E. Fallahi, M. Parker, R. P. Quezada, and D. Wolfe. 2017. Budagovsky, Geneva, Pillnitz, and Malling Apple Rootstocks Affect Fuji Performance Over the First Five Years of the 2010 NC-140 Fuji Apple Rootstock Trial. 71(3):167-182.
Fallahi E and D. Neilsen. 2017. Supplying Nutrients Through Fertigation and the Impact of Rootstock to Optimize Yield and Maximize Quality in Tree Fruit. VIII International Symposium on Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Crops Abstract Book, page 151. . Fallahi, E., M.J. Kiester, B. Fallahi, and S. Mahdavi. 2018. Rootstock, Canopy Architecture, Girdling and Scoring Influence on Growth, Productivity and Fruit Quality at Harvest in Aztec Fuji Apple. HortScience. 53. 3(11):16291633. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13348-18
Fallahi, E., B. Fallahi, and M.J. Kieser. 2018. Evapotranspiration-based Irrigation Systems and Nitrogen Effects on Yield and Fruit Quality at Harvest in Fully Mature Fuji Apple Trees over Four Years. HORTSCIENCE 53(1):3843. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI12393-17
Fallahi, E., M.J. Kiester, B. Fallahi, and S. Mahdavi. 2018. Cambium Disconnection, Rootstock, and Canopy Training Impacts on Growth and Leaf Mineral Nutrients in Aztec Fuji Apple. International Journal of Fruit Science. In Press.
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Progress 10/01/16 to 09/30/17
Outputs
Target Audience:We had the following educational events and audiences: We had several educational meetings and presentedtours to the fruit producers, particularly, apple growers. In late February, we had a daylong educational tour in Parma, Idaho and show existing and potential fruit growers how to practice building the new architectures and canopy training in fully mature trees in our experimental orchards. We will have educational tour of these experimental orchards in early June to demonstrate thinning and again in September to show harvesting and productivity of apples. Results were presented to the Idaho fruit growers at the annual conference of the Idaho Horticultural Society in November 2017. The results were presented to the International Tree Fruit Association during annual meetings. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Apple growers of Idaho are adopting new rootstocks and training systems, tested in this project, in their orchards in a large scale. They are very pleased with the esults and tree performannce and net returns. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have had five tours in which growers were shown different performance of trees with these techniques and rootstocks, and they pruned the trees according to the new methods. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will continue our training techniques in 2018. This will be the last year of our project. By the end of this project, trees will be completely mature. Tree growth and physiological processes will change when they reach complete maturity. We will study the performance and sustainability of these new techniques after this cycle.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Trees on RN 29 rootstock were significantly more vigorous than those on Bud 9. Thus, trees on RN 29 needed significantly more sever pruning than those on Bud 9 rootstocks every year. Each tree on RN 29 sometimes needed three times longer time to prune than those on Bud 9 and this practice added to the over-all expenses of orchard operation. Therefore, Bud 9 is preferred over RN 29 for training and pruning. Rootstock significantly affected yield, fruit quality attributes and mineral nutrients. Trees on Nic 9 had higher yield per tree than those on Bud 9 but the difference was not always significant as trees reached closer to their full maturity. Fruit from trees on RN 29 (Nic 9) were significantly larger than those on Bud 9 every year, because of the presence of higher leaf-to-fruit ratio in trees with RN 29 rootstock. Fruit from trees on Bud 9 had significantly better color and higher soluble solids concentration. This could be due to smaller size, smaller tree canopy, and thus better light penetration in fruit on Bud 9 rootstock, resulting in more soluble solids concentration and better color. Fruits from trees on Bud 9 also had higher firmness than those on Nic 9, due to their smaller size. Fruits from trees on Bud 9 had a higher percentage of sunburn because of their smaller canopy size and thus, less protection of the fruit. Leaves from tree on Bud 9 had lower potassium but higher calcium than those on RN 29. Canopy architectures effects. We found that it was much easier to form the tree canopy to either central leader or tall spindle, and easier to train workers how to create fruitful side branches when Bud 9 rootstock was used. It is noteworthy that trees with tall spindle had an average of 40.3 Tons of fruit per hectare when trees were 2 or 3 years old. But, these trees were averaging about 85 tons per hectare during the period that trees were completely mature. Therefore, we are completely on the target to reach the goal of having higher production when trees are mature. Trees on Bud 9 were more vigorous when a tall spindle system was used as compared to a "tilted wall". Yield from trees with a tilted wall system was greater than those with straight wall training. Fruit from straight wall had earlier and more uniform color than did those with tilted wall. When a tilted wall architecture system was used, trees with 6 ft spacing had larger fruit with better color than those with 3 ft spacing.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Autio, W., T. Robinson, B. Black, R. Crassweller, E. Fallahi, M. Parker, R. P. Quezada, and D. Wolfe. 2017. Budagovsky, Geneva, Pillnitz, and Malling Apple Rootstocks Affect Fuji Performance Over the First Five Years of the 2010 NC-140 Fuji Apple Rootstock Trial. 71(3):167-182.
Fallahi E and D. Neilsen. 2017. Supplying Nutrients Through Fertigation and the Impact of Rootstock to Optimize Yield and Maximize Quality in Tree Fruit. VIII International Symposium on Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Crops Abstract Book, page 151.
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Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Several tours and educational seminar were presented to 65 Idaho apple growers during this period. We had five tours and two classes. The results were also presented at the American Society for Horticultural Science conferences and Idaho State Horticultural Society annual meeting. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Apple growers of Idaho and Pacific Northwest are using the guidelines developed from this study and establishing modern orchards with new canopy styles. The yield has increased as a result of these techniques. With these techniques, fruit quality and "packouts" are improved drastically. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We have disseminated the results to growers through national and international professional conferences, such as the American Society for Horticultural Science, American Pomological Society conferences, and Idaho State Horticultural Society annual meetings and multiple tours and classes. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?We will gather further data and validate our previous findings in 2017 and 2018.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
1. Averaging over 2010 through 2015, trees on B.70-20-20, B.67-5-32, CG.3001, B.64-194, PiAu51-11, CG.5222, and CG4004 had the largest trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) but those on B.7-20-21 and B.71-7-22 and CG.4003 had the smallest TCSA. 2. Cumulative yields in trees on CG.4004, G.41, CG.3001, and G.935N were higher while in trees on PiAu9-90 and B.71-7-22, CG. 4003 and B.7-20-21 were lower than trees on all other rootstocks. 3. Number of fruit per tree often correlated with the total yield per tree in most rootstocks in each year. In 2014, trees on CG.4004, G.41, G.935N, M.26EMLA, and CG.3001 had higher number of fruit per tree. 4. Cumulative yield efficiencies (Cum. 2011-2015 yield in kg/ TCSA of 2015) in trees on G.935N, CG4214, CG.2034, M9T337, and B.9 were highest, while trees on B.70-20-20, B.7-20-21 and PiAu9-90 were among the lower ones. 5. Fruit size varied widely among trees on different rootstocks. Averaging over 2012-2015, trees on CG.3001, CG. 4004, CG.5222, G.41N, B.70-20-20, M.26.EMLA, and PiAu51-11 had the largest fruit while those on B.7-20-21, CG.4003 and PiAu9-90 had smallest fruits. 6. Averaging 2012-2015, fruit color was the best in trees on CG.4814 and CG.5087 rootstocks. 7. Fruit from trees on B.7-20-21 had the highest soluble solids concentration (SSC) and firmness because of their smallest size. Trees on B.70-20-20 were among those with the least color, SSC and firmness among all trees during 2012-2015. 8. Fruits on G.935N, G.935TC, Supporter 3, and CG.4214 had more advanced starch degradation pattern (SDP) while those on CG.5087 had the lowest SDP than those on other rootstocks when values were averaged over 2012-2015. 9. Trees on B.20-20-21 and CG.5087, and G.11 had higher concentrations of leaf N but those on CG.2034, PiAu990, and Supporter 3 had lower leaf N than those on other rootstocks over 2012-2014. 10. Trees on B.64-194 and B.70-20-20 had higher concentrations of leaf K but those on G.935T, G.935N, and G.4003 had lower leaf K than those on other rootstocks over 2012-2014. 11. Differences also existed among rootstocks for some of the scion leaf microelements, fruit russet, bitter pit, watercore, stain and stem-end cracking.
Publications
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Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:Idaho apple growers, Pacific Northwest apple growers, stone fruit growers, and national apple growers. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?We participated in educational meetings and presented tours to the apple growers on October 12, 2014 and March 3, 2015. At least 35 Idaho apple growers participated in each of these tours. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?We offered several tours to apple growers of Idaho and the Pacific Northwest. We also discussed the results at the annual conference of the Idaho State Horticultural Society in November 2014 and 2015. The results were also presented at the national conference of NC-140 in Clemson, South Carolina in 2014 and in Davis California in 2015. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?During the next reporting period, we will evaluate fruits for yield and various quality attributes. We will also continue training trees, and will measure growth rate of trees by measuring trunk cross sectional area. We will also take leaf samples for mineral nutrient analysis in the future. A visiting scientist will join us soon and she will be studying the effects of girdling on tree performance in different treatments.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
During this period, trees had reached their complete maturity, and we were able to collect data that represent fully-grown and mature apple trees. The orchard soil is sandy loam with pH of about 7.6. During the period of October 1, 2014-March 30, 2015, we focused on data collection from the orchard and training trees. In this period, we continued our tree training treatments in 'Aztec Fuji'. Trees were trained into four different canopy architectures, called Tall Spindle, Vertical Axis, Tilted Wall and Straight Wall. These systems were established on Nic 29 and Bud 9 rootstocks. Two different orchards for this study were established at the University of Idaho Parma Research and Extension Center Pomology Program site. The orchard was irrigated only twice during this period. Trees in both orchards were irrigated with full drip and the volume of required water was calculated based of the evapotranspiration data for the Parma Agrimet Weather system. We needed slightly less training as trees had reached complete maturity. Results showed that trees on Bud 9 needed less time for training than those on Nic29. Thirty-four fruits from each tree were picked randomly on October 18, 2014 (commercial harvest time), and quality attributes (fruit color, firmness, soluble solids, starch pattern, and disorders) at harvest were determined. Each quality factor was determined according to the methodology that was described in our original proposal. In late February 2015, several fruit quality attributes were measured again after holding fruits at 0 0 C regular storage. This year, fruits were more advanced in maturity perhaps because the 2014 season was warmer than usual. Thus, we had to conduct our postharvest evolution at an earlier time. Significant differences were observed among treatments (both rootstocks and training types). It seemed that trees with tall spindle training had higher yield but slightly smaller fruit than those with other treatments in 2014 season. For leaf mineral analysis, 30 leaves per tree were sampled randomly from the middle of the current-season's shoot in mid-August 2014. Leaves were washed and dried and percent dry weight was calculated during the period of this report. Dried leaves were ground to pass a 40-mesh screen. In leaf tissue, nitrogen are being determined using a LECO Protein/Nitrogen Analyzer, and potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) are being measured by dry ashing at 500ºC, digestion, and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All measurement described in this proposals will be repeated in 2015 for confirmation. In each year the results will be reported to apple growers during fruit tours and the Idaho State Horticultural Society Conference. During the period of this report, we offered two tours for Idaho apple growers. Side branches in all trees with different tree architectures were bended down during early February and March 2015 to generate fruit buds. Branches in the straight and tilted wall systems are being trained at 90 degrees in relation to the main leader at the present time during the period of this experiment and these practices will be repeated in the rest of 2015 and 2016 seasons. Tall Spindle, Vertical Axis, Straight Wall and Tilted Wall architecture tree architectures were formed according to the protocol. Analyses of variance was conducted by using SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA), and means will l be compared by least significant difference (LSD). The experimental design in one of the orchards is randomized complete block split plot with rootstocks (RN29 and Bud9) as main effect, canopy architecture (Tall Spindle and Vertical Axis) as sub-plot, each with 5 blocks of 20-tree plots. Each experimental tree row is guarded by two adjacent rows of 'Aztec' Fuji apples on the same rootstocks and tree architecture. We need to establish this guarded system to eliminate any border effects on the actual treatments. In the other orchard, 'Aztec Fuji' on Bud 9 rootstock was used and the design was a randomized block design with Titled Wall and Straight Wall as the main effect and tree spacing (3 x 12 ft or 6 x 12 ft) as sub-plot, each with three 10-tree replications. Each experimental tree row is guarded by two adjacent rows of 'Aztec' Fuji apples.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Fallahi, Esmaeil, C.E. Rom, B. Fallahi, and S. Mahdavi. 2015. Leaf and Fruit Mineral Nutrient Partitioning Influenced by Various Irrigation Systems in Fuji Apple over Four Years. 2015. Journal of the American Pomological Society. 69(3) : 137-147.
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Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Idaho apple growers, potential apple growers in the Intermountain west region, Washington apple growers, home gardners Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? This project has been extremely educational for the project director and his personnel, as well many scientists and fruit growers who visited these research sites. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? State (non-invited) Hosted and guided a tour to the Idaho Apple Growers to visit our "Tall Spindle Super High Density" and "Wall System" apple architecture, March 8, 2013. "Cultivar Selections for Stone Fruits and Grapes and Rootstocks Selection for Apple". Presented to the Idaho fruit growers in a twilight tour, U of I Pomology Orchard and Vineyard, August 27, 2013. Tour Guide and Speaker "Pomology Fruit Field Day". Parma, Idaho, September 6, 2013 (hundreds of participants). State (invited) Invited Speaker: "Update on Pomology Program Research". Invited and Presented at the 118th Annual Conference of the Idaho Horticultural Society. Nampa, Idaho, November 19, 2012. Invited Tour Guide Speaker: "Research on Modern Orchard Architectures". Presented at the Idaho State Horticultural Society Summer Tour, University of Idaho, July 19, 2013. (110 people). Results have been dissemited to communities of interest in forms of invited national, regional and State presentations as follows: National (invited) 1.Hosted and guided a tour to the Idaho Apple Growers to visit our "Tall Spindle Super High Density" and "Wall System" apple architecture, March 8, 2013."Cultivar Selections for Stone Fruits and Grapes and Rootstocks Selection for Apple". Presented to the Idaho fruit growers in a twilight tour, U of I Pomology Orchard and Vineyard, August 27, 2013. 2. Tour Guide and Speaker "Pomology Fruit Field Day". Parma, Idaho, September 6, 2013 (hundreds of participants). State (invited) Invited Speaker: "Update on Pomology Program Research". Invited and Presented at the 118th Annual Conference of the Idaho Horticultural Society. Nampa, Idaho, November 19, 2012. Invited Fruit School Speaker: "Tree Fruit and Vine Production for Southwest Idaho Home Gardeners". Presented to the Ada, Canyon, Gem, and Adam County Master Gardeners and Home Gardeners, and Students (135 people), Eagle, Idaho February 22, 2013. Invited Fruit School Speaker: A Practical Workshop entitled "Tree Fruit and Vine Training and Pruning". Presented to the Ada, Canyon, Gem, and Adam County Master Gardeners and Home Gardeners, and Students (135 people), Eagle, Idaho February 22, 2013. Invited Speaker: "Fruit and Fruit Culture". Presented at the College of Idaho, May 18, 2013. Invited Tour Guide Speaker: "Research on Modern Orchard Architectures". Presented at the Idaho State Horticultural Society Summer Tour, University of Idaho, July 19, 2013. (110 people). What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Continue Research on Apple Canopy Architecture: Influence of rootstock and training on canopy design, yield, precocity, and fruit quality will be measured in this experiment. We will continue this work in 2015 and 2016. Continue Research on Rootstock Selection: Effects of rootstock on tree performance, fire blight, scion fruit quality, precocity and yield will be studied in 2015, 2016, and 2017.Results will be presented at the professional societies. Continue Research on V shape Orchard: Tree performance, yield, and quality in this system will be compared to the results in trees with tilted wall system in 2015 and will continue in 2016 and 2017. In 2015, we will start a new experiment to study the effect of side limb length on tree growth, fruit yield, quality and mineral partitioning of 'Aztec Fuji'.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Research on Apple Canopy Architecture: 'Aztec Fuji' apple trees were planted in 2010. The preliminary results in 2014 have been extremely successful. Trees with Tall Spindle training, either with Bud9 or Nic.9 rootstock, produced higher yield and larger fruit with superior quality as compared to those produced under conventional systems. In 2014, we also took leaf samples for mineral partitioning analysis. We will continue this work in 2014 and 2015. Research on Rootstock Selection: Our program is a member of the national rootstock evaluation (NC-140). For this purpose, established an apple orchard with 'Aztec Fuji' trees on 35 rootstocks in 2010. Effects of rootstock on tree performance, fire blight, scion fruit quality, precocity and yield were studied in 2014 and will be studied in 2015 and 2016. Presentation of the 2013 and 2014 results and comparison of results with other locations in the nation at the national conference of NC-140 in Idaho and South Carolina (respectively) revealed that some rootstocks are performing exceptionally well under climatic conditions of Southwest Idaho and that 'Fuji' apple produced in Idaho had the largest size and yield compared to those in other States. Research on V shape Orchard: We also established a V shape (tilted plating) and "straight Wall" system of 'Aztec Fuji' apple on Bud 9 rootstock with two different tree spacing. Tree performance, yield, and quality in this system were studied in 2014 and this study will continue in 2015 and 2016. In 2014, we also studied the effect of side limb length on tree growth, yield, quality and mineral partitioning in each system.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Fallahi, E., B. Fallahi, and B. Shafii. 2013. Irrigation and Rootstock Influence on Water Use, Tree Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality at Harvest at Different Ages of Trees in Pacific Gala Apple. HortScience. 48:588-593.
Fallahi, E. and T. Eichert. 2013. Principles and Practices of Foliar Nutrients with Emphasis on Nitrogen and Calcium Sprays in Apple. HortTechnology. 23(5):542-547.
Fallahi, E., K. Arzani, and B. Fallahi. 2013. Long-term leaf mineral nutrition in Pacific Gala apple (Malus domestica) as Affected by Rootstock Type and Irrigation System During Six stages of Tree development. The Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology, 88(6):685-692.
Fallahi,E., B. Fallahi, B. Shafii, and Z. Zamani. 2014. Long-term Yield and Harvest Time Fruit Quality Attributes in Various Fuji Apple Strains. Hortscience, 49(3):281284.
Fallahi, E., D. Bakhshi, and B. Fallahi. 2013. Postharvest Fruit Quality and Growth of Pacific Gala Apple Trees at Different Ages as Influenced by Irrigation and Rootstock. International Journal of Fruit Science. 13 (4):478-491.
Fallahi, E., B. Fallahi, and B. Shafii. 2013. Water Use, Mineral Nutrition, Tree Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Fuji and Gala Apples under Various Irrigation Systems and Rootstocks. Acta Horticulturae. 984:57-68.
Amiri, M.E., E. Fallahi, M. Safi-Songhorabad. 2014. Influence of Rootstock on Mineral Uptake and Scion Growth of Golden Delicious and Royal Gala Apples. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 37(1):1629.
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Progress 07/01/13 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Apple growers in the Intermountain West region, particularly Idaho, visited these experimental sites and are using some of the highly advanced tree architectural systems in their new orchards. Changes/Problems: So far, we have not had any problem. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? We have been showing the results to apple growers and they are curious about the final outcome. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results have been disseminated through two field days during the reporting period. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? We will continue our measurements of tree canopy growth, yield, and fruit quality. We will also take leaf samples for determination of mineral analysis.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
During this period, there have been some indications that tall spindle system and Bud 9 rootstock can increase apple production while maintaining fruit quality. Tall spindle system may have limited use when RN 29 rootstock is used.
Publications
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