BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN PEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS OF PLANTS

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: HATCH
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 0233035
• Multistate No.: W-3185
• Project Start Date: Oct 1, 2012
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2017
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Project Director
Mills, N.

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY
(N/A)
BERKELEY,CA 94720

Performing Department
Insect Biology

Non Technical Summary
Biological control continues to be proven one of the most effective, environmentally sound, and cost-effective pest management approaches used to controlling arthropod and mite pests. It will play an increasingly important role in integrated pest management (IPM) programs as broad-spectrum pesticide use continues to decline. Moreover, biological control is a cornerstone of organic farming, and the production of organic commodities in the United States continues to increase at roughly 20% per year (USDA-ERS 2009). Organic farming, is no longer considered a cottage industry, and has shown an increase in retail sales, hitting $21.1 billion in 2009. Biological control is the "the action of parasites, predators, and pathogens in maintaining another organisms density at a lower level than would occur in the absence of the natural enemies" (DeBach 1964). Two types of biological control, natural biological control and applied biological control, are often distinguished. Natural biological control is that brought about by indigenous natural enemies in the native range of a pest species. In contrast, applied biological control is achieved through human efforts or intervention, and consists of three main approaches - importation, augmentation, and conservation. In the importation approach (generally referred to as classical biological control), exotic natural enemies are imported and released in a new area where the target pest occurs, while augmentation and conservation involve supplementing (or manipulating) natural enemies already in place, or modifying the environment, respectively, to improve the effectiveness of biological control. For a given arthropod pest or weed, a pool of natural enemies often exists which consists of vertebrates, invertebrates, and microorganisms. The fundamental problem in applied biological control is to select an appropriate species or combination of species from this pool that will bring about the desired level of pest suppression with minimal impact on nontarget species. It is difficult to put a monetary value on the savings due to biological control, but potential benefit : cost ratios overwhelmingly favor using these methods as a pest control option (Gutierrez et al. 1999). The mission of this regional project is to facilitate research and implementation activities among the participating institutions and organizations in applied biological control.

Animal Health Component

(N/A)

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

(N/A)

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
215	3110	1130	40%
215	3110	1070	40%
215	3120	1130	10%
215	3120	1070	10%

Knowledge Area
215 - Biological Control of Pests Affecting Plants;

Subject Of Investigation
3120 - Spiders, mites, ticks, and other arthropods; 3110 - Insects;

Field Of Science
1130 - Entomology and acarology; 1070 - Ecology;

Keywords

biological control

importation

augmentation

conservation

arthropod pests

weeds

tree crops

field crops

rangeland

Goals / Objectives
1.Goal A: Import and Establish Effective Natural Enemies (Classical Biological Control) includes 6 objectives: Objective 1. Survey indigenous natural enemies, Objective 2. Conduct foreign exploration and ecological studies in native range of pest, Objective 3. Determine systematics and biogeography of pests and natural enemies, Objective 4. Determine environmental safety of exotic candidates prior to release, Objective 5. Release, establish and redistribute natural enemies, Objective 6. Evaluate natural enemy efficacy and study ecological/physiological basis for interactions. 2.Goal B: Conserve Natural Enemies to Increase Biological Control of Target Pests includes 3 objectives: Objective 7. Characterize and identify pest and natural enemy communities and their interactions, Objective 8. Identify and assess factors potentially disruptive to biological control, Objective 9. Implement and evaluate habitat modification, horticultural practices, and pest suppression tactics to conserve natural enemy activity. 3.Goal C: Augment Natural Enemies to Increase Biological Control Efficacy includes 3 objectives: Objective 10. Assess biological characteristics of natural enemies, Objective 11. Develop procedures for rearing, storing, quality control and release of natural enemies, and conduct experimental releases to assess feasibility, Objective 12. Implement augmentation programs and evaluate efficacy of natural enemies. 4.Goal D: Evaluate environmental and economic impacts and raise public awareness of biological control includes 2 objectives: Objective 13. Evaluate the environmental and economic impacts of biological control agents, Objective 14. Develop and implement outreach activities for biological control programs. Milestones: The sequence of objectives for Goals A, B and C define a typical progression for classical, augmentative and conservation biological control programs, respectively. The numerous, specific biological control programs that comprise this proposal are at different points along these progressions. For the most part, initiation of Objectives 13 and 14 (Goal D) will require completion of Goals A, B and C. Outputs: New or improved natural enemy species or biotypes for biological control of major arthropod and weed pests in the western U.S. Improved methodologies for incorporating biological control into IPM programs for key agricultural resources in the western U.S. Data addressing the ecological basis of success and failure of biological control. Data addressing the environmental and economic impacts of biological control. Publications, presentations and website will be maintained to provide state and federal agencies, and grower industry clientele with both technical and practical information on a timely basis.

Project Methods
Objective 1: Survey indigenous natural enemies using scientific literature, survey and collection of natural enemies throughout the geographic area of infestation of each target pest. Objective 2: Conduct foreign exploration to find, select, and obtain natural enemies from abroad and ecological studies on candidate natural enemies to provide information that allows selection of safe and effective candidates. Objective 3: Detailed systematic studies will include molecular, biosystematic, morphometric, and numerical taxonomic techniques, and biogeography will be based on results of geographical surveys and information in the scientific literature. Objective 4: Quarantine and enhanced pre-release studies of environmental safety will be conducted for exotic natural enemies attacking pests in 11 target pest groups by 12 participating agencies. Objective 5: Release, establish, and redistribute natural enemies using mass rearing and mass field collection facilities and techniques. Objective 6: Ecological studies must accompany the release of biocontrol agents to evaluate natural enemy impact, improve efficacy, and determine the ecological/physiological basis for natural enemy-host interactions. Objective 7: Characterize and identify pest and natural enemy communities and their interactions using the methodology of Objective 1. Objective 8: Identify and assess factors potentially disruptive to biological control by identification of agricultural practices (mainly broad spectrum pesticide applications) that impact biological control agents, including the impact of herbicides on weed biological control agents. Objective 9: Implement and evaluate habitat modification, horticultural practices, and pest suppression tactics to conserve natural enemy activity. Objective 10: Research will be conducted to develop criteria for selecting biotypes, species, and combinations of beneficial species for use against a given pest to ensure that the most suitable natural enemy species are selected for each specific augmentative release program. Objective 11: Research will be conducted to develop rearing and storage techniques for a variety of natural enemies for both inundative and inoculative release programs, and will also include the development of optimal release strategies. Objective 12: Augmentative releases will be compared in small and large field trials with conventional control methods (e.g., pesticide applications) and untreated controls to assess natural enemy efficacy and the economic feasibility of such releases. Objective 13: Research will be conducted to determine patterns of non-target host utilization by natural enemies of weeds and arthropod pests, and to carefully document benefit/cost ratios of biological control programs for both insect and weed pests. Objective 14: Develop and implement outreach activities for biological control programs through 1) publication of our research findings in international journals, and 2) an outreach website. Projected Impacts: The availability of new or improved biological control options in the western U.S. will result in reduced pesticide usage, increased sustainability, and economic benefits.

Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/17

Outputs
Target Audience:Target audiences reached by our efforts during the reporting period include: K-12 Undergraduate Graduate Postgraduate Managers Cooperators Commodity boards Other scientists Extension professionals General public State and federal officials Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Training was provided to postdocs, grad students and undergraduates through research mentoring and classes. Those most closely associated with this project included: Xingeng Wang, Research Specialist, UC Berkeley Jeremy Andersen, Postdoc , UC Berkeley Valeria Hochman-Adler, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Noriuki Suzuki, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Houston Wilson, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Adam Zeilinger, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Sara Emery, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Jennifer Imamura, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Athena Lam, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Leslie McGinnis, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Rakim Turnipseed, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Rohith Vulchi, Graduate Student, California State University, Fresno Laura Ward, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of our research studies have been disseminated to our target audiences through presentations at national and international research conferences, grower-oriented meetings, and classroom lectures, and through publications in peer-reviewed journals and book chapters, commodity-produced annual reports, and popular magazines. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Goal A: Surveys for larval populations of light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) were continued in coastal regions of California to determine its abundance and levels of parasitism. We found that since its initial discovery in 2006 the geographic distribution this insect is confined to the fog belt coastline of California, but now extends from Sonoma county in the north to San Diego county in the south. Larval and pupal parasitism occurred in all locations where the insect was found, and was dominated in the larval stage by Meteorus ictericus and Nemorilla pyste, and in the pupal stage by Pediobius ni. Pruning, as a standard management practice for landscape plants in urban settings, continued to be an important additional constraint on the abundance of this exotic leafroller in coastal California. We studied the resident natural enemies of spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) to determine their landscape movement and the impact of non-crop host plants on levels of parasitism. In collaboration with researchers at Oregon State University, we imported 5-6 parasitoid species that attack the spotted wing drosophila. These parasitoids included at least three larval parasitoids Asobara spp. (Braconidae), Leptopilina and Ganaspis spp. (Figitidae) (all species will be identified soon), and two pupal parasitoids, Pachycrepoideus vindimiae (Pteromalidae) and Trichopria drosophilae (Diapriidae). This material is currently being studied in quarantine. We also continued our release efforts with Psyttalia lounsburyi (Braconidae) against the olive fruit fly in different regions of California, and we screened for another parasitoid (Psyttalia ponerophaga) for non-target impacts. We published a climatic suitability study of candidate biological control agents for ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, in US and Europe including five leaf feeders (Ophraella communa, O. slobodkini, Zygogramma disrupta, Z. suturalis, Tarachidia candefacta) and one stem miner (Epiblema strenuana). We also analyzed data from greenhouse studies to understand local adaptation of insect herbivores and their ragweed hosts. We started a new project to examine the factors associated with biological control of yellow star thistle, Centaurea solstitialis, in California. We initiated field collections to examine relative importance of plant genotype and environmental variables to explain the current distribution and the efficacy of existing biological control agents in California for yellow starthistle. We continued post-release monitoring of biological control of glassy-winged sharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis in French Polynesia by the egg parasitoid Gonatocerus ashmeadi Goal B: We studied natural enemies of the Virginia Creeper Leafhopper, and determined how to manipulate the egg parasitoids (Anagrus daanei) that attack these vineyard pests. These studies included the use of different cover cropping systems, including flowering covers, that might provide pollen or nectar for improved parasitoid performance. In the Central Valley, we began a study of 'trap crops' to pull hemipteran pests from the pistachio canopy were they could be treated. We documented the biogeography of generalist spiders (Ulaboridae) on remote oceanic islands. Goal C: In vineyards, we made augmentative releases of Anagrus species to control the invasive Virigina creeper leafhopper. We also continued studies of resident natural enemies, including spiders, against invasive lepidopteran pests, and added a new study on the population dynamics of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug, as well as surveys for its natural enemies. Goal D: We looked at vineyard pathogens and the role of insect vectors, such as mealybugs on disease incidence and how this changes farmer's consideration of biological control versus pesticide applications to reduce vector populations. We also began a project with Southeast Asian farmers - primarily Hmong farmers in California's Central Valley - to look at improvements to their farming methods. Our goal is to improve use of 'sustainable' practices through education and outreach. We continued studies of post-release monitoring of biological control of glassy-winged sharpshooter in French Polynesia. We also started a project to use retrospective monitoring of past biological control successes to understand better long-term population control and non-target effects.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Biondi, A., Wang, X-G., Miller, J. C., Miller, B., Shearer, P. W., Zappal�, L., Siscaro, G., Walton, V. W., Hoelmer, K. A., and Daane. K. M. 2017. Innate olfactory responses of Asobara japonica toward fruits infested by the invasive spotted wing drosophila. Journal of Insect Behavior. 30: 495506.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Bon, M. C., Smith, L., Daane, K. M., Pickett, C. H., Wang, X. G., Pickett, C. H., Blanchet, A., Chardonnet, Guermache, F. Hoelmer, K. A. 2017. Benefits of Pre-release Population Genetics: A Case Study Using Psyttalia lounsburyi, a Biocontrol Agent of the Olive Fruit Fly in California In: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Langkawi, Malaysia. Mason, P.G., Gillespie, D.R., Vincent, C. (eds.), CAB International, UK, pp. 38-41.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Chardonnet, F., Blanchet, A., Hurtel, B., Marini, F., Bon, M.C., Daane, K. M., Pickett, C. H., Wang, X. G., and Smith, L. 2017. Mass-rearing Optimization of the Parasitoid Psyttalia lounsburyi for Biological Control of the Olive Fruit Fly. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Langkawi, Malaysia. Mason, P.G., Gillespie, D.R., Vincent, C. (eds.), CAB International, UK, pp. 286-289.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Daane, K. M., Wang, X. G., Pickett, C. H., Blanchet, A., Nieto, D., Hoelmer, K. A., Bon, M. C., and Smith, L. 2017. Biological Control of Olive Fruit Fly in California  Release, Establishment and Impact of Psyttalia lounsburyi and Psyttalia humilis. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Langkawi, Malaysia. Mason, P.G., Gillespie, D.R., Vincent, C. (eds.), CAB International, UK, pp. 156-158.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Gillespie, R. G., M. S. Brewer, and G. K. Roderick. 2017. Ancient biogeography of generalist predators on remote oceanic islands. J Biogeograpy 44:10981109.
• Type: Books Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Heimpel, G.E. and Mills, N.J. 2017. Biological Control: Ecology and Applications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Hogg, B.N., Mills, N.J. and Daane, K.M. 2017. Temporal patterns in the abundance and species composition of spiders on host plants of the invasive moth Epiphyas postvittana. Environmental Entomology 46: 502-510.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ka�ar, G., Wang, X.-G., Biondi, A., and Daane, K. M. 2017. Linear functional response by two pupal Drosophila parasitoids foraging within single or multiple patch environments. PloS ONE 12(8): e0183525.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mace, K.C. and Mills, N.J. 2017. Connecting natural enemy metrics to biological control activity for aphids in California walnuts. Biological Control 106: 16-26.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mills, N.J. 2017. Orchard pesticides and natural enemies: lessons from the lab and field. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Langkawi, Malaysia. Mason, P.G., Gillespie, D.R., Vincent, C. (eds.), CAB International, UK, pp. 167-169.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mills, N.J. 2017. Rapid evolution of resistance to parasitism in biological control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 114: 3792-3794.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Roderick, G. K., and M. Navajas. 2017. Effects of biological invasions on pest management. Pages 225-248 in M. Coll and E. Wajnberg, editors. Environmental Pest Management: Challenges for Agronomists, Ecologists, Economists and Policymakers. Wiley-Blackwell, London.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Sun, Y., O. Br�nnimann, G. K. Roderick, A. Poltavsky, S. T. E. Lommen, and H. M�ller-Sch�rer. 2017. Climatic suitability ranking of biological control candidates: a biogeographic approach for ragweed management in Europe. Ecosphere 8:e01731.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wilson, H., and Daane, K. M. 2017. Review of ecologically-based pest management in California vineyards. Insects 8, 108.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Wilson, H., Miles, A., Daane, K. M., Altieri, M. A. 2017. Landscape diversity and crop vigor outweigh influence of local diversification on biological control of a vineyard pest. Ecosphere 8(4): e01736
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Xin, B., Liu, P., Zhang, S., Yang, Z., Daane, K. M. and Zheng, Y. 2017. Research and application of Chouioia cunea Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in China. BioControl Science and Technology 27(3): 301-310

Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16

Outputs
Target Audience:Taget audiences reached by our efforts during the reporting period include: K-12 Undergraduate Graduate Postgraduate Managers Cooperators Commodity boards Other scientists Extension professionals General public State and federal officials Changes/Problems:Nothing to report What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Training was provided to postdocs, grad students and undergraduates through research mentoring and classes. Those most closely associated with this project included: Brian Hogg, Research Specialist, UC Berkeley Xingeng Wang, Research Specialist, UC Berkeley Jeremy Andersen, Postdoc , UC Berkeley Kai Blaisdell, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Luis Cayetano, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Tory Hendry, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Valeria Hochman-Adler, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Yan Sun, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Noriuki Suzuki, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Jennifer Weaver, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Houston Wilson, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Adam Zeilinger, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Sara Emery, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Julie Hopper, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Jennifer Imamura, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Athena Lam, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Misha Leong, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Leslie McGinnis, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Rakim Turnipseed, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Rohith Vulchi, Graduate Student, California State University, Fresno Laura Ward, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of our research studies have been disseminated to our target audiences through presentations at national and international research conferences, grower-oriented meetings, and classroom lectures, and through publications in peer-reviewed journals and book chapters, commodity-produced annual reports, and popular magazines. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?To continue the current research and extension projects presented under accomplishments above

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Goal A: Surveys for larval populations of light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) were carried out in in coastal regions of California from north to south to determine abundance and levels of parasitism. We found only a very limited extension of the geographic distribution this insect from its original sites of discovery in Santa Cruz and San Francisco in 2006. Levels of larval and pupal parasitism showed a slight increased from those detected during earlier surveys in 2008-2011. Pruning, as a standard management practice for landscape plants in urban settings, was shown to be an important additional constraint on the abundance of this exotic leafroller in coastal California. We studied the resident natural enemies of spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) to determine their landscape movement and the impact of non-crop host plants on levels of parasitism. In collaboration with researchers at Oregon State University, we imported 5-6 parasitoid species that attack the spotted wing drosophila. These parasitoids included at least three larval parasitoids Asobara spp. (Braconidae), Leptopilina and Ganaspis spp. (Figitidae) (all species will be identified soon), and two pupal parasitoids, Pachycrepoideus vindimiae (Pteromalidae) and Trichopria drosophilae (Diapriidae). This material is currently being studied in quarantine. In collaboration with Serguei Triapitsyn (UC Riverside), we imported a strain of Goniozus legneri (Bethylidae) as a parasitoid of the navel orangeworm. This material is currently being compared with G. legneri resident in California. We also continued our release efforts with Psyttalia lounsburyi (Braconidae) against the olive fruit fly in different regions of California. We also continued studies of resident natural enemies, including spiders, against invasive lepidopteran pests. We finished a climatic suitability study of candidate biological control agents for ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, in US and Europe including five leaf feeders (Ophraella communa, O. slobodkini, Zygogramma disrupta, Z. suturalis, Tarachidia candefacta) and one stem miner (Epiblema strenuana). We also completed greenhouse studies to understand local adaptation of insect herbivores and their ragweed hosts. We started a new project to examine the factors associated with biological control of yellow star thistle Centaurea solstitialis, in California. We initiated field collections to examine relative importance of plant genotype and environmental variables to explain the current distribution and the efficacy of existing biological control agents in California for yellow starthistle. Goal B: Sampling of walnut spurs from early March through June confirmed observations from 2015 that Galendromus occidentalis successfully overwinters in walnut orchards. However, it becomes active in March, before bud burst, and is unable to sustain populations through April due to an absence of web-spinning spider mite prey. In contrast, type III and type IV phytoseiid predators become active in April and are able to maintain populations throughout the early part of the season by having a much broader diet range. Thus Amblyseius similoides and Euseius species are the dominant spider mite predators present on walnut foliage from April through June. A field trial of different acaricides applied July 30 in replicated plots of walnuts showed G. occidentalis to be the least tolerant of the mite predators present and A. similoides the most tolerant. Of the acaricides tested, only Nealta reduced spider mite abundance to a suitable predator-prey ratio, where A. similoides may have contributed to longer lasting suppression of spider mite populations. We studied natural enemies of the Virginia Creeper Leafhopper, and determined how to manipulate the egg parasitoids (Anagrus daanei) that attack these vineyard pests. Goal C: Nothing to report Goal D: We looked at vineyard pathogens and the role of insect vectors, such as mealybugs on disease incidence and how this changes farmer's consideration of biological control versus pesticide applications to reduce vector populations. We also began a project with Southeast Asian farmers - primarily Hmong farmers in California's Central Valley - to look at improvements to their farming methods. Our goal is to improve use of 'sustainable' practices through education and outreach.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Amarasekare, K. G., Shearer, P. W., and Mills, N. J. 2016. Testing the selectivity of pesticide effects on natural enemies in laboratory bioassays. Biological Control 102: 7-16.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Andersen, J. C., and Mills, N. J. 2016. Geographic origins and post-introduction hybridization between strains of Trioxys pallidus introduced to western North America for the biological control of walnut and filbert aphids. Biological Control 103: 218-229.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Andersen, J. C., Bourchier, R. S., Grevstad, F. S., Van Driesche, R., Mills, N. J. 2016. Development and verification of SNP arrays to monitor hybridization between two host-associated strains of knotweed psyllid, Aphalara itadori. Biological Control 93: 49-55.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Beers, E. H., Mills, N. J., Shearer, P. W., Horton, D. R., Milickzy, E. R., and Amarasekare, K. G. 2016. Non-target effects of orchard pesticides on natural enemies: Lessons from the field and laboratory. Biological Control 102: 44-52.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Benelli, G., Daane, K. M., Soler, R., and St�k, J. 2016. Chemical ecology of parasitic Hymenoptera. BioMed Research International Article ID 4298150 (2 pp.)
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Bon, M. C., Hoelmer, K. A., Pickett, C. H., Kirk, A. A., He, Y., Mahmood, R., and Daane, K. M. 2016. Populations of Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its parasitoids in Himalayan Asia. Annuals of the Entomological Society of America 109: 8191.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Daane, K. M., Wang, X.-G., Biondi, A., Miller, B. E., Miller, J. C., Riedl, H., Shearer, P. W., Guerrieri, E., Giorgini, M., Buffington, M., van Achterberg, K., Song, Y., Kang, T., Yi, H., Jung, C., Lee. D.-W., Chung, B.-K., Hoelmer, K. A., and Walton, V. A. 2016. First foreign exploration for Asian parasitoids of Drosophila suzukii. Journal of Pest Science 89: 823-835.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hadjystilli, M., Roderick, G.K., Brown J.K. 2016. Global population structure of a worldwide pest and virus vector: genetic diversity and population history of the Bemisia tabaci sibling species group. PLoS One, 11(11): e0165105.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Jones, V. P., Horton, D. R., Mills, N. J., Unruh, T. R., Baker, C. C., Melton, T. D., Milickzy, E., Steffan, S. A., Shearer, P. W., and Amarasekare, K. 2016. Evaluating herbivore-induced plant volatiles and floral volatiles for monitoring natural enemies in apple, pear and walnut orchards. Biological Control 102: 53-65.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Haye, T., Girod, P., Cuthbertson, A. G. S., Wang, X. G., Daane, K. M., Hoelmer, K. A., Baroffio, C., Zhang, J. P., Desneux, N. 2016. Current SWD IPM tactics and their practical implementation in fruit crops across different regions around the world Journal of Pest Science 89: 643-651.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hogg, B. N., Smith, L., and Daane, K. M. 2016. Impacts of the adventive psyllid, Arytainilla spartiophila (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on growth of the invasive weed Cytisus scoparius under controlled and field conditions in California. Environmental Entomology 45: 109-116.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hogg, B. N., Smith, L., Moran, P. J., and Daane, K. M. 2016. Post-establishment assessment of host plant specificity of Arytainilla spartiophila (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), an adventive biological control agent of Scotch broom, Cytisus scoparius. Biocontrol Science & Technology 26: 995-1008.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hopper, J. V., and Mills, N. J. 2016. Novel multitrophic interactions among an exotic generalist herbivore, its host plants and resident enemies in California. Oecologia 182: 1117-1128.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hopper, J. V., and Mills, N. J. 2016. Pathogenicity, prevalence and intensity of a microsporidian infection by Nosema fumiferanae postvittana in the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, in California. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 134: 27-34.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Hopper, J. V., Huang, W.-F., Solter, L. F., and Mills, N. J. 2016. Pathogenicity, morphology, and characterization of a Nosema fumiferanae isolate (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) from the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in California. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 134: 38-47.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Jones, V. P., Horton, D. R., Mills, N. J., Unruh, T. R., Milickzy, E., Shearer, P. W., Baker, C. C., and Melton, T. D. 2016. Using plant volatile traps to develop phenology models for natural enemies: An example using Chrysopa nigricornis (Burmeister) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Biological Control 102: 77-84.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Jones, V. P., Mills, N. J., Brunner, J. F., Horton, D. R., Beers, E. H., Unruh, T. R., Shearer, P. W., Goldberger, J. R., Castagnoli, S., Lehrer, N., Milickzy, E.,Steffan, S. A., Amarasekare, K. G., Chambers, U., Gadino, A. N., Gallardo, R. K., and Jones, W. E. 2016. From planning to execution to the future: An overview of a concerted effort to enhance biological control in apple, pear, and walnut orchards in the western U.S. Biological Control 102: 1-6.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ka�ar, G., Wang, X.-G., Stewart, T. J., and Daane, K. M. 2016. Overwintering survival of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and the effect of food on adult survival in Californias San Joaquin Valley. Environmental Entomology 45: 763771.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mace, K. C., and Mills, N. J. 2016. Nitrogen-mediated interaction: a walnut-aphid-parasitoid system. Environmental Entomology 45: 891-896.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mills, N. J., Beers, E. H., Shearer, P. W., Unruh, T. R., Amarasekare, K. G. 2016. Comparative analysis of pesticide effects on natural enemies in western orchards: a synthesis of laboratory bioassay data. Biological Control 102: 17-25.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Mills, N. J., Jones, V. P., Baker, C. C., Melton, T. D., Steffan, S. A., Unruh, T. R., Horton, D. R., Shearer, P. W., Amarasekare, K. G., and Milickzy, E. R. 2016. Using herbivore-induced plant volatiles and floral volatiles to attract natural enemies for studies of ecosystem structure and function. Biological Control 102: 66-76.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Roderick, G.K. 2016. Invasion biogeography. In: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology (ed. Kliman RM), pp. 277-281. Academic Press, Oxford.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Shearer, P. W., Amarasekare, K. G., Castagnoli, S., Beers, E. H., Jones, V. P., and Mills, N. J. 2016. Large-plot field studies to assess impacts of newer insecticides on non-target arthropods in Western U. S. orchards. Biological Control 102: 26-34.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wang, X.G., Ka�ar, G., Biondi, A., and Daane, K. M. 2016. Foraging efficiency and outcomes of interactions of two pupal parasitoids attacking the invasive spotted wing drosophila. Biological Control 96: 64-71.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wang, X.-G., Ka�ar, G., Stewart, T. J., and Daane, K. M. 2016. Life-history and host preference of Trichopria drosophilae, a pupal parasitoid of spotted wing drosophila. BioControl 61:387397.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wang, X.G., Stewart, T. J., Biondi, A., Chavez, B. M., Ingels, C., Caprile, J., Grant, J. A., Walton, V. W. and Daane, K. M. 2016. Population dynamics and ecology of Drosophila suzukii in Central California. Journal of Pest Science 89: 701-712.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wilson, H., Miles, A., Daane, K. M., Altieri, M. A. 2016. Host plant associations of Anagrus spp. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) and Erythroneura elegantula (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Northern California. Environmental Entomology 45: 602615.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Zuparko, R. K., Triapitsyn, S. V., and Daane, K. M. 2016. Neotype designation for Metaphycus hageni Daane & Caltagirone, 1999 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) (Scientific Note). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 92: 119-123.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Wiman, N. G., Dalton, D. T., Anfora, G., Biondi, A., Chiu, J. C., Daane, K. M., Gerdeman, B., Gottardello, A., Hamby, K., Isaacs, R., Grassi, A., Ioriatti, C., Lee, J. C., Miller, B., Rossi Stacconi, M. V., Shearer, P. W., Tanigoshi, L., Wang, X.-G., and Walton, V. M. 2016. Drosophila suzukii population response to the environment and management strategies. Journal of Pest Science 89: 653-665.

Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:K-12 Undergraduate Graduate Postgraduate Managers Cooperators Commodity boards Other scientists Extension professionals General public State and federal officials Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Training was provided to postdocs, grad students and undergraduates through research mentoring and classes. Those most closely associated with this project included: Kai Blaisdell, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Luis Cayetano, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Emily Farrer, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Tory Hendry, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Brian Hogg, Research Specialist, UC Berkeley Kimberly La Pierre, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Yan Sun, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Jennifer Weaver, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Houston Wilson, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Adam Zeilinger, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Jeremy Andersen, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Nathan Cannell, Graduate Student, California State University, Fresno Sara Emery, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Lisa Fernandez, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Julie Hopper, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Jennifer Imamura, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Athena Lam, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Misha Leong, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Kevi Mace, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Leslie McGinnis, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Thomas Stewart, Graduate Student, California State University, Fresno Rakim Turnipseed, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of our research studies have been disseminated to our target audiences through presentations at national and international research conferences, grower-oriented meetings, and classroom lectures, and through publications in peer-reviewed journals and book chapters, commodity-produced annual reports, and popular magazines. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Goal A: Research continued in the development of holistic models to describe and to predict the geographic range, potential impacts of, and management options for invasive species. In addition, approaches to investigate the origins and demographic history of insect populations using molecular genetic tools, computational methods, historical records, and associated symbionts were investigated. We described a new isolate of the microsporidian Nosema fumiferana postvittana from field populations of the light brown apple moth, and documented its morphology and pathogenicity under laboratory conditions. A survey of the incidence of this pathogen in field populations of Epiphyas postvittana using qPCR showed that both the prevalence and intensity of infection were too low to account for the continued decline of host populations in northern California. We continued to evaluate 5-6 exotic parasitoid species imported into quarantine that attack the spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii). These include three larval parasitoids Asobara spp. (Braconidae), Leptopilina and Ganaspis spp. (Figitidae) and two pupal parasitoids, Pachycrepoideus vindimiae (Pteromalidae), Trichopria drosophilae (Diapriidae). An imported strain of Goniozus legneri (Bethylidae), a parasitoid of the navel orangeworm, is currently being compared with G. legneri resident in California. We also continued our release efforts with Psyttalia lounsburyi (Braconidae) against the olive fruit fly in different regions of California. We examined the climatic suitability of candidate biological control agents for ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, in the US and Europe including five leaf feeders (Ophraella communa, O. slobodkini, Zygogramma disrupta, Z. suturalis, Tarachidia candefacta) and one stem miner (Epiblema strenuana). We also initiated greenhouse studies to understand local adaptation of insect herbivores and their ragweed hosts. Goal B: From a more extensive survey of spider mites and associated insect and phytoseiid predators in walnut orchards in California we were able to confirm that predator communities were dominated by Amblyseius similoides in the early season, by Galendromus occidentalis in the late season, and by Euseius stipulatus throughout the season on the eastern side of the Central Valley. Additional observations indicated that while G. occidentalis successfully overwintered in walnuts, the late leafing of this crop may limit the availability of suitable prey in spring and require recolonization by this predator later in the season. We continued to study the resident natural enemies of spotted wing drosophila to determine their landscape movement and the impact of non-crop host plants on parasitism levels. We studied natural enemies of the Virginia Creeper Leafhopper, and determined how to manipulate the egg parasitoids (Anagrus daanei) that attack these vineyard pests. We also continued studies of resident natural enemies, including spiders, against invasive lepidopteran pests. A study of the effect of an urbanization gradient on the natural enemies of aphids in urban gardens showed that richness was greatest in those gardens surrounded by the most as well as the least developed space. This study also highlighted that gardens set in landscapes with an intermediate level of development are most in need of additional natural enemies, and, thus, the most likely to benefit from habitat modification to attract them. Goal C: We mass-released Habrobracon hebetor (Braconidae) in almonds and monitored its effectiveness against the navel orangeworm. Goal D: We looked at vineyard pathogens and the role of insect vectors, such as mealybugs on disease incidence and how this changes farmer's consideration of biological control versus pesticide applications to reduce vector populations.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Hadjistylli, M., G. Roderick, and N. Gauthier. 2015. First report of the Sub-Saharan Africa 2 species of the Bemisia tabaci complex in the Southern France. Phytoparasitica: 1-9.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Leong, M. and G. K. Roderick. 2015. Remote sensing captures varying temporal patterns of vegetation between human-altered and natural landscapes. PeerJ 3:e1141.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: B�rgi, L. P., W. J. Roltsch, and N. J. Mills, 2015. Allee effects and population regulation: a test for biotic resistance against an invasive leafroller by resident parasitoids. Population Ecology 57: 215-225.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Mace, K. and N. J. Mills. 2015. Response of walnut aphid populations to increasing foliar nitrogen content. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 17: 277-284.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Hopper, J. V. and N. J. Mills. 2015. Consequences of infanticide for a gregarious ectoparasitoid of leafroller larvae. Ecological Entomology 40: 461-470.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Andersen, J. C. and N. J. Mills. 2014. iMSAT: a novel approach to the development of microsatellite loci using barcoded Illumina libraries. BMC Genomics 15:858.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Ponti, L., A. P. Gutierrez, and M. A. Altieri. 2015. Holistic approach in invasive species research: The case of the tomato leaf miner in the Mediterranean Basin. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 39: 436-468.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Reddy, A. M., R. I. Carruthers, and N. J. Mills. 2015. No evolution of reduced resistance and compensation for psyllid herbivory by the invasive Genista monspessulana. Plant Ecology 216: 1457-1468.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Hogg, B. N. and K. M. Daane. 2015. Impacts of exotic spider spillover on resident arthropod communities in natural habitat. Ecological Entomology 40: 69-71.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Daane, K. M., X-G. Wang, D. J. Nieto, C. H. Pickett, K. A. Hoelmer, A. Blanchet, and M. W. Johnson. 2015. Classic biological control of olive fruit fly in California: release and recovery of introduced parasitoids. BioControl 60: 317-330.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Rossi Stacconi, M. V., M. Buffington, K. M. Daane, D. T. Dalton, A. Grassi, G. Ka�ar, B. Miller, J. Miller, M. Ouantar, A. Loni, C. Ioriatti, V. M. Walton, N. Wiman, X-G. Wang, and G. Anfora. 2015. Host stage preference, efficacy and fecundity of parasitoids attacking Drosophila suzukii in newly invaded areas. Biological Control 84: 28-35.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wilson, H., A. Miles, K. M. Daane, and M. A. Altieri. 2015. Vineyard proximity to riparian habitat influences Western grape leafhopper (Erythroneura elegantula Osborn) populations. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 211: 43-50.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Asplen, M. K., G. Anfora, A. Biondi, D.-S. Choi, D. Chu, K. M. Daane, P. Gibert, A. P. Gutierrez, K. A. Hoelmer, W. D. Hutchison, R. A. Isaacs, Z.-L. Jiang, Z. K�rp�ti, M. T. Kimura, M. Pascual, C. R. Philips, C. Plantamp, L. Ponti, G. Vetek, H. Vogt, V. M. Walton, Y. Yu, Zappal�, and N. Desneux. 2015. Invasion biology of spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii): a global perspective and future priorities. Journal of Pest Science 88: 469-494.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Blaisdell. G. K., S. Zhang, J. R. Bratburd, K. M. Daane, M. L. Cooper, and R. P. P. Almeida. 2015. Interactions within susceptible hosts drive differential transmission of genetically distinct pathogen variants. Journal of Economic Entomology 108: 1531-1539.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Roderick, G. K. and M. Navajas. 2015. Invasions of terrestrial arthropods: mechanisms, pathways, and dynamics. Pages 75-87 in J. Canning-Clode, editor. Biological Invasions in Changing Ecosystems. Vectors, Ecological Impacts, Management, and Predictions. De Gruyter Open Ltd, Berlin.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Sharma, A. M., B. Baraff, J. T. Hutchins, M. K. Wong, G. K. Blaisdell, M. L. Cooper, K. M. Daane, and R. P. P. Almeida. 2015. Relative prevalence of grapevine leafroll-associated virus species in wine grape-growing regions of California. PLoS One 10: e0142120.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Miller, B., G. Anfora, M. Buffington, K. M., Daane, D. T. Dalton, K. M. Hoelmer, M. V. Rossi Stacconi, A. Grassi, C. Ioriatti, A. Loni, J. C. Miller, M. Quantar, X-G. Wang, N. G. Wiman, and V. M. Walton. 2015. Seasonal occurrence of resident parasitoids associated with Drosophila suzukii in two small fruit production regions of Italy and the USA. Bulletin of Insectology 68: 255-263.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Wilson, H., A. Miles, K. M. Daane, and M. A. Altieri. 2015. Landscape diversity and crop vigor influence biological control of the Western grape leafhopper (Erythroneura elegantula Osborn) in vineyards. PloS One 10: e0141752.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Paine, T. D., J. G. Millar, L. M. Hanks, J. Gould, Q. Wang, K. M. Daane, D. L. Dahlsten, and E. G. McPherson. 2015. Cost-benefit analysis for biological control programs that targeted insect pests of eucalypts in urban landscapes of California. Journal of Economic Entomology 108: 24972504.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Hogg, B. N. and K. M. Daane. 2015. Cascading effects of cannibalism in a top predator. Ecological Entomology 40: 805-813.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Haviland, D. R., R. H. Beede, and K. M. Daane. 2015. Crop loss relationships and economic injury levels for Ferrisia gilli (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) infesting pistachio in California. Journal of Economic Entomology 108: 2683-2690.

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: K-12 Undergraduate Graduate Postgraduate Managers Cooperators Commodity boards Other scientists Extension professionals General public State and federal officials Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Training was provided to postdocs, grad students and undergraduates through research mentoring and classes. Those most closely associated with this project included: Luis Cayetano, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Emily Farrer, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Tory Hendry, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Brian Hogg, Research Specialist, UC Berkeley Kimberly La Pierre, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Ashfaq Sial, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Yan Sun, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Jennifer Weaver, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Adam Zeilinger, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Jeremy Andersen, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Nathan Cannell, Graduate Student, California State University, Fresno Sara Emery, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Lisa Fernandez, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Julie Hopper, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Jennifer Imamura, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Athena Lam, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Misha Leong, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Kevi Mace, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Leslie McGinnis, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Thomas Stewart, Graduate Student, California State University, Fresno Rakim Turnipseed, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results of our research studies have been disseminated to our target audiences through presentations at national and international research conferences, grower-oriented meetings, and classroom lectures, and through publications in peer-reviewed journals and book chapters, commodity-produced annual reports, and popular magazines. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Goal A: In collaboration with researchers at Oregon State University, we imported 5-6 parasitoid species that attack the spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii). These parasitoids included at least three larval parasitoids Asobara spp. (Braconidae), Leptopilina and Ganaspis spp. (Figitidae) (all species will be identified soon), and two pupal parasitoids, Pachycrepoideus vindimiae (Pteromalidae), Trichopria drosophilae (Diapriidae). This material is currently being studied in Quarantine. In collaboration with Serguei Triapitsyn (UC Riverside), we imported a strain of Goniozus legneri (Bethylidae) as a parasitoid of the navel orangeworm. This material is currently being compared with G. legneri resident in California. We also continued our release efforts with Psyttalia lounsburyi (Braconidae) again the olive fruit fly in different regions of California. Research continued in the development of approaches to investigate the origins and demographic history of insect populations using molecular genetic tools, computational methods, historical records, and associated symbionts. A recent initiative focuses on how interactions of organisms of biocontrol interest will be impacted by global change. These approaches are being developed with colleagues using as model species tephritid fruit flies (olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae, walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa), the glassy-winged sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis), Bemisia whiteflies, spider mites, vine mealy bug (Planococcus ?cus). Goal B: We studied the resident natural enemies of spotted wing drosophila to determine their landscape movement and the impact of non-crop host plants on parasitism levels. We also continued studies of resident natural enemies, including spiders, against invasive lepidopteran pests. We continued to survey walnut orchards for spider mites and associated insect and phytoseiid predators and again found a rich community of predatory mites that was dominated by Amblyseius similoides in the early season, Galendromus occidentalis in the late season and by Euseius stipulatus throughout the season on the eastern side of the Central Valley. Six-spotted thrips was more abundant this year, but there was a notable absence of any insect or mite predators in the southern end of the Central Valley. We completed studies of the potential for disruptive effects of new classes of pesticides on the ladybird Hippodamia convergens, finding that reduced risk insecticides had important lethal and sublethal effects and that sprays for walnut blight resulted in greater survivorship and reproduction. A study of resident natural enemies of walnuts aphids showed that enemy species evenness appears to be a good predictor of biological control services and that predator-prey ratios can be used as a measure of the current but not future predation rates on sentinel aphids. Goal C: We mass-released Habrobracon hebetor (Bracondae) in almonds and monitored its effectiveness against the navel orangeworm. Two early season releases of western predatory mites were made in walnut orchards in late May. Releases in an orchard with no type IV phytoseiid predators were successful and suppressed spider mite abundance, whereas releases in an orchard where type IV phytoseiid predators were dominant failed to result in establishment or suppression of spider mites. Goal D: No activity during this period.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Silva, P. G., da, and Daane, K. M. 2014. Life history parameters of Acrosternum hilare (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), a stink bug injurious to pistachios in California. Journal of Economic Entomology 107: 166-173.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wang, X.-G., Wallis, C. M., and Daane, K. M. 2014. Tri-trophic movement of carotenoid pigments from host plant to the parasitoid of a caterpillar. Journal of Insect Physiology. 61: 5865.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hogg, B. N., Wang, X.-G., Mills, N. J., and Daane, K. M. 2014. Resident spiders as predators of the recently introduced light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 151: 65-74.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wang, X.-G., and Daane, K. M. 2014. Cannibalism of parasitoid-attacked conspecifics in a non-carnivorous caterpillar. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 151: 112-121.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hogg, B. N., and Daane, K. M. 2014. The roles of top and intermediate predators in herbivore suppression: contrasting results from the field and laboratory. Ecological Entomology 39: 149-158.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Benelli, G. Daane, K. M., Canale, A., Niu, C.Y., Messing, R. H., Vargas, R. I. 2014. Sexual communication and related behaviours in Tephritidae  current knowledge and potential applications for Integrated Pest Management. Journal of Pest Science 87: 385-405.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Sime, K. R., and Daane, K. M. 2014. Rapid, non-discriminatory oviposition behaviors are favored in mealybug parasitoids when Argentine ants are present. Environmental Entomologist 43: 995-1002.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Stewart, T. J., Wang, X.-G., Molinar, A., and Daane, K. M. 2014. Factors limiting peach as a potential host for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 107: 1771-1779.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wiman, N. G., Walton, V. M., Dalton, D. T., Anfora G, Burrack, H. J., Chiu J. C., Daane, K. M., Grassi, A., Miller, B., Tochen, S., Wang, X-G, and Ioriatti, C. 2014. Integrating temperature-dependent life table data into a matrix projection model for Drosophila suzukii population estimation. PLoS ONE 9: e106909.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Wang, X.-G., Tomajian, S., and Daane, K. M. 2014. Brood guarding of parasitoids potentially reduce cannibalism of paralyzed conspecific by a caterpillar host. Journal of Insect Behavior 27: 826-837.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Triapitsyn, S. V., Jones, J. M., Pickett, C. H., Buffington, M. L., and Daane. K. M. 2014. Description of the male of Psyllaephagus euphyllurae (Masi) (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of the olive psylla, Euphyllura olivina (Costa) (Hemiptera, Liviidae), with notes on its reproductive traits and hyperparasitoids. Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research 46: 4092.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Chaplin-Kramer, R., de Valpine, P., Mills, N. J., and Kremen, C. 2014. Detecting pest control services across spatial and temporal scales. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 181: 206-212.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Bayes, S. K., Hellerstein, M. K., Fitch, M., Mills, N. J., and Welter, S. C. 2014. You are what you eat: fatty acid profiles as a method to track the habitat movement of an insect. Oecologia 175: 1073-1080.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Mills, N. J. 2014. Plant health management: Biological control of insect pests. In: Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, Vol. 4. Van Alfen, N. (Ed.), San Diego, Elsevier, pp. 375-387.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Gutierrez, A.P, and Ponti, L. 2013. Propsective analysis of the geographic distribution and relative abundance of Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae) and citrus greening disease in North America and the Mediterranean Basin. Florida Entomologist 96: 1375-1391.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Gillespie, R.G., Roderick, G.K. 2014. Evolution: Geology and climate drive diversification. Nature 509, 297-298.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Hadjistylli, M., Schwartz, S.A., Brown, J.K., Roderick, G.K. 2014. Isolation and characterization of nine microsatellite loci from the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype B. Journal of Insect Science 14 (1): 148.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: B�rgi, L. P., and Mills, N. J. 2014. Lack of enemy release for an invasive leafroller in California: temporal patterns and influence of host plant origin. Biological Invasions 16: 1021-1034.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Leong, M., Kremen, C., Roderick, G.K. 2014. Pollinator interactions with yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) across urban, agricultural, and natural landscapes. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86357.

Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: K-12 Undergraduate Graduate Postgraduate Managers Cooperators Commodity boards Other scientists Extension professionals General public State and federal officials Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Training was provided to postdocs, graduate students and undergraduates through research mentoring and classes. Those most closely associated with this project included: Tim Engelkes, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Emily Farrer, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Kari Goodman, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Brian Hogg, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Kimberly La Pierre, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Ashfaq Sial, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Jennifer Weaver, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Adam Zeilinger, Postdoc, UC Berkeley Jeremy Andersen, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Brian Bahder, Graduate Student, Washington State University Linda Buergi, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Nathan Cannell, Graduate Student, California State University, Fresno Sara Emery, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Lisa Fernandez, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Julie Hopper, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Jennifer Imamura, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Athena Lam, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Misha Leong, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Kevi Mace, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Leslie McGinnis, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Albie Miles, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Paul Roge, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley Thomas Stewart, Graduate Student, California State University, Fresno Houston Wilson, Graduate Student, UC Berkeley How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The results of our research studies have been disseminated to our target audiences through presentations at national and international research conferences, grower-oriented meetings, and classroom lectures, and through publications in peer-reviewed journals and book chapters, commodity-produced annual reports, and popular magazines. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? Goal A Research and extension efforts to import and establish natural enemies concentrated on invasive pests of ornamentals, vineyards, almonds, lettuce and olives. Studies of biotic resistance to the invasion of California by the light brown apple moth have investigated the biology of resident natural enemies such as Meteorus ictericus and Pediobius ni and revealed that a microsporidian disease caused by a Nosema sp. is present in field populations in the Berkeley area. Laboratory observations indicate that this disease causes mortality of young larvae at high levels of infection and reduces many aspects of the life history performance of its host at lower levels of infection. We have also investigated resident natural enemies of the spotted wing drosophila. Encyrtid parasitoids of mealybugs in vineyards have been imported from Europe and South Africa, and braconid parasitoids of olive fruit fly have been imported from Africa and the Middle East. Studies of the origin and demographic history of invasive insect populations continued to develop the use of molecular genetic tools, computational methods, historical records, and associated symbionts as a guide to find natural enemies for biological control as well as to understand factors that contribute to the success of classical biological control. Such studies have focused on the following invasive pests in California: European grape moth, tephritid fruit flies (olive fruit fly, walnut husk fly), the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Bemisia whiteflies, spider mites, and vine mealybug. Research was also conducted on the application of methods to predict the spread of insect pests as a result of drivers of global change including changes in land use and climate. Associated insect collections-based research involved digitizing records and associated information, web-based citizen science and use of globally-unique identifiers (GUIDs) to track data associated with specimens. Goal B Through a participatory research process we evaluated several urban agriculture diversification designs for optimal vegetable production and reduced pest incidence. Urban farmers found that increasing plant diversity in the form of intercropping led to enhanced yields and natural enemy activity and to decreased damage by insects and diseases. Other studies focused on landscape effects in vineyard pest management and interplanting of floral subsidies in lettuce for conservation of beneficial syrphid flies. A survey of spider mite species and associated predators was initiated in walnuts as a basis for understanding the failure of natural biological control to manage these secondary pests. It was confirmed that Tetranychus urticae is the dominant spider mite and that 11 different species of predatory mite were found in the different walnut growing regions. Insect predators of spider mites were absent from most orchards and western predatory mite dominated the predator mite complex only later in the season. Studies of the potential for disruptive effects of new classes of pesticides on natural enemies continued with a focus on the ladybird Hippodamia convergens. The linkage between diversity of natural enemies and biological control services for walnuts aphids was investigated with a focus on natural enemy species evenness. Goal C No activity Goal D The environmental and economic impacts of invasive pests and their biological control agents were investigated with a focus on spotted alfalfa aphid, glassy winged sharpshooter, Asian citrus psyllid and yellow starthistle. We evaluated the distribution of the glassy winged sharpshooter and Pierce's disease in North America and found that the potential distribution of the sharpshooter was greatly restricted by native egg parasitoids. Prior evaluation of the role of natural enemies of yellow starthistle was extended across the western United States showing that the potential distribution of the noxious weed is limited by rainfall, that introduced seed head feeding enemies are unable to control the weed in areas of high favorability, and that natural enemies that either kill or greatly weaken whole plants before seed formation are needed for effective management through biological control.

Publications

• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Gutierrez, Andrew Paul and Luigi Ponti (2013) chapter 4: Analysis of Invasive Insects: Links to climate change. Invasive Species and Global Climate Change, L.H. Ziska and J.S. Dukes (Eds), CABI Press
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Gutierrez, Andrew Paul and Luigi Ponti (2013) Chapter 17: Assessing and managing the impact of climate change on invasive species: the PBDM approach. Invasive Species and Global Climate Change, L.H. Ziska and J.S. Dukes (Eds), CABI Press
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Rodr�guez, Daniel, Jos� Ricardo Cure, Jos� Miguel Cotes, Andrew Paul Gutierrez, Fernando Cantor (2013) A coffee agroecosystem model: II. Dynamics of coffee berryborer. Ecological Modelling 248:203-214.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Gutierrez A.P., Ponti L. 2013. Deconstructing the control of the spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis maculata). Agricultural and Forest Entomology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/afe.12015
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Gutierrez A.P., Ponti L., 2013. Eradication of invasive species: why the biology matters. Environmental Entomology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EN12018
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: B�rgi, L. P., and Mills, N. J. 2013. Developmental strategy and life history traits of Meteorus ictericus, a successful resident parasitoid of the exotic Light Brown Apple Moth in California. Biological Control 66: 173-182.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Mills, N. J. 2013. Biological pest control in organic tree crops in the western U.S.: An overview. Acta Horticulturae 1001: 105-110.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Hogg, B. N., Wang, X.-G., Levy, K., Mills, N. J., and Daane, K. M. 2013. Complementary effects of resident natural enemies on the suppression of the introduced moth Epiphyas postvittana. Biological Control 64: 125-131.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Engelkes, T., and Mills, N. J. 2013. A fast-track for invasion: Invasive plants promote the performance of an invasive herbivore. Biological Invasions 15: 101-111.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Altieri, M.A. and C.I. Nicholls 2012. Agro-ecological approaches to enhance resilience to climate change. Farming Matters 28: 14 - 19.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Altieri, M.A. and C.I. Nicholls 2012. Agroecology: scaling up for food sovereignity and resiliency. Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 11, 29pp
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Altieri, M.A. and C.I. Nicholls 2013. The adaptation and mitigation potential of traditional agriculture in a changing climate. Climatic Change DOI 10.1007/s10584-013-0909-y
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Altieri, M.A.and P. Koohafkan 2013 Strengthening resilience of farming systems: A key prerequisite for sustainable agricultural production. In: Wake up Before it is Too Late: Make Agriculture Truly Sustainable Now for Food Security in a Changing Climate. UNCTAD, TER13 Report. Geneva.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Daane, K. M., Wang, X.-G., Duerr, S. S., Kuhn, E. J., Son, Y., Yokota, G. Y. 2013. Biology of Habrobracon gelechiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), as a parasitoid of the obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Environmental Entomology 42: 107-115.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Daane, K. M., Wang, X.-G., Johnson, M. W., and Cooper, M. L. 2013. Low temperature storage effects on two olive fruit fly parasitoids. BioControl 58: 175-185.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Wang, X.-G., Levy, K., Nadel, H. Johnson, M. W., Blanchet, A. Argov, Y, Pickett, C. H., and Daane, K. M. 2013. Overwintering survival of olive fruit fly and two introduced parasitoids in California. Environmental Entomology 42:467-476.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Wang, X.-G., Levy, K., and Daane, K. M. 2013. Evaluation of an indigenous parasitoid Habrobracon gelechiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for biological control of light brown apple moth Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in California. BioControl Science and Technology 23: 433-447.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Wang, X.-G., Levy, K., and Daane, K. M. 2013. Biology and potential host range of Pediobius ni (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as a novel parasitoid of light brown apple moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Annuals of the Entomological Society of America 106: 351-358.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Wang, X.-G., Hogg, B. N., Levy, K., and Daane, K. M. 2013. Pre-adaptation of an indigenous parasitoid to an exotic herbivore and its host plants. Annals of Applied Biology 163: 288297.
• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Walton, V. M., Daane, K. M., and Addison P. 2012. Biological control of arthropods and its application in vineyards, pp. 91-118. In N. J. Bostanian, R. Isaacs, and C. Vincent (eds.). Arthropod Management in Vineyards: Pests Approaches and Future Directions. Springer, The Netherlands.