ENHANCING ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF CAMELINA AS BIOFEEDSTOCK: OPTIMIZATION AND DEMONSTRATION OF THE PRODUCTION SYSTEM AND BIOPRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: OTHER GRANTS
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 0231136
• Grant No.: 2012-10006-20230
• Cumulative Award Amt.: $5,078,932.00
• Proposal No.: 2012-03990
• Project Start Date: Sep 1, 2012
• Project End Date: Aug 31, 2017
• Grant Year: 2012
• Program Code: [BRDI]- Biomass R&D Initiative FY2009 Forward

Recipient Organization
KANSAS STATE UNIV
(N/A)
MANHATTAN,KS 66506

Performing Department
Grain Science And Industry

Non Technical Summary
The overall goal of this project is to make oilseed camelina a cost-effective bioenergy and bio-based product feedstock. Camelina has recently shown great potential as a commercial biofuel feedstock because of its superior jet fuel and biodiesel performances. However, making these fuels from camelina is currently not economically viable, partly because: a) camelina production is not sufficiently efficient per unit resource used; b) camelina oil processing generates about 65% solid meal co-product that is currently under-utilized; and c) effective technology is not available to produce high value co-products from camelina bioenergy varieties. The team will 1) enhance camelina production by optimizing cropping systems within wheat-based crop rotations; 2) develop new technologies for intermediate chemicals and bioproducts by utilizing camelina meals and oils; 3) conduct life cycle analysis of camelina feedstock from agronomic production through to bioenergy and processed bioproducts; 4) conduct on-farm demonstration and technology outreach to encourage improved camelina production in Montana and Wyoming; and 5) commercialize bioproducts derived from camelina meals and oils. This project will generate substantial information and advanced knowledge that will build a foundation to make nonfood oilseeds a better resource for biofuels and bioproducts, with minimal negative impact on food crop systems or the environment.

Animal Health Component

80%

Research Effort Categories

Basic

20%

Applied

80%

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
511	1899	1060	33%
511	1549	1060	33%
511	1599	1060	34%

Knowledge Area
511 - New and Improved Non-Food Products and Processes;

Subject Of Investigation
1549 - Wheat, general/other; 1599 - Grain crops, general/other; 1899 - Oilseed and oil crops, general/other;

Field Of Science
1060 - Biology (whole systems);

Keywords

camelina, oilseeds, biofeedstocks, cropping, production, bioproducts,

adhesives, coatings, life-cycle-analysis, bioeconomy

Goals / Objectives
Demands for aviation fuel for both civilian transport and military uses have become significant. Camelina has recently shown great potential as a commercial biofuel feedstock because its oil produced high performance jet fuel and biodiesel. However, producing these fuels from camelina is currently not economically viable. The GOAL of this project is to provide technical solutions to make camelina a cost-effective bioenergy and bioproduct feedstock. The objectives of this project are: 1) to enhance camelina production by optimizing cropping systems within wheat-based crop rotations, to conduct on-farm testing and technology outreach to encourage improved camelina production in Montana and Wyoming; 2) to develop intermediates with potential for wood adhesives, crafting adhesives, labeling adhesives, flexible coatings, and composites by utilizing camelina meals and oils; 3) to commercialize bioproducts derived from camelina meals and oils; and 4) to conduct LCA and LCIA of camelina feedstocks from agronomic production to bioenergy and processed bioproducts. This project will generate substantial information and advanced knowledge in comparison with traditional oilseeds (i.e., soybean), which will build a foundation to make nonfood oilseeds (i.e., camelina) a better resource for biofuels and bioproducts, with minimal negative impact on food crop systems or the environment. Specifically, for feedstock development: we expect to identify superior winter and spring seeded camelina germplasm suitable for the NGP region. Both researchers and producers will gain knowledge on optimum fall seeding dates for camelina and field establishment and harvesting techniques and nitrogen fertility requirements in the NGP region. We will obtain needed information for decision making including yield, economic, and energy information on camelina production as a replacement for fallow in wheat-based systems; for bioproducts development, we expect to identify chemical reaction pathways with favorable performance and atom economy analysis of converting camelina proteins, gum, and oil to intermediates as resin for adhesives, coatings, and composites uses. We expect to deliver new fundamental information and knowledge of camelina polymers (protein, gum and oil) structure and functional properties through reports, demonstrations, conference presentations, outreach, and journal publications. A major objective of the proposed project is to drive the commercialization of intermediates and bioproducts derived from camelina through innovative technology development and validation of scaled-up processing; for feedstock and development analysis, the overall LCA will include LCIA that provides a view of the potential impacts of the selected feedstock production and particular bioproduct development that will inform decision-making relative to sustainable manufacturing and/or sustainable camelina production. The comparative LCIA will also demonstrate the environmental benefits of growing camelina in the wheat rotation system, and help promote the utilization of the selected bioproducts.

Project Methods
For feedstock development, our preliminary studies in Montana and Wyoming have shown promise in incorporating camelina into wheat and legume rotations. Legume crops can biologically fix nitrogen. Therefore, rotational cropping between wheat and legumes is very attractive to farmers. Our preliminary studies show that camelina requires less nitrogen input compared to other grain crops, and is a good candidate for rotational cropping with wheat. We proposed to conduct a cropping system study at three locations in Montana and two locations in Wyoming to optimize camelina production systems and harvesting technology with minimal impact on food crops. In Montana, crop rotation study will be conducted in central (Moccasin), Southern (Huntley), and Northern (Havre) areas of the state. Crop rotation, nitrogen input, and weed control will be optimized for the most efficient production of camelina with the lowest input and minimal negative impact on food crops. For bioproducts, Chemical reaction pathways will be used in the presence of organic and inorganic catalysts. Precipitation method at isoelectric pH will be the major technique for meal fractionation based on solubility and density. Reducing reagents will be used to break disulfide bonds of camelina proteins to improve protein reactivity with other proteins and polymers to form new complex. Biobased emulsifier will be developed from camelina meals to improve phase separation of the new multi-protein new complex. We will also develop intermediates derived from camelina oil for drop-in resins for pressure sensitive adhesives, coatings, and plastics using epoxidation and then ring-opening and cross-link technology using organic or inorganic catalysts and UV light. For feedstock and bioproducts analysis, we will conduct LCA and LCIA from camelina cropping to end use bioproducts. We propose to conduct: 1) LCA at molecular synthesis pathway scale of bioproducts production, 2) LCIA at system scale, and 3) economic profit and market analysis. We will focus on two sub-systems: the camelina production system, and the bioproducts synthesis and performance system. For bioproducts, we will follow ISO LCA protocols to perform reaction impact assessment (RIA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of different pathways for synthesizing intermediate polymers from camelina protein, carbohydrates, and oils. At system scale, we will conduct system-wide LCAs for camelina to bioproduct routes. We will identify, select, and map the key attributes (e.g. energy intensity, water release, air emissions, renewable versus non-renewable components, etc.) from the Sustainable Manufacturing Indicators Repository. We will then build the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) list. We will develop multi-protein and oil based intermediates using camelina meals and oils. These intermediates will also be blended with drop-in soy protein oil based resins for adhesives formulation. We will send samples to industry for commercial feasibility evaluations during this funding period, and conduct pilot scale processing of intermediates from camelina meals and oils for adhesive application in collaboration with partner companies.

Progress 09/01/12 to 08/31/17

Outputs
Target Audience:All crop producers in the world, especially camelina producers in Montana, Wyoming, Kansas, and middle west great plains in the USA; Agricultural professionals; Biobased products/biofuel industries; Scientists in the field of plant science, biofuels, biomaterials, bioeconomy, etc. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?In this last year period, 9graduate students, 3postdocs/researchers have been trained. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results from this BRDI project were disseminated through various approaches including field tours, media interview, conference presentations, posters, and publications. Conference presentations and publications: Please see "PRODUCTS" section. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The overall goal of this project is to make oilseed camelina a cost-effective bioenergy and biobased product feedstock. We investigated 1) camelina and wheat in the crop rotation in three locations in Montana and Kansas throughout the years; 2) we conducted variety trials, screening, and evaluation, and double cropping bioenergy trials. We accomplished all the proposed tasks in this objective, and concluded that planting date had no effect on seed yield, but location, variety, and climate had the most effects on seed yield. The crops of rotation with camelina is also a factor affecting the seed yield. For example, one location can produce 2353 kg/ha for wheat-spring camelina to 2781 kg/ha with wheat-fallow, while the average yield of spring camelina planted after wheat was 782 kg/ha, and that after sorghum in a 3-yr rotation was 512 kg/ha. Bison produced the highest yield (2019 kg/ha) across the three seeding dates and was significantly different from Joelle (1825 kg/ha). We developed an cost-effective biorefining process technology to separate oil, proteins, and gum fractions from camelina. The gum extracted from camelina has superior hydrogel properties than most of existing gums; We developed optimum epoxidation conditions for camelina oil to make the epoxy content is higher than soybean oil. The resin derived from camelina oil has superior properties for hard wood coating similar as polyurethane resins for wood flooring and furniture coatings following ASTM standards, while resins from soybean oil is better for flexible coating and pressure sensitive adhesion applications according to ASTM standards; The camelina meal after gum and oil extraction can be used for low cost adhesives by blending with soybean meals, or as animal feed; The proteins from defatted camelina meal can be easily modified with unfold and crosslink agents, surfactant and organic salts to prepare high strength adhesives in combination with partially depolymerized lignin. For example, the dry adhesion strength of camelina protein adhesives mostly exhibited 100% wood cohesive failure which is similar to native soy protein adhesive. The wet adhesion performance of camelina protein is upto 1.5 MPa in three-layer wood testing. In addition, we also developed novel plant oil-based waxes through dihydroxylation of epoxidized high-oleic camelina oil. We found that longer fatty acid chain led to higher melting and crystallization temperatures of wax; We also synthesized several types of biobased epoxies with high reactivity and structure tunability based on an epoxy precursor. The newly developed bioepoxy showed outstanding performances compared to the commercial counterpart diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). Camelina oil has not shown any advantages compared to Castor oil for biobased epoxy applications. According to Life Cycle and economic analysis of Camelina-coproducts, for example, Adhesives, including sensitivity analyses, camelina field production (cradle to farm gate), camelina crushing (farmgate to meal protein), and adhesive manufacturing (meal protein to adhesive use), the price of camelina seeds need to be above $0.22/lb or yield needs to be higher than 2000 lb/ha in order for farmers to make even. Camelina meals should be lower than soybean meals in order for industry to accept for starting materials for adhesive productions. Commercial feasibility studies of the oil based resins and gums derived from camelina showed much promising features, however, the production of camelina is still a question in terms of sustainable yield.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: X. Zhu, D. Wang, N. Li, X. S. Sun, 2017. A Bio-Based Wood Adhesive from Camelina Protein (a Biodiesel Residue) and De-Polymerized Lignin with Improved Water Resistance, ACS Omega, DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01093
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: C. Li, X. Cai, J. Sung, H. Wang, S. H. Bossmann, and X. S. Sun, 2017, Fatty acid chain combined with cycloaliphatic rings via Amberlyst-15: a promising structure for a high bio-content epoxy design, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 55:794-800
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Ke Zhang, Zhenglin Tan, Chengci Chen, Xiuzhi Susan Sun, and Donghai Wang, 2017, Rapid Prediction of Camelina Seed Oil Content Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Energy&Fuels, 31: 5629?5634
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Xiangwei Zhu, Donghai Wang, Xiuzhi Susan Sun. 2017. Carbodiimide stabilizes the ultrasound-pretreated camelina protein structure with improved water resistance. Industrial Crops and Product. 97(2017) 196-200
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Li, Cong, Yonghui Li, Xiaoxia Cai, Hongwang Wang, Stefan H Bossmann, Jonggeun Sung, and Xiuzhi Susan Sun, 2016, Competitive Nucleophilic Attack Chemistry Based on Undecenoic Acid: A new Chemical Route for Plant Oil-based Epoxies. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 4: 5718-5729, DOI:10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01656
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Obeng, E., A. Obour, and N.O. Nelson. 2016. Seeding date effects on camelina seed yield and quality traits. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 2: Iss. 5.http://dx.doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.1228
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mohammed, Y.A., C. Chen, and R. Keshavarz-Afsha. 2017. Agronomic evaluation of camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) cultivars for biodiesel feedstock. Bioenerg. Res. 10:792-799. DOI 10.1007/s12155-017-9840-9
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: (15) Keshavarz Afshar, R., R. Lin, Y.A. Mohammed, C. Chen. 2017. Agronomic effects of urease and nitrification inhibitors on ammonia volatilization and nitrogen utilization in a dryland farming system: Field and laboratory investigation. J. Cleaner Production. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.105
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Mohammed, Y.A., and C. Chen. 2017. Nutrient requirements of camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) for biodiesel feedstock in central Montana. Agron. J. 109:1-8. doi:10.2134/agronj2016.03.0163
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Keshavarz Afshar, R., Y.A. Mohammed, and C. Chen. 2016. Enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizer effect on camelina production under conventional and conservation tillage practices. Industrial Crops and Products. 94: 783789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.09.043
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Sun, X. S. 2016, Biobased polymers and resins derived from plant oils for adhesives and coatings, 17th IUMRS (International Advanced Materials Conference), Symposium BB Biobased Materials , Qing Dao, China Oct. 21-24
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: G. Qi, N. Li, X. S. Sun, Y. Shi , D. Wang, 2016, Effects of glycerol and nanoclay on physiochemical properties of camelina gum-based films, Carbohydrate Polymers, 152: 747-754
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: X. Zhu, D. Wang, and X.S. Sun. 2016. Physic-chemical properties of camelina protein altered by sodium bisulfite and guanidine-HCl. Industrial Crops and Products 83(2016):453-461
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Li, Cong, J. Sung, X.S. Sun. 2016. Network from Dihydrocoumarin via Solvent-Free Metal-Mediated Pathway: A Potential Structure for Substantial Toughness Improvement of Epoxidized Plant Oil Materials. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2016, 4: 1231-1239
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: S. Pradyawong, G. Qi, N. Li, X.S. Sun, D. Wang. 2017. Adhesion properties of soy protein adhesives enhanced by biomass lignin. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 75(2017) 66-73
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Obour. A.K., C. Chen, H.Y. Sintim, K. McVay, P. Lamb, E. Obeng Y.A. Mohammed, Q. Khan, R.K. Afshar and V. D. Zheljazkov. 2017. Camelina sativa as a fallow replacement crop in wheat based crop production systems in the US Great Plains. Ind. Crops and Prod. 111:22-29
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Obour, A.K., E. Obeng, Y. A. Mohammed, I.A. Ciampitti, T.P. Durrett, J.A. Aznar-Moreno, and C. Chen. 2017. Camelina seed yield and fatty acids as influenced by genotype and environment. Agron. J. 109:947-956
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2017 Citation: Obeng, E., A. Obour, N.O. Nelson, I.A. Ciampitti, W. Donghai, and E.A. Santos. 2017. Cropping sequence influenced crop yield, soil water content, residue return, and CO2 efflux in wheat-camelina cropping system. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 3: Iss. 6. https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.7429
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: Sun, X. S. 2017, High performance resins and epoxies derived from plant oils and potential applications, 24th Bioenvironmental Polymers Society, Sep 20-22, Albany, CA
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: K. Zhang, Z. Tan, C. Chen, XS. Sun, D. Wang. 2016. Development of near infrared spectroscopy model for the quantitative determination of oil content of camelina. ASABE Annual Meeting, 7/16 to 7/20, 2016, Orlando, FL., US. Paper No. 162457471
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Jonggeun Sung and Xiuzhi Susan Sun. 2016. Bio-based Acryl Resins from Cardanol Modified Camelina Oil Fatty Acid for Coating Applications. Grain Science Graduate Student 9th Annual Symposium. October 15, International Grains Program Building, Manhattan, KS
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Keshavarz Afsha, R., Y. Mohammed, P. Lamb, A. Beckerman, and C. Chen. 2016. Diversification of wheat-based dryland cropping systems in the Northern Great Plains. ASA-CSSA-SSSA 2016 Annual Meeting, Nov. 6-9. Phoenix, AZ
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Obeng, E., A.K. Obour, N.O. Nelson, I.A. Ciampitti, and D. Wang. 2016. Response of dryland camelina to nitrogen and sulfur fertilizer. In Proc. of the Great Plains Soil Fertility Conf., Vol. 16:200-207.Denver, CO. March 1-2, 2016
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2017 Citation: S. Pradyawong, N. Li, Meng Zhang, XS. Sun, D. Wang. 2017. Effect of pH and pH-shifting on Lignin-Protein Interactions and Adhesion Performance of Lignin-Protein Polymer. ASABE Annual Meeting, 7/16 to 7/19, 2017, Spokane, WA., US
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2016 Citation: Obeng, E., A. K Obour, N. O. Nelson, I. A. Ciampitti, and D. Wang. 2016. Soil water content, CO2 flux, and crop yields in wheat-camelina cropping system. ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meeting, Nov. 6-9, 2016. Phoenix, AZ. In ASA-CSSA-SSSA Abstracts 2015 [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI

Progress 09/01/15 to 08/31/16

Outputs
Target Audience:All crop producers in the world, especially camelina producers in Montana, Wyoming, Kansas, and middle west great plains in the USA; Agricultural professionals; Biobased products/biofuel industries; Scientists in the field of plant science, biofuels, biomaterials, bioeconomy, etc. Changes/Problems:The project had a change in leadership at University of Wyoming in 2015. Dr. Valtcho Jeliazkov left the project when he moved to Oregon State University from the University of Wyoming. Mr. Thomas Foulke (Agricultural & Applied Economics) took over the lead in Wyoming, with field trial assistance from Dr. Kent McVay from the Montana State, Huntley research station. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Three undergraduate students, 11 graduate students, 7 postdocs/researchers have been trained during the reporting period. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results from this BRDI project were disseminated through various approaches including field tours, media interview, conference presentations, posters, and publications. EARC 2016 field day was organized on June 30, 2016, about 90 people attend the event. Drs. Yesuf Mohammed, Reza Kesharvarz Afshar, and Chengci Chen have given presentations at the American Society of Agronomy 2015 Meeting, and the 24th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition. Augustine Obour, gave a media interview on camelina production that appeared in the October 2014 issue of the Dryland No-Tiller E-Magazine: "Camelina: an alternative to fallowing ground". Two reports were published in the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports Vol. 1. Conference and publications: Please see "PRODUCTS" section. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?No change was made to the agency-approved plan.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The overall goal of this project is to make oilseed camelina a cost-effective bioenergy and biobased product feedstock. OUTPUTS BY OBJECTIVES: Objective 1. Optimization of camelina production technology and cropping systems, and conduct on-farm testing. (1) Camelina and wheat in the crop rotation studies were successfully harvest in 2015 at Havre (North MT) and Moccasin (Central MT). The yield and quality of the camelina and wheat were measured in the winter 2015. Data were analyzed in the spring 2016. (2) Variety evaluation for winter camelina were conducted at Havre, Huntley, and Moccasin sites. Winter camelina show some potential, but more studies are needed. In addition to the variety trial, a seeding rate and yield component study for winter camelina was conducted at the Eastern Agricultural Research Center of Montana State University. (3) Continued the winter wheat-camelina cropping systems study was established in fall 2013 at Hays, KS. Winter wheat yield in 2016 ranged from 2353 kg/ha for wheat-spring camelina to 2781 kg/ha with wheat-fallow. Average yield of spring camelina planted after wheat was 782 kg/ha, and that after sorghum in a 3-yr rotation was 512 kg/ha. Due to severe weed issues, no yield is reported for winter camelina. (4) Planting date and winter camelina variety trial: Treatments were three planting dates and three winter camelina cultivars (Bison, Joelle, and BSX-WG1). Yield of BSX-WG1 is not reported because of poor establishment across the three planting dates. Planting date had no effect on seed yield. Bison produced the highest yield (2019 kg/ha) across the three seeding dates and was significantly different from Joelle (1825 kg/ha). The relatively high seed yield in 2016 may be due to high precipitation during flowering and seed set. (5) Double cropping bioenergy trial: A field experiment was set up at KSU Research Farm, Manhattan, KS in fall 2015 to investigate the potential of bioenergy double cropping system using camelina and forage sorghum. Although there was no significant difference in yield, Bison produced more yield (472 kg/ha) compared to BSX-WG1 (369 kg/ha). The lower yields may due to poor establishment and competition from volunteer wheat that emerged in spring 2016. Forage sorghum was planted after camelina harvest in June. Objective 2. Bioproducts/Co-products development utilizing camelina meals and oils. (1) We have developed process technology to improve camelina gum processing efficiency and yield through spray drying. With new separation method, soluble polysaccharides (gums) can be harvested at high yield and low cost without using solvent. Although the gum viscosity decreased after spay it still has excellent properties for food and industrial applications. (2) We have developed and characterized camelina gum-based film and camelina gum-based nano-composite film products. Film-forming properties of camelina gum were evaluated, including film appearance and morphological, mechanical, water/light barrier, and thermal properties. With 4% selected nanoparticles, tensile strength of gum-based film increased from 43.2 to 54.6 MPa without change elongation property but improved water vapor permeability to desirable level. (3) We have developed camelina protein based adhesives. The dry adhesion strength of camelina protein adhesives mostly exhibited 100% wood cohesive failure which is similar to native soy protein adhesive. The wet adhesion performance of camelina protein has increased significantly from 0.58 to 1.0 MPa (without modification) compared with previous extraction methods. (4) We have developed approach to unfold and crosslink camelina protein. Selected salts modified protein improved hydrophobicity, which may be suitable for water-resistant materials. We have also identified an effective crosslink reagent to form amide bond between the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of camelina proteins, resulting in improved water resistance. (5) We have developed protein adhesives via blending with plant oil based fatty acids and polymerized fatty acids. We have demonstrated that soy protein modified with the plant oil based fatty acids and their polymers improved wet adhesion strength by up to 66.7% with fiber failure. (6) We have synthesized acrylic polyols from camelina oils and developed pressure sensitive adhesives. The acrylic polyol was copolymerized with selected acrylate chemicals to form tacky viscoelastic polymers. (7) We have developed transparent polymer films and wood coatings from epoxidized camelina oil (ECO) and acrylated camelina oils (AECO) and via UV polymerization. Polymerized AECO exhibited higher glass transition temperature, mechanical strength, crosslink density, and gloss value comparable to polymerized ECO. (8) We have developed novel plant oil-based waxes through dihydroxylation of epoxidized high-oleic camelina oil. We found that longer fatty acid chain led to higher melting and crystallization temperatures of wax. (9) We have synthesized several types of biobased epoxies with high reactivity and structure tunability. The newly developed bioepoxy showed outstanding performances compared to the commercial counterpart diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. Camelina oil has not shown any advantages compared to Castor oil for biobased epoxy applications. (10) We have developed a double network system based on metal-mediated ring-opening reaction of epoxides and dihydrocoumarin and epoxidized soybean oil. This network showed a great potential in toughening plant oil based epoxidized materials. (11) We have synthesized the acrylated engineered camelina oils and evaluated the potential for coating applications as well as compared with wild camelina oil. Results showed that acrylated wild camelina oil has highest acrylate functionality compared with acrylated high oleic and high omega-7 camelina oils. Based on our study, wild camelina oil is more promising for coating applications than engineered camelina oils. Objective 3. Commercialization of drop-in bioproducts derived from camelina. (1) We also evaluated the film-forming properties of the gum, including film appearance and morphological, mechanical, water/light barrier, and thermal properties. The formation of physically cross-linked networks in the film increased interfacial affinity between the gum matrix and intercalated nanoclay, contributing to the mechanical strength of the film. The camelina gum films with decreased water vapor permeability and decreased of ultraviolet light transmittance offers excellent potential applications as environmentally friendly food packaging materials. (2) We have demonstrated an innovative process for gum separation from camelina seed that enables the harvesting of protein fractions with greater yield, excellent purity and superior performance quality from the camelina endosperm. In addition, in collaboration with KSU, we developed process technology to improve camelina gum processing efficiency and separation yield trough spray drying. Objective 4. Life cycle and economic analyses of camelina feedstock from agronomic production to bioenergy and processed bioproducts. (1) Completed the Life Cycle of Camelina-based Adhesives Final Report, including sensitivity analyses, camelina field production (gradle to farmgate), camelina crushing (farmgate to meal protein), and adhesive manufacturing (meal protein to adhesive use). (2) Economic analysis has been conducted including incorporating the previously obtained camelina yield data into the economic models. We took this several steps further by estimating the product amounts (oil, protein gum, and meal) for the production process and sizing them to a production facility as outlined by the projects engineering study. We then estimated profitability for this size of facility and outlined some of the key factors that would be required for optimal production and marketability.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: R. Keshavarz-Afshar, Y.A. Mohammed, and C. Chen. 2015. Energy balance and greenhouse gas emission of dryland Camelina as influenced by tillage and nitrogen. Energy 91:1057-1063.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: N. Li, G. Qi, X.S. Sun, D. Wang. 2016. Investigation of the canola protein and oil used for wood adhesive. In: Bio-based Wood Adhesives: Preparation, Characterization, and Testing. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 9781498740746
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: G. Qi, N. Li, X.S. Sun, D. Wang. 2016. Effects of subunit composition on adhesive properties of soy protein isolate. In: Bio-based Wood Adhesives: Preparation, Characterization, and Testing. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 9781498740746
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: N. Li, G. Qi, X.S. Sun, D. Wang. 2016. Characterization of gums isolated from camelina seeds. Industrial Crops and Products, 83: 268-274
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: N. Li, G. Qi, X.S. Sun, D. Wang. 2015. Adhesion properties of camelina protein fractions isolated with different methods. Industrial Crops and Products, 69: 263-272.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: G. Qi, N. Li, X.S. Sun, D. Wang. 2016. Adhesive performance of camelina protein affected by extraction conditions. Transaction of the ASABE, 59(3): 1083-1090. (doi: 10.13031/trans.59.11686.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: X. Zhu, D. Wang, and X.S. Sun. 2016. Physic-chemical properties of camelina protein altered by sodium bisulfite and guanidine-HCl. Industrial Crops and Products 83(2016):453-461.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Y. Li, D. Wang, and X.S. Sun. 2015. Copolymers from epoxidized soybean oil and lactic acid oligomers for pressure-sensitive adhesives. RSC Advances 2015 (5):27256-27265.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: J.S. Mclaren, X.S. Sun. 2015. Can camelina compete as a feedstock for biobased products? Inform, November/December 2015, 26(10): 632-634.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: H.Y. Sintim, V.D. Zheljazkov, A.K. Obour, A.G. Garcia, and T.K. Foulke. 2016. Evaluating agronomic responses of camelina to seeding date under rain-fed conditions. Agron. J. 108:349-357.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: H.Y. Sintim, V.D. Zheljazkov, A.K. Obour, A.G. Garcia, and T.K. Foulke. 2016. Managing harvest time to control pod shattering in oilseed camelina. Agron. J. 108:489-494
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Mohammed, Y.A., C. Chen, and R. Keshavarz Afshar. Nutrient requirement of camelina (camelina sativa L.) as bioenergy feedstock. Synery in Science: Partnering for solutions. ASA-CSSA-SSSA 2015 Meeting. Nov. 15-18, Minneapolis, MN.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Mohammed, Y.A., and C. Chen. 2016. Cropping systems influence yield, protein concentration, and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat. ASA-CSSA-SSSA 2015 Meeting. Nov. 15-18, Minneapolis, MN.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: S. Pradyawong, G. Qi, N. Li, XS. Sun, D. Wang. 2016. Development of Lignin-Protein Based Adhesive. ASABE Annual Meeting, 7/16 to 7/20, 2016, Orlando, FL., US. Paper No. 162459327.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: E. Obeng, A.K. Obour, and N. O. Nelson. 2016. Seeding date effects on camelina seed yield and quality traits. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 2: Iss. 5.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: E. Obeng, A.K. Obour, N.O. Nelson, I.A. Ciampitti, and D. Wang. 2016. Response of dryland camelina to nitrogen and sulfur fertilizer. In Proc. of the Great Plains Soil Fertility Conf., 2016. Vol. 16:200-2007.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: E. Obeng, A.K. Obour, N.O. Nelson. 2015. Performance of camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) under semiarid conditions in Central Great Plains, USA. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, November 15-18, 2015.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: H.Y. Sintim, V.D. Jeliazkov, A.K. Obour, and A.G. Garcia. 2015. Camelina response to harvest times and harvest methods. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, November 15-18, 2015.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: J. McLaren, T. Boguski, B. Leven, A. Betzen, M. Daniel, N. Jangam, J. Schlup, D. Wang, and X.S. Sun. 2015. Development of Bioproducts from Camelina.12th International Phytotechnologies Conference, Manhattan, KS, 9/27-9/30/2015.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: H. Liu, C. Li, X.S. Sun. 2016. Soy based BIOH-Waterborne polyurethane improved wet strength of soy protein adhesives on wood. 107th AOCS, Annual Meeting, May 1 to 4th, Salt Lake City, UT.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: T. Boguski, J. McLaren, L. Erickson. 2015. LCA of Camelina Adhesive, an Emerging BioProduct. Paper Proceedings from the LCA XV International Conference, October 6-8, 2015 Vancouver, Canada.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: (3) Keshavarz-Afshar, Y.A. Mohammed, and C. Chen. 2016. Energy balance and greenhouse gas emission of dryland camelina as influenced by tillage and nitrogen. ASA-CSSA-SSSA 2015 Meeting. Nov. 15-18, Minneapolis, MN.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Keshavarz-Afshar, Y.A. Mohammed, and C. Chen. 2016. Intensified dryland cropping systems for biofeedstock production. The 24th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition. June 6-9, 2016. Amsterdam.

Progress 09/01/14 to 08/31/15

Outputs
Target Audience:All crop producers in the world, especially camelina producers in Montana, Wyoming, Kansas, and middle west great plains in the USA; Agricultural professionals; Biobased products/biofuel industries; Scientists in the field of plant science, biofuels, biomaterials, bioeconomy, etc. Changes/Problems:The project had a change in leadership at University of Wyoming in 2015. Dr. Valtcho Jeliazkov left the project when he moved to Oregon State University from the University of Wyoming. Mr. Thomas Foulke (Agricultural & Applied Economics) took over the lead in Wyoming, with field trial assistance from Dr. Kent McVay from the Montana State, Huntley research station. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?3 undergraduate students, 11 graduate students, 6 postdocs/researchers have been trained during the reporting period. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Results from this BRDI project were disseminated through various approaches including field tours, media interview, conference presentations, posters, and publications. A. Field day: Montana State University Central Agricultural Research Center 2015 field day was organized on July 16, 2015 (Dr. Chengci Chen, Co-PI of the project). The event attracted about 100 people. B. Media interview: Co-PI, Dr. Augustine Obour, gave a media interview on camelina production that appeared in the October 2014 issue of the Dryland No-Tiller E-Magazine: "Camelina: an alternative to fallowing ground". Two reports were published in the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports Vol. 1. C. BRDI Camelina project team organized the third annual meeting at Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS August 19-20, 2015, with approximately 20 participates including the PIs/ co-PIs, researchers, and graduate students. The event featured oral and poster presentations, various discussions. D. Conference and publications: Please see "PRODUCTS" section. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?No change was made to the agency-approved plan.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The overall goal of this project is to make oilseed camelina a cost-effective bioenergy and biobased product feedstock. OUTPUTS BY OBJECTIVES: Objective 1. Optimization of camelina production technology and cropping systems, and conduct on-farm testing. (1) In fall 2014, we continued crop rotation studies at four locations (Havre, MT; Moccasin, MT; Sheridan, WY; and Hays, KS). Including camelina in the rotation had no effect on wheat yield, and averaged seed yield for spring camelina was 1016 kg ha-1 in KS. Crops from other locations have been harvested, and we are processing samples and analyzing data. (2) We continued camelina variety evaluation and planting date trials. Winter camelina shows some potential at Havre and Moccasin sites, but more studies are needed. Planting date and spring camelina variety trials were continued at Hays in 2015. Average seed yield across planting date was 632, 510 and 390 kg ha-1 for Blain creek, Pronghorn and Shoshone, respectively. (3) We have conducted camelina fertility trial at Hays, Moccasin and the farmer's field at Pendroy, MT. Different combinations of nutrient rates were tested to find optimal fertilizer inputs. Application of S had no effect on camelina seed. Nitrogen application resulted in a linear increase in seed yield with maximum yield of 924 kg ha-1 occurring at 45 kg ha-1. (4) We have conducted on-farm demonstrations at Field Brothers Farm of MT. The on farm demonstration at MT included crop rotation with farm scale equipment and small plot variety and fertility evaluations. Objective 2. Bioproducts/Co-products development utilizing camelina meals and oils. (1) We have developed process technology for camelina seeds to improve processing efficiency, separation yield, and final product quality. With new technology, soluble polysaccharides (gums) and protein with high purity can be harvested at high yield and low cost; and glucosinolate content in camelina meal decreased significantly which increased meal values for food and feed applications. (2) We have developed and characterized camelina gum-based film and camelina gum-based nano-composite film. Glycerol content had significant effect on tensile strength and elongation of the camelina gum films. Tensile strength, elongation and thermal stability of the film increased as nano-clay loadings increased. (3) We have developed camelina protein based adhesives. The dry adhesion strength of camelina protein adhesives mostly exhibited 100% wood cohesive failure which is similar as soy protein adhesive without modification. The wet adhesion performance of camelina protein has increased significantly from 0.58 MPa to 1.0 MPa (without modification) compared with previous extraction methods. (4) We have developed approach to unfold and crosslink camelina protein. Sodium bisulfite modified protein had higher hydrophobicity than the guanidine-modified protein, which may be helpful for designing the water-resistant protein materials. We have identified an effective crosslink reagent to form amide bond between the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of camelina proteins, resulting in improved water resistance. We will evaluate wet adhesion strength of the crosslinked protein in the following year. . (5) We have developed protein adhesives via blending with plant oil based fatty acids and polymerized fatty acids. Soy protein modified with the plant oil based fatty acids and their polymers improved wet adhesion strength by up to 66.7% with fiber failure. We will apply these chemical pathways to camelina protein in the following year. (6) We have synthesized acrylic polyols from camelina oils and developed pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA). The acrylic polyol was copolymerized with 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA) to form tacky viscoelastic polymers. (7) We have developed transparent polymer films and wood coatings from epoxidized camelina oil (ECO) and acrylated camelina oils (AECO) and via UV polymerization. Polymerized AECO (pAECO) exhibited higher glass transition temperature, mechanical strength, crosslink density, and gloss value comparable to polymerized ECO (pECO). (8) We have developed novel plant oil-based waxes through dihydroxylation of epoxidized high-oleic camelina oil. We found that longer fatty acid chain led to higher melting and crystallization temperatures of wax. (9) We have synthesized several types of biobased epoxies with high reactivity and structure tunability based on an epoxy precursor. The newly developed bioepoxy showed outstanding performances compared to the commercial counterpart diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). (10) We have developed a double network system based on metal-mediated ring-opening reaction of epoxides and dihydrocoumarin (a renewable material) and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO). This network showed a great potential in toughening plant oil based epoxidized materials. Objective 3. Commercialization of drop-in bioproducts derived from camelina. (1) We have coupled our previously developed proprietary membrane separation process with a more cost effective method for processing raw camelina seeds to obtain greater yield protein fractions and a high purity carbohydrate/gum fraction that can further enhance commercial product application opportunities. The work defined a cost effective bioprocessing capability to isolate oil seed (camelina) protein fractions of interest for bio-based adhesive and other bio-based product applications. Results of this work will become the basis for developing an efficient process transformation for large scale harvesting of each of the value-add components from camelina seeds. (2) We have demonstrated an innovative process for de-hulling camelina seed and separating the bran from camelina seed that enables the harvesting of protein fractions with greater yield, excellent purity and superior performance quality from the camelina endosperm. This process improved the quality of gum from the bran. The protein had higher wet bonding strength when compared to the protein isolated with standard processing. Objective 4. Life cycle and economic analyses of camelina feedstock from agronomic production to bioenergy and processed bioproducts. (1) We have created a full LCA for the generation of soybean meal in order to make a comparison of camelina and soybean protein adhesives. LCA's for soybean production and crushing showed that field production of soybeans has the largest impact. Major contributing factors were the application of crop protection chemicals, and fertilizer manufacture. Comparison of the LCA's for camelina meal and soybean meal showed that soybean meal was equal to or superior to camelina meal in all the impact categories in 9 out of 10 impact categories. Camelina meal was superior only in the human health category of non-carcinogens which reflects the larger application of crop protection chemical in soybeans. (2) Using the cradle-to-farm gate LCA, formula inputs from the research team and previously developed facility design data, we have completed cradle-to-gate LCA models for three grades of camelina adhesives. Preliminary work is completed for screening level comparisons of the medium-grade camelina to soybean glue and urea-formaldehyde resin used to make plywood. Preliminary results show that on a cradle-to-gate basis, farming operations are responsible for the most environmental impacts of camelina adhesive manufacture. For camelina adhesive used to make interior plywood, the adhesive application process contributes the most environmental impacts for the total cradle-to-grave LCA. (3) Economic analysis has been conducted with multiple years of data from the locations of Montana, Wyoming, and Kansas. A complete suite of input costs, including implements, fuel, fertilizer and chemicals were outlined which assists the project in estimating a price level at which farmers may be attracted to grow camelina.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: C. Chen, A. Bekkerman, R. Keshavarz-Afshar, and K. Neil. 2015. Intensification of dryland cropping systems for bio-feedstock production: Evaluation of agronomic benefits of Camelina sativa. Industrial Crops and Products. 71:114-121.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: R. Keshavarz-Afshar, and C. Chen. 2015. Intensification of dryland cropping systems for bio-feedstock production: Energy analysis of camelina. BioEnergy Research. Published online: 27 June 2015.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: R. Keshavarz-Afshar, Y.A. Mohammed, and C. Chen. 2015. Energy balance and greenhouse gas emission of Dryland Camelina as influenced by tillage and nitrogen. Energy (accepted).
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: H.Y. Sintim, Valtcho D. Zheljazkov, A.K. Obour, A. G. Garcia, and T.K. Foulke. 2015. Influence of nitrogen and sulfur application on camelina performance under dryland conditions. Ind. Crop Prod. 70:253-259.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: (5) A.K. Obour, H.Y. Sintim, E. Obeng, and V.D. Jeliazkov. 2015. Oilseed Camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz): production systems, prospects and challenges in the USA Great Plains. Adv. Plants Agric. Res. 2(2):00042. DOI: 10.15406/apar.2015.02.00043.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: N. Kim, Y. Li, X.S. Sun. 2015. Epoxidation of Camelina sativa oil and peel adhesion properties. Industrial Crops and Products, 64, 1-8.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Y. Li, X.S. Sun. 2015. Camelina oil derivatives and adhesion properties. Industrial Crops and Products, 73, 73-80.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Y. Li, X.S. Sun. 2015. Synthesis and characterization of acrylic polyols and polymers from soybean oils for pressure-sensitive adhesives. RSC Advances, 5, 44009-44017.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Y. Li, D. Wang, X.S. Sun. 2015. Copolymers from epoxidized soybean oil and lactic acid oligomers for pressure-sensitive adhesives. RSC Advances, 5, 27256-27265.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Y. Li, X.S. Sun. 2015. Polyols from epoxidized soybean oil and alpha hydroxy acids and adhesion properties from UV polymerization. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2015.07.013.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Y. Li, D. Wang, X.S. Sun. 2015. Oxirane cleavage kinetics of epoxidized soybean oil by water and UV?polymerized resin adhesion properties. J Am Oil Chem Soc, 92 (1), 121-131.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: N. Li, G. Qi, X.S. Sun, and D. Wang. 2015. Adhesion property of camelina protein fractions isolated with different sequences. Industrial Crops and Products, 69, 263-272.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: (2) E. Obeng and Obour, A. 2015. Seeding date effects on camelina seed yield and quality traits. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 1: Iss. 2. (3) E. Obeng and Obour, A. 2015. Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilization Effects on Camelina Sativa in West Central Kansas. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports: Vol. 1: Iss. 3. (4) C. Chen. 2014. Alternative cropping systems for central Montana shallow soils. Abstract. ASA, CSSA, &SSSA International Annual Meeting, Nov. 2-5, 2014. Long Beach, CA. (5) C. Chen, R. Keshavarz-Afshar, and A. Bekkerman. 2015. Intensified dryland cropping systems for food and fuel production. Western Society of Crop Science Annual Meeting, June 16-17, Logan , UT. (6) R. Keshavarz-Afshar, and C. Chen. 2015. Intensified dryland cropping systems for food and fuel production. S1041 Multistate Committee Annual Meeting and Symposium. August 10-11, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH. (7) E. Obeng, A.K. Obour, N.O. Nelson. 2015. Performance of camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) under semiarid conditions in Central Great Plains, USA. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, November 15-18, 2015. (8) H.Y. Sintim, V.D. Jeliazkov, A. K. Obour, and A.G. Garcia. 2015. Camelina response to harvest times and harvest methods. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, November 15-18, 2015. (9) H.Y. Sintim, V.D. Jeliazkov, A. K. Obour. 2015. Camelina (Camelina sativa Crantz) response to different harvest stages. Pacific Northwest Oilseed & Direct Seed Conference. Kennewick, WA, January 20-22, 2015. (10) X.S. Sun. 2014. Biobased materials and applications, College of Engineering, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin, China, June 10, 2014 (11) X.S. Sun. 2014. Biobased adhesives and resins derived from camelina oilseeds, Multi States S1041, New Orleans, Aug. 4-5, 2014. (12) X.S. Sun. 2014. Biobased resins from oilseeds, Plenary Speaker, 22nd Bioenvironmental Polymers Society, Kansas City, KS Oct 14-17. (13) X.S. Sun. 2015. Oilseeds as a Platform Feedstock for Biobased Polymers and Applications, Keynote speaker, In Honor Richard Wool Symposium, 19th Green Chemistry and Engineering, July 14-16, 2015 MD. (14) Y. Li, X.S. Sun. Pressure-sensitive adhesives and coatings from camelina oils. 19th Green Chemistry & Engineering Conference, July 14-16, 2015, oral presentation, N. Bethesda, MD.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: (15) C. Li, J. Sung, X.S. Sun. 2015. Substantial improvement of epoxidized plant oil materials via double networks. 19th Green Chemistry & Engineering Conference, July 14-16, 2015, poster presentation, N. Bethesda, MD. (16) Y. Li, X.S. Sun. 2014. Synthesis of soybean oil polyols and pressure-sensitive adhesive applications. 2014 Bio-environmental Polymer Society Annual Meeting. October 14-17. Oral presentation. Kansas City, MO. (17) Y. Li, D. Wang, X.S. Sun. Epoxidized and acrylated camelina oils for UV curable wood coatings. 3rd USDA NIFA BRDI Camelina Project Meeting, August 19-20, 2015, poster presentation, Manhattan, KS. (18) J. Sung, Y. Li, X.S. Sun. Thermal properties of dihydroxyl fatty acid derivatives for bio-based wax applications. 3rd USDA NIFA BRDI Camelina Project Meeting, August 19-20, 2015, poster presentation, Manhattan, KS. (19) J. Sung, Y. Li, X.S. Sun. 2014. Soybean oil based resin for transparent flexible coating applications. Bio-environmental Polymer Society Annual Meeting. 2014 October 14-17. Oral presentation. Kansas City, MO. (20) M. Kim, X.S. Sun. Physicochemical properties and shear adhesion strength of protein-based. Bio-environmental Polymer Society Annual Meeting. 2014 October 14-17. Poster presentation. Kansas City, MO. (21) N. Kim, Y. Li, X.S.Sun. Epoxidation and di-hydroxylation of camelina sativa oil. Bio-environmental Polymer Society Annual Meeting. 2014 October 14-17. Poster presentation. Kansas City, MO. (22) H. Liu, X.S. Sun. Soy Oil Derived Waterborne Polyurethane Improve Wet Adhesion Strength of Soy Protein Wood Adhesives. K-State Research Forum, poster presentation, March, 31, 2015, Manhattan, KS (23) H. Liu, C. Li, X.S. Sun. Physical and Chemical Properties Study of Undecylenic Acid (UA) Modified Soy Protein Isolates (SPI) based Adhesives. BioEnvironmental Polymer Society 2014, oral presentation, October 14-17, 2014, Kansas City, Missouri (24) H. Liu, C. Li, X.S. Sun. Physical and Chemical Properties Study of Undecylenic Acid (UA) Modified Soy Protein Isolates (SPI) based Adhesives. Research and the State poster session, October, 28, 2014, Manhattan, KS (25) X. Zhu, D. Wang, X.S. Sun. Chemical Modification of Camelina Protein for Improved Adhesion Properties. 22nd annual meeting of the Bio-Environmental Polymer Society, Poster presentation, October 14-17, 2014, Kansas City, Mo. (26) C. Li, J. Sung, X.S. Sun. 2014. Flexibility improvement of soybean oil based coatings. 2014 Bio-environmental Polymer Society Annual Meeting. October 14-17, poster presentation, Kansas City, MO. (27) G. Qi, X.S. Sun. 2014. Development of high performance of soy protein adhesives based on soy protein and Sodium Montmorillonite clay. 2014 Bio-environmental Polymer Society Annual Meeting. October 14-17. Poster Presentation. Kansas City. MO.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: J. Sung, Y. Li, X.S. Sun. 2015. Plasticization effects of dihydroxyl soybean oil improve flexibilities of epoxy-based films for coating applications. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 132, 41773.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: H. Liu, C. Li, X.S. Sun. 2015. Improved Water Resistance in Undecylenic Acid (UA)-Modified Soy Protein Isolate (SPI)-Based Adhesives. Industrial Crops and Products, 74:577-584

Progress 09/01/13 to 08/31/14

Outputs
Target Audience: All crop producers in the world, especially camelina producers in Montana, Wyoming, Kansas, and middle west great plains in the USA; Agricultural professionals; Biobased products/biofuel industries; Scientists in the field of plant science, biofuels, biomaterials, bioeconomy, etc. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? 4 undergraduate students, 10 graduate students, 7 postdocs/researchers have been trained through this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Results from this BRDI project were disseminated through various approaches including field tours, conference presentations, posters, and publications A. Field tour: Field day and crop tours were organized at the Montana State University Central Agricultural Research Center (MSU), Kansas State University Western Kansas Agricultural Research Center-Hays (KSU), and University of Wyoming Sheridan Research and Extension Center (UW), respectively. The field day at the MSU attracted more than 120 participants, the field day at KSU had over 100 people attending the plot tours, and the field day at UW was also well-attended. The PIs of the BRDI project gave several presentations to farmers about camelina production at the field day. The presentations were well received by the audience. Several reports on the project were published in the Field Day Bulletins. B. BRDI Camelina project team organized the second annual meeting at Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS July 22, 2014, with approximately 30 participates including the PIs/ co-PIs, researchers, and graduate students. 12 oral presentations were presented by the PIs/PIs and 9 posters were also delivered by the students/researchers. C. Conference and publications: Please see “PRODUCTS” section. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The overall goal of this project is to make oilseed camelina a cost-effective bioenergy and biobased product feedstock. OUTPUTS BY OBJECTIVES: Objective 1. Optimization of camelina production technology and cropping systems, and conduct on-farm testing. (1) In fall 2013, we continued crop rotation studies at six locations. At the three MT locations, alternative crop rotations including camelina were compared to traditional fallow-winter wheat system. At WY locations, we also evaluated camelina as a replacement of fallow in winter wheat cropping systems. At KS location, we successfully established wheat-camelina cropping systems study in fall 2013. Winter wheat grain yield ranged from 1277 to 1344 kg ha-1. Camelina seed yield averaged 411 kg ha-1 for winter camelina and 549 kg ha-1 for spring camelina. (2) We continued camelina variety evaluation trials and planting date trials at five locations. Seeding camelina early in March at KS resulted in lower yields of 346 kg ha-1 compared to 634 and 614 kg ha-1 when camelina was planted in April 1, and April 17, respectively. Agronomic performance of five spring camelina cultivars (Blaine creek, Pronghorn, Ligena, Suneson, and Shoshone) with respect to three seeding dates (initial dates were April 11, 24 and May 05, 2014) were established at WY. (3) We have conducted camelina fertility trial at MT, KS, and WY. Different combinations of nutrient rates were tested to find optimal fertilizer inputs in MT. Camelina nitrogen and sulfur fertility study was established at ShREC of WY on April 11, 2014. They have been harvested and currently being sieved and cleaned. Camelina nitrogen and sulfur fertility study was planted on April 15, 2014 at Hays, KS. Nitrogen application resulted in a linear increase in seed yield with maximum yield of 959 kg ha-1 occurring at 45 kg ha-1. (4) We have conducted on-farm demonstrations at Field Brothers Farm of MT and Mr. John Buyok’s farm of WY. The on farm demonstration at MT included crop rotation with farm scale equipment and small plot variety and fertility evaluations. This year the cooperating tried dormant seeding camelina. The on farm demonstration at WY included crop rotation of camelina as a replacement of fallow in winter wheat cropping systems. (5) The economic portion of the project will commence when field crop production data becomes available later in 2014. Objective 2. Bioproducts/Co-products development utilizing camelina meals and oils. (1) We have developed procedures for isolation of camelina protein, protein fractions, and sodium bisulfite modified protein from camelina meal. Sodium bisulfite was used as a reducing agent to cleavage S-S bond of camelina protein. We further used tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine to unfold the structure of isolated camelina protein and build its structure-property relationship. (2) We have isolated and characterized three gums from camelina. The gums are very stable at large temperature and pH range and in the high concentration ethanol and salt solutions. (3) We have developed camelina protein based adhesives. The dry adhesion strength of camelina protein adhesives exhibited 100% wood cohesive failure at high press temperature, which is similar as soy protein adhesive without modification. Currently, we are developing methods to increase wet strength of camelina protein adhesives through protein modification by chemicals, cross-linking and reaction with other types of proteins. (4) We also developed soy protein adhesives through enzyme (trypsin) and nanoparticle modification, which may also be applied to camelina protein. Adhesion properties, especially the water resistance were largely improved. (5) We have developed methods to improve water resistance of protein adhesives through grafting of hydrophobic fatty acids onto polypeptides. The modified protein adhesives had 100% cohesive wood failure for dry adhesion test, and wet strength was improved by 35%-62% compared with unmodified protein adhesive. (6) We have optimized camelina oil epoxidation parameters and some dihydroxylation parameters. Maximal epoxy content of 7.52 wt% with a conversion rate of 76.34% was obtained. We evaluated ECO and DCO for pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) applcations. (7) We have synthesized acrylic polyols from camelina oils and developed resins and adhesives. We found that acrylic polyols containing appropriate acrylate and hydroxyl functionalities led to high-performance/ flexible PSAs. (8) We have developed novel bio-based coating materials through cationic ring-opening photopolymerization of dihydroxyl soybean oil (DSO) with commercial epoxy monomers. (9) We have developed novel bio-based epoxy monomers with high reactivity and structure tenability. The monomer showed some unique properties and promising performances as function materials. (10) We have completed a facility design for producing camelina-based adhesive from defatted camelina meal, which includes materials and energy inputs, equipment and operating cost estimates and product and byproduct outputs. We developed a gate-to-gate LCA model of manufacturing camelina-based adhesive from defatted camelina meal based on the designed manufacturing facility. Objective 3. Commercialization of drop-in bioproducts derived from camelina. (1) We have refined systems for hexane removal of excess oil from camelina meal to better conform to standard requirement. We continued to provide product to the BRDI research team, provided expertise on production, and optimized product (oil-free meal) production. (2) We continued to focus on defining a cost effective pilot-scale bioprocessing capability to isolate protein fractions of interest for bio-based adhesive applications. We have conducted initial pilot trials to demonstrate a “proof of concept” for using a proprietary membrane separation technology to obtain purified protein fractions from a soy meal feedstock. (3) We have conducted experiments to effectively process camelina seeds to obtain a high purity carbohydrate/gum fraction, oil fraction, and a meal component ready for protein extraction and separation. In lab experiments we have demonstrated that this gum has unique properties compared to a widely used commercial alginate gum. (4) We have tested marketing of camelina oil for feed additive in equine rations and camelina meal for garden and potted plant fertilizer and water conservation. (5) We have provided small intermediate samples (both protein and oil based) to industries for evaluation. The feedbacks from industrials were positive and encouraging. Objective 4. Life cycle and economic analyses of camelina feedstock from agronomic production through to bioenergy and processed bioproducts. (1) We have used the SimaPro software and completed a full LCA of camelina under ISO:14044 standards that contained an inventory of over 2,000 process steps. Camelina analyses included crush and production activities with system boundaries. The crush LCA (for oil or meal) showed that the production of camelina was the largest impact activity. The production base LCA was for camelina grown under dryland no-till production in Montana. The inventory included secondary and tertiary process (e.g. environmental impact from manufacturing of equipment for field work) with quantification from ecoinvent US-EI2.2 datasets. Impact assessment (LCIA) was performed using ReCiPe and TRACI methods and the results led to conclusions that were similar for both methods. (2) We continued to collect and analyze camelina production and economic data for the Northern Great Plains (focus on Montana) to provide a baseline for the agronomic performance, across varieties and for dryland and rainfall locations.

Publications

• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: C. Chen. 2014. A Camelina Sativa Production System in Central Montana and its Effect on Soil and Environment. Impact of Bioenergy Cropping on Soil and Environment Symposium. The 20th World Congress of Soil Science. June 8-13, 2014, Jeju, Korea. C. Chen, M. Bestwick, and Y.A. Mohammed. 2014. Crop Rotation and Nitrogen Management in a Shallow Soil at Central Montana. Western Society of Crop Science Annual Conference, July 8-9, 2014. Bozeman, MT. M. Bestwick. 2014. Using the Aqucrop Model to Assess the Long-Term Performance of Replacing Summer Fallow in Montanas Wheat-Based Systems. Western Society of Crop Science Annual Conference, July 8-9, 2014. Bozeman, MT. C. Chen, and M. Bestwick. 2014. A Camelina Production System in Central Montana and its Agronomic and Environmental Benefits. Biomass 2014. July 29-30, 2014. The U.S. Department of Energys Bioenergy Technology Office. Washington, D.C. C. Chen, M. Bestwick, and Y. Mohammed. 2014. Incorporating Camel;ina Sativa into Wheat-Based Cropping Systems. S-1041 Science and Engineering for a Biobased Industry and Economy Poster Symposium. August 4-6, New Orleans, LA. Y. Li, X. S. Sun. 2014. Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives from Vegetable Oils. Pressure-Sensitive Tape Council Tape Summit 2014, April 28-May 2, 2014, poster presentation, Nashville, TN. X. Zhu, D. Wang, X. S. Sun. 2014. Chemical Modification of Camelina Protein for Improved Adhesion Properties. 2nd USDA NIFA BRDI Camelina Project Annual Meeting, poster presentation, July 22, Manhattan, KS. M. Kim, X. S. Sun. 2014. Physicochemical properties and shear adhesion strength of protein-based. 2nd USDA NIFA BRDI Camelina Project Annual Meeting, poster presentation, July 22, Manhattan, KS. G. Qi, X. S. Sun. 2014. Soy protein adhesives modified by Sodium Montmorillonite (Na-MMT). 2nd USDA NIFA BRDI Camelina Project Annual Meeting, poster presentation, July 22, Manhattan, KS. H. Liu, C. Li, X. S. Sun. 2014. The Effects of Undecylenic Acid on Water Resistance of Soy Protein Adhesives. 2nd USDA NIFA BRDI Camelina Project Annual Meeting, poster presentation, July 22, Manhattan, KS. N. Kim, Y. Li, X. S. Sun. 2014. Epoxidation and di-hydroxylation of camelina sativa oil. 2nd USDA NIFA BRDI Camelina Project Annual Meeting, poster presentation, July 22, Manhattan, KS. J. Sung, Y. Li, X. S. Sun. 2014. Plasticization effects of dihydroxyl soybean oil improve flexibilities of epoxy-based films for coating applications. 2nd USDA NIFA BRDI Camelina Project Annual Meeting, poster presentation, July 22, Manhattan, KS. C. Li, J. Sung, X. S. Sun. 2014. Flexibility Improvement of Soybean Oil based Coatings. 2nd USDA NIFA BRDI Camelina Project Annual Meeting, poster presentation, July 22, Manhattan, KS. Y. Li, X. S. Sun. 2014. Adhesives and Films from Camelina Oil Derivatives. 2nd USDA NIFA BRDI Camelina Project Annual Meeting, poster presentation, July 22, Manhattan, KS.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: A.K. Obour. 2013. Optimizing camelina production for dryland cropping systems. Tear Down the Walls Annual Meetings, Colby, KS, August 14-15, 2013. A.K. Obour, J.J. Nachtman, and R.E. Baumgartner. 2013. Planting method and seeding date affects winter camelina establishment and yield. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Tampa, FL, November 3-6, 2013. A.S. Mohammed, C. Chen. The Effect of Enhanced Nitrogen Fertilizer Use to Reduce Nitrogen Oxide Emission under Different Cropping Systems in Central Montana. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA 2013 International Annual Meetings, November 3-6, Tampa, FL.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: (1) G. Qi, N. Li, D. Wang, and X.S. Sun. 2013. Adhesion and physicochemical properties of soy protein modified by sodium bisulfite. J. the American Oil Chemists Society 90(12): 1917-1926.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: (2) M. Kim; X. S. Sun. Adhesion Properties of Soy Protein Crosslinked with Organic Calcium Silicate Hydrate Hybrids. 2014. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 131(17). (3) N. Li, G. Qi, S. Bean, D. Blackwell, X.S. Sun, D. Wang. 2014. Isolation and Characterization of Protein Fractions from Camelina Meal. Transaction of the ASABE 57(1):169-178. (4) Y. Li, X. S. Sun. 2014. Di-Hydroxylated Soybean Oil Polyols with Varied Hydroxyl Values and Their Influence on UV-Curable Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. 91 (8), 1425-1432.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: H.Y. Sintim, V.D. Jeliazkov, A.K. Obour, A. Garcia y Garcia, T.K. Foulke, and D. Smith. Camelina as an Alternative Crop in Wheat-Fallow Rotation, Agricultural Experiment Station 2014; Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. H.Y. Sintim, V.D. Jeliazkov, A.K. Obour, A. Garcia y Garcia, T.K. Foulke, and J. Vardiman. Seeding Date and Cultivar Affects Growth and Yield of Camelina. Experiment Station 2014; Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. H.Y. Sintim, V.D. Jeliazkov, A.K. Obour, A. Garcia y Garcia, T.K. Foulke, and J. Vardiman. Effects of Nitrogen and Sulfur Application on Camelina. Experiment Station 2014; Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. H.Y. Sintim, V.D. Jeliazkov, A.K. Obour, A. Garcia y Garcia, T.K. Foulke. The Effects of Seeding Date, Cultivar, and Nitrogen on the Performance of Camelina. Experiment Station 2014; Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. H.Y. Sintim, V.D. Jeliazkov, A.K. Obour, A. Garcia y Garcia, T.K. Foulke. Optimizing Camelina Feedstock Production for Fallow Replacement in Wheat-Fallow Rotation. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, Nov. 2-5, 2014. H.Y. Sintim, V.D. Jeliazkov, A.K. Obour, A. Garcia y Garcia, T.K. Foulke. Camelina as a Replacement for Fallow in Wheat-Fallow Rotation. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Long Beach, CA, Nov. 2-5, 2014.

Progress 09/01/12 to 08/31/13

Outputs
Target Audience: All crop producers in the world, especially camelina producers in Montana, Wyoming, Kansas, and middle west great plains in the USA; Biobased products industries; Scientists in the field of plant science, biofuels, biomaterials, bioeconomy, etc. Changes/Problems: The lead PI of the subaward in Wyoming, Dr. Augustine Obour has accepted a faculty position with Kansas State University at Hays KS. He will conduct additional cropping systems study in Kansas for this project. Dr. Valtcho D. Jeliazkov has taken the responsibility in Wyoming to continue cropping systems study. This change will have positive impact on the project. Budget and arrangement has been approved by USDA NIFA, KSU, and U of Wyoming accordingly. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? 1 undergraduate student, 7 graduate students, 6 postdocs/researchers have been trained through this project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? (1) Results from this BRDI project were disseminated through various approaches including field tours, conference presentations, posters, and publications A. Field tour: Field day and crop tours were organized at the Northern Agricultural Research Center (NARC, MSU), Central Agricultural Research Center (CARC, MSU), the Field Brothers Farm (Montana), and University Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station (UWAES), respectively. The field day at the CARC attracted more than 150 participants, and the field day at the NARC had over 100 people attending the plot tours. The PIs of the BRDI project gave three presentations to farmers about camelina production, economics, co-product development, and life cycle analysis at the CARC. The presentations were well received by the audience. A report on the project was published in the 2013 issue of the UWAES Field Day Bulletin. The field day bulletin has a wide reach. In addition, preliminary results from the winter camelina study were presented to producers at a Camelina Producers Meeting in Pine Bluffs, WY on 17 May, 2013; Six presentations were delivered at the 2013 ASABE International Meeting in Kansas City, MO, on July 21-24, 2013. B. Conference: Please see “PRODUCTS-Other publications, conference papers and presentations” section. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? No change was made to the agency-approved plan.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The overall goal of this project is to make oilseed camelina a cost-effective bioenergy and biobased product feedstock. OUTPUTS BY OBJECTIVES: Objective 1. Optimizaation of camelina production technology and cropping systems, and conduct on-farm testing. (1) We have conducted winter camelina winter-survivability trials at both Moccasin, MT (Bison variety) and Lingle, WY (Bison and BSX-WGI varieties) locations. The two winter camelina varieties in Lingle showed promise for winter survival. However, planting after October 16 2012 resulted in poor emergence and poor plant stand establishment. Seed yield of BSX-WGI was greater than Bison. Seedling emergence, stand establishment and seed yield were significantly greater when camelina was planted with the hoe drill than that planted with disc drill. (2) We have conducted spring camelina variety evaluation trials at four locations (Havre, MT; Moccasin, MT; Sheridan, WY; Hays, KS). The varieties planted in MT were Blaine Creek, Calena, Ligena, Pronghorn, Shoshone, and Suneson, and those planted in WY and KS were Blaine creek, Pronghorn, Shoshone, Bison, and BSX-WGI. Plots in MT and WY are still being harvested and yields will be calculated. Results in KS showed that planting date and cultivar had significant effect on seed yield. Early planting (i.e., by 4/3/13) resulted in greater seed yield compared to later seeding dates. (3) We have conducted spring camelina fertility trial at three locations: MT (different rate combinations of N, P, K, and S.), KS (N and S), and WY (N and S). Results in KS showed significant response to S application. Application of N increased camelina seed yield. Results in MT and WY are being collected. (4) We have initiated crop rotation studies at five locations (Havre, MT; Moccasin, MT; Huntley, MT; ShREC, WY; and Ranchester, WY) in the fall of 2012. Additional cropping systems study will be initiated in the fall of 2013 in Hays, KS. (5) We have conducted on-farm demonstrations at Field Brothers Farm, MT. Camelina was planted in the spring of 2013 using farm scale machinery. A farm tour was organized on July 8, 2013. Camelina was harvested in early August. Due to a severe hail on July 31, the seed yield is expected to be low. (6) We have gathered background information from existing studies for economic analysis. The economics portion of the project will commence when field crop production data becomes available later in 2013. Objective 2. Bioproducts/Co-products development utilizing camelina meals and oils. (1) We have successfully isolated and characterized protein fractions (albumin, globulin, and glutelin) from camelina meal based on their solubility using three different processing procedures. Physicochemical properties of the isolated protein factions including solubility, amino acids profiles, molecular weight, thermal and morphological properties were also characterized. Protein yield reached 88.20%. Glutelin was the major fraction (64.64%), followed by globulin (17.67%), and albumin (10.54%). Essential amino acids accounted for approximately 40% of the total amino acids in camelina protein. (2) We have isolated and characterized gum from camelina. Gum 2 (G2) has a higher polysaccharides content (75.1%) than gum 1 (G1) (37.6%) and more transparent than G1. G2 showed higher apparent viscosity and storage modulus and were more temperature and pH tolerance compared with G1. G2 also showed higher viscosities, storage (G’), and viscous modulus (G”) than some commercial gums at the same concentrations. (3) We have designed and synthesized protein based adhesives. Soy protein was used and modified as comparative studies to camelina proteins. We have improved the adhesion of soy protein adhesion using nano clay based particles and inorganic calcium silicate hydrate cross-link agent. Camelina protein will be prepared and blended with soy proteins for adhesive applications. (4) We have characterized the properties of camelina oil. The fatty acid profiles were obtained using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The average degree of unsaturation (double bonds ) of camelina oil was calculated to be 5.9, which was much larger than that of soybean oil (4.6). (5) We have successfully converted camelina oil into epoxidized camelina oil (ECO) following soybean oil epoxidation protocol with modification. ECO is an important intermediate for downstream processing through chemical reactions for resins for adhesives, coatings and plastics. Di-hydroxylized soybean oil was synthesized from epoxidized soybean oil for pressure sensitive adhesives for various tape uses. Di-hydroxylized camelina oil will be synthesized following similar approach with modifications. (6) We have prepared oil based resins for adhesives and coatings applications. The work conducted during the past year was mainly focused on soybean oils as benchmark. Camelina oil resins will be prepared similarly and used alone or as drop-in resins with soybean oils. Thermal stable and transparent pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) tapes were developed from ESO and DSO. We have also studied the resin formulations for coating applications. (7) We have identified three comparable adhesives (soybean based adhesives, urea-formaldehyde adhesive, and polyvinyl acetate adhesive) to camelina oil and meal based adhesives for life cycle analysis at molecular level. We used published LCI data (CORRIM, 2009) to complete an impact assessment of 1kg (65% solids) of urea-formaldehyde adhesive using SimaPro LCA software. This LCA will eventually be used in comparison to camalina-based adhesives. The work is ongoing. Objective 3. Commercialization of drop-in bioproducts derived from camelina. (1) We have developed facilities to extract oil and separate meals from camelina seed based on two methods: hexane extract and cold-pressing. A hexane unit was built which is capable of producing up to 40 gal/day of fully defatted camelina meal. Mechanical methods for efficiently removing mucilage have not been very successful. These studies are ongoing. (2) We have established industrial partnership for pilot scale and large scale protein adhesive production from camelina meal. Both centrifugation and filtration methods will be tested. We have completed a service agreement with IBI (Insight Bioscience Innovations, WI) on the use of membrane separation technology as a comparative to traditional centrifugation processing. Initial experiments with camelina seeds and soy protein meal have shown that the membrane separation process can be effective in obtaining oil and meal components and for water removal in protein modified mixtures. (3) We have provided small intermediate samples (both protein and oil based) to industry (Henkel, SBT, Elmer’s) for evaluation. The feedbacks from industrials were positive and encouraging. Objective 4. Life cycle and economic analyses of camelina feedstock from agronomic production through to bioenergy and processed bioproducts. (1) The Simapro LCA software was installed along with updated databases including Ecoinvent and US-IE2.2, and the latest updates installed for the assessment methods, ReCiPe and Traci 2v4. The basic operations and structure of the data has been evaluated for application to camelina: the camelina LCA model is being built and is ongoing. The basic LCA system boundaries have been defined for camelina production and initial processing (crushing) to deliver oil and meal, and communicated to the team. (2) Camelina production and economic data for the Northern Great Plains (focus on Montana) has been collected and analyzed to provide a baseline for the agronomic performance, across varieties and for dryland and rainfall locations: the data and charts have been provided to the team and is being incorporated into the LCA.

Publications

• Type: Other Status: Accepted Year Published: 2013 Citation: A.K. Obour, and T. Foulke. Optimizing camelina production for fallow replacement in dryland cropping systems. Agricultural Experiment Station, 2013, Field Days Bulletin, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. N. Li, D. Wang, X.S. Sun, and G. Qi. Isolation and characterization of camelina proteins from camelina meal (Paper No. 131591989). 2013 ASABE International Meeting, July 21-24, 2013, Kansas City, MO. Y. Li, X.S. Sun. Environmentally Benign Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives from Soybean Oils. 2013 ASABE International Meeting, July 21-24, 2013, oral presentation (Paper No. 131587024) Kansas City, MO. J. Sung, Y. Li, X.S. Sun. Soybean Oil Based Resin for Transparent Flexible Coatings in Food Packaging. 2013 ASABE International Meeting, July 21-24, 2013, oral presentation (Paper No. 131620877) Kansas City, MO. N. Kim, Y. Li, X.S. Sun. Epoxidation of Camelina Oil for Biopolymer Industry Applications. 2013 ASABE International Meeting, July 21-24, 2013, oral presentation (Paper No. 131620826) Kansas City, MO. G. Qi, N. Li, D. Wang, X.S. Sun. Adhesion and physicochemical properties of soy protein adhesives modified by sodium bisulfate. 2013 ASABE International Meeting, July 21-24, 2013, oral presentation (Paper No. 131618387) Kansas City, MO. M. Kim, X.S. Sun. Design, synthesis and characterization of soy protein -calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) biocomposites for adhesives. 2013 ASABE International Meeting, July 21-24, 2013, oral presentation (Paper No. 131620425) Kansas City, MO.