Progress 09/01/12 to 08/31/17
Outputs
Target Audience:The NADP provides fundamental measurements that support informed decisions on environmental and agricultural issues related to precipitation and deposition chemistry, as well as atmospheric mercury and ammonia. NADP data are relevant to a wide audience and available to all. Data from our monitoring effort are used by a wide range of scientists for a number of research topic areas (see publications). Our data are used by policymakers to make informed decisions on agriculturally important topics. Our data are also used in many different educational areas including chemical, agricultural, and environmental sciences; are used at many different educational levels including elementary, secondary and post-secondary; and are used for many different theses and dissertations (see publication record). All data are available free of charge via the NADP website (nadp.isws.illinois.edu). Changes/Problems:There were no major changes/problems with the NADP approach. The NADP is an ongoing research support and monitoring project. However, we are always trying to add value to our data, and therefore add to the goals. A change in equipment (digital precipitation gages) did occur over the past five years, but this did not change the project approach. However, it did improve the quality of the data collected with the addition and availability of digital and sub-hourly precipitation data. We have now added about 245 digital raingages to replace the older mechanical gages of the historic network, adding 15-minute averages of precipitation depth to replace 2 week charts. Training: During the next year, we intend to produce a new type of online "classes" that operators can take on their own schedule. These classes will use video footage of the earlier training classes (discussed above), and utilize one-on-one questioning periods with the site liaisons to provide a chance for the operators to ask questions, and for the site liaisons to assure that the operators/students understand what is needed and expected at our NADP sites. This planning is ongoing. A new pilot litterfall mercury monitoring initiative began measurement on Sept 1, 2012 and continues in its 5th year. This network specifically measures mercury and methyl mercury in forest litterfall (leaves, twigs, etc.). These dry deposition estimates will complement the MDN and AMNet deposition monitoring, and should become a full-fledged NADP network, with Executive Committee, in the next year or so. Dry deposition estimates are planned for the gaseous measurements of the AMoN and AMNet networks using modelled estimates of deposition velocity. The Total Deposition Science Ad hoc Committee within NADP is charged with determining methods and protocols for the development of this dataset. Timing of these additions is committee dependent, but may occur at our next meeting (Oct. 2018). One major change (after this reporting period, FY18) for the NADP is the expected move from a home base of the University of Illinois to the University of Wisconsin's State Laboratory of Hygiene. This move will be for both the Program Office and laboratory services for the NTN, AIRMoN, and AMoN networks. The PO will move effective 2/28/2018. Laboratory services will move sometime in the summer period. Plans for the move are currently under development. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?During the past five years, the NADP has converted from on-site, annual operator training sessions to online training video conferences. The first video training was conducted in 2012 and this practice continues to date. The objective was to improve sampling techniques for site operators, to provide this training more often, and to save funding of travel support for attendees. An overall improvement in the number of trainees did occur, and the financial savings have been realized. For all classes, the focus is on further training of the NADP site operators to improve their sampling technique with our continually changing site operator network. The NADP is helping the development of a wet deposition mercury network in Asia (mentioned elsewhere). Much of this effort is training for network officers and monitoring countries on the appropriate sampling for wet deposition of mercury. Four separate training sessions/trips were performed during this project period. During the 2013 Symposium, the "Atmospheric Nitrogen Workshop" was offered. Eight Nitrogen specialists gave presentations (two speakers were missing due to the federal shutdown), giving the NADP membership and our guests an opportunity for very specific professional development in many different aspects of atmospheric Nitrogen. About 50 people took advantage of this workshop. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Internet disbursement of data is the primary route of dissemination for the NADP project. Web statistics show annually that we are reaching our stakeholders and targeted populations, and that the percentage breakdown of these users remains relatively fixed: federal and state agencies (app. 40%), universities (36%), K to 12 schools (16%), and others (8%). During this five year period, download statistics have shown increases in the number of registered data users each year. From Sept 2012 to Aug. 2017, NADP recorded 133,587 data downloads from our site, with 117,844 map downloads. Registered users of our data continue to be strong over all years (average per year, 34,840), which demonstrate that NADP continues to be relevant to the scientific and educational communities. Distribution of our printed Map Summaries also is an important part of our dissemination of NADP information and data products (maps, all networks, etc.). During each of the past 5 years, the NADP printed 2000 copies of our Map Summary (FY 2013-2016). The NADP distributes annual map summaries online (http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu/lib/dataReports.aspx) and mails approximately 1500 hardcopies to members of the Technical Committee each year. During each year, we have very few map summaries remaining (distribution of 2016 continues). Additionally, the individual maps within the summary are also available online. In conjunction with the Ecological Response and Outreach Subcommittee (EROS), and the hiring of a part time Outreach Coordinator, the NADP began both a quarterly NADP newsletter (November 1, 2014 was the first issue), and has initiated an NADP presence on social media through Facebook and Twitter (Fall 2014). Newsletter distribution continues, with the current newsletter being the 11th of the series. During the last 24 months, EROS subcommittee undertook a rewrite of our traditional "Nitrogen in the Nation's Rain", which is a general sciences booklet aimed at laymen and 6-12th grade science students. The new version, now called "Nitrogen from the Atmosphere" was completed in Aug. 2016, and is available on our website (http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu/lib/brochures/nitrogenAtmos.pdf) and in print from the Program Office. At this fall's NADP meeting, EROS will develop a plan for further distribution, with an emphasis on distribution to science teachers. EROS has also developed a series of science videos, aimed at more general audiences, which will cover topics that NADP works in, such as acid precipitation, ammonia in the atmosphere, nitrogen cycling in ecosystems, etc. During the 2016 and 2017 year, 10 videos have been developed, edited and added to our listing and are available on NADP's website (http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu/videoLib/). The Critical Loads Atmospheric Deposition subcommittee published a 2015 Critical Load map summary of their U.S. critical loads map series, a first for NADP. The map series focuses on nitrogen and sulfur critical loads. The CLAD Map Summary is available from the NADP Program Office. The SAES's produced an NRSP Impact brochure for the NADP and NRSP-3. This short brochure documents the important information for the agricultural industry that can be gleaned from the NADP project and data. The brochure is focused on the agricultural community, describing the basics of the program, data available, sampling locations, how NADP is related to agricultural research, and general research findings important to the community. NADP has recently attended and provided a display booth at several national meetings (FY16-17). Here is a listing of some of the more recent ones: National Water Quality Monitoring Conference, Tampa Bay, Florida, May 2016. About 800 water quality scientists and policy professionals where present. It turns out that this meeting was hosted in part by a Tampa Bay water consortium, which has used NADP data for over 20 years. Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, Santa Fe, NM June 2016. About 600 freshwater and oceanographers scientists were in attendance. National Ambient Air Monitoring Conference, St. Louis, MO. Aug 2016. About 700 air quality scientists and state agency representatives were present. Tribal Air Monitoring Support (TAMS) Ecosystems Class, Flagstaff, AZ, June 2016. This is educational outreach where NADP representatives teach a class to beginning tribal environmental officers about deposition, its impact upon the ecosystem, and how to interpret and use our data. Asia Pacific Mercury Monitoring Meeting, Bangkok, Thailand, July 2016. NADP is attempting to help Asia countries develop a mercury network for wet deposition (like the MDN), and for gaseous measurement (like the AMNet). About 120 people were present, including representatives from 20 countries. Atmospheric Sciences Current Scene, Center for Atmospheric Sciences of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Aug 2016. D. Gay was invited to provide a lecture on how NADP operates, what is measured, etc. The audience was about 75 environmental scientists from Mexico and Central America. We have worked with several UNAM scientists for many years on wet deposition. Mercury 2017 Planning Meetings, Providence, RI (Oct 2015, and Feb 2016). D. Gay is involved with the planning for the next every-other-year large mercury science meeting, which was held in Providence, RI in July 2017. An NADP booth was part of this meeting. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?As stated previously, we met all of our goals for the year. However, we are always trying to add value to our data, and therefore add to the goals. Another improvement is to digitize all of the individual field precipitation records (back to 1978) and make them available to researchers via the NADP website, for a more complete site and sample collection record. We are now down to our last 5-7% of these gages. We are also planning to continue to increase the rate of sample result reporting, so that data is finalized and distributed faster for website distribution. Additionally, NADP will seek to increase the number of network site locations, so that researchers have more data from more locations. Dry deposition estimates are planned for the gaseous measurements of the AMNet networks using modelled estimates of deposition velocity. The Total Deposition Science Ad hoc Committee within NADP is charged with determining methods and protocols for the development of this dataset. This information will be very valuable to depositional researchers. The Technical Committee has requested that NADP publish its digital precipitation record (approximately 300 gages) as an independent precipitation database to be used as our other wet and dry deposition databases. This should be added during FY18-19 and provide additional data with no additional expenditures. This will allow researchers to access the precipitation data as a stand-alone product. Since one of the goals is for site support, we are continually attempting to bring in new sites and cooperators. These efforts seem to be useful, since the NTN network is as large as it has ever been. Particularly important is the rapid increase in the AMoN, since its ammonia focus is particularly important to Agriculture. Two of the new sites starting during 2016 are at Agricultural Research Service sites. During FY16, NADP began cooperating with new USGS researchers by sharing mercury locations (~20) and collecting atmospheric mercury samples for isotopic analysis. This new information should be useful for determination of particular sources of gaseous mercury. This will have implications for the MDN and the AMNet sites.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Since 1978, the NADP has provided fundamental measurements to support informed decisions on environmental and agricultural issues related to the ambient concentration and wet deposition of atmospheric pollutants in North America. From September 2012-2017, NADP data were cited in over 1,000 peer-reviewed publications, dissertations, theses, and agency reports. Data from the NADP's five monitoring networks were downloaded over 133,000 times by approximately 35,000 registered data users. These data users represent federal and state agencies (40% of users), universities (36%), K-12 students and educators (16%) and others (8%). Each year, NADP data is used by policy makers to make informed decisions on agriculturally important topics, including the impact of atmospheric pollutant fallout on the North American food supply. Data are also used in STEMcurricula on the elementary, secondary, and post-secondary level. All data are available free of charge (http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu). Notable outcomes during the FY 2013 - 2017 reporting period are as follows: Wet deposition sample concentrations and fluxes were reported from 68,400 NTN, 4,800 AIRMoN, and 28,000 MDN samples. Ambient concentration data from 10,600 AMoN samples and over 297,000 hours of AMNet data were added to the NADP databases. All data are available on the NADP website, and were summarized in annual maps. The NADP hosted five annual technical committee meetings and scientific symposia to review data processing algorithms and to present and share data from stakeholders. Total attendance was over 800 from academic, government, and tribal organizations. Began a formal effort to estimate dry deposition, towards an estimation of total deposition (wet plus dry). Within this national research support project (NRSP), there are three stated goals: 1) management and coordination of the five NADP networks; 2) site support, chemical analysis, and data validation for network sites directly supported by this agreement; and 3) quality assurance and quality control activities to ensure consistent operation procedures. During this annual period, all three of our goals were met. These same goals were repeated over the 5-year project period. Major Activity 1: Our principal output is the collection and analysis of precipitation chemistry and atmospheric chemistry samples. For all of these networks (except AMNet), 111,976 samples were collected of the four types, along with over 297,000 observations from the AMNet. Specifics are included above. Major Activity 2: The NADP makes our collected data available to support research and education. We do this through a web-available database and through our annual map series and map summary. All of these analytical results, organized by site and date, are available here (http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu/data/). Each calendar year the NADP produces a series of 23 national maps of wet deposition concentration and flux maps for all of our analytes and networks. For the gaseous networks, we produce similar types of summary figures. Each map summary is available here (http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu/lib/dataReports.aspx), and the 2017 will be produced in the summer of 2018 after all normal data processing. Goals 2 and 3 are completed for each year before the data is released in final form and maps are generated. Therefore, all Objectives were met for NADP. Results Achieved: As a National Research Support Project, our results are the data and the database as described above. Research results are the journal articles are described in the Products Section of this report (articles listed are only a subset of the 1,000+ articles that use or reference NADP data over the five year period). A listing of these can be found here (http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu/lib/bibliography.aspx). During the past 5 years, several other very important results have occurred beyond our basic mission and goals. New Networks: The new Mercury Litterfall mercury monitoring initiative measures mercury and methyl mercury in forest litterfall (leaves, twigs, etc.). These dry deposition estimates will complement the MDN wet deposition mercury monitoring and the dry deposition estimates from AMNet. The initiative is now in its fifth year, with analysis and field support provided by the USGS. Pre-network data is currently being distributed by USGS (https://my.usgs.gov/gcmp/program/show/938608). Mercury litterfall is now in its sixth year of operation. Continued Quality Assurance Audits. NADP contract laboratories and the Program Office are each reviewed annually in rotation to identify problems, improve performance, and provide external checks to NADP. The CAL was audited in 2014 and 2017; the HAL in 2015; and the Program Office in 2013 and 2016. Results were reported back to the Executive Committee at the respective fall meetings. Equipment Upgrade: Originating with a Technical Committee decision in 2006, the NADP has converted the overwhelming majority of its older-style mechanical precipitation gages to digital-style precipitation gages. There are only about 27 sites remaining unchanged (< 10%). Additionally, the TDEP subcommittee is planning to make routine estimates (through modeling) of dry deposition of gaseous mercury using AMNet measurements. This represents an important step forward for NADP, because it will add to our wet deposition measurements the important "dry" deposition component (i.e., without precipitation). It will provide researchers with another component of "total" deposition. Another improvement to the database and quality assurance is to digitize all of the individual field records (back to 1978) and make them available to researchers. During the past five years, several other important results have occurred beyond our basic mission and goals. Collaboration with USGS on mercury isotopes monitoring (FY16-17), with a goal of determining the ultimate source of mercury (atmospheric deposition, coal combustion, etc.). Measurement are being made at 20 NADP MDN sites for two years (started in early 2017); Collaboration with Asian countries, USEPA and EPA-Taiwan on mercury monitoring (FY14-17) across Asia, with NADP providing "know how" for network development and continuous monitoring; countries include Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Canada, Vietnam, Australia, Mongolia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Bangladesh, India, Thailand, Philippines, and Myanmar (http://rsm2.atm.ncu.edu.tw/apmmn/); The TDep is working with EPA scientists to estimate dry deposition, and with NADP deposition to provide basic maps of total N and S deposition, resulting in a next-generation map series for total deposition, accessible by the research community (http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu/committees/tdep/tdepmaps/); Full integration of PRISM/USDA-NRCS precipitation data into our precipitation deposition mapping routines, and PRISM is supported by the USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service (http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/climate/); The Critical Loads Atmospheric Deposition Subcommittee, a NADP Science Subcommittee was approval for 5 years of operation; Currently in discussions with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (FY16-17) and affiliated organizations (including NOAA, EPA, CDC, etc.) on the monitoring effort for a national allergen tracking network of aeroallergens (causing rhinitis (hay fever)and asthma). The CSTE is concerned about the lack of routine and consistent measurements; Collected our 400,000th NTN sample at our Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument site (MT00, 3/28/15); Our Puerto Rico site (PR01) is the first NADP site running four different networks; One of the first truly urban sites started in Boston (MA22); During FY15, we received a new 5-year SAES operational contract (2015-2019); Started a new SAES site at North Carolina A&T State University (1/30/15), a historically black university and a 1890 Land-Grant University.
Publications
- Type:
Books
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
A Listing of Textbooks that have used NADP maps and data.
1) Gupta, V. K., 2013. Environmental water: advances in treatment, remediation and recycling. Elsevier Publishing, Amsterdam, Netherlands, ISBN: 978-0-444-59399-3, 211 pp.
2) Millard, S. P., 2013. Probability, Statistics and Information. Also w/ compendium of methods. Springer Science+Business Media NY. ISBN 978-1-4614-8455-4.
3) Harris, D.C., 2013. Exploring Chemical Analysis, (in Chinese), W. H. Freeman and Co.
4) Middleton, N. (2013). The Global Casino: An Introduction to Environmental Issues: An Introduction to Environmental Issues. Routledge, 624 pp., ISBN 9781444146622.
5) Boucher, O., 2015. Atmospheric Aerosols: Properties and Climate Impacts. Springer.
6) Press, D., 2015. American Environmental Policy: The Failures of Compliance, Abatement and Mitigation. Edward Elgar Publishing.
7) Shaddick, G., & Zidek, J. V., 2015. Spatio-Temporal Methods in Environmental Epidemiology. CRC Press.
8) Sullivan, T. J., 2015. Air Pollutant Deposition and Its Effects on Natural Resources in New York State. Cornell University Press.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
A partial listing of Dissertations and Theses (FY13-17) that have used NADP maps and data.
1) Brooker, A. P., 2016. Soil fertility status in Ohio and Indiana and the association between soil fertility and soybean grain yield in Ohio. Masters Thesis, The Ohio State University.
2) Fakhraei, H., 2016. Modeling the effects of acid deposition and natural organic acids on surface waters. Doctoral Dissertation, Syracuse University, http://surface.syr.edu/etd/432/.
3) Fegel, T. S., 2016. Between a rock and a hard place: the chemistry, biology, and lability of glacial meltwaters in the American West. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University.
4) Johnson, D. K., 2016. Field indicators for the prediction of Appalachian soil and bedrock geochemistry. Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
5) Keyel, E. R., 2016. Mercury accumulation in raptors. Masters Thesis, University of Minnesota.
6) Liao, Y., 2016. Analysis of potential sources and processes affecting ambient speciated mercury concentrations at Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia. Masters Thesis, University of Windsor. Paper 5840.
7) Manifold, H. F., 2016. Nitrogen budget for Beargrass Creek watershed: a baseline study for a 45 percent nitrogen reduction goal. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Minnesota.
8) Moore, M. F., 2016. Measuring and modeling stormwater runoff from an interstate in a rural/forested watershed. Doctoral Dissertation, Auburn University.
9) Scarpelli, T., 2016. The role of amino acids in the nitrogen cycle of peatlands, Open Access Master's Thesis, Michigan Technological University, http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr/140.
10) Song, S., 2016. Quantifying mercury surface fluxes by combining atmospheric observations and models. Doctoral Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
11) Soper, F. M., 2016. Effects of woody legume (Prosopis Glandulosa) encroachment on nitrogen fixation, storage and gas loss in a subtropical, semi-arid savanna. Doctoral Dissertation, Cornell University.
12) Anderson, J., 2015. Geochemical Assessment and Separation of Source Waters in the Upper Boulder River Watershed Near Boulder, MT. Masters Thesis, Montana Tech of the University of Montana.
13) Bluck, G. M., 2015. Soybean Yield Response in High and Low Input Production Systems. Masters Thesis, The Ohio State University.
14) Coble, Ashley Anne, 2015. Biogeochemical cycling in Lake Superior tributaries: seasonality, quantity and quality of export. Doctoral Dissertation, Michigan Technological University.
15) Flechard, C. R., Galy-Lacaux, C., Xu, W., Neuman, J. A., Tang, Y. S., Sutton, M. A., ... & Coheur, P. F., 2015. Towards validation of ammonia (NH3) measurements from The IASI Satellite. Masters thesis.
16) Ganzlin, P., 2015. Decadal scale responses of soil and ecosystem processes to forest restoration in Rocky Mountain conifer forests. Masters Thesis, University of Montana-Missoula.
17) Gibson, Justin P., 2015. Estimation of deep drainage differences between till and no-till irrigated agriculture. Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. Paper 73. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geoscidiss/73.
18) Kim, Sungshik, 2015. Particulate Matter and Ozone: Remote Sensing and Source Attribution. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences.
19) Kronholm, S.C., 2015. Hydrologic flowpath and other natural and anthropogenic factors controlling nitrogen movement from the landscape to streams. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Minnesota.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
As a National Research Support Project (NRSP-3), our main mission is to support research, and in particular to provide data for research journal articles and reports.
Each year, the NADP compiles a list of research articles, reports and theses/dissertations that used NADP data or compared their results to NADP data. For the calendar years 2012-2017, we can report 208, 236, 226, 248, and more than 100 articles or reports for the years. The annual bibliography of articles and reports can be found here: http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu/lib/bibliography.aspx.
In this report section, we have included example publications; several more agricultural-related publications over the project years.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Elkin, K. R., Veith, T. L., Lu, H., Goslee, S. C., Buda, A. R., Collick, A. S., ... & Bryant, R. B., 2016. Declining Atmospheric Sulfate Deposition in an Agricultural Watershed in Central Pennsylvania, USA. Agricultural & Environmental Letters 1: 160039, DOI: 10.2134/ael2016.09.0039. The authors (including ARS scientists) studied the impact of reduced sulfur/sulfate deposition over the past 40 years to agricultural lands in central Pennsylvania. Atmospheric sulfur/sulfate deposition has decreased by 75% since 1979. With this reduction, many agricultural soils now have sulfate deficiencies. Twenty six percent of fields were found to be below optimum values (10 mg S per Kg soil). They concluded that S as a nutrient will require future monitoring and more sulfur enriched fertilizers will be required. The study used weekly sulfate deposition in precipitation (NADP samples) from 1979 through current times from a south central NADP site (PA47). Trends of these measurements were used to as a basis for their conclusions.
Zheng, J., & Doskey, P. V., 2016. Simulated rainfall on agricultural soil reveals enzymatic regulation of short-term nitrous oxide profiles in soil gas and emissions from the surface. Biogeochemistry 128(May): 327338, DOI 10.1007/s10533-016-0210-z. The authors of this study investigated the role of enzymatic regulation on the accumulation of N2O during a transition from oxygen rich conditions to anoxic conditions during/after rainfall events. Anoxic conditions were induced by a simulated rainfall in the field. The authors conclude that the activity of N2O reductase in a corn field played a crucial role in regulating N2O emissions. The dynamics of N2O mixing ratios in soil gas and surface emissions were in excellent agreement with simulations using a one-dimensional, diffusionreaction equation of the denitrification enzyme kinetics.
The authors used the rainfall chemistry of a local NTN site (IL11 Bondville, SAES site) to develop chemically accurate synthetic precipitation based on long term measurements of NADP.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Qi, Z., Bartling, P. N., Ahuja, L. R., Derner, J. D., Dunn, G. H., & Ma, L., 2012. Development and evaluation of the carbon - nitrogen cycle module for the GPFARM-Range model. Computers & Electronics in Agriculture 83: 1 - 10.
Qi et al. (USDA-ARS scientists) developed a carbon-nitrogen cycle module for use in the Great Plains Framework for Agriculture Resource Management model (GPFARM-Range, simulations of forage growth and cowcalf production). This module predicts crop carbon and soil carbon and nitrogen over time. The model was verified against measurements in Wyoming. The model was developed to be used directly with NADP data; observations of ammonium and nitrate are N inputs to the module and system being evaluated.
Han, H., & Allan, J. D., 2012. Uneven rise in N inputs to the Lake Michigan Basin over the 20th century corresponds to agricultural and societal transitions. Biogeochemistry 109(1): 175 - 187.
Han and Allen estimated the input of nitrogen to the Lake Michigan Basin from 1880 through 2000, showing six-fold increases until about 1980, and stable levels since that point. This increase corresponds to large increases in nitrogen fertilizers and atmospheric deposition. Nitrogen deposition was the dominant input early (66% of a modest amount), and is still a very significant input (48% currently). The authors used nitrate and ammonium NADP observations from about 40 sites and 25 years to make their estimates.
Dangal, S. R., Felzer, B. S., & Hurteau, M. D., 2014. Effects of agriculture and timber harvest on carbon sequestration in the eastern US forests. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 119: 35-54. The authors developed a model (TEM-Hydro2) to quantify the effects of agricultural timber harvest, among other parameters, on the carbon sequestration within Eastern U.S. forests. The model concludes that, after disturbance and with higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the future, carbon sequestration would be significantly higher. NADP data was used from four stations to define current atmospheric nitrogen deposition for the regional predictions, and historical data was used to predict early and future deposition rates.
Meyer, N. A., Breecker, D. O., Young, M. H., & Litvak, M. E., 2014. Simulating the Effect of Vegetation in Formation of Pedogenic Carbonate. Soil Science Society of America Journal 78: 3: 914-924, doi:10.2136/sssaj2013.08.0326.
The authors were investigating the impact of plant growth and microbial respiration on calcite accumulation in soils. The authors employed the HYDRUS-1D model to evaluate calcite dissolution with precipitation. The results showed different calcite accumulation rates in certain soil layers with and without vegetation present, and that accumulation was highest during early rooting activity. Therefore accumulation was seasonal based upon when the plants were initially growing. The study used multi-component NADP data from Bandelier National Monument, New Mexico.
Stets, E. G., Kelly, V. J., & Crawford, C. G., 2014. Long-term trends in alkalinity in large rivers of the conterminous US in relation to acidification, agriculture, and hydrologic modification. Science of Total Environment 488: 280-289. The authors estimate the impact of agriculture (among other factors) on the alkalinity trends of large rivers in the U.S. Using long-term alkalinity trends across all major river basins, the authors found a significant relationship to agricultural lime usage within most river basins, but not all. NADP data for nitrogen and sulfate wet deposition were used from all stations over many years to determine atmospheric input of acidification ions, and their change over time as input for their estimations.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Walker, J. T., Robarge, W. P., & Austin, R., 2014. Modeling of ammonia dry deposition to a pocosin landscape downwind of a large poultry facility. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 185: 161-175. A bi-directional flux model was used to estimate nitrogen deposition fluxes near a poultry facility in North Carolina. The authors concluded that a significant increase in nitrogen loading to a nearby wildlife refuge was present and due to the nitrogen cycling within the poultry facility. Nitrogen wet deposition data from a North Carolina NADP site was used as model input for the study.
Balasubramanian, S., Koloutsou-Vakakis, S., McFarland, D. M., & Rood, M. J., 2015. Reconsidering Emissions of Ammonia from Chemical Fertilizer Usage in Midwest USA. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 120, 62326246, doi:10.1002/2015JD023219. In this paper, the authors develop a new ammonia (NH3) emissions model (Improved Spatial Surrogate (ISS)) which estimates spatial and temporal distribution of emissions based on chemical fertilizer input, crop location, nitrogen management, and a biogeochemical model. NADP wet deposition data for ammonia were used in the model inputs. Significant changes in emissions were noted versus commonly used emissions models over the Midwestern US.
Chumchal, M. M., & Drenner, R. W., 2015. An environmental problem hidden in plain sight? Small human-made ponds, emergent insects, and mercury contamination of biota in the Great Plains. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 34(6), 1197-1205. The authors theorize that small human-made ponds (<1 ha, many of which are agriculturally related) could be one of the largest sources of methyl mercury to the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems of the U.S. They estimate between 8-9 million of these ponds exist in the U.S. Mercury loading from these ponds is atmospherically derived, and the authors suggest a theoretical model for methyl mercury exchanges.
The authors use NADPs MDN results to suggest that the gradient of Hg deposition across the great plains (where the authors focus) will have an impact upon this unstudied source of methy mercury.
Kleinman, P. J., Church, C., Saporito, L. S., McGrath, J. M., Reiter, M. S., Allen, A. L., ... & Joern, B. C., 2015. Phosphorus leaching from agricultural soils of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Journal of Environmental Quality 44(2), 524-534. The authors investigated the leaching of phosphorus from soils before and after poultry litter application in Eastern Delaware. With application, leachate P increased dramatically, with a majority of the leachate P thought to be from the application. The authors used two NADP sites and long-term chemistry to make synthetic precipitation that matched the analyte concentrations of local precipitation.
Steinke, K., Rutan, J., & Thurgood, L., 2015. Corn response to nitrogen at multiple sulfur rates. Agronomy Journal, Vol 107(4): 1347-1354. The study was designed to estimate the response of corn to nitrogen addition while controlling for sulfur deposition and addition (principally wet deposition). The authors were determined to examine alternative adaption strategies due to reduced sulfur addition (deposition decreases). Application of known N and S amounts went into their cycling budgets. Yield increases from sulfur application were co-dependent on nitrogen application, and significant yield increases due to sulfur were only seen at sub-optimal nitrogen addition. The authors used NADPs NTN sulfur data for the southern Michigan area to determine the long-term amount and trend of sulfate wet deposition, and the concentration per liter of precipitation.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Zhu, L., Henze, D., Bash, J., Jeong, G. R., Cady-Pereira, K., Shephard, M., Luo, M., Paulot, F., & Capps, S., 2015. Global evaluation of ammonia bidirectional exchange and livestock diurnal variation schemes. Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 15, 12823-12843, www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/12823/2015/, DOI:10.5194/acp-15-12823-2015. In this study, the authors are upgrading the GEOS-Chem atmospheric ammonia model, particularly with bi-directional atmospheric deposition and emission from the agricultural livestock and some fertilizer applications. Additions of these bi-directional emission sources improve the model comparison to atmospheric concentration primarily in the Southeast U.S. These sources increased model gross emissions by ~7%, and increases atmospheric lifetime of ammonia. The authors also conclude that these agricultural emission sources are still underrepresented. The authors used the NADP AMoN ammonia concentrations from 2007-2010 as ammonia concentration input and model evaluation/quality assurance.
Alshawaf, M., Douglas, E., & Ricciardi, K. 2016. Estimating Nitrogen Load Resulting from Biofuel Mandates. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(May): 478, DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13050478. This study was designed to determine if additional nitrogen gas emissions are present and/or important with increased use of corn and soybeans to manufacture biofuels in support of federal regulations. One primary output from the study was an estimate of increases of nitrate flux to the northern Gulf of Mexico region, and that using corn to meet future mandates will increase nitrate flux, but will require less agricultural land. In this study, the authors used data from 186 different NADP sites over 1990-2005 as SPARROW model input for nitrogen deposition, in part to determine a longterm deposition value, and as input to the SPARROW model to estimate future scenarios.
David, M. B., Mitchell, C. A., Gentry, L. E., & Salemme, R. K., 2016. Chloride sources and losses in two tile-drained agricultural watersheds. Journal of Environmental Quality 45(January): 341-348. David et al (includes SAES scientists) investigated the chlorine balance between agricultural systems and two rivers in Illinois over roughly 20 years. Chloride inputs to watersheds are most often from atmospheric deposition, road salt, or agricultural fertilizer. Particular to this section of IL, fertilizer is added as potassium chloride, the largest source of Cl to these sites. Agricultural chloride was determined to be the largest flux to the rivers, and that river concentrations respond relatively quickly to these inputs (2-6 years). The authors used locally measured NADP precipitation chemistry (IL11, Bondville) to determine the longterm concentration and flux of chloride in precipitation for their chloride balance.
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Progress 09/01/15 to 08/31/16
Outputs
Target Audience:The NADP provides fundamental measurements that support informed decisions on environmental and agricultural issues related to precipitation and deposition chemistry, as well as atmospheric mercury and ammonia. NADP data are relevant to a wide audience and available to all. Data from our monitoring effort are used by a wide range of scientists for a number of research topic areas (see publications). Our data are used by policymakers to make informed decisions on agriculturally important topics. Our data are also used in many different educational areas including chemical, agricultural, and environmental sciences; are used at many different educational levels including elementary, secondary and post-secondary; and are used for many different theses and dissertations (see publication record). All data are available free of charge via the NADP website (nadp.isws.illinois.edu). Changes/Problems:There were no major changes/problems with the NADP approach. The NADP is an ongoing research support and monitoring project. A change in equipment (digital precipitation gages) did occur over the past five years, but this did not change the project approach. But it did improve the quality of the data collected with the addition and availability of digital and hourly precipitation data. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?During the past five years, the NADP has changed from on-site, annual operator training sessions to online monthly training video conferences. The first video training was conducted in 2012 and this practice continued. The objective was to improve sampling techniques for site operators, to provide this training more often, and to save travel funding of attendees. An overall improvement in the number of trainees did occur, and the financial savings have been realized. For all classes, the focus is on further training of the NADP site operators to improve their sampling technique. However, we feel that the training program is not as effective as it could be. We are currently working on a new training program for our operators. This should be developed over the next year and implemented. Further information on this training program will be forthcoming. The NADP is helping the development of a wet deposition mercury network in Asia (mentioned elsewhere). Much of this effort is training for network officers and monitoring countries on the appropriate sampling for wet deposition of mercury. Two separate training days were performed during this project period. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Internet disbursement of data is the primary route of dissemination for the NADP project. Web statistics show annually that we are reaching our stakeholders and targeted populations, and that the percentage breakdown of these users remains relatively consistent: federal and state agencies (app. 40%), universities (36%), K to 12 schools (16%), and others (8%). Download statistics have shown general increases in the number of registered data users each year. During this project period, NADP recorded 1,275,841 site views, 26,922 data downloads, 24,167 map downloads, and 32,791 registered users of our site. These statistics continue to demonstrate that NADP is relevant to the scientific and educational communities. Distribution of our printed map summaries also is an important part of our dissemination of NADP information and data products (maps, all networks, etc.). During the last year, the NADP printed 3,000 copies of our 2014 Map Summary (Oct. 2015). The NADP distributes annual map summaries online (nadp.isws.illinois.edu/lib/dataReports.aspx) and mails/hands out the balance of the hard copies to members of the Technical Committee, scientists and the public each year. During this year, we have very few map summaries remaining (about 100). The 2015 Map Summary will be printed soon (Oct. 2016), and the same distribution procedures will occur with this map summary. In conjunction with the Ecological Response and Outreach Subcommittee (EROS), and the hiring of a part time Outreach Coordinator, the NADP began both a quarterly NADP newsletter (November 1, 2014 was the first issue), and has initiated an NADP presence on social media through Facebook and Twitter (Fall 2014). Newsletter distribution continues, with the current newsletter being the 7th of the series. During the last 12 months, the EROS subcommittee undertook a rewrite of our traditional "Nitrogen in the Nation's Rain" which is a general sciences brochure aimed at laymen and 6th-12th grade science students. The new version of the brochure, now called "Nitrogen in the Atmosphere" was completed in Aug. 2016 and will be printed in the next several weeks. At this Fall's NADP meeting, EROS will develop a plan for distribution, with an emphasis on distribution to science teachers. EROS has also planned a series of science videos, aimed at more general audiences, which will cover topics that NADP works in, such as acid precipitation, ammonia in the atmosphere, and nitrogen cycling in ecosystems. The first video is in production, and several more videos will be made at the Fall 2016 meeting. The Critical Loads Atmospheric Deposition subcommittee published a map summary of their U.S. critical loads map series, a first for NADP. The map series focuses on nitrogen and sulfur critical loads. The CLAD Map Summary is available from the NADP Program Office. NADP has recently attended and provided a display booth at several national meetings. National Water Quality Monitoring Conference, Tampa Bay, Florida, May 2016. About 800 water quality scientists and policy professionals were present. It turns out that this meeting was hosted in part by a Tampa Bay water consortium which has used NADP data for over 20 years. Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, Santa Fe, NM June 2016. About 600 freshwater and oceanographer scientists were in attendance. National Ambient Air Monitoring Conference, St. Louis, MO. Aug 2016. About 700 air quality scientists and state agency representatives were present. Tribal Air Monitoring Support (TAMS) Ecosystems Class, Flagstaff, AZ, June 2016. This is educational outreach where NADP representatives teach a class to beginning tribal environmental officers about deposition, its impact upon the ecosystem, and how to interpret and use our data. Asia Pacific Mercury Monitoring Meeting, Bangkok, Thailand, July 2016. NADP is attempting to help countries in Asiadevelop a mercury network for wet deposition (like the MDN), and for gaseous measurement (like the AMNet). About 120 people were present, including representatives from 20 countries. "Atmospheric Sciences Current Scene", Center for Atmospheric Sciences of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Aug 2016. David Gay was invited to provide a lecture on how NADP operates and what is measured. The audience included about 75 environmental scientists from Mexico and Central America. We have worked with several UNAM scientists for many years on wet deposition. Mercury 2017 Planning Meetings, Providence, RI (Oct 2015, and Feb 2016). David Gay is involved with the planning for the next every-other-year large mercury science meeting to be held in Providence, RI in July 2017. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?As stated previously, we met all of our goals for the year. However, we are always trying to add value to our data, and therefore add to the goals. Training: During the next year, we intend to producenew types of online classes that operators can take on their own schedule. These classes will use video footage of the earlier training classes (discussed above), and utilize one-on-one questioning periods with the site liaisons to provide a chance for the operators to ask questions, and for the site liaisons to assure that the operators/students understand what is needed and expected at our NADP sites. This planning is ongoing. A new pilot litterfall mercury monitoring initiative began measurement on Sept 1, 2012 and continues in its 5th year. This network specifically measures mercury and methyl mercury in forest litterfall (leaves, twigs, etc.). These dry deposition estimates will complement the MDN and AMNet deposition monitoring, and may become a full-fledged NADP network, with Executive Committee. Dry deposition estimates are planned for the gaseous measurements of the AMoN and AMNet networks using modelled estimates of deposition velocity. The Total Deposition Science Ad hoc Committee within NADP is charged with determining methods and protocols for the development of this dataset. Timing of these additions is committee dependent, but may occur at our next meeting (Oct. 2016). Since one of the goals is for site support, we are continually attempting to bring in new sites and cooperators. These efforts seem to be useful, since the NTN network is as large as it has ever been, and the AMoN has experienced tremendous growth (since its ammonia focus is particularly important to Agriculture). Two of the newest sites are at Agricultural Research Service locations. Additional Hires: During FY16, the NADP Program Office will hire two more people, including a Site Liaison (direct interface with sites) and an Assistant Coordinator (help with network management due to growth). These two additions have been approved by the NADP Executive Committee, and should improve our service to NADP members.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Since 1978, the NADP has provided fundamental measurements to support informed decisions on environmental and agricultural issues related to the ambient concentration and wet deposition of atmospheric pollutants in North America. For the 2015 project year, NADP data were cited in 226 peer-reviewed publications, dissertations, and book chapters (>100 in 2016 thus far; nadp.isws.illinois.edu/lib/bibliography.aspx). Distribution of data through our website is theprimary way we distribute data. Data from the NADP's five monitoring networks were downloaded 26,922 times by approximately 32,791 registered data users. We recorded 24,167 downloads of our maps and summaries. These data users consistently represent federal and state agencies (40% of users), universities (36%), K-12 students and educators (16%), and others (8%). Each year, NADP data are used by policy makers to make informed decisions on agriculturally important topics, including the impact of atmospheric pollutant fallout on the North American food supply. Data are also used in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) curricula on the elementary, secondary, and post-secondary level. All data are available free of charge (nadp.isws.illinois.edu). Notable outcomes: Wet deposition sample concentrations and fluxes were reported for 11,291 NTN, 804 AIRMoN, and 5,977 MDN samples. Ambient concentration data from 2,522 AMoN samples and over 53,000 hours of each AMNet data component were added to the NADP databases. All data are available on the NADP website, and were summarized in annual maps and figures. The NADP hosted its two annual technical committee meetings and one scientific symposium to review network operations and procedures, and to present and share data from stakeholders. Attendance was over 330 from academic, government, and tribal organizations at "Acid Rain 2015" alone (previously described). Within this national research support project (NRSP), there are three stated goals: 1) management and coordination of the five NADP monitoring networks; 2) site support, chemical analysis, and data validation for network sites directly supported by this agreement; and 3) quality assurance and quality control activities to ensure consistent operation and standard operational procedures. During this annual period, all three of our goals were met. Major Activity 1: Our principal output is the collection and analysis of precipitation chemistry and atmospheric chemistry samples. For all of these networks, over 18,072 samples were collected of the four network types, along with over 53,000 hourly/2-hourly gaseous observations from the AMNet and AMoN. Specifics are included in the products section of this report. Major Activity 2: The NADP makes our collected data available to support research and education. We do this through a web-available database, and through our annual map series and map summary. All of these analytical results, organized by site and date, are available here (nadp.isws.illinois.edu/data/). Each calendar year the NADP produces a series of 23 national maps of wet deposition concentration and flux maps for all of our analytes and networks. For the gaseous networks, we produce similar types of summary figures. The 2014 Map Summary (produces Sep. 2015) is available here (nadp.isws.illinois.edu/lib/dataReports.aspx), and the 2015 Map Summary will be produced in the next several weeks, and on schedule. Goals 2 and 3 are completed for each year before the data is released in final form and maps are generated. Data through Jan 2016 are finalized (Aug. 2016). Therefore, all Objectives (goals) were met this year. Results Achieved: As a National Research Support Project, our results are the data and the database as described above. Research results are the journal articlesdescribed in the Products Section of this report (articles listed are only a subset of the 200+ articles that use or reference NADP data over the current project period). During the past year, several other very important results have occurred beyond our basic mission and goals. Litterfall Mercury Pilot Network: working with USGS scientists, the NADP is operating a pilot litterfall network (~14 sites) to determine the deposition of mercury with forest litterfall. This is its 5th year of operation. The network is designed to determine the feasibility and easy of network measurement, for the potential adoption by the NADP as a full network. The NADP continues its formal effort to estimate dry deposition, partnering with Environment Canada, towards an estimation of total deposition (wet plus dry) of mercury. Formal acceptance of this method is expected to occur at this Fall's Executive Session (Oct., 2016). This will constitute a new and major data product, if approved. Continued Quality Assurance Audits. NADP contract laboratories and the Program Office are each reviewed annually in rotation to identify problems, improve performance, and provide external checks to the program. These audit team members are a mix of external and NADP member scientists. The Program Office was audited in 2010, 2013, and 2016. The audit report has been delivered, will be discussed at the 2016 Fall meeting, and a written response is pending from the Program Office. Equipment Upgrade: Originating with a Technical Committee decision in 2006, the NADP has converted the overwhelming majority of its older-style mechanical precipitation gages to digital-style precipitation gages. There are only 23 remaining sites, representing < 8% of the network. A plan was developed between December (2015) and March 2016 to purchase and install the remaining digital gages. The purchase is underway. Collaboration with USGS on isotopes of Mercury. By measuring isotopes of mercury, scientists think that they can determine the ultimate source type of the mercury (atmospheric deposition, etc.). Therefore, NADP is working with USGS scientistsat 20 NADP MDN sites to measure atmospheric isotopes of mercury at MDN and AMNet sites for one year. Results will be forthcoming. Collaboration with Asian Countries on monitoring for mercury: including USEPA and EPA-Taiwan, and miscellaneous other countries. NADP is helping multiple countries develop a mercury wet deposition network across Asia. NADP is providing "know how" for network development and continuous monitoring in support of the basic mercury science. Countries involved include Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Canada, Vietnam, Australia, Mongolia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, Bangladesh, India, Thailand, Philippines, and Myanmar (http://rsm2.atm.ncu.edu.tw/apmmn/). US EPA with dry deposition estimates for N and S: One of the NADP science committees (Total Deposition Science Subcommittee, TDEP) is working with EPA scientists to estimate dry deposition, and with NADP deposition to provide maps of total N and S deposition. The modeling/mapping particulars can be found at the NADP website, and are downloadable. Critical Loads Atmospheric Deposition Subcommittee (CLAD): CLAD is a NADP Science Subcommittee and its focus is to provide a meeting place for scientists and policy professionals (NADP and non-NADP) to facilitate the exchange, use, and evolution of critical loads science. Approval for 5 years of operation as given during the year by NADP Executive Committee. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE): Currently in discussions with the CSTE and affiliated organizations (including NOAA, EPA, CDC, etc.) on the monitoring effort for a national allergen tracking network for monitoring of aeroallergens (causing allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and asthma). The CSTE is concerned about the lack of routine and consistent measurement, and are interested in using NADP's considerable experience in this area. Discussions are ongoing, and the full participation of NADP is still unclear. But a collaborative (and new) network is a possibility.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Ketterings, Q., Godwin, G., Gami, S., Dietzel, K., Cherney, J. and Czymmek, K. 2012. Sulfur for alfalfa in New York State. Whats Cropping Up, 22(2), 12-16.
The study was designed to evaluate the addition of sulfur containing fertilizers to alfalfa crops across New York, given the large decreases in sulfate wet deposition experienced between the late 1970's and late 2000's (as measured by NADP). Cornell scientists showed 4 of 8 statewide sites had increases in alfalfa yield with sulfur addition. Fields with manure addition were less responsive, at least during the first year.
The authors used NADPs NTN sulfur deposition data at our extensive NY network to determine that sulfur addition due to wet deposition had declined to a point where sulfate removed with yield was in excess of sulfate addition at 8 sampling locations.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Ogneva-Himmelberger, Y., Huang, L. and Xin, H. 2015. CALPUFF and CAFOs: Air Pollution Modeling and Environmental Justice Analysis in the North Carolina Hog Industry. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(1), 150-171.
The study was designed to estimate ammonia emissions from a hog concentration animal feeding operation and apply a numerical model to predict downrange concentrations at different distances. The modeling effort found roughly 2,000-3,000 people exposed to concentrations higher than an estimated minimal risk level.
The authors use NADPs AMoN gaseous concentrations from a NC site to quality assure their model results predicted within populated areas, although the model typically over predicted the AMoN concentrations.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Prasad, R., Hochmuth, G.J. and Boote, K.J. 2015. Estimation of nitrogen pools in irrigated potato production on sandy soil using the model SUBSTOR. PloS one, 10(1), e0117891.
This study is a four-year monitoring study for potato production on sandy soil to identify the losses of nitrogen in the crop and to study the entire nitrogen system in the field. The authors used a N budget and the SUBSTOR potato model. Leaching of N was determined to be the largest loss of N from the fields (25 to 38%) of total N inputs. Much N is left in the field after harvest and can be lost and added to the groundwater.
NADP wet deposition data from the Branford site (FL03, SAES site) using the long term estimates of nitrogen deposition to their agricultural study fields.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Simmonds, M.B., Li, C., Lee, J., Six, J., Kessel, C. and Linquist, B.A. 2015. Modeling methane and nitrous oxide emissions from direct-seeded rice systems. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 120(10), 2011-2035.
The study was designed to model methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice fields with different management practices in place. Different combinations of observation times were used for model calibration and validation. Growing season emissions were reasonably well modelled, but fallow season emissions were poorly replicated. Management practices were poorly replicated. The model was determined to be very sensitive to root to total plant biomass ratio.
The authors used NADPs NTN deposition data for ammonium and nitrate from CA88 (UC Davis, SAES site) for a depositional information for their modeling effort.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Strickland, T.C., Scully, B.T., Hubbard, R.K., Sullivan, D.G., Abdo, Z., Savabi, M., ... and Hawkins, G.L. 2015. Effect of conservation practices on soil carbon and nitrogen accretion and crop yield in a corn production system in the southeastern coastal plain, United States. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 70(3), 170-181.
The authors compared the use of conservation practices (winter cover cropping plus strip tillage) over a non-irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) production system in the southeastern coastal plain of Georgia, USA. The authors investigated the idea of carbon accretion over the total soil depth, not just the increase of carbon to the surface. The results demonstrated that soil C accretion via conservation cropping practices can improve SE U.S. soils by increasing C concentration by 20 Mg/ha (33%), increase soil N by 2 Mg/ha in 3 years, and saw increased water holding capacity which could provide 4 days worth of corn water demand. Summarily, an increase of 189% yield is possible. Long-term NADP nitrogen deposition values (area sites) were used to correct the N additions found during the study.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Steinke, K., Rutan, J. and Thurgood, L. 2015. Corn response to nitrogen at multiple sulfur rates. Agronomy Journal, Vol 107(4): 1347-1354.
The study was designed to estimate the response of corn to nitrogen addition while controlling for sulfur deposition and addition (principally wet deposition). The authors were determined to examine alternative adaption strategies due to reduced sulfur addition (deposition decreases). Application of known N and S amounts went into their cycling budgets. Yield increases from sulfur application were co-dependent on nitrogen application, and significant yield increases due to sulfur were only seen at "sub-optimal" nitrogen addition.
The authors used NADPs NTN sulfur data for the southern Michigan area to determine the long-term amount and trend of sulfate wet deposition, and the concentration per liter of precipitation.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Todd, R.W., Cole, N.A., Hagevoort, G.R., Casey, K.D. and Auvermann, B.W. 2015. Ammonia losses and nitrogen partitioning at a southern High Plains open lot dairy. Atmospheric Environment, 110, 75-83.
This study was completed to determine emissions of ammonia from a southern high plains diary, which is a very large and growing industry in this area. Emissions were measured with open path lasers from both the open diary lot and the waste lagoons. Emission estimates approached 1,100 kgrams per day (~3,500 cows), with most coming from the open lot. Their measurements suggest approximately 304 g/cow day.
The authors used the longterm average atmospheric ammonia concentration taken from NADP AMoN sites in the study area as an estimate of typical ammonia concentrations over the year.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Zhu, L., Henze, D., Bash, J., Jeong, G.R., Cady-Pereira, K., Shephard, M., Luo, M., Paulot, F. and Capps, S. 2015. Global evaluation of ammonia bidirectional exchange and livestock diurnal variation schemes. Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 15, 12823-12843, www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/12823/2015/, DOI:10.5194/acp-15-12823-2015.
In this study, the authors are upgrading the GEOS-Chem atmospheric ammonia model, particularly with bi-directional atmospheric deposition and emission from the agricultural livestock and some fertilizer applications. Additions of these bi-directional emission sources improve the model comparison to atmospheric concentration primarily in the Southeast U.S. These sources increased model gross emissions by ~7%, and increases atmospheric lifetime of ammonia. The authors also conclude that these agricultural emission sources are still underrepresented.
The authors used the NADP AMoN ammonia concentrations from 2007-2010 as ammonia concentration input and model evaluation/quality assurance.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Flechard, C.R., Galy-Lacaux, C., Xu, W., Neuman, J.A., Tang, Y.S., Sutton, M.A., ... and Coheur, P.F. 2015. Towards validation of ammonia (NH3) measurements from The IASI Satellite. Masters thesis.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Gibson, Justin P. 2015. Estimation of deep drainage differences between till and no-till irrigated agriculture. Dissertations and Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. Paper 73. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geoscidiss/73.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Zou, C. 2015. Soil management and nitrogen dynamics in burley tobacco rotations. Doctoral dissertation, University of Kentucky.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Chumchal, M.M. and Drenner, R.W., 2015. An environmental problem hidden in plain sight? Small human-made ponds, emergent insects, and mercury contamination of biota in the Great Plains. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 34(6), 1197-1205.
The authors theorize that small human-made ponds (<1 ha, many of which are agriculturally related) could be one of the largest sources of methyl mercury to the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems of the U.S. They estimate between 8-9 million of these ponds exist in the U.S. Mercury loading from these ponds is atmospherically derived, and the authors suggest a theoretical model for methyl mercury exchanges.
The authors use NADPs MDN results to suggest that the gradient of Hg deposition across the great plains (where the authors focus) will have an impact upon this unstudied source of methy mercury.
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Progress 09/01/14 to 08/31/15
Outputs
Target Audience:The NADP provides fundamental measurements that support informed decisions on environmental and agricultural issues related to precipitation and deposition chemistry, as well as atmospheric mercury and ammonia. NADP data are relevant to a wide audience and available to all. Data from our monitoring effort are used by a wide range of scientists for a number of research topic areas (see publications). Our data are used by policymakers to make informed decisions on agriculturally important topics. Our data are also used in many different educational areas including chemical, agricultural, and environmental sciences; are used at many different educational levels including elementary, secondary and post-secondary; and are used for many different theses and dissertations (see publication record). All data are available free of charge via the NADP website (nadp.isws.illinois.edu). Changes/Problems:There were no major changes/problems with the NADP approach. The NADP is an ongoing research support and monitoring project. A change in equipment (digital precipitation gages) did occur over the past five years, but this did not change the project approach. But it did improve the quality of the data collected with the addition and availability of digital and hourly precipitation data. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?During the past five years, the NADP has changed from on-site, annual operator training sessions to online monthly training video conferences. The first video training was conducted in 2012 and this practice continues to date. The objective was to improve sampling techniques for site operators, to provide this training more often, and to save travel funding of attendees. An overall improvement in the number of trainees did occur, and the financial savings have been realized. For all classes, the focus is on further training of the NADP site operators to improve their sampling technique with our continually changing site operator network. Occasionally, we offer workshops for different reasons. In the past 5 years we have offered 1) "Total Deposition" to discuss specific methods and procedures that could be adopted for some of our data, and make new estimates of fluxes available, and 2) a workshop on "Atmospheric Nitrogen" in support of the new interests in nitrogen compounds, and in organic nitrogen in particular. At both workshops, the attendees were a mix of policy professionals and scientists who would all use the information. These workshops gave these participants a forum to address what data would be most useful, and how the data would be developed. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Internet disbursement of data is the primary route of dissemination for the NADP project. Web statistics show annually that we are reaching our stakeholders and targeted populations, and that the percentage breakdown of these users remains relatively fixed: federal and state agencies (app. 40%), universities (36%), K to 12 schools (16%), and others (8%). Download statistics have shown general increases in the number of registered data users each year. During this project period, NADP recorded 1,294,307 site views, 28,018 data downloads, 23,921 map downloads, and 34,019 registered users of our site. These statistics continue to demonstrate that NADP continues to be relevant to the scientific and educational communities. Distribution of our printed map summaries also is an important part of our dissemination of NADP information and data products (maps, all networks, etc.). During the last year, the NADP printed 2,000 copies of our 2013 Map Summary (Oct. 2014). The NADP distributes annual map summaries online (nadp.isws.illinois.edu/lib/dataReports.aspx) and mails approximately 1,500 hardcopies to members of the Technical Committee each year. During this year, we have very few map summaries remaining (about 100). The 2014 Map Summary was just printed (Oct. 2015), and the same procedures will happen with this map summary. In conjunction with the Ecological Response and Outreach Subcommittee (EROS), and the hiring of a part time Outreach Coordinator, the NADP began both a quarterly NADP newsletter (November 1, 2014 was the first issue), and has initiated an NADP presence on social media through Facebook and Twitter (Fall 2014). A significant part of the newsletters will berecent NADP map products with a short explanation. This is aimed at nonprofessionals and educators. The Twitter feed is designed to build an audience (again of nonprofessionals), but also educators and other interested parties to alert them to new products, updates from NADP, and new educational products as they become available. Both the newsletter and the Twitter feed will increase the information dissemination and the community of interest size beyond just researchers and scientists. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?As stated previously, we met all of our goals for the year. However, we are always trying to add value to our data, and therefore add to the goals. Training: During the next year, we intend to produce online "classes" that operators can take on their own schedule. These classes will use video footage of the earlier training classes (discussed above), and utilize one-on-one questioning periods with the site liaisons to provide a chance for the operators to ask questions and for the site liaisons to assure that the operators/students understand what is needed and expected at our NADP sites. A new litterfall mercury monitoring initiative (with approval as a network pending) began measurement on Sept 1, 2012. This network specifically measures mercury and methyl mercury in forest litterfall (leaves, twigs, etc.). These dry deposition estimates will complement the MDN and AMNet deposition monitoring. The network is to operate through 2016. Another improvement is to digitize all of the individual field precipitation records (back to 1978) and make them available to researchers via the NADP website, for a more complete site and sample collection record. This is ongoing and should be completed during 2016. The Technical Committee has requested that NADP publish its digital precipitation record (approximately 300 gages) as an independent precipitation database to be used as our other wet and dry deposition databases. This should be added during FY16 and provide additional data with no additional expenditures. This will allow researchers to access the precipitation data as a stand-alone product. Dry deposition estimates are planned for the gaseous measurements of the AMoN and AMNet networks using modelled estimates of deposition velocity. The Total Deposition Science Ad Hoc Committee within NADP is charged with determining methods and protocols for the development of this dataset. This information will be very valuable to depositional researchers. Timing of these additions is committee dependent, but may occur during FY16. Since one of the goals is for site support, we are continually attempting to bring in new sites and cooperators. These efforts seem to be useful, since the NTN network is as large as it has ever been, and the MDN has now rebounded from a low point during the recent financially difficult times (2008-2010). Particularly important is the rapid increase in the AMoN, since its ammonia focus is particularly important to agriculture. Two of the new sites starting this calendar year are at Agricultural Research Service sites. During FY16, NADP is scheduled to cooperate with new USGS researchers by sharing mercury locations (~20) and collecting atmospheric mercury samples for isotopic analysis. This new information should be useful for determination of particular sources of gaseous mercury. This will have implications for the MDN and the AMNet sites.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Since 1978, the NADP has provided fundamental measurements to support informed decisions on environmental and agricultural issues related to the ambient concentration and wet deposition of atmospheric pollutants in North America. For this project year, NADP data were cited in over 200 peer-reviewed publications and book chapters (236 in 2014 and 172 in 2015 thus far; see annual listings here: nadp.isws.illinois.edu/lib/bibliography.aspx). Data from the NADP's five monitoring networks were downloaded over 28,018 times by approximately 34,019 registered data users. We recorded 23,921 downloads of our maps and summaries. These data users consistently represent federal and state agencies (40% of users), universities (36%), K-12 students and educators (16%), and others (8%). Each year, NADP data are used by policy makers to make informed decisions on agriculturally important topics, including the impact of atmospheric pollutant fallout on the North American food supply. Data are also used in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) curricula on the elementary, secondary, and post-secondary level. All data are available free of charge (nadp.isws.illinois.edu). Notable outcomes during the project period are as follows: Wet deposition sample concentrations and fluxes were reported for 13,924 NTN, 1,068 AIRMoN, and 6,261 MDN samples. Ambient concentration data from 3,078 AMoN samples and over 51,000 hours of AMNet data were added to the NADP databases. All data are available on the NADP website, and were summarized in annual maps and figures. The NADP hosted its two annual technical committee meetings and one scientific symposium to review network operations and procedures, and to present and share data from stakeholders. Attendance was over 140 from academic, government, and tribal organizations. The NADP began a formal effort to estimate dry deposition, partnering with Environment Canada, towards an estimation of total deposition (wet plus dry) of mercury. Within this national research support project (NRSP), there are three stated goals: 1) management and coordination of the five NADP monitoring networks; 2) site support, chemical analysis, and data validation for network sites directly supported by this agreement; and 3) quality assurance and quality control activities to ensure consistent operation and standard operational procedures. During this annual period, all three of our goals were met. Major Activity 1: Our principal output is the collection and analysis of precipitation chemistry and atmospheric chemistry samples. For all of these networks, over 26,000 samples were collected of the four network types, along with over 52,000 observations from the AMNet. Specifics are included in the products section of this report. Major Activity 2: The NADP makes our collected data available to support research and education. We do this through a web-available database, and through our annual map series and map summary. All of these analytical results, organized by site and date, are available here (nadp.isws.illinois.edu/data/). Each calendar year the NADP produces a series of 23 national maps of wet deposition concentration and flux maps for all of our analytes and networks. For the gaseous networks, we produce similar types of summary figures. Each map summary is available here (nadp.isws.illinois.edu/lib/dataReports.aspx), and the 2015 Map Summary will be produced in the summer of 2016, after all normal data processing. Goals 2 and 3 are completed for each year before the data is released in final form and maps are generated. Therefore, all Objectives (goals) were met this year of the project. Results Achieved: As a National Research Support Project, our results are the data and the database as described above. Research results are the journal articles that are described in the Products Section of this report (articles listed are only a subset of the 200+ articles that use or reference NADP data over the current project period). During the past year, several other very important results have occurred beyond our basic mission and goals. The new Mercury Litterfall mercury monitoring initiative is measuring mercury and methyl mercury in forest litterfall (leaves, twigs, etc.). These dry deposition estimates will complement the MDN wet deposition mercury monitoring and the dry deposition estimates from the AMNet. The initiative is now in its third year, with analysis and field support provided by the USGS. This network has not yet received full network approval. Continued Quality Assurance Audits: NADP contract laboratories and the Program Office are each reviewed annually in rotation to identify problems, improve performance, and provide external checks to the program. These audits are a mix of external and NADP member scientists. The CAL was audited in 2011 and 2014; the HAL in 2012 and 2015; and the Program Office in 2010 and 2013, and will be re-audited in 2016 (July). Results were reporting back to the Executive Committee at the respective Fall meetings. Equipment Upgrade: Originating with a Technical Committee decision in 2006, the NADP has converted the overwhelming majority of its older-style mechanical precipitation gages to digital-style precipitation gages. There are only 25 sites remaining unchanged, representing less than8% of the network. Additionally, the TDEP subcommittee is considering making routine estimates (through modeling) of dry deposition of gaseous mercury using the measurements made in the AMNet. This represents an important step forward for NADP, because it will add to our wet deposition measurements the important "dry" deposition component (i.e., without precipitation). It will provide researchers with another component of "total" deposition, or wet deposition plus dry deposition. Another improvement to the database and quality assurance is to digitize all of the individual field records (back to 1978, most importantly precipitation data) and make them available to researchers. This is ongoing. One particularly noteworthy milestone for NADP was the collection of our 400,000th NTN sample at our Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument site (MT00) on March 28, 2015. This is quite a milestone for the NADP. Our Puerto Rico site (PR01), in cooperation with the USDA-FS, has now become the first site in our network with 4 different networks operating (NTN since 1985, MDN, AMoN, MDN). Additionally, several noteworthy points occurred with our State Agriculture Experiment Stations (SAES) relationship. During FY15, we were given a new 5-year operational contract (2015-2019) which will allow the core of the oldest stations to continue operation within NADP. Additionally, a new SAES site was started at North Carolina A&T State University, which became an active NTN site on Jan 30, 2015. NCA&T is a historically black university and is an 1890 Land-Grant University. This site operation is in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Balasubramanian, S., Koloutsou-Vakakis, S., McFarland, D.M. and Rood, M.J. 2015. Reconsidering Emissions of Ammonia from Chemical Fertilizer Usage in Midwest USA. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 120, 62326246, doi:10.1002/2015JD023219.
In this paper, the authors develop a new ammonia (NH3) emissions model (Improved Spatial Surrogate (ISS)) which estimates spatial and temporal distribution of emissions based on chemical fertilizer input, crop location, nitrogen management, and a biogeochemical model. NADP wet deposition data for ammonia were used in the model inputs. Significant changes in emissions were noted versus commonly used emissions models over the Midwestern US.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Batte, M T. and Forster, D.L. 2015. Old is New Again: The Economics of Agricultural Gypsum Use. Journal of the American Society of Farm Managers and Rural Appraisers, 2015 Edition, http://www.asfmra.org/2015-journal-of-asfmra/#.
The authors used surveys of area farmers to better understand the use of Gypsum on U.S. farms in the Midwest. The farmers reported significant benefits of gypsum addition related to soil fertility, water management and crop performance related to gypsum addition and its long-term use. A cost to benefits ratio was found to be high. NADP data was used over multiple years to show the reduction in sulfate deposition over wide areas of the country, and therefore the importance of sulfur contributions from gypsum.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
David, M.B., Mitchell, C.A., Gentry, L.E. and Salemme, R.K. 2015. Chloride Sources and Losses in Two Tile-Drained Agricultural Watersheds. Journal of Environmental Quality. doi:10.2134/jeq2015.06.0302.
The authors evaluated chlorine loading to local rivers (central IL) with respect to atmospheric deposition, road salt, or agricultural fertilizer sources. Their observations show an increase in chloride concentrations as potash use increased (60s and 70s), with an important lag in loading of 2-6 years with field tile drainage. Fertilizer contribution was the dominant source, with long-term records of NADP chloride deposition data used for the accounting of atmospheric deposition loading.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Haupt, G., Lauzon, D. and Hall, B. 2015. Sulfur Fertilization: Improving Alfalfa Yield and Quality. Crops and Soils 48(4), 26-30.
The authors developed this outreach/education magazine article to address concerns of sulfur deficiencies in alfalfa. The widespread decrease in sulfate deposition across Canada and the United States is described (long-term NADP data). The authors note deficiency symptoms, and discuss a controlled sulfur addition experiment. Discussed are the increases in alfalfa yield, stand quality, sulfur uptake rates, and suggestions for managing sulfur addition.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Kennedy, C.D., Buda, A.R., Kleinman, P.J. and DeMoranville, C.J. 2015. Chemical and Isotopic Tracers Illustrate Pathways of Nitrogen Loss in Cranberry Floodwaters. Journal of Environmental Quality 44(4), 1326-1332.
The authors report phosphate loading during floods from natural and agricultural cranberry bogs in the Northeast. Important sources of phosphorus include hydrological, edaphic, and agricultural management factors (additions). Export loading variability is high (<0.8 to 4.7 kg P ha-1) with high values related to flooding conditions of rich organic soils. Agricultural management showed reduced phosphorus release. NADP chloride data from local sites was used to help separate irrigation water from atmospheric precipitation contributions.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Kleinman, P.J., Church, C., Saporito, L.S., McGrath, J.M., Reiter, M.S., Allen, A.L., ... and Joern, B.C. 2015. Phosphorus Leaching From Agricultural Soils of the Delmarva Peninsula, USA. Journal of Environmental Quality 44(2), 524-534.
The authors investigated the leaching of phosphorus from soils before and after poultry litter application in Eastern Delaware. With application, leachate P increased dramatically, with a majority of the leachate P thought to be from the application. The authors used two NADP sites and long-term chemistry to make synthetic precipitation that matched the analyte concentrations of local precipitation.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Landa, E.R. and Shanley, J.B. 2015. Ahead of His Time: Jacob Lipman's 1930 Estimate of Atmospheric Sulfur Deposition for the Conterminous United States. Soil Science 180(3), 87-89.
The authors provide a historical perspective review of the early work of Jacob Lipmans early estimate of sulfur deposition (~1930). The approach used by Lipman was replicated in early acid rain work during the 70s and 80s, and show that his estimates of sulfur deposition were very close to more recent backcasts of 1930s deposition and early estimates by NADP for the coterminous US.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Sardans, J. and Pe�uelas, J. 2015. Potassium: A Neglected Nutrient in Global Change. Global ecology and biogeography 24(3), 261-275.
The authors provide a review article on Potassium in the environment and in plant processes, and note the fundamental nature of K to plants, in their water use efficiency and the potential impact to global climate change. They point to examples from the scientific literature that suggest K can be as limiting to plant productivity as N, and that anthropogenic K deposition from the atmosphere can be much higher than natural sources. Specifically, Ks important role in water use by plants makes it very important under changing climate conditions. The NADP network is held up as a model for monitoring of K, where few other observations exist.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Steiner, J., Strickland, T., Kleinman, P., Havstad, K., Moorman, T., Moran, M., ... and McCarty, G. 2015. The Long Term Agroecosystem Research Network-Shared Research Strategy. In: Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds.
The authors (ARS scientists) lay out a shared research strategy for the Long Term Agro-Ecosystem Research Network (LTAR). The goals and outcomes are presented. Deposition of pollutants is listed as one of their foundation science measurements within the LTAR, and note the role of NADP in these measurements and the LTAR sites that are part of the NADP.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Stets, E.G., Kelly, V.J. and Crawford, C.G. 2014. Long-Term Trends in Alkalinity in Large Rivers of the Conterminous US in Relation to Acidification, Agriculture, and Hydrologic Modification. Science of Total Environment 488: 280-289.
The authors estimate the impact of agriculture (among other factors) on the alkalinity trends of large rivers in the U.S. Using long-term alkalinity trends across all major river basins, the authors found a significant relationship to agricultural lime usage within most river basins, but not all. NADP data for nitrogen and sulfate wet deposition were used from all stations over many years to determine atmospheric input of acidification ions, and their change over time as input for their estimations.
- Type:
Books
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
A Listing of Textbooks that have used NADP maps and data.
Boucher, O. 2015. Atmospheric Aerosols: Properties and Climate Impacts. Springer.
Press, D. 2015. American Environmental Policy: The Failures of Compliance, Abatement and Mitigation. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Shaddick, G. and Zidek, J.V. 2015. Spatio-Temporal Methods in Environmental Epidemiology. CRC Press.
Sullivan, T.J. 2015. Air Pollutant Deposition and Its Effects on Natural Resources in New York State. Cornell University Press.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
A partial listing of Dissertations and Theses (9/14-8/15) that have used NADP maps and data.
Anderson, J. 2015. Geochemical Assessment and Separation of Source Waters in the Upper Boulder River Watershed Near Boulder, MT. Masters Thesis, Montana Tech of the University of Montana.
Bluck, G.M. 2015. Soybean Yield Response in High and Low Input Production Systems. Masters Thesis, The Ohio State University.
Coble, Ashley Anne. 2015. Biogeochemical Cycling in Lake Superior Tributaries: Seasonality, Quantity and Quality of Export. Doctoral Dissertation, Michigan Technological University, 2015.
Ganzlin, P. 2015. Decadal Scale Responses of Soil and Ecosystem Processes to Forest Restoration in Rocky Mountain Conifer Forests. Masters Thesis, University of Montana-Missoula.
Kim, Sungshik, 2015. Particulate Matter and Ozone: Remote Sensing and Source Attribution. Doctoral Dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences.
Kronholm, S.C. 2015. Hydrologic Flowpath and Other Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Controlling Nitrogen Movement From the Landscape to Streams. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Minnesota.
Kuschner, M.A. 2015. A Model of Carrying Capacity and Ecosystem Impacts in a Large-Scale, Bivalve-Dominated Agro-Ecosystem: Hard Clam Aquaculture in Cherrystone Inlet, VA. Masters Thesis, The College of William and Mary.
Maas, B.J. 2015. Interpretation of Geochemical Signatures from Modern Carbonate Springs to the Rock Record. Doctoral Dissertation, Louisiana State University and Agriculture and Mechanical College.
Menger, A. 2015. Response of Streamflow and Stream Chemistry to Pine Beetle Induced Tree Mortality Across Northern Colorado. Masters Thesis, Colorado State University.
Moragas, B.A. 2014. Implementation, Development and Evaluation of the Gas-Phase Chemistry Within the Global/Regional NMMB/BSC Chemical Transport Model (NMMB/BSC-CTM). Doctoral Dissertation, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Centro, Nacional de Supercomputaci�n [BSC-CNS], Barcelona.
Mullen, R.A. 2015. Risk Mitigation of Pipeline Assets Through Improved Corrosion Modeling. Doctoral Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Rose, D.H. 2014. A Cumulative Damage Approach to Modeling Atmospheric Corrosion of Steel. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Dayton.
Sabo, R.D. 2014. Stage III N-Saturated Forested Watershed Rapidly Responds to Declining Atmospheric N Deposition. Masters Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park.
White, C. 2015. Effect of Increased Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition and Elevated CO2 on Traits Responsible for Carnivory in the Sundews Drosera rotundifolia and Drosera intermedia. Senior Honors Thesis, University of Michigan.
Wisniewski, E.A. 2015. The Mercury and Autism Debate: What Has Shaped the Public's Perception? Doctoral Dissertation, Indiana University of Pennsylvania.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
In this report section, we have included example publications; several more agriculture-related publications have utilized our data over the project years.
Arnott, J.C., Osenga, E.C., Cundiff, J.L. and Katzenberger, J.W. 2015. Engaging Stakeholders on Forest Health: A Model for Integrating Climatic, Ecological, and Societal Indicators at the Watershed Scale. Journal of Forestry 113(5), 447-453.
The authors developed an ecologically-driven numerical model of forest health indices to be used for outreach and education of populations, and as a decision support tool. The model uses climatic, sociological and ecological data to make its estimate of forest health. NADP data is used (the model was developed in/for Colorado) as an air quality input along with CASTNET data to determine an air quality score, which can then be blended into predictions of different public goals.
|
Progress 09/01/13 to 08/31/14
Outputs
Target Audience: The NADP provides fundamental measurements that support informed decisions on environmental and agricultural issues related to precipitation and deposition chemistry, as well as atmospheric mercury and ammonia. NADP data are relevant to a wide audience and available to all. Data from our monitoring effort are used by a wide range of scientists for a number of research topic areas (see publications). Our data are used by policymakers to make informed decisions on agriculturally important topics. Our data are also used in many different educational areas including chemical, agricultural, and environmental sciences; are used at many different educational levels including elementary, secondary and post-secondary; and are used for many different theses and dissertations (see publication record). All data are available free of charge via the NADP website (http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu). Changes/Problems: There were no major changes/problems with the approach. The NADP is a repetitive monitoring project. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? During the 2013 Symposium, an Atmospheric Nitrogen Workshop was offered. Eight Nitrogen specialists gave presentations (two speakers were missing due to the federal shutdown), giving the NADP membership and our guests an opportunity for very specific professional development in many different aspects of atmospheric Nitrogen. About 50 people took advantage of this workshop. As in all years, during this reporting period, specific training/development sessions are provided, but are for the NADP site operators. The objective is to improve sampling technique of our continually changing site operator network. These sessions are held monthly through video conferences. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Internet disbursement of this data is the primary route of dissemination. For the calendar year of 2013, data downloads exceeded 27,800, and the rate is similar during the months of 2014. Web statistics show that we are reaching our expected audience: federal and state agencies (app. 40%), universities (36%), K to 12 schools (16%), and others (8%). These percentages remain very similar to previous years. Our maps were downloaded directly from our website 22,500 times. For the 2012 Map Summary (Oct, 2013), we printed 2,000 copies and have distributed the overwhelming majority of them. The individual maps and annual map summaries are also downloadable from our website, and there were thousands of “views” and downloads of each document during the year. As mentioned previously, the ERO Subcommittee is planning to release a quarterly NADP newsletter (September, 2014), and has initiated an NADP presence on social media through Facebook and Twitter. A significant portion of the Newsletter releases will berecent NADP map products with a short explanation. This is aimed at nonprofessionals and educators. The Twitter feed is designed to build an audience (again of nonprofessionals, but also educators and other interested parties) to alert them to new products, updates from NADP, and new educational products as they become available. Both the newsletter and the Twitter feed will increase the information dissemination and the community of interest size beyond just researchers and scientists. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? As stated previously, we met all of our goals for the year. However, we are always trying to add value to our data, and therefore add to the goals. During 2012, the NADP has begun to measure and report the concentration of bromide ion in all NADP samples as a routine analyte of the NTN and AIRMoN networks. Bromide is important to agricultural users, given its fumigant usage. The new analyte is now fully integrated into the network and data are now readily available. A new litterfall mercury monitoring initiative (possible network) began measurement in 2012 and continued through the reporting period. This network specifically measures mercury and methyl mercury in forest litterfall (leaves, twigs, etc.). These dry deposition estimates will complement the MDN wet deposition mercury monitoring. Additionally, the TDEP subcommittee is considering making routine estimates (through modeling) of dry deposition of gaseous mercury using the measurements made in the AMNet. This represents an important step forward for NADP, because it will add to our wet deposition measurements the important “dry” deposition component (i.e., without precipitation). This is particularly important because it will provide researchers with another component of “total” deposition, or wet deposition plus dry deposition. Additionally, this same approach is being considered for ammonia using our AMoN observations. Another improvement to the database and quality assurance is to digitize all of the individual field records (back to 1978) and make them available to researchers. These documents would allow each researcher a more complete site and sample collection record, and thus they may choose to increase the selectivity of the NADP data that they use. This full digitalization of all 36 record years should be completed sometime in 2015. We are also planning to continue to increase the rate of sample result reporting, so that data are finalized and distributed faster for research access. As always, we will attempt to increase network site locations so that researchers have more data from more locations. Since one of the goals is for site support, we are continually attempting to bring in new sites and cooperators. These efforts seem to be useful, since the NTN network is as large as it has ever been, and the MDN has now rebounded from a low point during the recent financially difficult times (2008-2010).
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Within this national monitoring and research support project, there are three stated goals: 1) management and coordination of the five NADP monitoring networks (the National Trends Network (NTN), the Mercury Deposition Network (MDN), the Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network (AIRMoN), the Atmospheric Mercury Network (AMNet), and the Ammonia Monitoring Network (AMoN)); 2) site support, chemical analysis, and data validation for network sites directly supported by this agreement (180 NTN, 5 AIRMoN, 12 MDN, 4 AMNet sites, and 56 AMON sites); and 3) quality assurance and quality control activities to ensure consistent operation and standard operational procedures. During this annual period, all three of our goals were met. Major Activity 1: Our principal output is the collection and analysis of precipitation chemistry and atmospheric chemistry samples. For the individual networks, the following numbers of samples were collected, analyzed and validated at the respective laboratories, following from our three goals. For the 265-site NTN network, there were 13,614 precipitation samples and 52 field quality assurance (QA) samples. Each observation was for 10 analyte concentrations and precipitation volume, allowing for analyte-specific deposition fluxes. For the 6-site AIRMoN, there were 958 precipitation samples and 31 field QA samples. For the 116-site MDN, there were 5,702 total mercury samples, 220 methyl mercury samples, and 1,720 QA samples collected. For the 18-site AMNet, there were 45,003 gaseous elemental mercury hourly concentrations, 29,051 gaseous oxidized mercury 2-hourly concentrations, and 28,842 particulate bound mercury 2-hourly concentrations collected. QA samples are collected, but done routinely within the monitoring. For the 64-site AMoN, there were 1,674 gaseous ammonia samples and 451 QA samples collected. Major Activity 2: Our second major objective is to make our collected data available to support research and education. We do this in two ways: 1) through a web-available database, and through our annual map series and map summary. All of the above data will be available on the web soon, but there is a delay due to analysis time and full network quality assurance. During this report period, we added sample results from approximately April 2013 through March 1, 2014 (some networks have data beyond this date). All of these analytical results, organized by site and date, are available at our dedicated website (nadp.isws.illinois.edu). We also produce a series of 23 national maps of precipitation concentration and wet deposition maps of all of our analytes and wet deposition networks. For the gaseous networks, we produce similar types of summary figures. Each of these is assembled into an annual map summary during August and September of each year. The 2012 maps/figures (produced 9/13) were produced on time and are available here (http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu/ntn/annualmapsbyyear.aspx). The 2013 Map Summary (produced 9/14) is now available here (http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu/lib/dataReports.aspx). The 2014 Map Summary will be made available around October 15, 2015. Objectives Met: All of our objectives were met for the year. Results Achieved: As a National Research Support Project, our results are the data and the database as described above. Results that justify our research support status are the journal articles as described in the Products Section here. The articles listed are only a subset of the 199 articles not reportedpreviously that use or reference NADP data. All articles are listed by calendar year here (http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu/lib/bibliography.aspx). Objectives Not Yet Met: None of our stated goals were unmet during the year.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Barger, N.N., Castle, S.C. and Dean, G.N. 2013. Denitrification from nitrogen-fixing biologically crusted soils in a cool desert environment, southeast Utah, USA. Ecological Processes, 2(1): 16.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Clay, N.A., Yanoviak, S.P. and Kaspari, M. 2014. Short-term sodium inputs attract microbi-detritivores and their predators. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 75: 248-253.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Dangal, S.R., Felzer, B.S. and Hurteau, M.D. 2014. Effects of agriculture and timber harvest on carbon sequestration in the eastern US forests. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 119: 35-54.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Hatten, J., Sloan, J., Frey, B., Straub, J., Kaminski, R. and Ezell, A. 2014. Soil and sediment carbon and nitrogen in Mississippi Alluvial Valley and interior flatwoods bottomlands. Soil Science Society of America Journal 78(S1): S248-S260.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Kobe, R.K., Baribault, T.W. and Holste, E.K., 2013. Tree performance across gradients of soil resource availability. Forests and Global Change, Chapter 11:309.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Lovett, G.M., Arthur, M.A., Weathers, K.C., Fitzhugh, R.D. and Templer, P.H. 2013. Nitrogen addition increases carbon storage in soils, but not in trees, in an eastern U.S. deciduous forest. Ecosystems 16: 9801001. doi: 10.1007/s10021-013-9662-3.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Mellor, N.J., Hellerich, J., Drijber, R., Morris, S.J., Stromberger, M.E. and Paul, E.A. 2013. Changes in ecosystem carbon following afforestation of native sand prairie. Soil Science Society of America Journal 77(5): 16131624. doi:10.2136/sssaj2012.032.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Meyer, N.A., Breecker, D.O., Young, M.H. and Litvak, M.E. 2014. Simulating the effect of vegetation in formation of pedogenic carbonate. Soil Science Society of America Journal 78: 3: 914-924, doi:10.2136/sssaj2013.08.0326.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Mikhailova, E.A., Goddard, M.A., Post, C.J., Schlautman, M.A. and Galbraith, J.M. 2013. Potential contribution of combined atmospheric Ca2+ and Mg2+ wet deposition within the continental US to soil inorganic carbon sequestration. Pedosphere 23(6): 808814.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Sarfaraz, Q., Perveen, S., Shahab, Q., Muhammad, D., Bashir, S., Ahmed, N., and Asghar, I., 2014. Comparative effect of soil and foliar application of sulfur on maize. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) ISSN: 2319-2380, p-ISSN: 2319-2372. Volume 7, Issue 4 Ver. I (Apr. 2014), PP 32-37.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Smith, C.M., David, M.B., Mitchell, C.A., Masters, M.D., Anderson-Teixeira, K.J., Bernacchi, C.J. and DeLucia, E.H. 2013. Reduced nitrogen losses after conversion of row crop agriculture to perennial biofuel crops. Journal of Environmental Quality 42(1): 219228.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Stets, E.G., Kelly, V.J. and Crawford, C.G. 2014. Long-term trends in alkalinity in large rivers of the conterminous US in relation to acidification, agriculture, and hydrologic modification. Science of The Total Environment 488: 280-289.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Vankoughnett, M.R. and Henry, H.A. 2014. Soil freezing and N deposition: Transient vs multi-year effects on plant productivity and relative species abundance. New Phytologist 202(4): 1277-1285.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Walker, J.T., Robarge, W.P. and Austin, R. 2014. Modeling of ammonia dry deposition to a pocosin landscape downwind of a large poultry facility. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 185: 161-175.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Freedman, Z., Eisenlord, S.D., Zak, D.R., Xue, K., He, Z. and Zhou, J. 2013. Towards a molecular understanding of N cycling in northern hardwood forests under future rates of N deposition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 66: 130138.
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Progress 09/01/12 to 08/31/13
Outputs
Target Audience: The NADP provides fundamental measurements that support informed decisions on environmental and agricultural issues related to precipitation and deposition chemistry, as well as atmospheric mercury and ammonia. NADP data are relevant to a wide audience and available to all. Data from our monitoring effort is used by a wide range of scientists for a number of research topic areas (see publications). Our data is used by policymakers to make informed decisions on agriculturally important topics. Our data is also used in many different education areas including chemical, agricultural, and environmental sciences; is used at many different education levels including elementary, secondary and post-secondary; and is used for many different theses and dissertations (see publication record). All data are available free of charge via the NADP website (http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu). Changes/Problems: There were no major changes/problems with the approach. The NADP is a repetitive monitoring project. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? During the year, specific training/development sessions are provided, but are for the NADP site operators. The objective is to improve sampling technique of our continually changing site operator network. These sessions are held monthly through video conferences. Additionally, annual meetings are held for our membership, where some professional development occurs. These are listed in the Other Products Section of the report. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Internet disbursement of this data is the primary route of dissemination. Data downloads exceeded 27,800 in during calendar year 2012, and the rate is similar during the months of 2013. Web statistics show that we are reaching our expected audience: federal and state agencies (app. 40%), universities (36%), K to 12 schools (16%), and others (8%). These percentages are similar to previous years. For the 2011 Map Summary, which is distributed after Oct, 2012, we printed 2,000 copies and have distributed the overwhelming majority of them. The individual maps are also downloadable from our website, and there are thousands of “views” and download per year. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? As stated previously, we met all of our goals for the year. However, we are always trying to add value to our data, and therefore add to the goals. During 2012, the NADP has begun to measure and report the concentration of bromide ion in all NADP samples as a routine analyte of the NTN and AIRMoN networks. Regular measurements are now available within the NADP database, and a national summary map is being produced now for 2012. Bromide is important to agricultural users, given its fumigant usage. A new litterfall mercury monitoring initiative (possible network) began measurement on Sept 1, 2012, and continued through the end of the year. This network specifically measures mercury and methyl mercury in forest litterfall (leaves, twigs, etc.). These dry deposition estimates will complement the MDN wet deposition mercury monitoring. The network continued to operate during 2013. Another improvement is to digitize all of the individual field records (back to 1978) and make them available to researchers, for a more complete site and sample collection record. This is ongoing and should be completed during 2014. We are also planning to continue to increase the rate of sample result reporting, so that data is finalized and distributed faster for research access. As always, we will attempt to increase network site locations, so that researchers have more data from more locations.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Within this national monitoring and research support project, there are three stated goals: 1) management and coordination of the five NADP monitoring networks (the National Trends Network (NTN), the Mercury Deposition Network (MDN), the Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network (AIRMoN), the Atmospheric Mercury Network (AMNet), and the Ammonia Monitoring Network (AMoN)); 2) site support, chemical analysis, and data validation for network sites directly supported by this agreement (176 NTN, 6 AIRMoN, 15 MDN, 4 AMNet sites, and 54 AMON sites); and 3) quality assurance and quality control activities to ensure consistent operation and standard operational procedures. During this annual period, all three of our goals were met. Major Activity 1: Our principal output is the collection and analysis of precipitation chemistry and atmospheric chemistry samples. For the individual networks, the following numbers of samples were collected, analyzed and validated, following from our three goals. For the 259-site NTN network, there were 13,318 precipitation samples and 466 quality assurance (QA) samples). Each observation was for 10 analyte concentrations and precipitation volume, allowing for analyte-specific deposition fluxes. For the 7-site AIRMoN, there were 972 precipitation samples and 178 QA samples. For the 111-site MDN, there were 5,718 total mercury samples, 294 methyl mercury samples, and 1,528 and 115 QA samples collected, respectively. For the 18-site AMNet, there were 17,584 gaseous elemental mercury hourly concentrations, 15,608 gaseous oxidized mercury 2-hourly concentrations, and 14,638 particulate bound mercury 2-hourly concentrations collected. QA samples are collected, but done routinely within the monitoring. For the 61-site AMoN, there were 1,792 gaseous ammonia samples and 807 QA samples collected. Major Activity 2: Our second major objective is to make our collected data available to support research and education. We do this in two ways: 1) through a web-available database, and through our annual map series and map summary. All of the above data will be available on the web soon, but there is a delay due to full network QA. During this report period, we added sample results from approximately March 2012 through March 1, 2013 (some networks have data beyond this date). This is a typical delay in the reporting of analysis results. All of these analytical results, organized by site and date, are available at our dedicated website (nadp.isws.illinois.edu). We also produce a series of 23 national maps of precipitation concentration and wet deposition maps of all of our analytes and wet deposition networks. For the gaseous networks, we produce similar types of summary figures. Each of these is assembled into an annual map summary during August and September of each year. The 2011 maps/figures (produced 9/12) were produced on time and are available here (http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu/ntn/annualmapsbyyear.aspx). The 2011 Map Summary (produced 9/12) is available here (http://nadp.isws.illinois.edu/lib/dataReports.aspx). The 2012 maps and map summary are being finalized as of the writing of this report. Objectives Met: All of our objectives were met for the year. Results Achieved: As a National Research Support Project, our results are the data and the database as described above. Research results are the journal articles are described in the Products Section of this report (articles listed are only a subset of the 200+ articles not reportedpreviously that use or reference NADP data). Objectives Not Yet Met: None of our stated goals were unmet during the year.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Bash, J. O., Cooter, E. J., Dennis, R. L., Walker, J. T., and Pleim, J. E., 2013. Evaluation of a regional air-quality model with bidirectional NH 3 exchange coupled to an agroecosystem model. Biogeosciences 10(3): 1635-1645.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Arundale, R., 2012. The higher productivity of the bioenergy feedstock Miscanthus x giganteus relative to Panicum virgatum is seen both into the long term and beyond Illinois. Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois, 116 pp.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Blesh, J., and Drinkwater, L. E., 2013. The impact of nitrogen source and crop rotation on nitrogen mass balances in the Mississippi River basin. Ecological Applications, http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/12-0132.1.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Brahney, J., Ballantyne, A. P., Sievers, C., and Neff, J. C., 2013. Increasing Ca2+ deposition in the western US: The role of mineral aerosols. Aeolian Research, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2013.04.003.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Brown, T. C., and Froemke, P., 2012. Nationwide assessment of nonpoint source threats to water quality. BioScience 62(2): 136-146.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2012
Citation:
Cai, M., Johnson, A., Schwartz, J., Moore, S., and Kulp, M., 2012. Soil acid-base chemistry of a high-elevation forest watershed in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Influence of acidic deposition. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 223(1): 289-303.
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