Progress 09/01/12 to 08/31/17
Outputs
Target Audience:Fuel ethanol and distillers grain production industry, livestock feed industry, animal and poultry industry, meat industry, farmers, researchers in animal and poultry nutrition, food ingredient industry, governmental agencies related to grain, fuel ethanol, and animal productions, and students in agricultural and food sciences. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?The project has supported one graduate student to receive her Ph.D. degree at UMES. The graduate student was trained to acquire general lab techniques, sample handling and preparation, and advanced analytical skills required to conduct the project through hands-on practices. The student received general lab safety training. The student acquired proper sample handling and preparation techniques to minimize changes in phytochemicals during storage and sample preparation. The student obtained phytochemical extraction techniques such as liquid-solid and liquid-liquid extractions. In addition, the student was trained to acquire knowledge and techniques to perform individual compound analysis, including phenolic acids and carotenoids using HPLC equipped with DAD. The student learned how to operate this advanced analytical instrument effectively. The analytical skill sets acquired will be the great assets for the student's future research career. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The findings in this project has been presented in 9 local and international conferences, including Poultry Science Association annual meeting, American Society of Animal Science annual meeting, US-Korea Conference, and UMES symposium to share the research results with local, national, and international scientists, students, animal and poultry industry. A Ph.D. dissertation was also published in support of the project. A patent for alkali hydrolysis to produce nutritionally enhanced corn distillers grains will be sought.. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Corn is a primary feedstock for fuel ethanol production in the U.S. Corn distillers grains, the co-products from the ethanol processing including dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), wet distillers grain (WDG), and condensed distillers solubles (CDS), have been extensively used in farm animal feed as a replacer for corn. Among them, DDGS is predominantly used because of its storage stability. Corn is one of the most abundant sources of bioactive phytochemicals, such as phenolic acids and carotenoids whose health-protective effects against chronic diseases and disorders in human and farm animals are well established. They have been also shown to have great potentials as alternatives for antibiotic growth promoter. However, little information is available for profile, amounts, availability, and antioxidant capacities of bioactive phytochemicals in corn distillers grains. Because phytochemicals may be sensitive to surrounding processing factors, processing conditions of heat treatment, fermentation, and distillation in fuel ethanol production can affect amounts and availability of bioactive compounds in corn distillers grains. Objective I of the project was to determine profiles and concentrations of bioactive phytochemicals, especially phenolic acids and carotenoids, and antioxidant capacities in corn distillers grains: WDG, CDS, and DDGS. The majority of phenolics in corn naturally exist in two forms: soluble, solvent-extractable (FREE) and insoluble, cell-wall-bound (BOUND) forms. The profile, concentrations, and antioxidant capacities of the FREE and BOUND phenolic compounds in corn distillers grains were compared with those in corn feedstock to determine the impact of fuel ethanol production processing. FREE and BOUND phenolic compounds in the samples from 7 companies in the U.S. were extracted into FREE and BOUND fractions by solid-liquid extraction and alkali hydrolysis with liquid-liquid extractions, respectively, using organic solvents. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC, respectively), antioxidant capacities (DPPH radical scavenging capacity, oxygen radical scavenging capacity (ORAC), hydroxyl radical averting capacity, and iron chelating capacity), and profiles and concentrations of phenolic acids were determined in the FREE and BOUND fractions of the samples. The profiles and concentrations of carotenoids were also determined. There is a general consensus that, due to starch conversion to ethanol and carbon dioxide during the processing, other components in corn, such as protein, are concentrated into DDGS over 3 times. In this study, the protein concentration in DDGS was around 4 times higher than that in corn, confirming the general consensus. TPC, TFC, and antioxidant capacities in both FREE and BOUND fractions of DDGS were 3-5 times higher than those of corn. The concentration of total phenolic acids (the sum of FREE and BOUND forms of phenolic acids identified) was the highest in DDGS (7.9 mg/g), followed by WDG (3.1 mg/g), corn (1.6 mg/g), and CDS (0.6 mg/g). The concentrations of total phenolic acids in DDGS and WDG was around 5 and 2 times, respectively, higher than that in corn. Ferulic acid was the predominant phenolic acid in corn, DDGS, and WDG and accounted for 86-90% of the total phenolic acids, followed by p-coumaric acid (7.4-8.5%), sinapic acid (1.9-2.8%), and other minor phenolic acids (syringic, caffeic, vanillic, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids each of which accounted for less than 1%). The concentration of total carotenoids (the sum of lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene identified) was the highest in DDGS (40.8 µg/g), followed by WDG (21.0 µg/g), corn (17.1 µg/g), and CDS (16.5 µg/g). The concentration of total carotenoids in DDGS was around 2.4 times higher than in feeding corn. Lutein was the predominant carotenoid compound in corn, DDGS, WDG, and CDS, and accounted for 44-55% of the total carotenoid concentration, followed by zeaxanthin (35-39%) and other minor phenolic acids (11-18%, including beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene). These results indicated that phenolic compounds, especially phenolic acids and carotenoids, and antioxidant capacities in corn are well concentrated into DDGS during the fuel ethanol production processing. Because the health-benefits of phenolic acids and carotenoids have been well-recognized, corn distillers grain co-products, especially DDGS, can be a good source for phenolic acids and carotenoids that can help improve health and wellness of farm animals. However, amounts of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities were 2-5 times greater in the BOUND fractions of corn, DDGS, and WDG than in their FREE fractions, depending on the assays. Moreover, the majority of total phenolic acids (90-94%) and ferulic acid (96-98%) in corn, DDGS, and WDG were found in the BOUND fractions, indicating that their bioavailability in corn, DGGS, and WDG is extremely low. Like other bioactive compounds, the effectiveness and efficiency of health-beneficial activities of phenolic acids are primarily dependent upon their bioavailability and the free, soluble form (FREE) of phenolic acids is highly absorbable and therefore highly bioavailable in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These results warranted Objective II because the development of economically effective processing methods to increase the "free" form of phenolic acids in corn distillers grain products can improve their nutritional quality and consequently health-beneficial effects for farm animals. Objective II of the project was to evaluate the effects of the combinations of alkali hydrolysis condition variables on profiles, concentrations, and bioavailability (as concentrations of FREE vs. BOUND forms) of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities in alkali-hydrolyzed WDG. Alkali compounds tested in this study were NaOH, KOH, and Ca(OH)2. WDG were alkali-hydrolyzed using factorial combinations of the condition variables for each alkali: alkali concentration (0 (control) to 3.0 mol/kg WDG), incubation temperature (25 to 80 °C) and time (0.5 to 4 hours). WDG were mixed with alkali solution at the ratio of 1:3 (w/v) and incubated in a temperature-controlled shaker. TPC, TFC, concentration of phenolic acids (ferulic, p-coumaric, and sinapic acids), and antioxidant capacity measured as ORAC were evaluated in the FREE and BOUND fractions. Without alkali, incubation time and temperature did not affect TPC, TFC, concentrations of phenolic acids, and ORAC in the FREE and BOUND fractions from the control. As all the condition variables increased, TPC, TFC, concentration of phenolic acids, and ORAC in the FREE fraction continuously increased and those in the BOUND fraction considerably decreased. At the maximum condition variables (3.0 mol/kg WDG at 80 ?C for 4 hours) with all alkali tested, the FREE fraction accounted for over 97% of TPC, TFC, concentrations of phenolic acids, and antioxidant capacity in alkalized WDG. NaOH and KOH seemed to be slightly more effective in alkali hydrolysis of phenolic acids compared to Ca(OH)2 due probably to their higher solubility. Therefore, the results indicated that alkali hydrolysis of WDG can convert most of matrix-bound, unabsorbable phenolics into absorbable phenolics in animal GI tracts, which could be contributed to the improvement of farm animal health and productivity. Consequently, the results of this project will help us develop practical strategic plans to improve health-beneficial potential of corn DGGS to improve the long-term health and well-being of farm animals as antibiotic growth promoters and the sustainability, efficiency, and profitability of the production of farm animals and their products.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Daramola, A. and Min, B. 2016. Optimization of alkali hydrolysis conditions to increase antioxidant availability in corn distillers grain. 2016 American Society of Animal Science Joint Annual Meeting. July 19-23. Salt Lake City, UT.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Daramola, A. and Min, B. 2017. Improving the Availability of Phenolic Compounds in Corn Distillers Grains by Alkali Hydrolysis. 2017 UMES Research Symposium. April 18. Princess Anne, MD.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Daramola, A. O. and Min, B. 2017. Effects of alkali hydrolysis on availability of phenolic compounds in corn distillers grains. ARD Research Symposium 2017. April 1 ~ 4, 2017. Atlanta, GA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Daramola, A. O. and Min, B. 2017. Phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacities in corn distillers grains. ARD Research Symposium 2017. April 1 ~ 4, 2017. Atlanta, GA.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2017
Citation:
Daramola, A. O. 2017. Phytochemical Profiles and Antioxidant Potentials in Corn Distillers Grains from Fuel Ethanol Production and Improvement of their Phytochemical Availability by Alkali Hydrolysis. Doctoral dissertation. University of Maryland Eastern Shore.
|
Progress 10/01/15 to 09/30/16
Outputs
Target Audience:Fuel ethanol and distillers grain production industry, livestock feed industry, animal and poultry industry, meat industry, farmers, researchers in animal and poultry nutrition, food ingredient industry, governmental agencies related to grain, fuel ethanol, and animal productions, and students in agricultural and food sciences. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A graduate student was trained to acquire general lab techniques, sample handling and preparation, and advanced analytical skills required to conduct the project through hands-on practices. The student received general lab safety training. The student acquired proper sample handling and preparation techniques to minimize changes in phytochemicals during storage and sample preparation. The student obtained phytochemical extraction techniques such as liquid-solid and liquid-liquid extractions. In addition, the student was trained to acquire knowledge and techniques to perform individual compound analysis using HPLC with DAD. The student learned how to operate this advanced analytical instrument effectively. The analytical skill sets acquired will be the great assets for the student's future research career. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The findings in this project were presented in 2016 American Dairy Science Association-American Society of Animal Science Joint Annual Meeting at Salt Lake City, UT in July 2016. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?Objective II will be accomplished; the analyses of profiles and quantification of phenolic acids and phytic acid will be completed and data analysis using ANOVA and response surface methodology will be done for the optimization of alkali hydrolysis conditions. The results of this project will be presented in the professional conferences and manuscripts will prepared and submitted for publication. The dissertation will be prepared for a Ph.D. student.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Phenolic acids, especially ferulic acid - predominant phenolic acid in corn, have been proven by numerous in vitro and in vivo studies to have health-protective effects against various chronic diseases and disorders, including cancers, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, and UV-mediated skin damage, etc. and therefore could provide health benefits for farm animals. Like other bioactive compounds, the effectiveness and efficiency of health-beneficial effects of ferulic acid are primarily dependent upon their bioavailability which is involved in absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination properties, and the free, soluble form (Free) of ferulic acid is highly absorbable and therefore highly bioavailable in the GI tract. In the Objective I, we found that the majority of total phenolic acids (90-94%) and ferulic acid (96-98%) in corn, dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS), and wet distillers grain (WDG) were in the insoluble, bound (Bound) form linked to the cell-wall matrix, resulting in their extremely low bioavailability. Therefore, this findings warranted the Objective II because the development of economically effective processing methods to increase the free form of phenolic acids, especially ferulic acids, in corn distillers grain products can improve their nutritional quality and consequently health-beneficial effects for farm animals. In the Objective II, we proposed to use alkali hydrolysis to improve the bioavailability of the phenolic acids in corn distillers grains. Alkali hydrolysis has been suggested to be an economically effective way to liberate phenolic acids from cell matrix. In this period, we evaluated the effects of the combinations of alkali hydrolysis condition variables on profiles, concentrations, and availability (Free and Bound forms) of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant capacities in alkali-hydrolyzed WDG and determine the optimized combination of the condition variables to maximize amounts and antioxidant capacity of bioavailable phenolics in WDG. WDG was chosen for alkali hydrolysis because WDG is the solid part of the whole stillage, the remaining of ethanol distillation process, which is the optimal intermediate product for alkali hydrolysis. WDG were alkali-hydrolyzed using factorial combinations of the condition variables: NaOH concentration (0 (control), 0.6, 1.5, and 3.0 mol/kg WDG), incubation temperature (25, 50, and 80 °C) and time (0.5, 2, and 4 hours). WDG were mixed with NaOH solution at the ratio of 1:3 (w/v) and incubated in a temperature-controlled shaker. Response surface analysis was used to determine the best combination of the condition variables. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC, respectively) and antioxidant capacity measured as oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)) of FREE and BOUND phenolics were evaluated. Response surface analysis was used to determine the best combination of the condition variables. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacities of Free and Bound phenolics in control without NaOH were not affected by incubation temperature and time. As the condition variables increased, the antioxidant potentials increased significantly. The most considerable increases in the concentrations and antioxidant capacities of the FREE phenolics were observed when NaOH concentration increased from 0.6 to 1.5 mol/kg WDG, incubation temperature from 25 to 50 ?C, and incubation time from 0.5 to 2 hours. The concentrations and antioxidant capacities of the Bound phenolics decreased as those in Free phenolics increased. When WDG was incubated with NaOH solution at 3.0 mol/kg WDG at 80 ?C for 4 hours, FREE phenolics accounted for over 98% of the total amounts and antioxidant capacity in alkalized WDG. Response surface analysis showed the optimal combination of alkali hydrolysis condition variables at NaOH concentration (2.55 mol/kg WDG), incubation temperature (69 ?C) and time (3.0 hours). Therefore, alkali hydrolysis of WDG could convert most of matrix-bound, unabsorbable phenolics into absorbable phenolics in animal GI tracts, which could be contributed to the improvement of farm animal health and productivity. The concentrations of the individual Free and Bound phenolic acids and carotenoids will be analyzed in the next period.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Daramola, A. and Min, B. 2016. Optimization of alkali hydrolysis conditions to increase antioxidant availability in corn distillers grain. 2016 American Society of Animal Science Joint Annual Meeting. July 19-23. Salt Lake City, UT.
|
Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:Fuel ethanol and distillers grain production industry, livestock feed industry, animal and poultry industry, meat industry, farmers, researchers in animal and poultry nutrition, food ingredient industry, governmental agencies related to grain, fuel ethanol, and animal productions, and students in agricultural and food sciences. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?A minority graduate student was recruited and trained to acquire general lab techniques, sample handling and preparation, and advanced analytical skills required to conduct the project through hands-on practices. The student received general lab safety training. The student acquired proper sample handling and preparation techniques to minimize changes in phytochemicals during storage and sample preparation. The student obtained phytochemical extraction techniques such as liquid-solid and liquid-liquid extractions. In addition, the student was trained to acquire knowledge and techniques to perform individual compound analysis using HPLC with DAD. The student learned how to operate this advanced analytical instrument effectively. The analytical skill sets acquired will be the great assets for the student's future research career. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The findings were presented in 2015 American Dairy Science Association-American Society of Animal Science Joint Annual Meeting at Orlando, FL and 2105 MANRRS (Minorities in Agriculture, Natural Resources and Related Sciences) National Conference, Houston, TX. To be shared with the target audience from poultry industry, regulatory agencies, researchers and students in related areas. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?In order to accomplish the objective 2), the various conditions of alkali hydrolysis, including combinations of types and concentrations of alkali and reaction time and temperature, will be investigated and data will be collected and analyzed. The results will be presented in local, national and international professional conferences and the articles will be prepared and submitted to a peer-reviewed journal.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Corn is one of the most abundant sources of bioactive phytochemicals, such as phenolic acids and carotenoids whose health-protective effects against chronic diseases and disorders in human and farm animals are well established. The concentrations of those bioactive phytochemicals in corn were well-concentrated into corn distillers grain co-products from fuel ethanol production processing, especially dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS). The concentrations of the bioactive phytochemicals in DDGS were 2-5 times greater than in corn. Therefore, corn DDGS can be an excellent source of the bioactive phytochemicals to improve health and wellness of farm animals. However, the majority of phenolic acids in corn and DDGS were found in insoluble, bound form attached to cell-wall matrix and therefore their absorbability in the GI tract could be extremely low. In order to liberate bound forms of phenolic acids and therefore improve their bioavailability, various conditions of alkali hydrolysis, such as types and concentrations of alkali and processing time and temperature, were preliminarily tested. Combinations of the conditions tested for alkali hydrolysis will be investigated and optimized in the next period. These studies will help us develop practical strategic plans to improve health-beneficial potential of corn DGGS and, consequently, improve the long-term health and well-being of farm animals without drugs and the sustainability, efficiency, and profitability of the production of farm animals and their products. One of the objectives of the project in this period was to determine concentrations of solvent-extractable (FREE and CONJUGATED) and insoluble, cell-wall-bound (BOUND) forms of individual phenolic acids, such as ferulic, p-coumaric, sinapic, caffeic, syringic, vanillic, 4-hydroxybenxoic, and procatechuic acids, and concentrations of carotenoid compounds, such as lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene, in corn distillers grain co-products from fuel ethanol production processing, including wet distillers grain (WDG), corn distillers solubles (CDS), and dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS), compared to feeding corn. The methodologies for the extraction of bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids and carotenoids, from the corn distillers grain co-products and their identification and quantification were optimized: solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction protocols and HPLC with diode array detector (DAD) for the identification and quantification. The concentration of total carotenoids (the sum of lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene identified) was the highest in DDGS (40.8 µg/g), followed by WDG (21.0 µg/g), corn (17.1 µg/g), and CDS (16.5 µg/g). The concentration of total carotenoids in DDGS was around 2.4 times higher than in feeding corn, indicating that carotenoids in feeding corn are well concentrated into DDGS with no or minimal degradation during fuel ethanol production processing. Lutein was the predominant carotenoid compound in corn, DDGS, WDG, and CDS, and accounted for 44-55% of the total carotenoid concentration, followed by zeaxanthin (35-39%) and other minor phenolic acids (11-18%, including beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene). The health-benefits of carotenoids have been well-recognized. Therefore, corn distillers grain co-products, especially DDGS, can be a good source for carotenoids that can help improve health and wellness of farm animals. The concentration of total phenolic acid (the sum of FREE, CONJUGATED, AND BOUND forms of phenolic acids identified) was the highest in DDGS (7.9 mg/g), followed by WDG (3.1 mg/g), corn (1.6 mg/g), and CDS (0.6 mg/g). The concentrations of total phenolic acids in DDGS and WDG was around 5 and 2 times, respectively, higher than that in feeding corn, indicating that phenolic acids in feeding corn are well concentrated into DDGS and WDG without degradation during fuel ethanol production processing. Ferulic acid was the predominant phenolic acid in corn, DDGS, and WDG, except for CDS, and accounted for 86-90% of the total phenolic acid, followed by p-coumaric acid (7.4-8.5%), sinapic acid (1.9-2.8%), and other minor phenolic acids (syringic, caffeic, vanillic, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids each of which accounted for less than 1%). Ferulic acid was the predominant phenolic acid in CDS but accounted for around 50% of its total phenolic acid concentration, followed by p-coumaric (~17%), sinapic (~15%), and other minor phenolic acids (~18%). Phenolic acids, especially ferulic acid, have been proven by numerous in vitro and in vivo studies to have health-protective effects against various chronic diseases and disorders, including cancers, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, and UV-mediated skin damage, etc. and therefore could provide health benefits for farm animals. Like other bioactive compounds, the effectiveness and efficiency of health-beneficial effects of ferulic acid are primarily dependent upon their bioavailability which is involved in absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination properties, and the free form of ferulic acid is highly absorbable and therefore highly bioavailable in the GI tract. It was found that the majority of total phenolic acids (90-94%) and ferulic acid (96-98%) in corn, DDGS, and WDG were in the insoluble, bound form linked to the cell-wall matrix via ester linkage, resulting in their extremely low bioavailability. Therefore, the development of economically effective processing methods to increase the free form of phenolic acids, especially ferulic acids, in corn distillers grain co-products can improve their nutritional quality and health beneficial effects for farm animals. Alkali hydrolysis has been suggested to be an economically effective way to liberate phenolic acids from cell matrix. The other objective of the project in this period was to investigate the effects of various conditions of alkali hydrolysis, including types and concentrations of alkali and reaction time and temperature, on the increases in concentrations of readily bioavailable, free forms of bioactive phenolic acids in the corn distillers grain co-products, especially WDG, and optimize the conditions of alkali hydrolysis. Preliminary experiments were conducted to determine the experimental conditions for main parameters which will be tested in the main experiment: types of alkali (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide), concentrations of alkali (0.75, 1.5, and 3 mol/kg NaOH and KOH; 0.375, 0.75, and 1.5 mol/kg Ca(OH)2), reaction time (0.5, 2, and 4 hours), and reaction temperature (ambient (25), 50, and 80 °C). Their factorial combinations will be tested to determine the optimum conditions of alkali hydrolysis in the next period.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Daramola, A. and Min, B. 2014. Antioxidant Potentials in Corn Distillers Grains from Fuel Ethanol Production. UMES 2014 Regional Research Symposium. April 17, 2014. Princess Anne, MD.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Daramola, A and Min, B. 2014. Antioxidant potential in corn distillers grains. Poultry Science Associations Annual Meeting. July 14-17. Corpus Cristi, TX.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Daramola, A and Min, B. 2014. Phenolics and antioxidant capacities in corn distillers grain products from fuel ethanol production. United States-Korean Conference 2014. Aug. 6-9. San Francisco, CA.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Daramola, A. O. and Min, B. 2015. Phytochemicals in corn distillers grains. 2015 American Dairy Science Association-American Society of Animal Science Joint Annual Meeting. July 12 ~ 16. Orlando, FL.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Daramola, A. O. and Min, B. 2015. Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities in corn distillers grains. 2015 MANRRS (Minorities in Agriculture, Natural Resources and Related Sciences) National Conference, March 25-29. Houston, TX.
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Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: Fuel ethanol/distillers grain production industry, livestock feed industry, animal and poultry industry, meat industry, farmers, researchers in animal and poultry nutrition, food ingredient industry, governmental agencies related to grain, fuel ethanol, and animal productions, and students in agricultural, animal, and food sciences. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? The project provided opportunities for minority graduate student at UMES to acquire knowledge and hand-on experiences in the advanced research area of natural bioactive compounds. A Ph.D. student has been trained to advance sample preparation and analytical skills required to conduct the project through one-on-one interaction with a mentor and hands-on practices. The student acquired proper sample handling and preparation techniques to minimize changes in bioactive compounds during storage and handling using size-reduction, freeze-drying techniques, etc. The student obtained the extraction techniques of bioactive compounds such as liquid-solid and liquid-liquid extraction techniques. In addition, the student was trained to effectively perform advanced spectrophotometric and fluorometric assays and identification of bioactive compounds using various analytical instruments, including spectrophotometer, fluorescence microplate reader, and HPLC. Those assays and instruments are essential for most antioxidant research. The skill sets acquired will be the great assets for the student's future research career. The student participated in 2014 UMES research symposium at Princess Anne, MD to present the results of the project. The student was also invited to US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Outlook Forum Student Diversity Program at Washington, D.C. in 2014. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? The findings were shared with the target audience, including poultry industry, government agencies, researchers and students, in 2014 Poultry Science Annual Meeting at Corpus Christi, TX and 2014 UMES Research Symposium at Princess Anne, MD. The PI was also invited to present the findings of the project in 2014 UKC Conference at San Francisco, CA. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Profiles and concentration of carotenoids, one of major bioactive compounds in corn, will be analyzed in corn distillers grains. Effects of various conditions of alkali hydrolysis on availability of bioactive compounds will be investigate to determine the potentials of alkali hydrolysis to maximize the availability of bioactive compounds in corn distillers grains as indicated in the objective 2.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Corn is a primary feedstock for fuel ethanol production in the U.S. and the processing co-products, corn distillers grains such as dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), wet and modified wet distillers grain (WDG/MWDG), and condensed distillers solubles (CDS), have been extensively used for farm animal production. MWDG is a type of WDG with reduced moisture content for improved storage stability. Companies produce either WDG or MWDG depending on their process. Among them, DDGS is predominantly used because of its storage stability. Corn is one of the most abundant sources of bioactive antioxidant compound among whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Oxidative stress has been identified as a primary cause of the initiation and progress of most chronic diseases and pathological conditions in human and farm animals and performance and quality defects, such as low feeding efficiency, high mortality, etc., in farm animals and their products. Bioactive antioxidant compounds can attenuate oxidative stress and, therefore, provide health-protective effects in farm animals. Processing conditions of fuel ethanol production such as heat treatment, fermentation, distillation, etc. can affect amounts and availability of bioactive compounds in corn distillers grains. However, little information is available for profile, amounts, availability, and antioxidant capacitiesactivities of bioactive compounds in corn distillers grains. The goal of the project in this period was to determine profiles and concentrations of bioactive compounds, especially phenolic compounds due to their predominant presence in corn, and antioxidant capacities in corn distillers grains: WDG/MWDG, CDS, and DDGS. Phenolic compounds in corn naturally exist in two forms: soluble, solvent-extractable (FREE) and insoluble, cell-wall-bound (BOUND) forms. The BOUND form is known to be marginally bioavailable. The profile, concentrations, and antioxidant activities of the FREE and BOUND phenolic compounds in corn distillers grains were compared with those in corn feedstock to determine the impact of fuel ethanol production processing. In the previous period, we collected corn distillers grains from only two companies for analyses. In this period, we had more companies expressing interests in the project because this project can provide information for potential health beneficial effects of their products for livestock. In the end, we were able to collect the samples from five companies for analyses. This allowed us to be able to generate more comprehensive data for more convincing results. FREE and BOUND phenolic compounds in the samples were extracted into FREE and BOUND fractions by solid-liquid extraction and alkali hydrolysis with liquid-liquid extractions, respectively, using organic solvents. Profiles and concentrations of phenolic compounds (total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC, respectively)) and antioxidant capacities (DPPH radical scavenging capacity (DPPH), oxygen radical scavenging capacity (ORAC), hydroxyl radical averting capacity (HORAC), and iron chelating capacity (ICC)) were determined in the FREE and BOUND fractions from corn, WDG/MWDG, CDS, and DDGS. TPC, TFC, DPPH, and ICC were determined using spectrophotometric methods. ORAC and HORAC were determined using fluorometric assays. Individual phenolic acids were identified and quantified using HPLC with diode array detector (DAD). Proximate compositions (moisture, protein, lipid, and ash) in the samples were also determined. Additional data obtained from the samples from five companies confirmed the results found in the previous report. Phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities in the FREE fractions were the highest in DDGS, followed by CDS, WDG/MWDG, and corn. Those in the BOUND fractions were the highest in DDGS, followed by WDG/MWDG, corn, and CDS. Phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities in both FREE and BOUND fractions of DDGS were 3-5 times higher than of corn. It has been suggested that due to starch conversion to ethanol and carbon dioxide during the processing, other components in corn, such as protein, are concentrated into DDGS over 3 times. In this study, the protein concentration in DDGS was around 4 times higher than that in corn, confirming the general consensus. Therefore, the results indicate that phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities in corn are not degraded or may increase during the fuel ethanol production processing and well concentrated into DDGS. Ferulic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid, followed by p-coumaric, sinapic, and syringic acids. Their concentrations were the highest in DDGS, followed by WDG, CDS, and corn. Many studies have shown that ferulic acid has strong antioxidant activities and provides numerous health beneficial effects such as anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, corn distillers grains, especially DDGS, have a great potential as a source of natural bioactive compounds, such as ferulic acid, that have numerous health beneficial effects and, consequently, are capable of improving long-term health and production of farm animals without drugs. This can lead to enhance the sustainability, efficiency, and profitability of farm animal industry and the safety of their products. However, amounts of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities were 2-5 times greater in the BOUND fractions of corn, DDGS, and WDG than in their FREE fractions, while those were 4-20 times higher in the FREE fractions of CDS, depending on the assays. In addition, ferulic acid was found to be predominantly localized in the BOUND fraction. These results indicate that the majority of bioactive compounds in corn, DDGS, and WDG are insoluble, cell wall-bound form and, therefore, may not be readily available for absorption, while those in CDS are soluble and may be high in bioavailability. Phenolic compounds should be absorbed in the intestinal tracts to exert their health beneficial effects in animals. Hence, the development of the economically feasible technologies that can liberate the BOUND phenolic compounds is vital to maximize the health beneficial potentials of DDGS and other distillers grains. In the next phase, we will investigate the potential of alkali hydrolysis as a bioavailability-enhancing technology of the bioactive compounds in DDGS.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Daramola, A. and Min, B. 2014. Antioxidant Potentials in Corn Distiller's Grains from Fuel Ethanol Production. 2014 UMES Regional Research Symposium. April 17, 2014. Princess Anne, MD.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Daramola, A and Min, B. 2014. Antioxidant potential in corn distillers grains (439P). Poultry Science Associations Annual Meeting. July 14-17. Corpus Cristi, TX.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Min, B. and Daramola, A. 2014. Phenolics and antioxidant capacities in corn distillers grain products from fuel ethanol production (FAN-23, Invited talk). UKC 2014. Aug. 6-9. San Francisco, CA.
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Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Distillers grain producing industry, fuel ethanol production industry, livestock feed industry, animal and poultry industry, meat industry, farmers, researchers in animal and poultry nutrition, food ingredient industry, governmental agencies related to grain, fuel ethanol, and animal productions, and students in agricultural and food sciences. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? A minority graduate student was recruited and trained to acquire general lab techniques, sample handling and preparation, and essential analytical skills required to conduct the project through hands-on practices. The student received general lab safety training. The student learned proper sample handling and preparation techniques to minimize changes in phytochemicals during storage and sample preparation using milling equipment, freeze-dryer, etc. The student obtained phytochemical extraction techniques such as liquid-solid and liquid-liquid extractions. In addition, the student was trained to acquire knowledge and techniques to perform advanced spectrophotometric and fluorometric assays to determine amounts of natural phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities, including assays to determine total phenolic and flavonoid contents, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, oxygen radical scavenging capacity (ORAC), hydroxyl radical averting capacity (HORAC). Various analytical instruments were involved in those assays, including spectrophotometer and fluorescence microplate reader. The student learned how to operate those instruments effectively. The assays and instruments are essential for most antioxidant research. Currently, the student can perform aforementioned techniques routinely. The skill sets acquired will be the great assets for the student’s future research career. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Major phenolic compounds and carotenoids in the samples will be identified and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data will be analyzed. The objective 1) will be accomplished. The results will be presented in local, national and international professional conferences and the article will be prepared and submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. A series of experiments will be initiated to achieve the objective 2).
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The goal of the project in this period was to determine antioxidant potentials in various corn distillers grain products from fuel ethanol production processing, including wet distillers grain (WDG), condensed distillers solubles (CDS), and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Phenolic compounds in corn naturally exist in two forms: soluble, solvent-extractable (FREE) and insoluble, cell-wall-bound (BOUND) forms. Free and Bound phenolic compounds in the samples were extracted into Free and Bound fractions by solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extractions using organic solvent such as ethanol and ethyl acetate. Concentrations of phenolic compounds (total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC, respectively)) and antioxidant capacities (DPPH radical scavenging capacity, oxygen radical scavenging capacity (ORAC), and hydroxyl radical averting capacity (HORAC)) were determined in the FREE and BOUND fractions from corn, WDG, CDS, and DDGS. Those in both factions were combined and expressed as TOTAL. Proximate compositions, moisture, protein, lipid, and ash contents, in the samples were also determined. The samples were collected from two companies at the different locations in the US. Overall, the concentrations of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities in the BOUND fractions accounted for over 60-85% in corn, WDG, and DDGS while those in the FREE fractions accounted for 80-95% in CDS. This result indicates that the majority of antioxidants in corn, DDGS, and WDG are insoluble, cell wall-bound form and, therefore, may not be readily available for absorption, while those in CDS are soluble and may be high in availability. Phenolic compounds have to be absorbed in the intestinal tracts to exert their health beneficial effects in human and animals. The concentrations of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities in the FREE, BOUND, and TOTAL fractions were the highest in DDGS. Those in DDGS were approximately 4 times higher than those in corn. It is commonly suggested that, due to starch conversion to ethanol and CO2 during the processing, most other components in corn are concentrated in DDGS around 3 times. In this study, proximate analysis showed that the crude protein concentration in DDGS was around 4 times higher than that in corn, meaning that the components in the corn samples are concentrated in the DDGS samples around 4 times. Therefore, this result indicates that the phenolic compounds and their antioxidant capacities are not degraded by fuel ethanol production processing and, thus, well preserved in corn distillers co-products, especially DDGS. The concentrations of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities in the FREE fractions of WDG were similar to those of corn, but those in the BOUND fractions of WDG were approximately 2 times higher than those of corn. CDS showed 2-3 times higher concentrations of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities in the FREE fraction but significantly lower in the BOUND fraction, compared to corn. In conclusion, this study indicated that phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activities in corn are not degraded during fuel ethanol production processing and DDGS shows the dominant antioxidant potentials among corn distillers grains. DDGS is the most widely utilized for animal feed due to the storage stability. This study shows that DDGS has a great potential as a source of natural phenolic compounds that has been shown to have numerous health beneficial effects and, therefore, are capable of improving animal health and performance. However, the majority of phenolic compounds in DDGS are the insoluble, cell-wall-bound forms, which are barely available for absorption. The application of technologies that can liberate the bound phenolic compounds from cell-wall structures, such as alkali or enzymatic hydrolysis, may increase bio-accessible phenolic compounds in DDGS.
Publications
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Progress 09/01/12 to 09/30/12
Outputs
Target Audience:
Nothing Reported
Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? A graduate student was recruited to conduct the project. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?
Nothing Reported
What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Corn distillers grain samples, including feeding corn, wet distillers grain (WDG), condensed distillers solubles (CDS), anddried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) will be collected fromcompanies.A graduate student will be trained to conduct chemical analyses required for the project. Concentrations of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities in soluble and insoluble, cell-wall bound fractions from the samples will be determined using various analytical techniques. Proximate composition of samples, including moisture, protein, lipid, and ash, will be also determined. The results of these assays will provide information regardingantioxidant potentials invarious corn distillers grain products available for animal production.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
The project was just initiated. Corn distillers grain-producing companies were contacted to provide samplesfor the project.
Publications
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