Progress 10/01/14 to 09/30/15
Outputs
Target Audience:The primary target audience includes scientists, educators, farmers, consumers, stakeholders interested in food security and safety, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, animal health and extension professionals. The project also serves high school and Ph.D students, faculty, staff administrators and policymakers. High school, undergraduate and graduate students, research technicians, farm personnel and faculty have been involved in this project as well. Efforts: This project delivers science-based knowledge to scientists and other stakeholders through professional presentations, reports and publications. A report was submitted for NCA&T Small Ruminant Southern Section SCC 081 Report. Students in internship courses, in class room settings and through laboratory and on farm experiments in undergraduate and graduate research and volunteers also participate in experiential learning. Farmers and visitors to the university farm are also beneficiaries of efforts in this research through on farm presentations. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two students completed their thesis and one undergraduate student completed the Undergraduate Research Scholar Program. Another completed an internship and will be presenting research findings in the Southern Section Animal Science Meeting. Five other undergraduate students were provided experiential learning opportunities in the laboratory and on farm. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?The results of this research have been disseminated through presentations and publications. Publications will continue to be submitted after finalization of manuscripts. Venues for presentations include the Joint meeting of Animal and Dairy Sciences, the Plant and Animal Genome Conference and the Southern section of Animal Science. They have also been presented to high school research apprentice students and at the Show case of excellence on campus to faculty and students and through on farm demonstrations and outreach to visitors. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
This project has increased the understanding of the effect and utility of natural modulators (bacterial, fly, nematode, fungal, plant extracts) on the innate ability of cows, sheep and goats to resist disease to maximize production. ACTIVITES COMPLETED INCLUDE: Objective 1 - In vitro assessments of the modulation of gene expression, by bacterial (Probiotics, LPS, Peptidoglycan, Nystatin), fly (horn fly salivary gland extracts), nematode (Hameonchus excretory and secretory products), fungal (mushroom extracts) and plant tannins and extracts, in blood from sheep cows and goats were conducted at the RNA, protein and cell level. Objective 2 - The impact of nutritional supplementation with commercial probiotics and omega three on innate immunity and the in vitro response to modulators in young and adult small ruminants (sheep and goats) was evaluated with respect to gene expression and biomarker analysis. Objective 3 - The impact of nutritional supplementation using Corpet, Fast track and Ruminated gels on innate immunity was evaluated in all three ruminants. The response to modulators in calves (Probiotics) and cow blood (horn fly extracts) and PAMPS from mastitis causing pathogens ( Probiotics, LPS, Peptidoglycan, Nystatin), was evaluated with respect to gene expression, biomarker analysis. In animal production the use of probiotics supplements to promote animal health is increasing. The molecular impact of Probiotic administration on activation of genes involved in homeostasis and immunity has been investigated in cow sheep and goat blood. Through evaluation of serum proteins and RNA Transcript profiling using microarray analysis and real time PCR in depth evaluation of the ruminant response to diverse probiotics was accomplished. The regulation of genes in the Wingless signaling pathway, Cytokine and Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses were evaluated using the RT² Profiler™ PCR Arrays (SABiosciences) to profile the expression of 84 genes involved in each pathway. Different levels of these genes were expressed in cow sheep and goat blood. Treatment with probiotics increased the expression of innate and adaptive immune response, cytokine and Wingless pathway genes. To our knowledge this is the first report of the involvement of the wingless pathway genes in the modulation by probiotics. Furthermore evidence is presented for a pleiotropic effect of probiotics administration impacting immunity and homeostasis. In sheep, cow and goats, microbe, pathogen and plant associated molecular patterns regulate inflammation in a species specific manner and involve the TLR and WNT pathways. TLR and WNT receptor cross talk involves protein secretion and differential gene transcription. There was no effect of Corpet on health indicators. Mushroom probiotics impact gene expression at the level of RNA and Proteins. Goat neutrophils express 8 Toll like receptors that are differentially modulated by dietary supplementation. Oral administration of mushrooms as probiotics may stimulate gene expression in peripheral blood. Further this white rot fungus may be a useful feed supplement in goats. Goats respond to different microbial probiotics by improved resistance and resilience to parasite infection. Supplementation with commercial probiotics did not affect ruminant (Cow, sheep and goat) health or indicators of production such as body weight. No effect of probiotics was observed in calves. Supplementation with Omega-3-6-9 kid and lamb plus supplement tended to increase the body weight in treated sheep and goat twins. The effect on body weight differed between species. However multiple signaling pathways involved in immunity, homeostasis and adipogenesis were activated in peripheral blood. The impact of probiotics in ruminants should be evaluated at the cell and molecular level. Results in sheep, cows and goats indicate oral probiotic supplementation impacts gene expression in peripheral blood in animals. The results suggest that in ruminants as in other organisms cross-talk exists between Toll like receptor and WNT signaling pathways offering new targets that can be exploited for animal improvement and production measures. This study provides an insight into the interplay between the Wnt/β-catenin and TLR are pathways in sheep cattle and goats. Thus providing reagents for further study of their role in the regulation of physiological and pathological effects related to development, immune function, inflammation, diseases, meat and milk quality. The data deposited with NCBI may aid in further definition of the molecular basis of the cross-regulation between the Wnt and TLR signaling pathways in these animals for the design of potential therapeutics, diagnostics and gene technologies to aid in selection for resistance to pathogens and disease. Demand for animal products is expected to increase dramatically in the near future. An estimated $2-8 billion loss in ruminant production is associated with inflammatory diseases and in-effective therapy. The results of this project contribute to increased understanding and utilization of genomic resources for improved animal production practices to meet demand. The results provide insight into innate receptor cross-talk and regulation important to understanding animal physiology immunity and homeostasis. The identified modulation of cross talk between TLR and WNT pathway genes will lead to innovative agricultural technologies and practices. These studies contribute to efforts to elicit innate antimicrobial and inflammatory responses and initiate adaptive immunity in animals for the control or elimination of infection. It increases our understanding of how pathogens exploit the animal's receptor crosstalk mechanisms and modulate the signaling network. This knowledge will help in preventing undesirable animal health outcomes due to the impact of pathogens on these same mechanisms. This knowledge is also essential for developing interventions to redirect the host response and achieve protective immunity to address concerns over resistance of pathogens to existing chemicals and their impact on food safety. Ultimately this will help in the provision of sufficient good quality animal products to feed the growing world population in a sustainable manner. Long term selection and innovative therapeutics will reduce production losses for producers; improve product quality and public health. Thus far this effort has increased awareness and knowledge of the role of genetics in animal production and will lead to increased adoption of effective control measures among cow, sheep and goat producers and animal health professionals while developing human capital.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Worku, M., K. Ekwemalor, E. Asiamah, S. Mcmahan, H. Ismail, S. Adje Fremah. 2015. Probiotic supplementation and resilience to parasites in goats. JAM Orlando FL.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Asiamah E., Adjei-Fremah, S., Ekwemalor, K., and Worku, M. Detection and Expression of Genes Involved in Innate and Adaptive Responses in Ruminants. PAG XXIV. 2016.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Adjei-Fremah S., Asiamah E., Ekwemalor K., Jackai LEN., and Worku, M. Global gene expression profiling and impact of cowpea phenolic extract (CPE) on Wnt signaling Genes in bovine peripheral blood. PAG XXIV. 2016.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Worku, M., Ismail, H., Adjei-Fremah S., Asiamah, E., and Ekwemalor, K. Pleitropic effect of probiotics administration on gene expression in goats impacting immunity and homeostasis. PAG XXIV. 2016.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Ekwemalor, K., Asiamah, E., Adjei-Fremah, S., Worku, M., Ismail, H. Goat neutrophils express innate and adaptive response genes that can be modulated by exposure to mushroom (Coriolus versicolor) extracts. XXIV. 2016.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Asiamah, E., Adjei-Fremah, S., Ekwemalor, K., and Worku, M. Effect of the lipid raft inhibitor Nystatin on gene expression in Bovine blood. Animal Science Southern Section conference, San Antonio, Texas. 2016.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Adjei-Fremah S., Everett, A., Franco, R., Moultone, K., Asiamah, E., Ekwemalor, K, Huffman, C.
Jackai LEN., Whitley, N., and Worku, M. Analysis of growth, anthelmintic, and immune response parameters in goats on cowpea forage Animal Science Southern Section conference, San Antonio, Texas. 2016.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Ekwemalor, K., Asiamah, E., Adjei-Fremah, S., and Worku, M. The effect of a mushroom (Coriolus Versiocolor) based probiotic on the expression of Toll like receptors in goat Neutrophils. Animal Science Southern Section conference. 2016.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Huffman, C., Adjei-Fremah, S., Ekwemalor, K., Asiamah, E., Ismail, H., and Worku, M. Evaluation of a Commercial Supplement in Sheep and Goat Twins. Animal Science Southern Section conference Southern Section Conference. 2016.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Jenae Young, S., Adjei Fremah and M. Worku. Bacterial Lipopolysacharide (LPS) induced response and Beta catenin activity in cow peripheral blood. NC-LSAMP Conference. 2015.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Ekwemalor, K. The Effect of a Mushroom (Coriolus versicolor) Based Probiotic on Innate immunity in Goats Naturally Infected with Gastrointestinal Parasites. Thesis, 2015.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Adjei- Fremah, S., K. Ekwemalor, Asiamah, L. Jackai, K. Schimel and M. Worku. Modulation of bovine WNT Signalling genes by Cowpea phenolic extracts invitro. 2016. Journal of Agricultural Science.
- Type:
Theses/Dissertations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Asiamah, E.K. In vitro effects of water extracts of Sericea Lespedeza on Cow Sheep and goat blood. Thesis, 2015.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Adjei-Fremah, S., Jackai L., and Worku, M. 2016. Analysis of Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Properties of Selected Cowpea Varieties Tested in Bovine Peripheral Blood. AJAVS. DOI: 10.3844/ajavsp.2015.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Awaiting Publication
Year Published:
2016
Citation:
Gyenai, K.B., M. Worku, M. Tajkarimi and S.A. Ibrahim. Influence of Probiotics on Coccidia, H. Contortus and Markers of Infection in Goats. 2016. AJAVS. DOI: 10.3844/ajavsp.
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Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14
Outputs
Target Audience: The primary target audience includes owners of small- and mid-size animal farms, consumers, stakeholders interested in food security and safety, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, animal health and extension professionals. The project serves high school through PhD students, faculty, staff administrators and policy makers. High school, undergraduate and graduate students, research technicians, farm personnel and faculty have been involved in this project. The effort impacts formal classroom instruction, laboratory instruction and practicum experiences. It also contributes to refinement of curriculums in biotechnology, genetics and bioinformatics and genome analysis. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? High school, undergraduate and graduate students, research technicians, farm personnel and faculty have been involved in this project. The effort impacts formal classroom instruction, laboratory instruction and practicum experiences. It also contributes to refinement of curriculum in biotechnology, genetics and bioinformatics and genome analysis. On farm and laboratory experiential learning opportunities were provided for students. Science based knowledge is delivered through classroom instruction, on farm and laboratory research experiential learning, field days and farm tours, professional meeting and conference presentations and networking. Work has been presented at the Plant and Animal Genome meetings, American Society of Animal and Dairy Science meeting and conferences. Abstracts have been published. Posters and field day presentations were provided for extension and outreach. Small farm field days were avenues for reaching producers and visitors in the Agdiscovery program. Examples of research efforts were provided in the "What is research" workshop for high school RAP students. Agilent training on microarray hybridization and analysis was conducted. Honors program and internship students benefit from this effort. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Posters were presented at the Joint meeting of the Society of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Plant and Animal Genome Meeting, the small farms field day at N.C. A&T and others attended by students conferences cited above. Three abstracts have been accepted for the Southern section of the Society of Animal Sciences meetings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals?
Nothing Reported
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: Proteins in bovine neutrophils were decreased in concentration and altered electrophoretic profiles were observed following treatment with fly and worm extracts. Comparatively more proteins in bovine neutrophils were down regulated by exposure to fly extracts. Serum protein concentration and banding pattern was unique to treatment and species. Soluble TLR and WNT were not detected in goat serum. The levels of PGE2 were deceased following concomitant exposure with SL and LPS, PGN or NYS. Sericea decreased the prostaglandin levels in goat blood when combined with LPS, PGN and Nystatin. Transcripts for TLR4, TLR2, Frizzeled, Wnt5a and TNF alpha were detected in cow, sheep and goat blood. Transcripts were variably responsive to different stimuli. The lipid raft inhibiting function of NYS may contribute to TLR2 and Frizzeled receptor transcription. Cell wall components of gram-positive bacteria increased transcription of TLR2 which increased further in the presence of SL. The lipid raft inhibiting function of NYS may contribute to TLR2 transcription. Exposure to SL in combination with PGN resulted in 1.5 fold change in TLR2 transcript levels in cow blood. Nystatin and peptidoglycan co-exposure increased transcription the most by 2.5 fold. The results demonstrate that in goat, sheep and cow blood, SL is involved in cell activation by direct interaction and modulates the response to bacterial cell wall components. Thus, SL may aid in regulating inflammation by modulating cell activation at the RNA and protein level. The effect of SL on receptor expression in response to microbial products may offer an avenue for the exploitation of plant-derived tannins to regulate inflammatory response and enhance bovine innate immune response. Objective 2: At the recommended dose and there was no significant effect of corpet supplementation on measured indicators of health and production in four goats. However changes in the lymphocyte: neutrophil ratio was observed indicating neutrophil increase in goat blood. In goats drenching with hot or cold extracts of Corpet increased the concentrations of microbial DNA in fecal samples when compared to the control in an animal dependent manner. The average total RNA concentration in blood of the different treatment groups for each week revealed some variation over time. Administration of CorPet as an oral drench may stimulate gene expression in peripheral blood. Cold extracts did not elevate prostaglandin levels in serum and elevated 11 pro-inflammatory genes. Hot extracts increased serum prostaglandin levels and 38 pro-inflammatory genes. Analysis of microbial load in fecal samples provides insight into retention of probiotics and impact on rumen microbes. Oral administration of mushrooms as a probiotics may stimulate gene expression in peripheral blood. Further this white rot fungus may be a useful feed supplement in goats. Plant microbial and fungal extracts modulate innate immunity in goats and cows. Receptor cross talk involves prostaglandin secretion and differential gene transcription. In neutrophils isolated from goats that received CorPet 60-80% of the genes were up regulated. In neutrophils from goats receiving water 24% of the genes were up regulated. Corpet treatment was associated with increased expression of TLR 6, chemokine CCL2, cytokine IL6 and effectors TAB1 and ECSIT. Five out of 8 pro-inflammatory cytokine were secreted in plasma from all goats. Treatments with CorPet increased the concentration of GCSF (3 fold), GMCSF (2 fold), IFNr (3 fold), IP10 (49 fold) and Rantes (7 fold). Administration of CorPet to goat impacted transcription and translation of genes important in combating inflammation. Its use as a probiotic in goats may help stimulate innate immunity. Supplementation with commercial probiotics based on microbes and in combination with mushrooms improved body weight, PCV, FAMACHA scores. Further differential effects of probiotic source(composition) was observed on the levels of coccidia and Haemonchus eggs per gram feces over an eight week period in goats under grazing conditions. Objective 3: Statistical analysis of data using SAS and laboratory analysis of proteins and nucleic acids is ongoing. Both WNT=5a and NFKb were detected in cow serum. Initial analysis of global gene expression microarray data indicate a total number of genes: 45220 detected bovine on the Agilent bovine array. Of these 9842 were up regulated, 3,816 down regulated: 3816 and 31562 genes were unchanged following stimulation with lps. Evaluation of a focused group of 84 genes associated with Human innate and adaptive immunity array 22 genes were up-regulated including TLR with no significant gene down-regulation. In the cow WNT gene array, six genes including WNT3a were up regulated and 30 genes were down-regulated in response to LPS treatment of cow blood from cows supplemented with probiotics. These results indicate T LR receptor cross talk and modulation.
Publications
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Isolation and Characterization of Goat Prosaposin. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 9 (4): 510-516, 2014 ISSN: 1557-4989 � 2014 A.R. Byers et al., (http://www.thescipub.com/ajabs.toc)
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Preliminary Evaluation of the Effect of a Mushroom (Coriolus versicolor) Probiotic on Gene Expression in Goat Blood. 2014 Joint Annual Meeting (JAM) in Kansas City, Missouri, July 20-24.
- Type:
Book Chapters
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Book Chapter 14 Goat Genetics and Genomic Progress 137 Mulumebet Worku Molecular and Quantitative Animal Genetics. Hasan Khatib. ISBN: 978-1-118-67740-7.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
M. Worku and Hamid Ismail. Expression of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response Genes in Goat Neutrophils. Plant and Animal Genome Conference 2014.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Goat Genetic Selection. Dr. Millie Worku, Dr. Andrea Byers, Dr. Niki Whitley, Dr. Ralph Noble, Mr. Hamid Ismail and Gary Summers. Small Farms Field Day. June 19 Posted by SAES on 14 May 2014, 3:35 p
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
K. Ekwemalor, S. McMahan, J. Page, H. Ismail, and M. Worku. Preliminary Evaluation of the Effect of a Mushroom (Coriolus versicolor) Probiotic on Gene Expression in Goat Blood. Poster presented at The Energy Summit Mid-Year Meeting on February 25, 2014 in Proctor hall at N.C. A&T University.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Preliminary Evaluation of the Effect of a Mushroom (Coriolus versicolor) Probiotic on Gene Expression in Goat Blood. 28th Annual NAGPS National Conference. National Association of Graduate-Professional Students. Thursday, November 6, 2014 at 12:00 PM - Sunday, November 9, 2014 at 12:00 PM (CST) Columbia, MO.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
Taylor Philips Andrea Byers Worku, Hamid Ismail. 2014. Goat milk components for nutrition and health. High School Research Apprentice Program
- Type:
Other
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Asiamah E., Ekwemalor K, Adjei-Fremah S Ismail H and Worku M. Water Extracts of Sericea Lespedeza Modulate Transcription in Goat Blood. Accepted for the ASAS 2015 Southern Section. Meeting.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
K. Ekwemalor, S. McMahan, J. Page, H. Ismail, and M. Worku The Effect of CorPet a Mushroom Derived Probiotic on Gene Expression in Goat Blood. Accepted for the ASAS 2015 Southern Section. Meeting.
- Type:
Other
Status:
Accepted
Year Published:
2015
Citation:
Adjei-Fremah S., Asiamah E., Ekwemalor K., Ismail H., and Worku M. Transcription of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in bovine blood in response to microbial and plant derived molecular patterns. Accepted for the ASAS 2015 Southern Section. Meeting
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
K. Ekwemalor, K. Johnson, H. Ismail, and M. Worku. Evaluation of the impact of CorPet probiotic in goats. Poster presented at The Energy Summit Mid-Year Meeting on February 25, 2014 in Proctor Hall at N.C A&T University.
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Progress 10/01/12 to 09/30/13
Outputs
Target Audience: Students, faculty animal producers, pharmaceutical and animal health professionals, extension personnel is the primary target audience. Changes/Problems:
Nothing Reported
What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? High school, undergraduate and graduate students, a post doctoral scientist, research technician, farm personnel and faculty have been involved in this project. Proteomic methods for the characterization of insect proteins and evaluation of the impact of treatment on probiotics have been established through graduate student training. Mushroom extracts were provided by Dr Ishekhumen. Professional development Work has been presented at the Agricultural Research Directors conference, faculty, staff and students from 1890 Institutions and guests, and American Society of Animal Science meeting. A representative from Illumina gave a seminar and discussed opportunities with Genseek. Additional opportunities included an international audience of producers and animal science professional at the National Goat Conference field day at NC A&T. Over all methodology has been optimized for use and design of further experiments and instrument training has been conducted. Further training on the Agilent microarray scanner has been scheduled, awaiting RNA quality checks. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Work has been presented at the Agricultural Research Directors conference, joint meeting of the American Society of Animal and Dairy Science meeting and the National Goat Conference. Dr. Worku presented a seminar at Iowa State University to faculty staff and students. Abstracts have been published in proceedings. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Work will continue on all three objectives: Studies on the invitro response to modulators will continue as described above. Researchers will continue to evaluate the probiotic effect of Corpet a commercial mushroom extract used in animal feed as a supplement in goats and for invitro evaluation in blood from sheep cow and goats. Objective 3: Determine the impact of nutritional supplementation on innate immunity and the in vitro response to modulators in calves and cows with respect to gene expression, biomarker analysis, endoparasites (flies) and mastitis causing pathogens for improved production. An effort to collect cord blood samples is underway. Techniques need to be refined. We propose to purchase 26 post weaned calves (average age = 60 d). Calves will be fed commercial calf starter with no supplements (n = 6), probiotics (n = 6) and mushroom hay/corpet? (n = 6) and a combination of probiotics and mushroom hay/corpet for a 30 d trial and the animal performance. The numbers of animal used may change due to budgetary needs and on farm resources. For evaluation of probiotics in the coming year researchers hope to use probiotics developed in campus research labs or a commercial Probiotic Fast Trak in goats and sheep. Researchers are discussing the availability of mushroom hay. However based on results in goats the use of Corpet as a mushroom supplement in calves is being considered.
Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals?
Objective 1: Differential expression of genes related to pathogen detection in the IL-1R and Toll-like Receptor signaling pathways was observed. Genes expressed included those involved in the acute-phase response, complement activation, the inflammatory response, and the antibacterial humoral response. Distinct and overlapping genes are impacted by treatment with LPS and mushroom extracts. Treatment with LPS resulted in 47 up, 5 down and 32 unchanged, Shitake cold 42 up, 8 down and 34 unchanged, Shitake hot 31 up, 8 down and 34 unchanged and Cordyceps 13 up 42 down and 29 unchanged genes. These genes may serve as therapeutic targets and need further characterization. Further, this simple cross hybridization approach may be useful in studying gene expression and aid in understanding mechanisms important for health and production. Objective 2 Mushroom extracts had variable levels of total protein and endotoxin content. This variability will be considered in designing studies. Exposure to mushroom extracts and endotoxin impacted cell viability and concentrations that do not reduce toxicity were used for studies. E.coli LPS and mushroom extracts modulated the concentration and type of cow blood plasma proteins. In goats drenching with hot or cold extracts of Corpet increased the concentrations of microbial DNA in fecal samples when compared to the control. Analysis of microbial load in fecal samples provides insight into retention of probiotics and impact on rummen microbes. Objective 3: Wnt-1, Frizzled and LRP5/6 were transcribed in cow neutrophils. An ~400 bp fragment of LRP6 was present in genomic DNA and expressed at the RNA level. The results of this study show these genes are conserved between goats and cows. Secreted Frizzeled was not transcribed. In plasma both LPS and mushroom increased total protein. The Wnt5a protein was secreted and increased in goat blood treated with LPS. Progress thus far has resulted in acquisition of Horn fly salivary glands(Mary Cupp Auburn University), Haemonchus worms and S lespedizia powder (Niki Whitley and Fort Valley University). Gene expression in response to probiotics and bacterial LPS and peptidoglycan, identification of Wnt signaling pathway genes in bovine neutrophils and secretion of WNT-5 in response to LPS supports our hypothesis of modulation of receptor cross talk for targeting of this pathway for evaluation. This will aid in the development of control measures to reduce the 2-8 billion dollars loss in ruminant production due to inflammatory disease, by increased understanding of key targets in conserved pathways.
Publications
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Submitted
Year Published:
2014
Citation:
M. Worku and Hamid Ismail. Expression of Innate and Adaptive Immune Response Genes in Goat Neutrophils. PAG Conference 2014.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
H. Ismail and M. Worku. The Wnt/Frizzled pathway in bovine neutrophils. J Ansc vl 91, E suppl.2/J Dairy Sci vol 1 96 e suppl 1, 2013.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
K. Gyenai and M. Worku. Differential effects of stimulation on ruminant neutrophils. J Ansc vl 91, E suppl.2/J Dairy Sci vol 1 96 e suppl, 2013.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
A. Abdella, M. Worku*, H. Ismail and N. Whitley. Sericea lespedeza diets modulate gene expression and rumen microbial diversity in goats. J Ansc vl 91, E suppl.2/J Dairy Sci vol 1 96 e suppl, 2013.
- Type:
Journal Articles
Status:
Published
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
J. Williams, M. Worku, A. Alston, R. Noble, and T. Hanner. Effect of IgG binding on expression of Fc receptors and SYK activation in bovine neutrophils. J Ansc vl 91, E suppl.2/J Dairy Sci vol 1 96 e suppl, 2013.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Ciarra Solomon, H. Ismail, M. Worku. The effect of bacterial Cell wall and mushroom extract on goat blood proteins. NC A&T SAES High School Research Apprenticeship Program, 2013.
Evaluation of the effect of Probiotics on Gastrointestinal Parasite Levels in Goats.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
T. Martin, K. B. Gyenai, M. Tajkarimi, S. Ibrahim M. Worku. ARD 2013. Isolation and characterization of prosaposin and related proteins from milk. Andrea Byers, Salam Ibrahim, M Worku. ARD 2013.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
Kingsley Ekwemalor, Mulumebet Worku and Hamid Ismail. White Blood Cell Count Automation for Monitoring Goat Health. National Goat Conference 2013.
- Type:
Conference Papers and Presentations
Status:
Other
Year Published:
2013
Citation:
T. Martin, K.B. Gyenai, J. Davis, M. Worku. The Effect of Probiotic Administration on Coccidia Oocyst Levels in Goats. National Goat Conference 2013.
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