REACTIVATING THE VERMONT FOREST ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT DEMONSTRATION PROJECT, WITH A FOCUS ON CLIMATE MITIGATION THROUGH ENHANCED FOREST CARBON STORAGE

• Sponsoring Institution: National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Project Status: COMPLETE
• Funding Source: MCINTIRE-STENNIS
• Reporting Frequency: Annual
• Accession No.: 0230238
• Project Start Date: Dec 1, 2012
• Project End Date: Sep 30, 2015
• Program Code: [(N/A)]- (N/A)

Recipient Organization
UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT
(N/A)
BURLINGTON,VT 05405

Performing Department
School Of Natural Resources

Non Technical Summary
This proposal seeks funding to reactive the Vermont Forest Ecosystem Management Demonstration Project (FEMDP), following through on the studys long-term objective of understanding ecosystem service tradeoffs in response to alternate forest management scenarios in the northern hardwood region. The FEMDP was initiated in 2001 and conducted a preliminary test of the hypothesis that "disturbance-based" forestry practices - approaches advocated regionally but largely untested experimentally - can sustain a broader array of biodiversity and ecological functions, including enhanced forest carbon storage, while also providing opportunities for profitable timber management. Systems tested in the FEMDP include uneven-aged prescriptions modified to enhance structural retention and emulate the scale and pattern of low-intensity natural disturbance effects. They also include a new silvicultural approach termed "structural complexity enhancement" (SCE). The latter is designed to promote development of late-successional stand structure, including high levels of in-situ biomass and carbon storage. These approaches provide low-impact alternatives that integrate multiple ecological and economic objectives. The FEMDP has been a centerpiece of research at the Jericho Research Forest. However, with funding discontinued in 2008 it has remained dormant, limiting investigators ability to validate model projections and explore possible lagged effects in aboveground carbon pool dynamics, such as canopy tree response to crown release and downed woody debris recruitment. If successful, permanent plot installations would be refurbished, winter access improved, and annual plot remeasurements reinitiated. The resulting data would allow a comprehensive assessment of forest ecosystem responses to experimental treatments using annual data collected over more than a decade post-harvest. This in turn will provide a basis for validation and revision of carbon storage predictions, including carbon fluxes among multiple aboveground pools (e.g. live trees, standing dead, downed woody debris, etc.). The ultimate goal is to inform sustainable forest management practices for a range of late-successional forest ecosystem services, particularly climate mitigation through enhanced carbon storage in working forests.

Animal Health Component

(N/A)

Research Effort Categories

Basic

(N/A)

Applied

(N/A)

Developmental

(N/A)

Classification

Knowledge Area (KA)	Subject of Investigation (SOI)	Field of Science (FOS)	Percent
123	0620	1070	100%

Knowledge Area
123 - Management and Sustainability of Forest Resources;

Subject Of Investigation
0620 - Broadleaf forests of the North;

Field Of Science
1070 - Ecology;

Keywords

forest carbon

biodiversity

climate change

sustainable forest management

carbon markets

carbon sequestration

simulation modeling

Goals / Objectives
The goals of this project are as follows: Reinitiate the Vermont Forest Ecosystem Management Demonstration Project, refurbishing permanent plot installations, maintaining winter road access to the Jericho Research Forest for outreach , education, demonstration, and conducting annual plot remeasurements Assess forest ecosystem responses to experimental treatments using annual data collected over more than a decade post-harvest, based on forest structure indicator variables described in Keeton (2006) Validate and revise carbon storage predictions, including carbon fluxes among multiple aboveground pools (e.g. live trees, standing dead, downed woody debris, etc.) Inform the sustainable forest management practices for a range of late-successional forest ecosystem services through outreach to both the public and forest practitioners.

Project Methods
The Vermont Forest Ecosystem Management Demonstration Project (FEMDP) has been conducted at two experimental forests in Vermont, USA. One of these sites is the University of Vermont Jericho Research Forest (JRF). The JRF provides teaching facilities within walking distance of one half of the experimental units. The site will be the primary location for site based educational tours about the FEMDP. There are three experimental manipulations. The first two are conventional uneven-aged systems modified to enhance post-harvest structural retention. The third treatment is Structural Complexity Enhancement (SCE), a treatment designed to accelerate rates of late-successional structural and functional development. Each of the first two treatments (uneven-aged) was replicated twice; the third (SCE) was replicated four times, twice at each of the two study areas. Two un-manipulated control units were located at each study area. Treatment units were 2 ha in size and separated by 50 meter (min.) unlogged buffers. Experimental manipulations were conducted on frozen ground in winter of 2003. To the previous dataset spanning two years pre-treatment and six years post-treatment, we will add three new years of data. A full workup of aboveground forest structure and carbon will be generated from inventory data. These will be collected in the five, randomly placed, 0.1 ha permanent sampling plots located within each treatment unit. For each inventory year, the Northeast Decision Model will be used to generate stand structure metrics for the full time series of pre and post harvest data. These will include aboveground biomass estimates based on species-specific allometric equations. A Before After Control Impact statistical approach will be used to compare structural metrics pre- to post-harvest and among treatments. BACI analyses will be conducted as repeated measures tests, comparing, for example differences in carbon allocation in multiple pools and net storage among treatment and along time series. To validate previous modeling predictions, we will compare the empirical field data against model estimates. Discrepancies will allow us to identify sources of error in model parameters and recalibrate the model accordingly. This will then facilitate revised modeling work with a recalibrated and more precise modeling framework representing the growth, yield, and mortality responses determined from field data. To revise longer term response projections based on real field data, NED output will be used for simulation modeling of stand development using the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Projections of stand development over 100 years will be run for each treatment unit, including controls, using both pre and the revised data for post-harvest scenarios. We will use repeated measures ANOVA to test for differences in Cumulative basal area increment between treatment groups. Simulation modeling will also be used to predict carbon storage in multiple pools, fluxes among these, and net carbon outcomes among the different treatments.

Progress 12/01/12 to 09/30/15

Outputs
Target Audience:This project has produced technical information on ecosystem service tradeoffs, particularly with respect to integrating carbon with timber objectives, involved in sustainable forest management practices. The target audience is academic and agency forest scientists, policy makers, forest landowners, and a wide range of forest sector professionals, including state, federal, and consulting foresters, stewardship foresters working for land trusts and other NGOs, and the timber industry in the northeastern U.S. Other interested entities have includedprovincial ministries and research institutes in Quebec and Ontario, with whom participants in this project have interacted extensively. Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided?Two graduate students conducted their thesis research under this project. Funding from this grant sent one to the Ecological Society of America Annual Conference in August 2015 in Baltimore, MD. Project funding also helped both students participate in the New England Society of American Foresters meeting in spring 2015. Several visiting scientists and stakeholder groups have been given tours of the project site; these are events that the graduate students participated in directly, thereby gaining valuable professional development experience. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest?Please see the list of presentations and web media above. The project director (W.S. Keeton) and graduate students (S. Ford and A. Gottesman) have presented the findings at wide array of professional meetings, invited seminars, conferences, and workshops, including several at which results were communicated directly to forest sector practitioners and stakeholders. Presentations included events locally, regionally, nationally, and internationally, thus reaching a broad and diverse community.? What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? Nothing Reported

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? This project successfully reactivated the Vermont Forest Ecosystem Management Demonstration Project (FEMDP), following through on the study's long-term objective of understanding ecosystem service tradeoffs in response to alternate forest management scenarios in the northern hardwood region. The FEMDP was initiated in 2001 and conducted a preliminary test of the hypothesis that "disturbance-based" forestry practices - approaches advocated regionally but largely untested experimentally - can sustain a broader array of biodiversity and ecological functions, including enhanced forest carbon storage, while also providing opportunities for profitable timber management. Systems tested in the FEMDP include uneven-aged prescriptions modified to enhance structural retention and emulate the scale and pattern of low-intensity natural disturbance effects. They also include a new silvicultural approach termed "structural complexity enhancement" (SCE). The latter is designed to promote development of late-successional stand structure, including high levels of in-situ biomass and carbon storage. These approaches provide low-impact alternatives that integrate multiple ecological and economic objectives. The FEMDP has been a centerpiece of research at the Jericho Research Forest. However, with funding discontinued in 2008 it has remained dormant, limiting investigators' ability to validate model projections and explore possible lagged effects in aboveground carbon pool dynamics, such as canopy tree response to crown release and downed woody debris recruitment. We refurbished permanent plot installations and reinitiated annual plot remeasurements. Results indicate that 10 years post-harvest aboveground biomass development and carbon storage were greatest in SCE treatments compared to conventional treatments, with the greatest increases in coarse woody material (CWM) pools. Structural complexity enhancement treatments contained 12.67 Mg ha-1 carbon in CWM compared to 6.62 Mg ha-1 in conventional treatments and 8.84 Mg ha-1 in areas with no treatment. Percentage differences between post-harvest carbon and baseline values indicate that carbon pool values in SCE treatments returned closest to pre-harvest or untreated levels over conventional treatments. Total carbon storage in SCE aboveground pools was 15.90% below baseline conditions compared to 44.94% less in conventionally treated areas. Results from multivariate modeling indicated treatment as the strongest predictor of aboveground C storage followed by site-specific variables, suggesting a strong influence of both on carbon pools. Structural enhancement treatments have the potential to increase carbon storage in managed northern hardwoods based on the results. They offer an alternative for sustainable management integrating carbon, associated climate change mitigation benefits, and late-successional forest structure and habitat. Ultimately, these findings will help inform sustainable forest management practices for a range of late-successional forest ecosystem services, particularly climate mitigation through enhanced carbon storage in working forests.

Publications

• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ford, S.E. and W.S. Keeton. Enhanced carbon storage through management for old-growth characteristics in northern hardwood-conifer forests. Ecological Applications.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Awaiting Publication Year Published: 2016 Citation: Kern, Christel C.; Burton, Julia I.; Raymond, Patricia; DAmato, Anthony; Keeton, William S.; Royo, Alejandro A.; Walters, Michael B.; Webster, Christopher R.; and Willis, John L. Challenges facing gap-based silviculture and possible solutions for mesic northern forests in North America. Journal of Forestry.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2014 Citation: Buchholz, T., A.J. Friedland, C.E. Hornig, W.S. Keeton, G. Zanchi, and J. Nunery. 2014. Mineral soil carbon fluxes in forests and implications for carbon balance assessments. Global Change Biology: Bioenergy 6: 305311.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2012 Citation: Schwenk, W.S., T.M. Donovan, W. S. Keeton, and J. S. Nunery. 2012. Carbon storage, timber production, and biodiversity: comparing ecosystem services with multi-criteria decision analysis. Ecological Applications 22:16121627.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Keeton, W.S. Broadening the options for sustainable forestry: emulating natural disturbances and managing for old-growth characteristics. Wood at Work. Bronx Zoo  Wildlife Conservation International, New York, NY. Oct 30, 2015.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Ford, S.E., Keeton, W.S. Managing northern hardwood forests for carbon storage through structural complexity enhancement: Effects on aboveground carbon pools. Ecological Society of America Annual Conference. Baltimore, MD, Aug. 10, 2015.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Keeton, W.S. Opportunities for forest carbon projects in Vermont. Invited testimony to the Vermont State Legislature, House Committee on Natural Resources and Energy. Montpelier, VT, April 30, 2015.
• Type: Theses/Dissertations Status: Published Year Published: 2016 Citation: Ford, S.E. 2016. Integrating management for old-growth characteristics with enhanced carbon storage of northern hardwood-conifer forests. M.S. Thesis. University of Vermont, Burlington, VT. 80 pp.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Keeton, W.S. Management for old-growth characteristics and late-successional biodiversity in temperate montane forests. Invited talk to the Vermont Monitoring Cooperative Annual Meeting. Burlington, VT, December 11, 2015.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Keeton, W.S. Management for old-growth characteristics and late-successional biodiversity in temperate montane forests. Mountains of our Future Earth. Perth, Scotland, UK October 4-8, 2015.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2015 Citation: Keeton, W.S. Managing northeastern forests for flood resilience in the face of climate change. Invited speaker, New England Society of American Forests Annual Conference. Fairlee, VT, March 24-27, 2015.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2014 Citation: Keeton, W.S. We can make forest carbon projects work in Vermont. Invited presentation to the Vermont Forest Roundtable. Randolph, VT, Dec. 18, 2014.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2013 Citation: Keeton, W.S. Cross-regional perspectives on ecosystem management in temperate forest systems. Invited plenary presentation. 92nd Congress of Quebec Forest Engineers, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada. Sept. 11, 2013.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2013 Citation: Keeton, W.S., S.E. Ford, N.C. Dove, K.J. Smith, and H.C. McKenny. Experimental gaps in the Vermont Forest Ecosystem Management Demonstration Project: effects on stand dynamics, salamanders, understory plants, and fungi. Invited presentation/organized session. Ecological Society of America Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. August 11, 2013.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2013 Citation: Keeton, W.S. Forest carbon management in temperate forest systems. Invited seminar. Gregor Mendel University, Brno. Czech Republic. May 9, 2013.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2013 Citation: Keeton, W.S. Natural disturbance-based forestry for economic and ecological objectives: lessons from research in North America. Invited seminar. Czech National Agricultural Academy, Prague, Czech Republic. March 14, 2013.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2013 Citation: Keeton, W.S. Forest management planning for carbon and multiple co-benefits. Invited Keynote. Polish Winter Forestry School, Warsaw, Poland. March 21, 2013.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2013 Citation: Keeton, W.S. Towards a holistic forest carbon management approach. Invited seminar. Gund Institute for Ecological Economics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT. Jan. 25, 2013.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Accepted Year Published: 2013 Citation: Keeton, W.S., J.R. Nunery, E. Russell-Roy, and C.D. Kerchner. Exploring the potential for forest carbon management in northeastern forests: a research synthesis. Invited presentation. New England Society of American Forests Annual Conference, Saratoga Springs, NY. Jan. 31, 2013.

Progress 10/01/13 to 09/30/14

Outputs
Target Audience: The target audience for this project is twofold: 1) the academic community of forest scientists working in the fields of disturbance-based forestry, carbon forestry, and sustainable forestry generally; and 2) practioners engaged in sustainable forest management throughout the northeastern United States, nationally, and internationally. While the research is in progress (though nearing completion, preliminary findings and general information about the project was presented during the past year at a variety of scientific conferences and meetings, as well as professionally oriented workshops and roundtable events, regionally (e.g. the Vermont Forest Roundtable, Vermont Timber Harvesting Guidelines development group, and Forest Guild meetings), nationally (e.g. the project was presented in an organized session of the Ecological Society of America conference in Minneapolis), and internationally (conferences and invited seminars in Berlin, Budapest, Kiev, and several other European cities in spring and summer 2014). We also reached a broad regional audience through a webinar conducted for the Northeastern Research Cooperative, and two local radio interviews. Changes/Problems: There have been no problems with the study. The only substantive change was a switch from LANDIS II to the Forest Vegetation Simulator for forest development simulation modeling. This change was made after the project team determined that LANDIS (as a pixel based model) could not adequately represent the subtle uneven-aged treatment differences being tested in the study. An individual tree based model was required instead. What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? Graduate student has received training in growth and yield simulation modeling, attending for instance a workshop at the Harvard Forest in MA. The P.I. has attended multiple professional meeting providing networking opportunities and general professional development. Three undergraduate field assistants worked on the project during the summer of 2014, receiving extensive training and experience in field data collection and forest mensuration. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? Please see previous page on publications and dissemination. Results were published in one peer-review paper, substantively influenced development of the new Voluntary Timber Harvesting Guidelines for Vermont, and were disseminated at numerous conferences, workshops, and technical meetings as well as one webinar, an online video, and a radio interview on Vermont Public Radio. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? This spring and summer we will complete manuscript writing and submission, and will be presented the final results at the Ecological Society of American annual conference in Baltimore as well as a variety of other meetings. Final results will also be posted to a variety of websites as stipulated in the project proposal.

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? The project is proceeding exaclty according to plan. Permanent plots at the project research sites were re-establishment and monumented as planned. The multi-year dataset has been fully assembled as proposed. We (the P.I. and graduate student) are now in the final stages of data analysis, running multivariate analyses on a variable matrix spanning 2001-2013. Growth and yield simulation modeling to provide a baseline reference for comparison against treatment effects is also complete. Over the last year the research was presented at several conferences, workshops, and seminars both in New England and abroad. The P.I. further disseminated finding via a webinar and radio interviews. Some results were folded into the complimentary publications listed in this report. In short, the project has been highly successful to date.

Publications

• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2015 Citation: Keeton, W.S. Toward a unified vision of forest carbon management. Invited Keynote. International Scientific Conference on Earth Bioresources and Environmental Biosafety: Challenges and Opportunities. Kiev, Ukraine. Nov. 4-7, 2013.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Dove, N.C and W.S. Keeton. 2015. Structural complexity enhancement increases fungi diversity in northern hardwood forests. Fungal Ecology 13: 181-192
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2015 Citation: Leonard, M. and 47 contributors. 2015. Voluntary Harvesting Guidelines for Landowners in Vermont. Vermont Department of Forests, Parks, and Recreation. Montpelier, Vermont. 65 pp.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2014 Citation: Keeton, W.S., J.R. Nunery, E. Russell-Roy, and C.D. Kerchner. Exploring the potential for forest carbon management in northeastern forests: a research synthesis. Invited presentation. Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, Northeastern States Research Cooperative speakers series. Montpelier, VT, May 15, 2014.
• Type: Conference Papers and Presentations Status: Other Year Published: 2014 Citation: Keeton, W.S. Forestry practices for climate change adaptation in northern hardwood forests. Invited speaker. Forest Guild National Meeting. Burlington, VT. June 19, 2014.

Progress 12/01/12 to 09/30/13

Outputs
Target Audience: The target audience for this project is twofold: 1) the academic community of forest scientists working in the fields of disturbance-based forestry, carbon forestry, and sustainable forestry generally; and 2) practioners engaged in sustainable forest management throughout the northeastern United States, nationally, and internationally. While the research is in progress, preliminary findings and general information about the project was presented during the past year at a variety of scientific conferences and meetings, as well as professionally oriented workshops and roundtable events, regionally (e.g. the Vermont Forest Roundtable, Vermont Timber Harvesting Guidelines development group, and Forest Guild meetings), nationally (e.g. the project was presented in an organized session of the Ecological Society of America conference in Minneapolis), and internationally (seminars at the Austrian University of Life Sciences and Natural Resources, conferences and invited seminars in Warsaw, Prague, Bryno, L'viv and several other European cities in spring 2013). Changes/Problems: Nothing Reported What opportunities for training and professional development has the project provided? 1. Graduate student has been sent to training workshops for the Forest Vegetation Simulator and LANDIS II models 2. Four undergraduate students were trained in field measurement and inventory techniques, gaining professional experience on the field crew last summer 3. At least three tours of the Mt. Mansfield project area have been offered for stakeholders and practicioners. How have the results been disseminated to communities of interest? See previous entries regarding publication and audience. Results and information about the project were incorporated into the following presentations: Keeton, W.S.. Cross-regional perspectives on ecosystem Management in temperate forest systems. Invited plenary presentation. 92nd Congress of Quebec Forest Engineers, Gatineau, Quebec, Canada. Sept. 11, 2013. Keeton, W.S., S.E. Ford, N.C. Dove, K.J. Smith, and H.C. McKenny. Experimental gaps in the Vermont Forest Ecosystem Management Demonstration Project: effects on stand dynamics, salamanders, understory plants, and fungi. Invited presentation/organized session. Ecological Society of America Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. August 11, 2013. Keeton, W.S. Forest carbon management in temperate forest systems. Invited seminar. Gregor Mendel University, Brno. Czech Republic. May 9, 2013. Keeton, W.S. Natural disturbance-based forestry for economic and ecological objectives: lessons from research in North America. Invited seminar. Czech National Agricultural Academy, Prague, Czech Republic. March 14, 2013. Keeton, W.S. Forest management planning for carbon and multiple co-benefits. Invited Keynote. Polish Winter Forestry School, Warsaw, Poland. March 21, 2013. Keeton, W.S., D. Foster et al. (18 co-authors). Wildlands and woodlands: A vision for the New England landscape based on investigations of long-term land-use change. Invited Keynote. Forest cover changes in mountainous regions ? drivers, trajectories and implications, Opening Conference. Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland, March 8, 2013. Keeton, W.S. Towards a holistic forest carbon management approach. Invited seminar. Gund Institute for Ecological Economics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT. Jan. 25, 2013. Keeton, W.S., J.R. Nunery, E. Russell-Roy, and C.D. Kerchner. Exploring the potential for forest carbon management in northeastern forests: a research synthesis. Invited presentation. New England Society of American Forests Annual Conference, Saratoga Springs, NY. Jan. 31, 2013. What do you plan to do during the next reporting period to accomplish the goals? 1. Continue data analysis 2. Complete simulation modeling 3. Remeasure field plots in summer 2014 4. Draft journal manuscripts 5. Disseminate findings at relevant forums and interact with target audience

Impacts
What was accomplished under these goals? 1. A graduate student, Ms. Sarah Ford, continued to make progress on her Masters Thesis working on this project. 2. Datasets for the past decades were QA/QC'd. 3. Permanent plots at both project areas were remeasured in summer 2013. 4. Plot markers and momumentation were refurbished. 5. Analysis and project modeling of 2013 field data are underway 6. Preliminary results have been incorporated into a variety of publications and presentations

Publications

• Type: Book Chapters Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Keeton, W.S., P. Angelstam, M. Baumflek, Y. Bihun, M. Chernyavskyy, S. M. Crow, A, Deyneka, M. Elbakidze, J. Farley, V. Kovalyshyn, B. Mahura, S Myklush, J. R. Nunery, I. Solovity, and L. Zahvoyska. 2013. Sustainable forest management alternatives for the Carpathian Mountain region, with a focus on Ukraine. Pages 331-352 in J. Kozak, K. Ostapowicz, A. Bytnerowicz, and B. Wyzga (eds.) The Carpathians: Integrating Nature and Society Towards Sustainability. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany.
• Type: Other Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Saligman, L., E. Russell-Roy, W.S. Keeton, C. Danks, J. Gunn, and B. Machin. 2013. Can rehabilitative forestry and carbon markets benefit degraded forestland in Vermont? Final Report Prepared for Vermont Natural Resources Conservation Service, Conservation Innovation Grant# 69-1644-09-02. Conservation Collaboratives, Victory, VT. 62 pp
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Published Year Published: 2013 Citation: Burrascano, S., W.S. Keeton, F.M. Sabatini, and C. Blasi. 2013. Commonality and variability in the structural attributes of moist temperate old-growth forests: A global review. Forest Ecology and Management 291:458479.
• Type: Journal Articles Status: Under Review Year Published: 2014 Citation: Dove, N.C and W.S. Keeton. Structural complexity enhancement increases fungi diversity in northern hardwood forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. In review.